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Managing socio-economic development according to highly detailed pre-implementation plans rigidly applied has not had a high degree of success in generating sustained progress in the world's poorer nations. At the other end of the spectrum is the process approach that avoids specifying targets in advance, and concentrates upon building problem-solving capacity among the people involved. Many international donor and developing country agencies favour the blueprint model, despite its...
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A large number of problems to be solved with the help of computer systems are ill-structured. Their solution requires incremental design processes, because complete and stable specifications are net available. For tasks of this sort, life cycle models are inadequate. Our design methodology is based on a rapid prototyping approach which supports the coevolution of specification and implementation. Communication between customers, designers and implementors and communication between the humans...
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The theme of learning from experience as a means of improving the effectiveness of rural development projects and programmers has been common in recent years. Considerable effort has been put into refining, monitoring and evaluation systems to enhance organizational learning processes. However, an emphasis on normative approaches to evaluation and learning from experience has led to the neglect of research into the actual processes by which rural development agencies utilize experience. The...
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Don Michael says that, yes, the world can meet future social and organizational challenges - but only if we learn to plan in order-- to live uncertainty-- to learn from mistakes, actually embrace error-- to do goal setting that is future-responsive-- to lower barriers by spanning boundaries-- to improve personal interaction-- to overcome resistance to learning and change.This book treats planning as the way for persons, organizations, and societies to learn their way into the future. It...
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Development organisations need to know how effective their efforts have been. But who should make these judgements, and on what basis? Usually it is outside experts who take charge. Participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) is a different approach which involves local people, development agencies, and policy makers deciding together how progress should be measured, and results acted upon. It can reveal valuable lessons and improve accountability. However, it is a challenging process for...
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PRA five years later: where are we now?
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Projects have become an important instrument of international assistance and of development administration because they seem to offer major advantages over other forms of planning and management. But projects have also come under increasing criticism in recent years. The benefits they offer to various interests involved in development ensure, however, that they are unlikely to be abandoned or to diminish in importance in the near future. Thus, ways must be found to make them more flexible...
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