TY - ELEC TI - About the BEAM Exchange T2 - BEAM Exchange DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://beamexchange.org/about-beam/ Y2 - 2019/03/01/11:21:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive management in aid programmes AB - Aid works better – especially in complex and conflict-affected environments – when there is scope to trial and adapt programme strategies. So argues Amir Allana in Navigating Complexity, a case study of Northern Karamoja's Growth, Health and Governance (GHG) Programme that is adopting an 'adaptive management' approach. This BEAM Exchange webinar invited Amir, Tim Sparkman and Peter Roggekamp to discuss lessons from their work in Uganda and Cambodia. What does adaptive management look like in practice? And what does it require of managers and funders to make it happen? Tim and Peter share their experiences of applying adaptive management techniques to the Growth, Health and Governance Programme and the Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain Program (CAVAC). Amir highlight insights from the Navigating Complexity report, including the importance of office culture, consistent management signals, and the role of supportive tools and processes. CY - London DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/185/ Y2 - 2016/10/25/19:02:48 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Bark AI: Text-to-Speech Artificial Intelligence Voice Cloning App & Text-Prompted Generative Audio T2 - SERP AI AB - 🎁Get our BARK Text-to-Speech Model Free at the bottom of this post! Bark is a revolutionary text-to-audio model created by Suno, based on the GPT-style models, which can generate highly realistic, multilingual speech as well as other audio — including music, background noise, and simple sound effects. With Bark, users can DA - 2023/04/23/T09:58:20.000Z PY - 2023 LA - en ST - Bark AI UR - https://serp.ai/tools/bark-text-to-speech-ai-voice-clone-app/ Y2 - 2024/01/21/17:13:51 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Book Review: Branko Milanovic's brilliant take on Global Inequality T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Some of my favourite development economists are nomads, people with feet in different regions, which seems to make them better able to identify interesting patterns and similarities/differences bet... DA - 2016/04/15/T06:30:42+00:00 PY - 2016 ST - Book Review UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/book-review-branko-milanovics-brilliant-take-on-global-inequality/ Y2 - 2016/04/22/15:03:27 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Busan Outcome Document DA - 2011/12/01/ PY - 2011 UR - http://effectivecooperation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/OUTCOME_DOCUMENT_-_FINAL_EN.pdf Y2 - 2016/11/15/15:25:53 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Center for Theory of Change T2 - Theory of Change Community LA - en-US UR - https://www.theoryofchange.org/ Y2 - 2019/08/12/22:31:25 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Collaboration for Impact AB - The site seeks to accelerate the adoption of system collaboration and Collective Impact in Australia. It does so by creating knowledge, network and tools; shining a light on successful Collective Impact initiatives; and building an Australian community of practice. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://collaborationforimpact.com Y2 - 2023/01/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Conflict and Human Rights Shareweb DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.shareweb.ch/site/Conflict-and-Human-Rights/startpage-tools/cspm-tool/scenarios/#goto Y2 - 2019/03/06/12:46:18 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Donor Committee for Enterprise Development T2 - DCED AB - The DCED is a forum for learning about the most effective ways to fulfil the SDGs – based on practical experience in Private Sector Development (PSD). DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en-GB UR - https://www.enterprise-development.org/ Y2 - 2019/03/01/11:20:33 ER - TY - COMP TI - Feedback Commons DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Keystone Accountability UR - https://feedbackcommons.org/ Y2 - 2019/07/16/21:21:47 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Fostering Learning and Effectiveness through Collaboration: A New Collaborative on Transparency, Accountability, and Participation T2 - TAI AB - What are the features, values, and practices of effective learning organizations? How do learning practices contribute to more effective programming? And, how can collaborations between academics, researchers and practitioners better support learning organizations in the global South?  These are just a few of the questions that a new global learning collaborative seeks to explore. In … DA - 2018/05/17/T14:34:00+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US ST - Fostering Learning and Effectiveness through Collaboration UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/uncategorized/2820/fostering-learning-effectiveness-collaboration-new-collaborative-transparency-accountability-participation/ Y2 - 2018/07/17/10:58:51 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making All Voices Count's Research & Evidence Strategy AB - Building an evidence-base on what works in technology for voice, transparency and accountability, how, and why. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/making-all-voices-counts-research-and-evidence-strategy/ Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:54:05 ER - TY - ELEC TI - mHero and the Principles for Digital Development: Development Done Right | iHRIS DA - 2016/07/25/ PY - 2016 UR - http://www.ihris.org/2016/07/mhero-and-the-principles-for-digital-development-development-done-right/ Y2 - 2016/08/08/12:36:13 ER - TY - ELEC TI - MIRADI: Adaptive Management Software for Conservation Projects DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.miradi.org/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and Measuring Results in Private Sector Development CY - Bern DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 PB - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC UR - http://www.enterprise-development.org/wp-content/uploads/SDC_MRM_good_practices_2016.pdf Y2 - 2016/12/13/16:42:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nairobi Outcome Document DA - 2016/10/03/ PY - 2016 UR - http://effectivecooperation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GPEDC.NBO-OC-doc-rewritten-draft-3-october-2016.pdf Y2 - 2016/11/15/15:24:20 ER - TY - ELEC TI - NetworkWeaver T2 - NetworkWeaver AB - Weaving Smart Networks DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - https://networkweaver.com/ Y2 - 2018/12/19/12:43:11 ER - TY - ELEC TI - opm-vfm-approach-2.pdf UR - https://www.julianking.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/opm-vfm-approach-2.pdf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email Y2 - 2024/02/12/14:06:34 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Organizational Development Network - Advancing the science, practice and impact of Dialogic Organizational Development AB - Dialogic OD is a label used to distinguish a mindset about organizations, leadership and change that is different from foundational Diagnostic OD. Gervase Bushe and Bob Marshak introduced the concept in 2009 to show that new forms of organization development had emerged since the mid 1980s (like appreciative inquiry, future search, open space, and world café, among many others) that did not conform with, and in some ways violated, central principles of OD found in textbooks and taught in graduate programs. Since then, theory and research on Dialogic OD has expanded rapidly. Bushe and Marshak argue that each OD practitioner is likely to use a unique combination of diagnostic and dialogic mindsets in their practice. In the 2015 textbook on Dialogic Organization Development, Edgar Schein describes Dialogic OD as a return to the roots of OD’s original spirit of inquiry, and opined that Dialogic OD may have emerged because organizational problems are now more complex, ambiguous and uncertain. Since then, the idea that Diagnostic OD is better suited to complicated, technical problems and Dialogic OD better suited to complex, adaptive challenges, has been echoed by others. UR - https://www.odnetwork.org/page/dialogic-od Y2 - 2023/10/20/13:12:21 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Positive Deviance Initiative DA - 2016/11/07/ PY - 2016 UR - http://www.positivedeviance.org Y2 - 2017/11/04/09:56:41 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Swiss Programme for Research on Global Issues for Development (r4d programme) - NFP [Nr.] AB - Research and innovation are decisive factors for sustainable global development. With their knowledge, skills, experience and worldwide network of partners, researchers can make an important contribution towards the solution of global problems. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en UR - http://www.r4d.ch/r4d-programme Y2 - 2019/03/01/13:02:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Transparency, Participation, & Accountability Grantmaking Strategy DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - THE WILLIAM AND FLORA HEWLETT FOUNDATION UR - http://www.hewlett.org/sites/default/files/TransparencyParticipationandAccountabilityweb.pdf Y2 - 2016/05/11/10:41:15 ER - TY - ELEC TI - TWP CoP T2 - Thinking and Working Politically - Community of Practice DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 LA - en-US UR - https://twpcommunity.org/ Y2 - 2020/10/14/10:04:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Women and power: overcoming barriers to leadership ODI women and power coverand influence AB - ODI have just wrapped up an excellent two year project on ‘Women and power: overcoming barriers to leadership and influence’ with a final synthesis report that is well worth reading. It’s an intell... DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 PB - ODI ST - Women and Power UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/women-and-power-final-report-of-excellent-research-project-top-recommendations-for-aid-agencies/ Y2 - 2016/04/22/14:13:47 ER - TY - ELEC TI - 18F Method Cards - A collection of tools to bring human-centered design into your project AU - 18F-GSA T2 - 18F-GSA, US Governement AB - 18F’s method cards describe how our organization puts human-centered design into practice. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://methods.18f.gov Y2 - 2017/06/08/10:17:16 ER - TY - CONF TI - Historical roots of Agile Methods: Where did “Agile Thinking” come from? AU - Abbas, Noura AU - Gravell, Andrew M. AU - Wills, Gary B. A2 - Abrahamsson, Pekka A2 - Baskerville, Richard A2 - Conboy, Kieran A2 - Fitzgerald, Brian A2 - Morgan, Lorraine A2 - Wang, Xiaofeng T3 - Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing AB - The appearance of Agile methods has been the most noticeable change to software process thinking in the last fifteen years [16], but in fact many of the “Agile ideas” have been around since 70’s or even before. Many studies and reviews have been conducted about Agile methods which ascribe their emergence as a reaction against traditional methods. In this paper, we argue that although Agile methods are new as a whole, they have strong roots in the history of software engineering. In addition to the iterative and incremental approaches that have been in use since 1957 [21], people who criticised the traditional methods suggested alternative approaches which were actually Agile ideas such as the response to change, customer involvement, and working software over documentation. The authors of this paper believe that education about the history of Agile thinking will help to develop better understanding as well as promoting the use of Agile methods. We therefore present and discuss the reasons behind the development and introduction of Agile methods, as a reaction to traditional methods, as a result of people’s experience, and in particular focusing on reusing ideas from history. C3 - Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - Springer Link SP - 94 EP - 103 LA - en PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 978-3-540-68255-4 ST - Historical Roots of Agile Methods KW - Agile methods KW - Software Development ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking big: How to use theory of change for systems change AU - Abercrombie, Rob AU - Boswell, Katie AU - Thomasoo, Rosanna AB - We think that, applied well, theory of change can support charities and funders to take a systemic approach to their work. This report identifies five common pitfalls that organisations fall into when using theory of change, and walks through five rules of thumb that will help organisations to use the approach to tackle complex problems. We think that, applied well, theory of change can support charities and funders to take a systemic approach to their work. This report identifies five common pitfalls that organisations fall into when using theory of change, and walks through five rules of thumb that will help organisations to use the approach to tackle complex problems. CY - London DA - 2018/03// PY - 2018 PB - NPC UR - https://www.thinknpc.org/publications/thinking-big/ Y2 - 2018/08/16/08:40:01 ER - TY - CONF TI - Getting strategic: vertically integrated approaches AU - Aceron, Joy AU - Isaac, Francis AB - Holding power to account requires understanding where power lies and how it is exercised. It entails understanding how decisions are made, who makes them and what decision criteria are used to make them. Vertically integrated civil society action takes into account how power is exercised and how decisions are made in a given policy, programme or process. DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies ST - Getting strategic UR - http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/11737 Y2 - 2016/07/20/08:39:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Going vertical: citizen-led reform campaigns in the Philippines AU - Aceron, Joy AU - Isaac, Francis T2 - Making All Voices Count Research Report AB - The Philippines has a long history of state–society engagement to introduce reforms in government and politics. Forces from civil society and social movements have interfaced with reform-oriented leaders in government on a range of social accountability initiatives – to make governance more responsive, to introduce policy reforms, and to make government more accountable. Several theoretical propositions on which strategic approaches work best for social accountability initiatives have been put forward – including the idea of vertically integrated civil society monitoring and advocacy. This multi-authored research report uses vertical integration as a framework for examining seven successful civil society social accountability initiatives in the Philippines, looking at what made them successful, and how the gains they realised can be deepened and sustained. CY - Brighton DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Going vertical UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12718 Y2 - 2017/01/04/12:24:57 ER - TY - BLOG TI - A new pathway: how can funders support meaningful monitoring, evaluation, and learning practice in the field? - Blog post on Better Evaluation AU - Acevedo, Andrea AU - Colnar, Megan AB - How can donors and grantees work together to create effective monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) practices that drive field-wide transformation? DA - 2023/04/10/ PY - 2023 LA - en M3 - Better Evaluation ST - A new pathway UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/blog/new-pathway-how-can-funders-support-meaningful-monitoring-evaluation-learning-practice-field Y2 - 2023/07/04/09:46:07 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From Data to Wisdom AU - Ackoff, Russell T2 - Journal of Applied Systems Analysis DA - 1989/// PY - 1989 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 9 UR - https://softwarezen.me/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/datawisdom.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Appreciative Inquiry: An approach for learning and change based on our own best practices​ AU - Acosta, Anne AU - Douthwaite, Boru T2 - ILAC Brief AB - Since it was conceptualized in the late 1980s as a research methodology and change paradigm, the technique of ‘appreciative inquiry’ (AI) has proved to be highly effective for capturing the positive features of an organization or social system and energizing the members to strive for higher levels of performance. This Brief outlines the basic principles and methods of AI, describes various domains in which it has been undertaken and provides a recent example of its use in a centre affiliated with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). DA - 2005/07// PY - 2005 PB - Institute of Learning and Change SN - 6 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/ILAC_Brief06_inquiry.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Accountability Learning and Planning System AU - ActionAid CY - London DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 PB - ActionAid International UR - https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/content_document/ALPSNotes.pdf Y2 - 2017/07/17/13:57:52 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Alps - Accountability, Learning and Planning System AU - ActionAid AB - Alps is ActionAid’s over arching accountability framework, containing within it our programme planning system. Alps is distinctive in that it is strongly driven by principles, and sets out necessary personal attitudes and behaviours alongside organisational processes for planning, strategy formulation, learning, monitoring reviews/evaluations and audit. Alps defines our standards, not only about what we do but also how we do it. Alps is part of ActionAid’s human rights-based work. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 PB - ActionAid International UR - http://www.alnap.org/resource/10295 Y2 - 2017/07/11/12:22:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Alps - Accountability, Learning and Planning System - 2011 Update AU - ActionAid AB - Alps is ActionAid’s over arching accountability framework, containing within it our programme planning system. Alps is distinctive in that it is strongly driven by principles, and sets out necessary personal attitudes and behaviours alongside organisational processes for planning, strategy formulation, learning, monitoring reviews/evaluations and audit. Alps defines our standards, not only about what we do but also how we do it. Alps is part of ActionAid’s human rights-based work. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 PB - ActionAid International UR - http://www.alnap.org/resource/10295 Y2 - 2017/07/11/12:22:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Notes to Accompany ALPS AU - ActionAid CY - London DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 PB - ActionAid International UR - https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/content_document/ALPSNotes.pdf Y2 - 2017/07/17/13:57:52 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Reflect Action Methods AU - ActionAid AB - Reflect is an innovative approach to adult learning and social change, which fuses the theories of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire with participatory methodologies. It was developed in the 1990s through pilot projects in Bangladesh, Uganda and El Salvador and is now used by over 500 organisations in over 70 countries worldwide. Organisations working with Reflect won UNESCO literacy prizes in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2010. This site is aimed at Reflect practitioners and others who want to know more about the approach. We want it to be truly interactive and the more stories, graphics and photos are submitted, the better the site will be. Please add your comments to tell us about the work you are doing with Reflect and join the discussion forum to share your ideas and experiences of working with the approach. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 M3 - Reflect UR - http://www.reflect-action.org/ Y2 - 2017/07/07/09:33:03 ER - TY - ELEC TI - +Acumen MOOC: Adaptive Leadership: Mobilizing for Change and Disrupting the Status Quo AU - +Acumen T2 - NovoEd AB - This four-module course by +Acumen and Adaptive Change Advisors on adaptive leadership, which is a practical leadership framework developed at Harvard Kennedy School for driving systemic change, particularly during times of uncertainty or when there are no easy answers. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ST - Adaptive Leadership UR - http://www.plusacumen.org/courses/adaptive-leadership Y2 - 2017/06/07/15:39:52 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Lean Data Approaches to Measure Social Impact AU - ACUMEN T2 - NovoEd DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://plusacumen.novoed.com/#!/courses/lean-data-2018-2/flyer Y2 - 2018/06/28/17:11:19 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Adapt LLC AU - Adapt LLC T2 - Adapt Consult AB - Doing Development Differently… Adapt LLC provides expertise to international development practitioners seeking to improve the impacts of their investments through a more in-depth understanding of the political and economic risks and opportunities associated with programming in complex environments. The Adapt team enhances the design and implementation of international development assistance strategies, programs, and projects around the world. LA - en-US UR - https://adapt-consult.com/ Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:00:14 ER - TY - CONF TI - Can policy-makers think like designers? AU - Adler, Natalia T2 - A workshop on Doing Development Differently AB - This is the poster used by Natalia Adler, from Unicef, at the Doing Development Differently workshop in 2014. Can policy-makers think like designers? Since 2012, UNICEF has been supporting two autonomous governments in Nicaragua to develop empathy-driven policies for children. While policies are the final product, the goal of the Designing for Children Initiative is to make government officials think like designers. A good policy or service is nothing without active and engaged frontline workers. From the onset, our objective was to transform public employees into ‘public entrepreneurs.’ In doing so, we have disrupted the traditional assumptions about participatory governance, where it normally suffices to hold a meeting and have people talk about their needs and aspirations. For participation to work, government officials have to relearn how to listen. They have to let go of pre-determined assumptions and their expert status, and put themselves in the shoes of the people they are trying to reach. This is the process of empathy-driven policy-making. For the past two years, we have used a Human Centered Design (HCD) approach to make this happen. While HCD is often seen as an innovation in itself, for us, it’s just a means to an end: common-sense development. C1 - Cambridge, MA DA - 2014/10/23/ PY - 2014 UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/files/bsc/files/harvard_odi_poster_-_adler2.pdf Y2 - 2022/07/18/08:47:07 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Agile Glossary and Terminology AU - Agile Alliance T2 - Agile Alliance AB - Learn the unique terminology used in Agile development from the experts at Agile Alliance. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/agile-glossary Y2 - 2017/02/19/14:04:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Manifesto for Agile Software Development AU - Agile Alliance CY - Snowbird, UT DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 PB - Agile Alliance UR - http://agilemanifesto.org Y2 - 2019/06/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Subway Map to Agile Practices AU - Agile Alliance T2 - Agile Alliance AB - AGILE 101 DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - http://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/subway-map-to-agile-practices Y2 - 2019/06/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - ’Adaptive Authoritarianism’ in Contemporary China: Identifying Zones of Legitimacy Building AU - Ahlers, Anna Lisa AU - Schubert, Gunter T2 - Reviving Legitimacy: Lessons for and from China A2 - Zhenglai, Deng A2 - Guo, Sujian AB - Anna L. Ahlers and Gunter Schubert, ’Adaptive Authoritarianism’ in Contemporary China: Identifying Zones of Legitimacy Building, in: Deng Zhenglai and Guo Sujian (eds), Reviving Legitimacy: Lessons for and from China, Lanham: Lexington Books (2011), CY - Plymouth DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 LA - en PB - Lexington Book UR - https://www.academia.edu/11309310/_Adaptive_Authoritarianism_in_Contemporary_China_Identifying_Zones_of_Legitimacy_Building_2011_ Y2 - 2018/08/21/15:26:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beyond Tweets and Screams: Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria – The Case of the #BBOG Movement AU - Aina, Tade Akin AU - Atela, Martin AU - Ojebode, Ayo AU - Dayil, Plangsat AU - Aremu, Fatai AB - This paper explores the nature, role and dynamics of new forms of social and political action as pathways to empowerment and accountability in fragile conflict- and violence-affected settings in Africa. Through an in-depth analysis of the case of the Bring Back Our Girls (#BBOG) movement in Nigeria and a multi-methods approach, the paper provides new knowledge that addresses evidence gaps in the following areas: (1) the multiple ways through which social and political action play out in fragile, conflict- and violence-affected settings; (2) whether the conditions in which new forms of social and political action applicable to fragile, conflict- and violence-affected settings – the settings most dominant in African countries – emerge as currently projected in the literature; and (3) whether these social and political actions necessarily produce accountability and empowerment in fragile, conflict- and violence-affected settings. Although often expressed as contentious and/or unruly politics, experiences from the BBOG movement suggest that the new forms of social and political action possess a wide range of implications for citizen action and governance, including leading to multiple forms of empowerment in fragile settings. CY - Brighton DA - 2019/06/27/ PY - 2019 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en M3 - IDS Working Paper PB - IDS SN - 529 ST - Beyond Tweets and Screams UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14559 Y2 - 2019/08/08/23:13:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour AU - Aked, Jody T2 - CLARISSA Working Paper AB - As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy. CY - Brighton DA - 2021/07/26/ PY - 2021 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 8 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16755 Y2 - 2023/10/12/14:13:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Creative Activities for Work Teams and Communities of Practice. A guide for designing participatory, productive, and engaging sessions AU - AKF AB - This free guide aims to build the skills and confidence of people designing and facilitating participatory, productive, and engaging workshop sessions for work teams and communities of practice by providing them with a series of creative activities that can be run in-person or virtually. By the time they have gone through this guide, session leads will be able to: Describe ways in which creative activities can be of value to teams and communities of practice, Design both in-person and virtual workshop sessions that incorporate creative activities, Facilitate participatory, productive and engaging workshop sessions that incorporate one or several creative activities, and Lead an effective debrief following a creative activity. This toolkit was developed by the Aga Khan Foundation. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en-US UR - https://akflearninghub.org/documents/creative-activities-for-work-teams-and-communities-of-practice Y2 - 2023/10/02/10:11:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Virtual Facilitation Techniques for Work Teams and Communities of Practice. A guide for designing and running dynamic and engaging remote sessions and meetings AU - AKF AB - This free guide aims to build the skills and confidence of people designing and facilitating virtual meetings, including online community of practice sessions. By the time they have gone through this guide, community of practice facilitators will be able to: Design an engaging and participatory virtual session, Develop an effective, varied and realistic agenda for a virtual session, Apply a wide range of virtual facilitation techniques, and Using technology to facilitate virtual sessions. This toolkit was developed by the Aga Khan Foundation. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en-US UR - https://akflearninghub.org/documents/virtual-facilitation-techniques-for-akfs-communities-of-practice/ Y2 - 2023/10/02/10:11:28 ER - TY - CONF TI - Is (Web) Science Ready for Empowerment? AU - Akkermans, Hans AU - Gyan, Nana Baah AU - Bon, Anna AU - Tuyp, Wendelien AU - Grewal, Aman AU - Boyera, Stéphane AU - Allen, Mary T2 - ACM WebSci'11 C1 - Koblenz CN - 0000 DA - 2011/06/14/17 PY - 2011 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Unconditional cash support sparks transformation: A story from CLARISSA Social Protection Intervention in Dhaka AU - Aktar, Afrin AU - Debnath, Raj AU - Kashfi, Sharmin T2 - CLARISSA AB - The CLARISSA Social Protection (SP) intervention provided six months of unconditional cash transfers to every household in the Gojmohol neighbourhood,... DA - 2023/12/13/T12:40:13+00:00 PY - 2023 LA - en-US ST - Unconditional cash support sparks transformation UR - https://clarissa.global/unconditional-cash-support-sparks-transformation-a-story-from-clarissa-social-protection-intervention-in-dhaka/ Y2 - 2023/12/15/11:01:22 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Non-Violent Communication in everyday life AU - Aktar, Afrin AU - Goon, Swmaranika AU - Pal, Ujjal AU - Zaman, Thahina T2 - CLARISSA AB - In March, members of the team in Bangladesh (Community Mobilisers and Lead Community Mobilisers) participated in a training course in non-violent communication (NVC). NVC is a communication technique that prioritises listening over speaking. It aims to improve communication by achieving a deeper understanding of our emotions and values and what we observe in the behaviour of others. The training was facilitated by Paul Kahawatte, a UK-based mediator, facilitator and trainer, Roufun Naher, a lecturer at the University of Dhaka and NVC practitioner in Bangladesh, Neil Howard, co-lead of Social Protection for CLARISSA and Jiniya Afroze, CLARISSA Country Coordinator in Bangladesh. The aim of the training was to support the community mobilisers to explore and practice different ways of communicating and facilitating. This will help them support communities to come together and build their collective power for the social protection ‘cash plus’ pilot. Lemon Roy, a community mobiliser was grateful for the experience; “I had little knowledge about Non-Violent Communication before participating in the training. I didn’t know that passive listening and the communication gap between two people could lead to conflict. I have learned about tools and techniques in conflict mediation and the importance of understanding the feelings and needs of other people.”. DA - 2021/05/27/T10:23:00+00:00 PY - 2021 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/non-violent-communication-in-everyday-life/ Y2 - 2024/02/19/13:01:59 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Afterword: Alabert Hirschman observed AU - Alacevich, Michele T2 - Development Projects Observed AB - Albert Hirschman considered Development Projects Observed a natural sequel to his earlier work. As Hirschman put it to an old acquaintance at the World Bank, his previous books identified the inner and often hidden mechanisms of development sequences: “Having worked out a few basic hypotheses …, I could perhaps test them (and hit on some new ones) by looking at Bank-financed projects that have had enough time to give rise to such sequences.”¹ But as much as it appeared as the logical evolution of Hirschman’s intellectual trajectory, this new research was also the offshoot of an important crisis in development C2 - SUNSTEIN, CASS R. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - JSTOR SP - 175 EP - 190 PB - Brookings Institution Press ST - AFTERWORD UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctt7zsw04.12 Y2 - 2022/07/11/09:40:16 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Politics matters, so what? Time for bigger bets (and more learning) on adaptive programming AU - Alan T2 - www.globalintegrity.org AB - By Alan Hudson, Executive Director, Global Integrity, July 26, 2016 Politics matters. Context too. And blueprints have limited value. Our strategy is based on these insights, so we’re totally on board. A World Development Report (WDR) that puts power and politics... DA - 2016/07/26/T11:04:32-04:00 PY - 2016 ST - Politics matters, so what? UR - http://www.globalintegrity.org/2016/07/politics-matters-time-bigger-bets-learning-adaptive-programming/ Y2 - 2016/11/04/16:12:50 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Try, learn, adapt, repeat: T/A Learn reflections AU - Alan T2 - www.globalintegrity.org AB - By Alan Hudson — November 16, 2015. I spent last week in Rio de Janeiro (tough assignment, I know), participating in the Transparency and Accountability Initiative’s third T/A Learn Annual Workshop. As the report of the second Annual Workshop, held... DA - 2015/11/16/T10:14:40-04:00 PY - 2015 ST - Try, learn, adapt, repeat UR - http://www.globalintegrity.org/2015/11/try-learn-adapt-repeat/ Y2 - 2016/08/05/14:51:57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Positive deviance, big data, and development: A systematic literature review AU - Albanna, Basma AU - Heeks, Richard T2 - The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries AB - Positive deviance is a growing approach in international development that identifies those within a population who are outperforming their peers in some way, eg, children in low-income families who are well nourished when those around them are not. Analysing and then disseminating the behaviours and other factors underpinning positive deviance are demonstrably effective in delivering development results. However, positive deviance faces a number of challenges that are restricting its diffusion. In this paper, using a systematic literature review, we analyse the current state of positive deviance and the potential for big data to address the challenges facing positive deviance. From this, we evaluate the promise of “big data-based positive deviance”: This would analyse typical sources of big data in developing countries—mobile phone records, social media, remote sensing data, etc—to identify both positive deviants and the factors underpinning their superior performance. While big data cannot solve all the challenges facing positive deviance as a development tool, they could reduce time, cost, and effort; identify positive deviants in new or better ways; and enable positive deviance to break out of its current preoccupation with public health into domains such as agriculture, education, and urban planning. In turn, positive deviance could provide a new and systematic basis for extracting real-world development impacts from big data. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1002/isd2.12063 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - e12063 LA - en SN - 1681-4835 ST - Positive deviance, big data, and development UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/isd2.12063 Y2 - 2021/11/25/14:49:21 KW - big data KW - developing countries KW - machine learning KW - mobile data KW - positive deviance KW - systematic literature review ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data-powered positive deviance: Combining traditional and non-traditional data to identify and characterise development-related outperformers AU - Albanna, Basma AU - Heeks, Richard AU - Pawelke, Andreas AU - Boy, Jeremy AU - Handl, Julia AU - Gluecker, Andreas T2 - Development Engineering AB - The positive deviance approach in international development scales practices and strategies of positively-deviant individuals and groups: those who are able to achieve significantly better development outcomes than their peers despite having similar resources and challenges. This approach relies mainly on traditional data sources (e.g. surveys and interviews) for identifying those positive deviants and for discovering their successful solutions. The growing availability of non-traditional digital data (e.g. from remote sensing and mobile phones) relating to individuals, communities and spaces enables data innovation opportunities for positive deviance. Such datasets can identify deviance at geographic and temporal scales that were not possible before. But guidance is needed on how this new data can be employed in the positive deviance approach, and how it can be combined with more traditional data to gain deeper, more meaningful, and context-aware insights. This paper presents such guidance through a data-powered method that combines both traditional and non-traditional data to identify and understand positive deviance in new ways and domains. This method has been developed iteratively through six development projects covering five different domains – sustainable cattle ranching, agricultural productivity, rangeland management, research performance, crime control – with global and local development partners in six countries. The projects combine different types of non-traditional data with official statistics, administrative data and interviews. Here, we describe a structured method for data-powered positive deviance developed from the experience of these projects, and we reflect on lessons learned. We hope to encourage and guide greater use of this new method; enabling development practitioners to make more effective use of the non-traditional digital datasets that are increasingly available. DA - 2022/01/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1016/j.deveng.2021.100090 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 7 SP - 100090 J2 - Development Engineering LA - en SN - 2352-7285 ST - Data-powered positive deviance UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352728521000324 Y2 - 2022/08/24/11:15:24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eight Practices for Strategic Agility AU - Algoso, Dave T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Rather than a glossy brochure that no one reads, your strategy should be an ongoing practice that informs your decisions and adapts as circumstances change. A Viewpoint from the Summer 2019 issue. DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 IS - Summer 2019 LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/eight_practices_for_strategic_agility Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:26:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How INGOs are Doing Development Differently AU - Algoso, Dave DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017 PB - Care, IRC, Mercy Corps, Oxfam & World Vision UR - https://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/How%20INGOs%20are%20DDD.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/23/09:33:52 ER - TY - BLOG TI - More books on complexity than you can shake a stick at—plus a mea culpa AU - Algoso, Dave T2 - Praxis AB - Last month, Duncan Green was kind enough to post my overly ambitious multi-book review on complexity thinking in development on his From Poverty to Power blog. It covered three books: Ben Ramalingam’s Aid on the Edge of Chaos; Jean Boulton, Peter Allen, and Cliff Bowman’s Embracing Complexity; and Danny Burns and Stuart Worsley’s Navigating Complexity in International Development. It... DA - 2016/04/17/T15:30:25-04:00 PY - 2016 UR - http://algoso.org/2016/04/17/more-books-on-complexity-than-you-can-shake-a-stick-at-plus-a-mea-culpa/ Y2 - 2016/08/05/14:52:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adapting Aid: Lessons from six case studies AU - Algoso, Dave AU - Beloe, Jon AU - Hemberger, Alison AU - Hill, Philippa AU - Proud, Emma DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - MercyCorps & IRC KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - MGZN TI - How to Build Movements with Cyclical Patterns in Mind - Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly AU - Algoso, Dave AU - Guerzovich, Florencia AU - Gattoni, Soledad T2 - Nonprofit Quarterly AB - The world changes too much for anyone who is invested in social change work to imagine that this work is linear and predictable. Opportunities come and go, whether caused by a pandemic or political shifts. This much most social movement leaders and activists intuitively understand. But what can be done with this realization? How might movement groups better prepare for moments of opportunity? We want to explore how we can create the changes we want to see by responding to the changes that are outside our control. DA - 2023/06/05/ PY - 2023 UR - https://nonprofitquarterly.org/how-to-build-movements-with-cyclical-patterns-in-mind/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email Y2 - 2023/10/03/11:30:33 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Where have we got to on adaptive learning, thinking and working politically, doing development differently etc? Getting beyond the People’s Front of Judea AU - Algoso, Dave AU - Hudson, Alan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Dave Algoso and Alan Hudson at Global Integrity compare and contrast 9 different initiatives that are all heading in roughly the right direction in aid reform DA - 2016/06/09/ PY - 2016 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/where-have-we-got-to-on-adaptive-learning-thinking-and-working-politically-doing-development-differently-etc-getting-beyond-the-peoples-front-of-judea/ Y2 - 2016/06/09/13:53:02 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Navigating complexity: Adaptive management in the Northern Karamoja Growth, Health & Governance program AU - Allana, Amir AB - Development actors increasing agree that managing programs adaptively – especially complex interventions – can improve their effectiveness. But what does adaptive management look like in practice? CY - Portland DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 PB - MercyCorps ST - Navigating complexity UR - https://www.mercycorps.org/research-resources/navigating-complexity-adaptive-management-northern-karamoja-growth-health Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Navigating complexity: adaptive management and organizational learning in a development project in Northern Uganda AU - Allana, Amir AU - Sparkman, Timothy T2 - Knowledge Management for Development Journal AB - Adaptive management is a management paradigm for intervening in complex, unpredictable systems where continual learning and adaptation is vital for success. This management approach requires a fundamentally different set of tools, processes, and most importantly, staff behaviors and organizational culture than ‘traditional’ management. A facilitative approach to development, where the goal is creating systemic change that spreads in networks of local businesses, government, and civil society organizations, necessitates an adaptive approach. Mercy Corps Uganda’s Northern Karamoja Growth, Health, and Governance Program (GHG) has been an ongoing experiment in applying the principles of adaptive management and facilitation. This article details two examples from GHG where adaptation has occurred, and provides an analysis of the tools, processes, and organizational culture that exists. Three salient takeaways for effective facilitation are elaborated on: the importance of staff behaviors and underlying beliefs, particularly with regards to ‘failure’, flexibility to experiment, dissent & debate, and curiosity with the subject matter of their work; importance of consistent messaging from senior management with regards to the same; and tools and processes playing a support function to these behaviours, rather than being their source. Lessons and implications are drawn out from the GHG experience for funders and implementing organizations wanting to apply adaptive management in the context of development programming. These include building flexibility into budgeting and contracts, rethinking the structure and content of reports, and utilizing alternative hiring criteria to attract senior managers who are more likely to succeed at adaptive management. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 101 EP - 112 UR - https://www.km4djournal.org/index.php/km4dj/article/view/204 Y2 - 2022/06/30/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - An introduction to systems thinking and tools for systems thinking AU - Allen, Will AU - Kilvington, Margaret AB - Systems thinking is an approach to integration that is based on the belief that the component parts of a system will act differently when isolated from the system’s environment or other parts of the system. THIS PAGE PROVIDES PLENTY OF RESOURCES ON SYSTEM THINKING CY - Wellington DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en-US PB - Learning fro Sustainability UR - https://learningforsustainability.net/systems-thinking/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:41:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making humanitarian response more flexible: bibliography AU - ALNAP DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 20 M3 - ALNAP Background Paper UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/ALNAP%20Making%20humanitarian%20response%20more%20flexible%20biblio.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Accountability Differently: A 'Vertically Integrated' Approach AU - Amakom, Uzochukwu AU - Fashola, Temitope AU - Gay, Charles AU - Shutt, Cathy CY - Abuja DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 PB - Christian Aid UR - https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-03/Doing-Accountability-Differently-V2P-Governance-January2018.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/06/10:03:42 ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Collaborative, Participatory & Empowerment Evaluation Topical Interest Group AU - American Evaluation Association AB - designed to foster collaboration, share knowledge, and promote scholarship, this TIG is a division of the American Evaluation Association (AEA). UR - http://comm.eval.org/cpetig/home Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How Do Donor-led Empowerment and Accountability Activities Take Scale into Account? Evidence from DFID Programmes in Contexts of Fragility, Conflict and Violence AU - Anderson, Colin AU - Fox, Jonathan AU - Gaventa, John AB - Development donors invest significantly in governance reform, including in contexts characterised by conflict and fragility. However, there is relatively little comparative study of their change strategies, and little understanding of what works and why. This paper explores the strategies of six recent DFID-funded programmes in Mozambique, Myanmar, and Pakistan with empowerment and accountability aims. Document review and field interviews are used to analyse the application of multi-scalar or multi-level change strategies, since such approaches are hypothesised to potentially generate more leverage for public accountability reforms. Analysis suggests that these strategies can strengthen citizen ability to navigate governance systems to resolve problems and claim accountability, and can bolster pro-accountability coalitions’ internal solidarity and external legitimacy. Multi-level strategies also appear associated with establishing more significant pressure for reform than exclusively local or national approaches. Yet conventional project reporting focuses on counting activities and outputs rather than analysing the dynamic, interactive processes at work in these strategies, and few evaluations are publicly accessible. To fully understand what kinds of action strengthen citizen demands for accountability requires a more transparent and rigorous approach to learning from donor-led governance interventions. DA - 2020/04/03/ PY - 2020 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - IDS SN - 536 ST - How Do Donor-led Empowerment and Accountability Activities Take Scale into Account? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15211 Y2 - 2020/08/25/14:26:27 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Time to Listen: Hearing People on the Receiving End of International Aid AU - Anderson, Mary B. AU - Brown, Dayna AU - Jean, Isabella AB - Does the way international assistance is organized make sense? Is it working as we mean it to? This book approaches these questions through the experiences of people living on the receiving side of international assistance. It reports on the ideas, insights, and analyses of almost 6,000 people across 20 countries where international aid has been provided. From such a range of locations and people, one might expect vastly different ideas and opinions. However, remarkably consistent patterns and common judgments emerged. In the midst of difference, there was striking unanimity and consistency about the processes and the effects of the international aid system. Using their words, their experiences, and their ideas, this book describes why the cumulative impacts of international aid efforts have not met expectations. It describes a way forward to make changes that, according to those on the receiving end, will lead to more effective and lasting results. CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 2012/12/12/ PY - 2012 DP - Amazon SP - 184 LA - English PB - CDA Collaborative Learning Projects SN - 978-0-9882544-1-1 ST - Time to Listen ER - TY - RPRT TI - LAC MEL Specialists Use Peer Network to Improve Quality and Use of Evidence AU - Anderson, Todd M AU - Prevatt, Amy T2 - CLA Case Competition AB - Based on consultations and stocktakings with LAC Missions, the LAC Bureau identified Mission Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Specialists as influential decision makers regarding data and evidence use. The LAC Bureau aims to improve the quality and use of evidence for decision making, and ultimately to improve development outcomes. DA - 2019/08/14/T13:48:53-04:00 PY - 2019 LA - en M3 - Text PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/lac-mel-specialists-use-peer-network-improve-quality-and-use-evidence Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:30:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Explaining positive deviance in public sector reforms in development AU - Andrews, Matt AB - Public sector reforms are commonplace in developing countries. Much of the literature about these reforms reflects on their failures. This paper asks about the successes and investigates which of two competing theories best explain why some reforms exhibi DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - RePEc - Econpapers M3 - Working Paper Series PB - World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER) SN - UNU-WIDER Research Paper WP2013/117 UR - http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/unuwpaper/wp2013-117.htm Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - Development KW - Innovation KW - Reform KW - case survey KW - governance KW - growth KW - leadership ER - TY - RPRT TI - Getting Real about Unknowns in Complex Policy Work AU - Andrews, Matt AB - As with all public policy work, education policies are demanding. Policy workers need to ‘know’ a lot—about the problems they are addressing, the people who need to be engaged, the promises they can make in response, the context they are working in, and the processes they will follow to implement. Most policy workers answer questions about such issues within the structures of plan and control processes used to devise budgets and projects. These structures limit their knowledge gathering, organization and sense-making activities to up-front planning activities, and even though sophisticated tools like Theories of Change suggest planners ‘know’ all that is needed for policy success, they often do not. Policies are often fraught with ‘unknowns’ that cannot be captured in passive planning processes and thus repeatedly undermine even the best laid plans. Through a novel strategy that asks how much one knows about the answers to 25 essential policy questions, and an application to recent education policy interventions in Mozambique, this paper shows that it is possible to get real about unknowns in policy work. Just recognizing these unknowns exist—and understanding why they do and what kind of challenge they pose to policy workers—can help promote a more modest and realistic approach to doing complex policy work. CY - Oxford DA - 2021/11/24/ PY - 2021 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en M3 - RISE Working Paper PB - Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) SN - 21/083 UR - https://riseprogramme.org/publications/getting-real-about-unknowns-complex-policy-work Y2 - 2021/12/16/15:37:35 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development: Changing Rules for Realistic Solutions AU - Andrews, Matt AB - Institutional reforms are common across the globe. Think of efforts to build new governments in Afghanistan and Iraq; or decades worth of interventions intended to improve fiscal management, reduce corruption or introduce efficient public sector service delivery in African countries.These reforms often have limited results, however. They lead to new laws that are not properly implemented, and new organizations that have poor capacities and fail to function as needed. In this book, Matt Andrews explains why reform results are frequently limited and suggests ways to overcome these limits. In the first half of the book, Andrews argues that reforms fail to make governments better when they are introduced as signals to gain short-term support--from donors and others. Reforms as signals introduce unrealistic best practices that do not fit developing country contexts and are not considered relevant by implementing agents. The result is a set of new forms that do not function properly. Andrews uses examples to prove this point, ranging from efforts to introduce fiscal rules in Argentina to reforms aimed at international accounting standard adoption in many African countries, and anti corruption interventions in Malawi and Uganda. In the second half of the book, Andrews notes that there are instances where reforms are not being introduced as signals, and are having more of an impact on government effectiveness. Examples include local government reforms in Rwanda, anti corruption initiatives in Indonesia, and a variety of initiatives ranging from results based management to civil service modernization and internal control regime adoption in governments like Kenya, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Andrews uses these examples to discuss ways in which reforms can actually provide realistic solutions to governance challenges in developing countries. Lessons from these experiences suggest that reform limits can be overcome by focusing interventions on problem solving, and promoting incremental and localized processes to find solutions, involving multiple agents who can authorize and implement reforms. CY - Cambridge DA - 2013/02/11/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon SP - 268 LA - English PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-1-107-01633-0 ST - The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to Target for Economic Diversification: PDIA in Sri Lanka AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Ariyasinghe, Duminda AU - Batuwanthudawa, Thamari AU - Darmasiri, Shivanthika AU - Silva, Nilupul AU - Harrington, Peter AU - Jayasinghe, Prasanna AU - Jayasinghe, Upul AU - Jayathilake, Gamini AU - Karunaratne, Jayani AU - Katugampala, Lalit AU - Liyanapathirane, Jeewani AU - Malalgoda, Champika AU - McNaught, Tim AU - Poobalan, Anisha AU - Ratnasekera, Sanjeewa AU - Samaraweera, Priyanka AU - Saumya, Erangani AU - Stock, Daniel AU - Senerath, Upali AU - Sibera, Ranjan AU - Walpita, Indira AU - Wijesinghe, Shamalie T2 - CID Faculty Working Paper 332 CY - Cambridge DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 PB - Center for International Development, Harvard University ST - Learning to Target for Economic Diversification ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Guide to Peer-to-Peer Learning AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Manning, Nick DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 32 LA - en PB - Effective Institutions Platform UR - https://www.effectiveinstitutions.org/media/The_EIP_P_to_P_Learning_Guide.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/01/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Building capability by delivering results: Putting Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) principles into practice AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Samji, Salimah AU - Woolcock, Michael T2 - A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook: Alternative Ideas and Approaches A2 - Whaites, Alan A2 - Gonzalez, Eduardo A2 - Fyson, Sara A2 - Teskey, Graham AB - The Governance Practitioner’s Notebook takes an unusual approach for the OECD-DAC Network on Governance (GovNet). It brings together a collection of specially written notes aimed at those who work as governance practitioners within development agencies. It does so, however, without attempting to offer definitive guidance – instead aiming to stimulate thinking and debate. To aid this process the book is centred on a fictional Governance Adviser. The Notebook’s format provides space for experts to speak on today’s governance issues: politics, public sector reform and stakeholder engagement. It encourages debate, charts the evolution of donor thinking, and highlights future challenges in the age of the Sustainable Development Goals. Each section introduces both technical issues and major areas of debate, providing ideas for future development support to institutional reform. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 PB - OECD UR - http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/governance/governance-practitioners-notebook.htm Y2 - 2019/06/10/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - Building State Capability: Evidence, Analysis, Action AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Woolcock, Michael AB - This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Governments play a major role in the development process, and constantly introduce reforms and policies to achieve developmental objectives. Many of these interventions have limited impact, however; schools get built but children don't learn, IT systems areintroduced but not used, plans are written but not implemented. These achievement deficiencies reveal gaps in capabilities, and weaknesses in the process of building state capability.This book addresses these weaknesses and gaps. It starts by providing evidence of the capability shortfalls that currently exist in many countries, showing that many governments lack basic capacities even after decades of reforms and capacity building efforts. The book then analyses this evidence, identifying capability traps that hold many governments back - particularly related to isomorphic mimicry (where governments copy best practice solutions from other countries that make them look morecapable even if they are not more capable) and premature load bearing (where governments adopt new mechanisms that they cannot actually make work, given weak extant capacities). The book then describes a process that governments can use to escape these capability traps. Called PDIA (problem driveniterative adaptation), this process empowers people working in governments to find and fit solutions to the problems they face. The discussion about this process is structured in a practical manner so that readers can actually apply tools and ideas to the capability challenges they face in their own contexts. These applications will help readers devise policies and reforms that have more impact than those of the past. CY - Oxford DA - 2017/01/19/ PY - 2017 SP - 334 LA - English PB - Oxford University Press ST - Building State Capability UR - http://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/files/bsc/files/bsc_book.pdf Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Iterative and Adaptive Work AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Woolcock, Michael T2 - CID Working Paper AB - Many of the challenges in international development are complex in nature. They involve many actors in uncertain contexts and with unclear solutions. Our work has proposed an approach to addressing such challenges, called Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA). This paper is the most recent in a series intended to show how one can do PDIA, building on the first paper, "Doing Problem Driven Work.” The current paper addresses a key part of the approach one moves to once a problem has been identified, performing real-time experimental iterations. This is intended as a practical paper that builds on experience and embeds exercises for readers who are actually involved in this kind of work. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 LA - eng PB - Center for International Development at Harvard University SN - 313 UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/files/bsc/files/adaptive_work_cd_wp_313.pdf Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Problem Driven Work AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Woolcock, Michael T2 - HKS Working Paper DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Harvard University SN - 073 UR - http://ssrn.com/abstract=2700308 Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Escaping Capability Traps through Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Woolcock, Michael T2 - HKS Working Paper DA - 2012/08// PY - 2012 PB - Harvard University SN - RWP12-036 UR - http://ssrn.com/abstract=2700308 Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - PDIA in action A3 - Andrews, Matt A3 - Samji, Salimah AB - Learning from our experience in 2020, we asked the alumni of our HKS Implementing Public Policy (IPP) Executive Education program, if they wanted to work with our students on their nominated problems. Eight IPP alumni, William Keith Young, Adaeze Oreh, Milzy Carrasco, Kevin Schilling, Artem Shaipov, George Imbenzi, David Wuyep, and Raphael Kenigsberg, who had been trained on PDIA and implementation, signed up to work with our students. Thirty-seven students signed up to take the course beginning January 26th, 2021. The students worked across eight teams and adopted a problem driven approach to foster learning that could help their authorizers develop an action learning strategy to their nominated challenge. This book highlights the students’ work drawing from their blogs as well as the event series. There are 8 sections, one for each of the teams and the problems they worked on during the course. We hope you enjoy reading their stories! Scan the QR Code at the end of each section to learn more. CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 2021/05// PY - 2021 PB - Center for International Development, Harvard University UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/files/bsc/files/pdia_book_square_final.pdf Y2 - 2021/12/16/15:12:08 ER - TY - BLOG TI - 3 fallacies of embracing complexity AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen T2 - UNDP Blog AB - Global development is seeing an exciting paradigm shift. Increasingly, leaders and practitioners recognize that development is not a “complicated” challenge that can be neatly parsed out into separate problems and siloed departments, like assembling a car. Rather, the various tasks of development—poverty eradication, improving governance, climate action, gender equality, and so on—are all connected, making development a “complex” challenge. DA - 2018/06/12/ PY - 2018 LA - en UR - http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2018/3-fallacies-of-embracing-complexity.html Y2 - 2018/06/22/16:17:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Combining Big Data and Thick Data to Improve Services Delivery AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - IBM Center for The Business of Government UR - http://www.businessofgovernment.org/node/2513 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Complexity & Development 2.0: From Agreeing We Should Adapt to Creating the Conditions that Enable Adaptation A2 - Ang, Yuen Yuen AB - The field of global development has reached a critical turning point. Almost gone is the mechanical, one-size-fits-all “good governance” paradigm of the past. In its place is a growing embrace of complexity and systems thinking. While this is an encouraging shift in the right direction, the discussion mostly ends by concluding that we should adapt. Yuen Yuen Ang urges that it’s time to take our conversation on “complexity & development” to the next level: how to enable adaptation. Effective adaptation doesn’t automatically arise just because we desire it—rather, it requires certain enabling conditions. In How China Escaped the Poverty Trap (2016), she introduces a generic complexity 2.0 framework that she terms “directed improvisation.” Effective adaptation, Yuen Yuen argues, requires a paradoxical blend of top-down direction and bottom-up improvisation. Such a system can be created—and produce dramatic results and adaptive solutions—even within a closed political regime like China. CY - Brighton, UK DA - 2018/02/13/ PY - 2018 LA - en-GB M3 - Complexity and Development seminar series ST - Complexity & Development 2.0 UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/events/complexity-development-2-0-from-agreeing-we-should-adapt-to-creating-the-conditions-that-enable-adaptation/ Y2 - 2023/06/09/09:10:35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Going Local 2.0: How to Reform Development Agencies to Make Localized Aid More Than Talk AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - More and more global aid agencies believe they should replace one-size-fits-all best practices with locally tailored solutions, but they must shift from just agreeing to “go local” to preparing development experts for the task by taking on three major problems with their internal practices. DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 LA - en-us ST - Going Local 2.0 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/going_local_2.0_how_to_reform_development_agencies_localized_aid Y2 - 2018/10/26/09:03:03 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Beijing Commands: Grey, Black, and Red Directives from Deng to Xi AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen T2 - The China Quarterly DA - 2022/08// PY - 2022 UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4201534 ER - TY - BOOK TI - How China Escaped the Poverty Trap AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen AB - Before markets opened in 1978, China was an impoverished planned economy governed by a Maoist bureaucracy. In just three decades it evolved into the world's second-largest economy and is today guided by highly entrepreneurial bureaucrats. In How China Escaped the Poverty Trap, Yuen Yuen Ang explains this astonishing metamorphosis. Rather than insist that either strong institutions of good governance foster markets or that growth enables good governance, Ang lays out a new, dynamic framework for understanding development broadly. Successful development, she contends, is a coevolutionary process in which markets and governments mutually adapt.By mapping this coevolution, Ang reveals a startling conclusion: poor and weak countries can escape the poverty trap by first harnessing weak institutions―features that defy norms of good governance―to build markets. Further, she stresses that adaptive processes, though essential for development, do not automatically occur. Highlighting three universal roadblocks to adaptation, Ang identifies how Chinese reformers crafted enabling conditions for effective improvisation.How China Escaped the Poverty Trap offers the most complete synthesis to date of the numerous interacting forces that have shaped China’s dramatic makeover and the problems it faces today. Looking beyond China, Ang also traces the coevolutionary sequence of development in late medieval Europe, antebellum United States, and contemporary Nigeria, and finds surprising parallels among these otherwise disparate cases. Indispensable to all who care about development, this groundbreaking book challenges the convention of linear thinking and points to an alternative path out of poverty traps. CY - London DA - 2016/09/06/ PY - 2016 DP - Amazon SP - 344 LA - English PB - Cornell University Press SN - 978-1-5017-0020-0 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrating Big Data and Thick Data to Transform Public Services Delivery AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen AB - This report explains how public organizations can combine big data and thick data to transform public services delivery—a strategy called mixed analytics. Governments can greatly enhance the value of big data by combining it with “thick” data—rich qualitative information about users, such as their values, goals, and consumption behavior, obtained by observing or interacting with them in their daily lives. Big data holds great promise for improving public services delivery and innovation in government, but they are not a panacea . Having lots of data can be overwhelming or have little utility if the data are “thin”—that is, they lack meaning for users or fail to capture issues that matter most . By yielding insights into what citizens really care about and how they consume services, thick data can inform both the collection and analysis of big data. This report introduces the concept of “mixed analytics,” integrating big data and thick data to transform government decision making, public services delivery, and communication. The report presents three case studies of organizations that employ mixed analytics at the international, federal, and city level, respectively. Together, this research offers a set of transferable lessons for agencies at all levels of government: Lesson 1: Big data is a means to an end, rather than an end. Lesson 2: Thick data can identify unexpected problems or previously unexpressed needs. Lesson 3: Thick data can inform the analysis of big data. Lesson 4: Mixed analytics can offer both scale and depth. Lesson 5: Applying technology is a social activity, not an isolated technical task. Lesson 6: The best solutions are not always high-tech. The report concludes with five actionable recommendations for public managers. Make data and technology relevant to the people who use it. Leverage thick data at appropriate stages of the problem-solving process. Build an interdisciplinary team of quantitative and qualitative experts who work closely with stakeholders. Combine big and thick data to improve communication Improve government agencies’ knowledge of mixed research methods. This report builds on multiple past IBM Center reports about how government can leverage data and analytics to improve decisions, including Data-Driven Government: The Role of Chief Data Officers, by Jane Wiseman; Ten Actions to Implement Big Data Initiatives: A Study of 65 Cities, by Alfred Ho and Bo McCall, and Realizing The Promise of Big Data, by Kevin DeSouza. The report also complements several chapters that assess the past and potential use of data across the public sector in our recent book, Government For The Future: Reflection and Vision For Tomorrow’s Leaders. At a time when the US and other governments continue to enhance their use of data as a strategic asset for transformation, we hope that Professor Ang’s report provides useful insights for government managers and stakeholders. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 47 LA - en PB - IBM Center for The Business of Government ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making Details Matter: How to Reform Aid Agencies to Generate Contextual Knowledge AU - Ang, Yuen Yuen AB - My essay considers a central problem of reinventing foreign aid in the twenty-first century: how to reform aid agencies to enable a “best-fit” approach to development assistance. For the past decades, the aid community has tried to transplant best practices from the developed world to the developing world. Increasingly, however, it is recognized that copying best practices does not work and may even backfire; rather, aid programs work best when they are tailored to local contexts. Yet while the idea of a best-fit approach is widely embraced in principle, actualizing it is easier said than done. For meaningful changes to take root in practice, we must first identify the obstacles to localizing development assistance and suggest ways to address these problems. To this end, I propose a three-pronged strategy to promote the generation of contextual knowledge among aid professionals, a necessary condition for crafting solutions that can fit various local contexts, namely: (1) build a bank of knowledge about unorthodox practices that work, (2) diversify expertise within aid agencies; and (3) carve experimental pockets. My proposal does not fit neatly into any one of the six themes specified in the GDN competition; rather, it concerns all of the themes. Whether it is to use aid to improve governance, apply information technology, or design financial instruments, the overarching challenge is to empower and incentivize aid professionals to learn and apply contextual knowledge to creatively solve problems in developing societies. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - papers.ssrn.com LA - en PB - SSRN SN - Winning Essay of the 2014 GDN Essay Competition on "The Future of Development Assistance" ST - Making Details Matter UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2794434 Y2 - 2018/05/23/12:56:28 KW - Contextual knowledge KW - Localization KW - Public policy KW - foreign aid KW - international development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Getting beneath the surface in program planning, monitoring and evaluation: Learning from use of participatory action research and theory of change in the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems AU - Apgar, J Marina AU - Allen, Will AU - Albert, Joelle AU - Douthwaite, Boru AU - Paz Ybarnegaray, Rodrigo AU - Lunda, Jeston T2 - Action Research AB - Many rural poor and marginalized people strive to make a living in social-ecological systems that are characterized by multiple and often inequitable interactions across agents, scale and space. Uncertainty and inequality in such systems require research and development interventions to be adaptive, support learning and to engage with underlying drivers of poverty. Such complexity-aware approaches to planning, monitoring and evaluating development interventions are gaining strength, yet, there is still little empirical evidence of what it takes to implement them in practice. In this paper, we share learning from an agricultural research program that used participatory action research and theory of change to foster learning and support transformative change in aquatic agricultural systems. We reflect on our use of critical reflection within participatory agricultural research interventions, and our use of theory of change to collectively surface and revisit assumptions about how change happens. We share learning on the importance of being strengths-based in engaging stakeholders across scales and building a common goal as a starting point, and then staging a more critical practice as capacity is built and opportunities for digging deeper emerge. DA - 2017/03/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1177/1476750316673879 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 34 J2 - Action Research LA - en SN - 1476-7503 ST - Getting beneath the surface in program planning, monitoring and evaluation UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750316673879 Y2 - 2018/07/27/10:06:48 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Innovating for inclusive rigour in peacebuilding evaluation AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Báez-Silva, Ángela Maria AU - Deng, Ayak Chol AU - Fairey, Tiffany AU - Rohrbach, Livia AU - Alamoussa, Dioma AU - Bradburn, Helene AU - Cubillos, Edwin AU - Gray, Stephen AU - Wingender, Leslie T2 - Institute of Development Studies AB - Inclusive and rigorous peacebuilding evaluation is both vital and complex. In this blog we share examples of how we are innovating our methodologies to move towards participatory and adaptive practice. DA - 2022/04/22/T09:21:37+00:00 PY - 2022 LA - en-GB UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/innovating-for-inclusive-rigour-in-peacebuilding-evaluation/ Y2 - 2022/04/22/14:14:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reframing, refining, and reconceptualising the worst forms of child labour through participatory adaptive programming AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Burns, Danny T2 - Journal of modern slavery AB - This article explores the potential of using participatory action research as an adaptive programming modality to drive learning and innovation to tackle the drivers of (and seek to eliminate) the Worst Forms of Child Labour. We draw on our experience from early phases of implementation of a large-scale action research programme, which despite the constraints covid-19 posed in moving to full implementation and participatory engagement with children and other stakeholders on the ground, is already generating rich learning about the opportunities and challenges of designing programmes that respond to the complex reality of WFCL. We share early learning about what it takes to be fully open to using the lived experience of programme development, and early findings from scoping and mapping of the dynamics of social norms, business practices and urban neighbourhoods and supply chains influencing WFCL in Bangladesh and Nepal, to frame and reframe the questions and response strategies and operationalise a participatory adaptive intent to work with hidden and complex dynamics that characterise the WFCL. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero VL - 6 IS - 4 LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - Revealing the Relational Mechanisms of Research for Development Through Social Network Analysis AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Fournie, Guillaume AU - Haesler, Barbara AU - Higdon, Grace Lyn AU - Kenny, Leah AU - Oppel, Annalena AU - Pauls, Evelyn AU - Smith, Matthew AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Vink, Daan AU - Hossain, Mazeda T2 - The European Journal of Development Research AB - Achieving impact through research for development programmes (R4D) requires engagement with diverse stakeholders across the research, development and policy divides. Understanding how such programmes support the emergence of outcomes, therefore, requires a focus on the relational aspects of engagement and collaboration. Increasingly, evaluation of large research collaborations is employing social network analysis (SNA), making use of its relational view of causation. In this paper, we use three applications of SNA within similar large R4D programmes, through our work within evaluation of three Interidsiplinary Hubs of the Global Challenges Research Fund, to explore its potential as an evaluation method. Our comparative analysis shows that SNA can uncover the structural dimensions of interactions within R4D programmes and enable learning about how networks evolve through time. We reflect on common challenges across the cases including navigating different forms of bias that result from incomplete network data, multiple interpretations across scales, and the challenges of making causal inference and related ethical dilemmas. We conclude with lessons on the methodological and operational dimensions of using SNA within monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) systems that aim to support both learning and accountability. DA - 2023/04/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1057/s41287-023-00576-y DP - Springer Link VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 323 EP - 350 J2 - Eur J Dev Res LA - en SN - 1743-9728 UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00576-y Y2 - 2023/04/13/11:11:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Contribution analysis for adaptive management AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Hernandez, Kevin AU - Ton, Giel T2 - Briefing Paper AB - This briefing note shares practical learning on the use of contribution analysis for adaptive management (CA4AM). It examines how the approach enables programmes to work with theories of change in a practical, reflexive way, and how, combined with assessing evidence of a programme’s contribution to change, its findings can inform programme adaptation. It also examines both how and to what extent CA enables AM through the experiences of four large complex programmes all working towards systems-level change and employing a structured process of reflection on theories of change. Key messages CA4AM can enable programmes to work with theories of change in a practical, reflexive way. It is particularly useful for programmes operating in conditions of complexity, when it is difficult to discern attribution and when systems-level change is the goal. A range of enabling factors help CA4AM to be used most effectively, including contractual flexibility; embedded monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL); and supportive leadership. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 14 LA - en PB - IDS/GLAM ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Bringing Participation into Complexity-Aware MEL: What is the evidence? A2 - Apgar, Marina A2 - Higdon, Grace Lyn CY - Thessaloniki DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 LA - en ER - TY - BLOG TI - Extending epistemology for programme evaluation – can After Action Reviews become spaces for critical reflection? AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke T2 - Methodspace - Sage AB - The term After Action Review (AAR) is becoming more common in the world of development evaluation, particularly in programmes that focus on evaluation as a formative learning process. As structured and facilitated learning moments, AARs take many shapes always built to support a specific team in a specific moment on their journey. Across such a diversity of practice how do we understand the evolution of the AAR as a method with an action research orientation? Being mindful always of the risk of instrumentalising and co-opting participatory methods, there is danger that AARs become an empty programme ritual, remaining at the surface and failing to achieve critical reflection and so falling short of their intention of pushing for deeper change in our practice. As the evaluation and learning team of two large complex, multi-partner projects using research to address development challenges, we have been applying the AAR method while adapting to virtual COVID working with partners across the world. As action researchers we have been thinking about what critical reflection means within a programme AAR process and whether and how they can open up a second person inquiry space. DA - 2020/10/31/ PY - 2020 LA - en-US UR - https://www.methodspace.com/blog/extending-epistemology-for-programme-evaluation-can-after-action-reviews-become-spaces-for-critical-reflection Y2 - 2023/12/19/10:43:59 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Finding and using causal hotspots: a practice in the making AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke T2 - Institute of Development Studies AB - This is the second blog in our series ‘Lessons on using Contribution Analysis for impact evaluation’. In our first blog, we introduced Contribution Analysis (CA) as an overarching approach to theory-based evaluation and the idea of causal hotpots as a way to zoom in, unpack and make the hard choices of where to focus evaluation research. Identifying specific links in the theory of change (ToC) with specific evaluation questions enables you to then choose appropriate methods. We have applied the approach in diverse settings, testing how robust Contribution Analysis can really be. Here we walk you through an example. DA - 2021/09/15/ PY - 2021 LA - en-US UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/finding-and-using-causal-hotspots-a-practice-in-the-making/ Y2 - 2024/02/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating Research for Development: Innovation to Navigate Complexity AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Higdon, Grace Lyn AU - Szabo, Sylvia T2 - The European Journal of Development Research AB - Large publicly funded programmes of research continue to receive increased investment as interventions aiming to produce impact for the world’s poorest and most marginalized populations. At this intersection of research and development, research is expected to contribute to complex processes of societal change. Embracing a co-produced view of impact as emerging along uncertain causal pathways often without predefined outcomes calls for innovation in the use of complexity-aware approaches to evaluation. The papers in this special issue present rich experiences of authors working across sectors and geographies, employing methodological innovation and navigating power as they reconcile tensions. They illustrate the challenges with (i) evaluating performance to meet accountability demands while fostering learning for adaptation; (ii) evaluating prospective theories of change while capturing emergent change; (iii) evaluating internal relational dimensions while measuring external development outcomes; (iv) evaluating across scales: from measuring local level end impact to understanding contributions to systems level change. Taken as a whole, the issue illustrates how the research for development evaluation field is maturing through the experiences of a growing and diverse group of researchers and evaluators as they shift from using narrow accountability instruments to appreciating emergent causal pathways within research for development. DA - 2023/04/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1057/s41287-023-00577-x DP - Springer Link VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 241 EP - 259 J2 - Eur J Dev Res LA - en SN - 1743-9728 ST - Evaluating Research for Development UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00577-x Y2 - 2023/04/13/12:37:22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating CLARISSA: Innovation Driven by a Participatory Learning Agenda AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Kakri, Shanta AU - Macleod, Shona AU - Paul, Sukanta AU - Sambo, Anna AU - Ton, Giel T2 - CLARISSA working paper AB - Children end up in child labour as a result of many, often unknown or hidden, interactions between multiple actors and multiple factors within households, communities, and labour systems, leading to unpredictable outcomes for children and other sector stakeholders and sometimes resulting in the worst forms of child labour (WFCL). It is a complex problem, and interventions aimed at tackling it are also, inevitably, complex and challenging. The way they influence change is non-linear, causality is uncertain, and unintended consequences may result. Programmes such as the Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) that are engaging with such intractable challenges and aim to reach the most left behind (children in WFCL) are operating in conditions of complexity. This complexity poses significant challenges to the way programmes are designed, planned, implemented, and evaluated, and requires a move away from linear and predetermined models. In this Working Paper, we share our experience and early learning about how to design and implement monitoring, evaluation and learning that intentionally embraces the challenge of complexity. CY - Brighton DA - 2020/06/25/ PY - 2020 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 2 ST - Evaluating CLARISSA UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15456 Y2 - 2023/01/10/14:37:04 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Breaking free from the theory of change straight jacket AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Paul, Sukanta T2 - CLARISSA AB - The CLARISSA Social Protection Intervention was set us as an innovative social policy intervention for tackling social ills, with a... DA - 2024/01/22/ PY - 2024 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/getting-out-of-the-theory-of-change-straight-jacket-the-freedom-and-challenges-of-a-reflexive-approach/ Y2 - 2024/02/06/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Designing Contribution Analysis of Participatory Programming to Tackle the Worst Forms of Child Labour AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro AU - Ton, Giel AU - Macleod, Shona AU - Kakri, Shanta AU - Paul, Sukanta T2 - CLARISSA Research and Evidence Paper AB - This Research and Evidence Paper presents the theory-based and participatory evaluation design of the Child Labour: Action-Research- Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) programme. The evaluation is embedded in emergent Participatory Action Research with children and other stakeholders to address the drivers of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL). The report describes the use of contribution analysis as an overarching approach, with its emphasis on crafting, nesting and iteratively reflecting on causal theories of change. It illustrates how hierarchically-nested impact pathways lead to specific evaluation questions and mixing different evaluation methods in response to these questions, critical assumptions, and agreement on causal mechanisms to be examined in depth. It also illustrates how realist evaluation can be combined with contribution analysis to deeply investigate specific causal links in the theory of change. It reflects on learning from the use of causal hotspots as a vehicle for mixing methods. It offers considerations on how to navigate relationships and operational trade-offs in making methodological choices to build robust and credible evidence on how, for whom, and under what conditions participatory programming can work to address complex problems such as child labour. CY - Brighton DA - 2022/08/18/ PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 2 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17603 Y2 - 2024/02/01/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Learning through and about Contribution Analysis for impact evaluation AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Ton, Giel T2 - Institute of Development Studies AB - Over the past five years, colleagues from the Centre for Development Impact (CDI) – a joint initiative between the Institute of Development Studies, Itad and University of East Anglia – have been innovating with and learning how to use Contribution Analysis as an overarching approach to impact evaluation. In this blog series, we share our learning and insights, some of them in raw emergent form, highlight the complexities, nuances, excitements, and challenges of embracing new ways of doing impact evaluation. We begin this series by sharing ideas about ‘causal hotspots’ that first surfaced as ‘aha’ moments in our collaboration on the CDI short course Contribution Analysis for Impact Evaluation – the moments when we found the ways and words to better articulate our ideas and help people navigate the messy realities of theory-based evaluation. DA - 2021/09/10/ PY - 2021 LA - en-US UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/learning-through-and-about-contribution-analysis-for-impact-evaluation/ Y2 - 2024/02/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Appreciative Inquiry Australia AU - Appreciative Inquiry Australia AB - The site provides news and information on AI events and learning opportunities in Australia and also provides an archive of articles and discussions centred on the use of AI. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - http://appreciativeinquiry.com.au/ Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assumptions, conjectures, and other miracles: The application of evaluative thinking to theory of change models in community development AU - Archibald, Thomas AU - Sharrock, Guy AU - Buckley, Jane AU - Cook, Natalie T2 - Evaluation and Program Planning AB - Unexamined and unjustified assumptions are the Achilles’ heel of development programs. In this paper, we describe an evaluation capacity building (ECB) approach designed to help community development practitioners work more effectively with assumptions through the intentional infusion of evaluative thinking (ET) into the program planning, monitoring, and evaluation process. We focus specifically on one component of our ET promotion approach involving the creation and analysis of theory of change (ToC) models. We describe our recent efforts to pilot this ET ECB approach with Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in Ethiopia and Zambia. The use of ToC models, plus the addition of ET, is a way to encourage individual and organizational learning and adaptive management that supports more reflective and responsive programming. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.015 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 59 SP - 119 EP - 127 J2 - Evaluation and Program Planning SN - 0149-7189 ST - Assumptions, conjectures, and other miracles UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718916301021 Y2 - 2018/02/04/17:17:42 KW - Assumptions KW - Community development KW - Critical thinking KW - Evaluation capacity building KW - Evaluative thinking KW - International Development KW - Theory of change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using adaptive processes and adverse outcome pathways to develop meaningful, robust, and actionable environmental monitoring programs AU - Arciszewski, Tim J. AU - Munkittrick, Kelly R. AU - Scrimgeour, Garry J. AU - Dubé, Monique G. AU - Wrona, Fred J. AU - Hazewinkel, Rod R. T2 - Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management AB - The primary goals of environmental monitoring are to indicate whether unexpected changes related to development are occurring in the physical, chemical, and biological attributes of ecosystems and to inform meaningful management intervention. Although achieving these objectives is conceptually simple, varying scientific and social challenges often result in their breakdown. Conceptualizing, designing, and operating programs that better delineate monitoring, management, and risk assessment processes supported by hypothesis-driven approaches, strong inference, and adverse outcome pathways can overcome many of the challenges. Generally, a robust monitoring program is characterized by hypothesis-driven questions associated with potential adverse outcomes and feedback loops informed by data. Specifically, key and basic features are predictions of future observations (triggers) and mechanisms to respond to success or failure of those predictions (tiers). The adaptive processes accelerate or decelerate the effort to highlight and overcome ignorance while preventing the potentially unnecessary escalation of unguided monitoring and management. The deployment of the mutually reinforcing components can allow for more meaningful and actionable monitoring programs that better associate activities with consequences. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:877–891. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC) DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/ieam.1938 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 877 EP - 891 LA - en SN - 1551-3793 UR - https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ieam.1938 Y2 - 2019/07/19/20:43:50 KW - Adaptive monitoring KW - Environmental management KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Tier KW - Trigger ER - TY - JOUR TI - Twinning “Practices of Change” With “Theory of Change”: Room for Emergence in Advocacy Evaluation AU - Arensman, Bodille AU - van Waegeningh, Cornelie AU - van Wessel, Margit T2 - American Journal of Evaluation AB - Theory of change (ToC) is currently the approach for the evaluation and planning of international development programs. This approach is considered especially suitable for complex interventions. We question this assumption and argue that ToC’s focus on cause–effect logic and intended outcomes does not do justice to the recursive nature of complex interventions such as advocacy. Supported by our work as evaluators, and specifically our case study of an advocacy program on child rights, we illustrate how advocacy evolves through recursive interactions, with outcomes that are emergent rather than predictable. We propose putting “practices of change” at the center by emphasizing human interactions, using the analytical lenses of strategies as practice and recursiveness. This provides room for emergent outcomes and implies a different use of ToC. In this article, we make a clear distinction between theoretical reality models and the real world of practices. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1177/1098214017727364 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 221 EP - 236 J2 - American Journal of Evaluation LA - en SN - 1098-2140 ST - Twinning “Practices of Change” With “Theory of Change” UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214017727364 Y2 - 2020/10/15/14:41:48 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective AU - Argyris, Chris AU - Schon, Donald A. CY - Reading DA - 1978/05/18/ PY - 1978 DP - Amazon SP - 356 LA - English PB - Addison Wesley SN - 978-0-201-00174-7 ST - Organizational Learning ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mission-Based Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Platforms Assessment Report AU - Arntson, Laura AU - Giannoni, Tonya AU - Peek, Nancy AU - Saarlas, Kristin AB - In 2016, the Bureau of Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL) commissioned an internal stocktaking of USAID's mission-based MEL (Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning) Platforms. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/12/04/ PY - 2017 LA - en PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/mission-based-monitoring%2C-evaluation-and-learning-platforms-assessment-report Y2 - 2019/03/12/14:30:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bringing adaptive management to life: Insights from practice AU - Arora, Anmol AU - Gogoi, Elizabeth AU - Joy, Divya AU - Kumar, Pankaj AU - Luthra, Rajni AU - Pal, Uma AU - Pervaiz, Arif CY - Oxford DA - 2019/03// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Oxford Policy Management UR - http://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2019/03/26/bringing-adaptive-management-to-life-insights-from-practice/ Y2 - 2019/05/15/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Requisite Variety and Its Implications for the Control of Complex Systems AU - Ashby, W. Ross T2 - Cybernetica DA - 1958/// PY - 1958 DO - 10.1007/978-1-4899-0718-9_28 DP - Crossref VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 83 EP - 99 LA - en UR - http://pcp.vub.ac.be/books/AshbyReqVar.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/12/14:47:30 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Participation by the poor in Luang Prabang tourism economy: current earnings and opportunities for expansion AU - Ashley, Caroline CY - London DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Open WorldCat LA - en PB - ODI SN - 978-0-85003-816-3 ST - Participation by the poor in Luang Prabang tourism economy UR - http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/working_papers/wp273.pdf Y2 - 2020/08/19/13:33:53 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Tools for supporting sustainable natural resource management and livelihoods AU - Ashley, Holly AU - Kenton, Nicole AU - Milligan, Angela DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English SN - 978-1-84369-949-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Embracing complexity - Towards a shared understanding of funding systems change AU - Ashoka DA - 2020/01// PY - 2020 LA - en-us PB - Ashoka UR - https://www.ashoka.org/files/embracing-complexitypdf Y2 - 2023/11/20/10:53:35 ER - TY - ELEC TI - A Guide To Agile Project Management Methodology & Tools AU - Aston, Ben T2 - The Digital Project Manager AB - Looking to brush-up on agile? Here's your complete guide to agile project management, agile principles and key components, and the best agile tools for 2020. DA - 2020/10/01/T03:28:20+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-US UR - https://thedigitalprojectmanager.com/agile-project-management/ Y2 - 2020/11/19/10:54:15 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Assumptions and triple loop learning AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - Triple loop learning DA - 2021/01/29/T22:51:08.488Z PY - 2021 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/assumptions-and-triple-loop-learning-c9699dacbeab Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:48:07 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Changing theories AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - You may, or may not, be surprised to hear that many theories of change lack what we might generally understand as a theory. DA - 2023/10/15/T20:40:09.796Z PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/changing-theories-e857aa8fba05 Y2 - 2023/10/17/22:05:40 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Evaluating complexity, simplistically AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - A critical appraisal's of CEDIL papers on Evaluating Complex Interventions... A study was recently published by the Centre of Excellence for Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL) entitled Evaluating complex interventions in international development. This is the sort of title that raises great expectations. Complexity is a hugely popular theme and many of us are keen to know more about how to evaluate efforts that seek to achieve results amid complexity. In April 2021, CEDIL conducted a webinar on the paper, and in July 2021 CEDIL published a blog. In September 2021, I wrote a blog expressing some reservations regarding the focus of the study; its apparent over-emphasis on interventions, under-emphasis on context, as well as its choice of some supposedly under-used methods. These methods were: (1) factorial designs; (2) adaptive trials; (3) Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA); (4) synthetic control; (5) agent-based modelling, and system dynamics. DA - 2022/02/16/T14:42:04.608Z PY - 2022 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/evaluating-complexity-simplistically-f587778a1b32 Y2 - 2022/06/17/13:00:07 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How to make theories of change more useful? AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - A fair amount has been written recently questioning the value added of theories of change. Have we gone through a hype cycle? Are they… DA - 2021/02/05/T22:42:20.434Z PY - 2021 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/how-to-make-theories-of-change-more-useful-fc969076a44d Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:44:33 ER - TY - BLOG TI - (Re)making the case for adaptive management AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - Great overview of what to read on adaptive management. It’s a long one, so I’ve split it into two – second installment tomorrow. Christian Aid Ireland’s recent publication The Difference Learning Makes by Stephen Gray and Andy Carl made a bit of a splash. The study found that Christian Aid Ireland’s application of adaptive programming contributed to better development outcomes and supported more flexible delivery. The much vaunted MUVA programme in Mozambique is also coming to a close and presenting its results from using and adaptive approach. So, it struck me that we might be at a critical juncture in the conversation on adaptive management. We’ve had the crashing to earth of inflated expectations in recent misanthropic reflections, [misanthropic, moi? – Duncan] alongside a fragile institutionalisation of adaptive management in donor agencies, NGOs, and private sector organisations. However, I’d argue that we’ve reached the point where adaptive management has passed the proof-of-concept stage. DA - 2022/06/06/ PY - 2022 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/re-making-the-case-for-adaptive-management-d23541954604 Y2 - 2022/06/17/12:51:17 ER - TY - BLOG TI - “Real”​ process tracing: part 1 — context AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - When asserting the value of theory-based methods, you often here words like “black boxes” and “causal mechanisms.” These are commonly… DA - 2020/12/26/T09:59:27.959Z PY - 2020 LA - en ST - “Real”​ process tracing UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/real-process-tracing-part-1-context-6a52777a6a98 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:47:07 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Rubrics as a harness for complexity AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - In this final blog in the series, I want to look at the potential value of rubrics. While evaluability assessments can help us to… DA - 2020/12/24/T12:08:01.064Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/rubrics-as-a-harness-for-complexity-6507b36f312e Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:53:43 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What, so what, now what? AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - Getting serious about systems change DA - 2022/03/18/ PY - 2022 LA - en UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/what-so-what-now-what-4cef4d7e0281 Y2 - 2022/04/01/07:41:15 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Windows on the world: The power of assumptions in uncertain times AU - Aston, Thomas T2 - Medium AB - In my last blog on theory-based Monitoring Evaluation and Learning (MEL), I explained why relationships matter, and how to assess change… DA - 2020/12/23/T09:55:16.686Z PY - 2020 LA - en ST - Windows on the world UR - https://thomasmtaston.medium.com/windows-on-the-world-the-power-of-assumptions-in-uncertain-times-b413e6f69720 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:53:06 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Art and Craft of Bricolage in Evaluation AU - Aston, Thomas AU - Apgar, Marina T2 - CDI Practice Paper AB - This CDI Practice Paper by Tom Aston and Marina Apgar makes the case for ‘bricolage’ in complexity-aware and qualitative evaluation methods. It provides a framework based on a review of 33 methods to support evaluators to be more intentional about bricolage and to combine the component parts of relevant methods more effectively. It discusses two cases from practice to illustrate the value added of taking a more intentional approach. It further argues that navigating different forms of power is a critical skill for bricolage, and that doing so can help to ensure rigour. CY - Brighton DA - 2022/10/14/ PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute for Development Studies SN - 24 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17709 Y2 - 2023/01/10/14:54:22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring and evaluation for thinking and working politically AU - Aston, Thomas AU - Roche, Chris AU - Schaaf, Marta AU - Cant, Sue T2 - Evaluation AB - This article explores the challenges of monitoring and evaluating politically informed and adaptive programmes in the international development field. We assess the strengths and weaknesses of some specific evaluation methodologies which have been suggested as particularly appropriate for these kinds of programmes based on scholarly literature and the practical experience of the authors in using them. We suggest that those methods which assume generative causality are particularly well suited to the task. We also conclude that factoring in the politics of uncertainty and evidence generation and use is particularly important in order to recognize and value diverse experiential knowledge, integrate understandings of the local context, accommodate adaptation and realistically grapple with the power relations which are inherent in evaluation processes. DA - 2022/01/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1177/13563890211053028 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 36 EP - 57 J2 - Evaluation LA - en SN - 1356-3890 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890211053028 Y2 - 2022/03/21/11:55:27 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Process Tracing Innovations in Practice: Finding the Middle Path AU - Aston, Thomas AU - Wadeson, Alix T2 - CDI Practice Paper AB - Evaluation practitioners in the international development sector have given considerable attention in recent years to process tracing as a method for evaluating impact, including discussion of how to assess the relative importance of causal factors. Despite the increasing interest, there is a relative dearth of examples of practical learning and evidence of applying process tracing in practice. This CDI Practice Paper draws on comparative learning from applying three different types of process tracing in international development initiatives. It argues in favour of a ‘middle path’ of applying evidence tests and rubrics to structure evaluative judgements rather than formal Bayesian updating or looser forms of process tracing. It also calls attention to the potential added value of taking a participatory approach, offering practical recommendations for how to do this effectively. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/03/27/ PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 25 ST - Process Tracing Innovations in Practice UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17913 Y2 - 2023/03/28/09:32:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Contribution Rubrics: A simple way to assess influence AU - Aston, Tom AB - This document explores how organisations can measure the level of influence that they had over an outcome. It summarises influence in terms of the significance of the outcome, the level of contribution and the strength of evidence. DA - 2020/01// PY - 2020 LA - en-GB PB - Independent Consultant ST - Contribution Rubics UR - http://www.kwantu.net/resources-1/2020/1/27/contribution-rubics-a-simple-way-to-assess-influence Y2 - 2020/02/14/10:33:34 ER - TY - BLOG TI - One step back, two steps forward: CARE’s journey towards doing development differently AU - Aston, Tom T2 - Care Insights AB - The Doing Development Different (DDD) community emerged in August 2014 and advocates that (a) the barriers to development are as much political as tec... DA - 2017/08/07/ PY - 2017 ST - One step back, two steps forward UR - https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/one-step-back-two-steps-forward-care-s-journey-towards-doing-development-differently Y2 - 2017/09/13/09:37:05 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Sounding clever or being smart? – How to do more with less in evaluating governance programmes AU - Aston, Tom T2 - Care Insights AB - About a decade ago, the development sector fell into the same trap the financial services industry did in the mid-1990s. We were all seduced by clever... DA - 2018/09/25/ PY - 2018 LA - en-gb ST - Sounding clever or being smart? UR - https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/sounding-clever-or-being-smart-how-to-do-more-with-less-in-evaluating-governance-programmes Y2 - 2018/09/26/10:29:54 ER - TY - BLOG TI - W(h)ither sanctions? AU - Aston, Tom T2 - Thomas Aston LinkedIn pulse AB - Considerations on where and when sanctions fit into the conception of social accountability is a nudge toward better and more granular descriptions of what work is being undertaken effectively in which situations. DA - 2020/08/18/ PY - 2020 UR - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whither-sanctions-thomas-aston/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Social Accountability and Service Delivery Effectiveness: What is the Evidence for the Role of Sanctions? Background Paper AU - Aston, Tom AU - Zimmer Santos, Grazielli AB - Executive Summary Understanding how civil society can get government to respond to their needs, preferences and demands, and deliver goods and services to citizens is a central concern in social accountability initiatives. It is widely argued that sanctions make a key difference to service delivery outcomes, and that without them, transparency and accountability interventions are less likely to be effective and less likely to be sustainable (Anderson et al., 2020; Arugay, 2016; Fox, 2020; Goetz and Jenkins, 2005; Grandvoinnet et al., 2015; McGee and Gaventa, 2011; Molina et al., 2017; Joshi, 2010; Joshi, 2017; Tsai et al. 2019). In this paper, sanctions refer to the threat or imposition of a punishment for transgressing a rule or norm. Yet, what evidence is there to support the claim that sanctions are king? How much do we actually know about social and formal sanctions and their effectiveness in improving service delivery? Looking at 11 meta-reviews and 35 cases, this background paper sheds light on these questions and the conditions under which sanctions promoted within social accountability interventions may have contributed to improved service delivery. Sanctions, both social and formal, feature very prominently in the scholarly literature related to accountability, so much so that some scholars have argued that it has become synonymous with punishment (Mansbridge, 2014; Schedler, 1999). While it may not be true that these concepts are fully synonymous, this trend in scholarship significantly influenced the thinking of donors such as the Department for International Development (DFID) and the World Bank over the last two decades (Grandvoinnet et al., 2015; Malena and McNeil, 2010; Moore and Teskey, 2006; World Bank, 2003). As a result, sanctions also feature in the dominant models, or theories of change, in the social accountability sector. Yet, in reviewing 11 meta-reviews in the transparency and accountability sector we found that while there is plenty of theoretical argument asserting the potential effectiveness of social and formal sanctions, there was limited empirical evidence to support the claim that sanctions were key. Our review of 35 cases revealed five mechanisms of change related to social and formal sanctions. These were: (i) “sticks” – response to punishment; (ii) “big brother is watching” – response to threat of formal punishment; (iii) diagonal accountability – response to threat of formal punishment by horizontal accountability agencies; (iv) litigation – response to legal investigations or lawsuits supported by community paralegals and legal aid organizations and; (v) response to “naming and shaming” by civil society and/or media. We challenge the dominant view in scholarship that harder social sanctions and enforcement of stronger formal sanctions are either necessary to the achievement of higher-level service delivery outcomes or that they will deliver better and more sustainable outcomes. We find that both social and formal sanctions can contribute to improving service delivery outcomes across a variety of country contexts. In half of the 35 cases reviewed, we were able to establish a likely link between social or formal sanctions and intermediate effects over the short term with some degree of confidence. These effects ranged from increased service provider awareness and motivation, increased availability of funding, staff, and materials, to improved infrastructure quality, and in a minority of cases impact level changes such as improved test scores. However, the role of sanctions in delivering outcomes was often unclear, outcomes were almost never sustainable, and in close to half of the 35 cases reviewed there were substantial negative effects. These effects ranged from reducing transparency and funding, to discrediting, relocating, and reprisals for advocates and whistle-blowers, threats of violence to collaborating government actors, damaging staff morale, reducing attendance, and generating conflict among staff and between staff and community members and between staff and patients, damaging trust. There are therefore some serious ethical dilemmas associated with sanctioning efforts which need to be carefully considered. We argue that imposing sanctions without building relationships or systems to promote good behavior is unlikely to improve service delivery outcomes in a sustainable way. Another, perhaps surprising, finding was that there are some actors that are regular targets of sanctions, and in many cases, these actors are a lot weaker than is commonly assumed. Three broad types of actors were the most common targets of punishment: (i) absentee nurses or teachers who had their pay or allowances reduced; (ii) offending officials who were either suspended, relocated, or fired; and (iii) contractors who had to cover the cost of rejected materials or faced lawsuits, alongside civil servants involved in contracting. We suggest that closer relationships may perhaps reduce stakeholders’ appetite to impose sanctions. Particularly in the health sector, we found that more proximate relationships created disincentives for confrontation, and in such circumstances, a “policing” approach to monitoring was also deemed inappropriate and counterproductive. Conversely, it seems that actors generally prefer to sanction “others,” i.e., when an actor/organization was outside the group. Short-term consultants, contractors, and suppliers were easy (and quite vulnerable) targets for harder sanctions. It has also been argued that there may be productive combinations of collaborative and confrontational tactics — i.e., hybrids. We found that many supposed confrontational and collaborative hybrids were, in fact, dislocated in time and space. Many so-called “inside-outside” strategies, therefore, seem to be a potential mischaracterization. We also found, as Fung and Wright (2003) argued nearly two decades ago, that adversarial forms of engagement cannot easily be redeployed for collaborative purposes. It is widely argued that supposedly ‘weaker’ forms of citizen engagement are less effective than those with ‘strong enforceability (McGee and Gaventa, 2011).’ We found no compelling evidence to support this contention. A quarter of cases reviewed were collaborative for certain periods or in certain locations. On average, these were slightly more successful when compared with periods or locations when imposing sanctions was a key strategic emphasis. So, soft power can also be powerful. Rather than one approach necessarily being superior (confrontational, collaborative, or hybrid) however, we argue that the best approach is likely to be the one most appropriate to the context. While we were unable to identify strong trends of contextual factors which enabled social and formal sanctions to play a role in enhancing service delivery, we were able to identify several conditions which we believe offer the greatest promise. These conditions were: (i) supportive leaders who played a role as champions; opening doors or accompanying civil society efforts; (ii) high capacity and legal authority of oversight agencies; (iii) competitive elections, which provided windows of opportunity for CSOs to combine political and social accountability efforts, and; (iv) vulnerable public servants and service providers already in relatively precarious situations and are thus easy targets. Overall, our study finds that sometimes sanctions can be effective, but punishment is not the answer to all the world’s problems. Given these limitations, we recommend that it is time to reconsider “carrots” and enquire further into the enabling conditions for bureaucrats and service providers. Relatedly, scholars, evaluators, and program teams should look more closely at service providers’ or civil servants’ motivations and take context into account more seriously. To uncover these contextual and motivational features, we believe that scholars, evaluators, and prprogrameams should also make better use of theory-based and participatory methods. And perhaps most importantly, donors and practitioners should carefully consider and mitigate the potential for backlash from sanctions-based approaches. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en M3 - Background Paper UR - https://thegpsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Social-Accountability-and-the-Effectiveness-of-Sanctions-Background_GS.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/03/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building Bridges to an Uncertain Future Lived Now: Lessons from the Use of Participatory Action Research and Theory of Change Towards A Realistic Community-Based Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation System AU - Avila, Enrique M. AU - Tolentino, Lutgarda L. AU - Binondo, Claudia B. AU - Perez, Maripaz L. AU - Apgar, J. Marina T2 - International Journal of Agriculture System AB - Building on experience from the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems implemented by WorldFish in the Visayas and Mindanao regions of the Philippines, known as the VisMin Hub, we describe the development and evolution of a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system emerging from the facilitated action-reflection cycles of testing and adopting theories of change carried out with community partners through participatory action research (PAR). The former guides our community partners and us, as members of the potentially emergent PAR groups, towards the realization of the community’s vision; the latter facilitates learning to understand what, how and why change is unfolding. Unlike the conventional M&E system where indicators are pre-set at the beginning of program implementation, these processes result in an organically-evolved, communitybased participatory M&E system that is continuously revised according to contexts to guide communities towards realizing their visions. Its ultimate outcome is enhanced people’s capacity to own the product and process, giving rise to an internally-driven change. Towards the end, the paper offers an iterative discussion of learnings from implementing such an approach. DA - 2016/06/11/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.20956/ijas.v4i1.248 DP - pasca.unhas.ac.id VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 85 EP - 106 LA - en SN - 2580-6815 ST - Building Bridges to an Uncertain Future Lived Now UR - http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/ojs/index.php/ijas/article/view/248 Y2 - 2018/07/27/09:43:59 KW - Aquatic agricultural systems KW - CGIAR KW - Community-based participatory MEL KW - Learning KW - Participatory action research KW - research in development KW - theory of change ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global mapping of technology for transparency and accountability AU - Avila, Renata AU - Feigenblatt, Hazel AU - Heacock, Rebekah AU - Heller, Nathaniel CY - London DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/reports/global-mapping-of-technology-for-transparency-and-accountability ER - TY - BOOK TI - Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier AU - Axelrod, Robert M. AU - Cohen, Michael D. AB - Recent advances in the study of complexity have given scientists profound new insights into how natural innovation occurs and how its power can be exploited. Now two pioneers in the field, Robert Axelrod and Michael D. Cohen, provide leaders in business and government with a guide to complexity that will help them make effective decisions in a world of rapid change. Building on evolutionary biology, computer science, and social design, Axelrod and Cohen have constructed a unique framework for improving the way people work together. Their approach to management is based on the concept of the Complex Adaptive System, which can describe everything from rain forests to the human gene pool, and from automated software agents to multinational companies. The authors' framework reveals three qualities that all kinds of managers must cultivate in their organization: "Variation" What is the best way to manage the development of software? Should the problem be broken up into small pieces for programmers working independently, thus enhancing variation, or should there be a centralized hierarchy of programmers ruled by a chain of command? The authors show how the decentralized creation of variation combined with the centralized maintenance of standards was the key to the success of the Linux "open source software" project, which brought together thousands of volunteers in cyberspace to produce an operating system that can outperform Microsoft's. "Interaction" Why did northern Italy prosper while southern Italy remained poor? Recognizing the internal interactions of a Complex Adaptive System -- be it a national region, a company, or a nonprofit group -- reveals vitalnetworks of trust. Axelrod and Cohen explain that in successful adaptive systems, rich networks of horizontal linkages foster cooperation and provide an advantage over other less cooperatively networked groups. In the case of Italy, voluntary associations created networks of trust in the Middle Ages that became northern Italy's critical advantage over the south. "Selection" Is a Pulitzer Prize better than a National Book Award? How can foundations and corporations design competitions that have a positive effect on the evolution of excellence? The authors' framework makes clear that the worst selection processes are mired in orthodox standards that have not adapted to a new environment. The best selection processes, on the other hand, are created and run by leaders who understand how the standards they use can transform their organization and its environment. This simple, paradigm-shifting analysis of how people work together will transform the way we think about getting things done in a group. "Harnessing Complexity" is the essential guide to creating wealth, power, and knowledge in the 21st century. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 DP - Google Books SP - 184 LA - en PB - Free Press SN - 978-0-684-86717-5 ST - Harnessing Complexity KW - Organizational Behavior ER - TY - BLOG TI - The role of research and learning in adaptive programming AU - Babon, Andrea AU - Denney, Lisa T2 - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre AB - Andrea Babon and Lisa Denney explore how learning partners - a common feature of aid programs - can operate and feed into programs. DA - 2018/09/20/T06:00:19+10:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - http://www.devpolicy.org/the-role-of-research-and-learning-in-adaptive-programming-20180920/ Y2 - 2018/09/24/08:15:49 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Art of Community: Building the New Age of Participation AU - Bacon, Jono AB - Online communities provide a wide range of opportunities for supporting a cause, marketing a product or service, or building open source software. The Art of Community helps you recruit members, motivate them, and manage them as active participants. Author Jono Bacon offers experiences and observations from his 14-year effort to build and manage communities, including his current position as manager for Ubuntu.Discover how your community can become a reliable support network, a valuable source of new ideas, and a powerful marketing force. This expanded edition shows you how to keep community projects on track, make use of social media, and organize collaborative events. Interviews with 12 community management leaders, including Linus Torvalds, Tim O’Reilly, and Mike Shinoda, provide useful insights.Develop specific objectives and goals for building your communityBuild processes to help contributors perform tasks, work together, and share successesProvide tools and infrastructure that enable members to work quicklyCreate buzz around your community to get more people involvedHarness social media to broadcast information, collaborate, and get feedbackUse several techniques to track progress on community goalsIdentify and manage conflict, such as dealing with divisive personalities CY - Sebastopol, CA DA - 2012/06/02/ PY - 2012 DP - Amazon SP - 576 LA - English PB - O'Reilly Media SN - 978-1-4493-1206-0 ST - The Art of Community UR - http://artofcommunityonline.org/Art_of_Community_Second_Edition.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Looking for a way out of aid’s pre-pandemic mess? A model based on cake AU - Baguios, Arbie T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Arbie Baguios presents his ideas on how to reform the aid system DA - 2020/06/12/T06:30:01+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB ST - Looking for a way out of aid’s pre-pandemic mess? UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/looking-for-a-way-out-of-aids-pre-pandemic-mess-a-model-based-on-cake/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:13:06 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Are we there yet? Localisation as the journey towards locally  led practice: models, approaches and challenges AU - Baguios, Arbie AU - King, Maia AU - Martins, Alex AU - Pinnington, Rose AB - Localisation and locally led international development practice has long been discussed, but has still not been delivered. Systemic barriers have posed challenges, and the term itself is contested. Now, the last tumultuous 18 months could provide a critical juncture to finally move forward with this crucial agenda. The pandemic has highlighted structural inequalities in the global system, and disrupted ways of working in the international development sector. The Black Lives Matter movement has brought conversations about racism and colonialism to the fore. And the climate crisis has highlighted the need for global action on humanity’s challenges that remain rooted in local realities. The emerging analysis in this review aims to set out the key issues in this agenda, building on a wealth of existing knowledge. It aims to span sectors, highlighting many new and existing models and approaches in the humanitarian, development, philanthropic and private sectors. It reviews the barriers and challenges to localisation and locally led practice, with a view to informing a campaign for systemic change to move forward with this agenda. The review is based on: a rapid review of the literature and evidence on localisation and locally led practice; two consultations with over 100 total participants, targeted at Global South actors; and analysis of 28 existing models and approaches. CY - London DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 70 LA - en PB - ODI UR - https://odi.org/en/publications/are-we-there-yet-localisation-as-the-journey-towards-locally-led-practice/ Y2 - 2024/01/31/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Digital lives in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda AU - Bailur, Savita AU - Donner, Jonathan AU - Locke, Chris AU - Schoemaker, Emrys AU - Smart, Charlotte DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Caribou Digital UR - http://cariboudigital.net/new/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Caribou-Digital-Digital-Lives-in-Ghana-Kenya-and-Uganda.pdf Y2 - 2016/04/20/10:52:02 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Development Differently at the World Bank: updating the plumbing to fit the architecture AU - Bain, Katherine A. AU - Booth, David AU - Wild, Leni DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10555-doing-development-differently-world-bank-updating-plumbing-fit-architecture Y2 - 2016/03/24/17:16:42 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Institutional Change, Political Economy, and State Capabilities : Learning from Edo State, Nigeria AU - Bain, Katherine AU - Porter, Doug AU - Watts, Michael T2 - Justice, security, and development series AB - This paper is one of a series aimed at deepening the World Bank’s capacity to follow through on commitments made in response to the World Development Report (WDR) 2011, which gave renewed prominence to the nexus between conflict, security, and development. Nigeria is a remarkable illustration of how deeply intractable the cycle of poverty, conflict, and fragility can become when tied to the ferocious battles associated with the political economy of oil. This paper places the corpus of analytic and programmatic work concerning institutional reform in conversation with a now substantial body of work on resource politics and most especially, the debate over the politico-institutional character (sometimes called political settlements or pacting arrangements associated with the order of power) and reform landscape of the petro-state. Recent institution reform policy writing appears to have little to say about the political and economic conditions in which crises and institutional disjunctures may authorize, and thereby enable, agents to embark on institutional reforms. The authors focus on Edo state for two reasons. First, it does not on its face appear to be an obvious location in which to explore a reform experience, given its entanglement in the Niger Delta conflict and the maladies typically associated with state fragility. Second, Edo is of interest also because of the changes that its experience is contributing to the World Bank country team’s effort to engage operationally across all its instruments with the political economy of institutional reform in Nigeria, its largest client country in Africa. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - World Bank UR - https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22379 Y2 - 2018/01/17/19:56:59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory Budgeting as if Emancipation Mattered AU - Baiocchi, Gianpaolo AU - Ganuza, Ernesto T2 - Politics & Society AB - Participatory Budgeting has by now been widely discussed, often celebrated, and is now instituted in at least 1,500 cities worldwide. Some of its central features—its structure of open meetings, its yearly cycle, and its combination of deliberation and representation—are by now well known. In this article, however, we critically reflect on its global travel and argue for more careful consideration of some of its less well-known features, namely the coupling of the budgeting meetings with the exercise of power. We disaggregate PB into its communicative and empowerment dimensions and argue that its empowerment dimensions have usually not been part of its global expansion—and this is cause for concern from the point of view of emancipation. We thus discuss the specific institutional reforms associated with empowerment in the original version as well as its analytic dimensions. We also address some of the specific dangers of a communication-only version of PB as well as some suggestions for reintroducing empowerment. DA - 2014/03/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1177/0032329213512978 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 50 LA - en SN - 0032-3292 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213512978 Y2 - 2023/12/05/22:43:51 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Increasing Participation in Evaluation AU - Baker, A AU - Bruner, B T2 - Effectiveness Initiatives AB - The Increasing Participation in Evaluation bulletin was developed by Anita Baker with Beth Bruner to help organizations integrate evaluative thinking into their organizational practice. This three page bulletin discusses how Organization Staff, Evaluators, and Funders are typically involved in participatory evaluation. The guide also defines the term "Ripple", and how to accomplish Ripple as well as examining what it looks like when Executive Leaders and Management Staff use Evaluative Thinking. Contents How are Organization Staff, Evaluators, and Funders typically involved in Participatory Evaluation? Organization Managers/Staff Roles Evaluators/Roles Funder Roles Shared Roles What is Ripple Anyway? How do you accomplish Ripple? What does it look like when Executive Leaders and Management Staff Use Evaluative Thinking? How to use these Bulletins DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 3 PB - Bruner Foundation UR - http://www.evaluativethinking.org/docs/EvaluativeThinking.bulletin.10.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Use and Abuse of the Logical Framework Approach: A Review of International Development NGOs' Experiences AU - Bakewell, Oliver AU - Garbutt, Anne AB - The logical framework approach (LFA) has come to play a central role in the planning and management of development interventions over the last twenty years. Although the logical framework has become universally known, it is far from universally liked. It has been the subject of much criticism over the years, concerning both the theoretical basis of the approach, and the way it is applied in practice. In this review, we have attempted to take stock of the current views of international development NGOs on the LFA and the ways in which they use it. CY - Stockholm DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005 DP - www.research.manchester.ac.uk LA - English PB - Sida ST - The Use and Abuse of the Logical Framework Approach UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/the-use-and-abuse-of-the-logical-framework-approach.pdf Y2 - 2022/12/05/21:43:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using case studies to do program evaluation AU - Balbach, Edith D. AB - This paper, authored by Edith D. Balbach for California Department of Health Services is designed to allow evaluators to decide weather to use a case study evaluation approach. It also offers guidance on how to conduct a case study evaluation. Contents Using a Case Study as an Evaluation Tool 3 When to Use a Case Study 4 How to Do a Case Study 6 Unit Selection 6 Data Collection 7 Data Analysis and Interpretation 12 DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 PB - California Department of Health Services UR - http://case.edu/affil/healthpromotion/ProgramEvaluation.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biased Policy Professionals AU - Banuri, Sheheryar AU - Dercon, Stefan AU - Gauri, Varun T2 - The World Bank Economic Review AB - Although the decisions of policy professionals are often more consequential than those of individuals in their private capacity, there is a dearth of studies on the biases of policy professionals: those who prepare and implement policy on behalf of elected politicians. Experiments conducted on a novel subject pool of development policy professionals (public servants of the World Bank and the Department for International Development in the UK) show that policy professionals are indeed subject to decision-making traps, including the effects of framing outcomes as losses or gains, and, most strikingly, confirmation bias driven by ideological predisposition, despite having an explicit mission to promote evidence-informed and impartial decision making. These findings should worry policy professionals and their principals in governments and large organizations, as well as citizens themselves. A further experiment, in which policy professionals engage in discussion, shows that deliberation may be able to mitigate the effects of some of these biases. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1093/wber/lhy033 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 310 EP - 327 J2 - World Bank Econ Rev LA - en SN - 0258-6770 UR - https://academic.oup.com/wber/article/33/2/310/5530388 Y2 - 2019/08/12/22:46:05 KW - bias ER - TY - RPRT TI - Qualitative Comparative Analysis - A Rigorous Qualitative Method for Assessing Impact AU - Baptist, Carrie AU - Befani, Barbara DA - 2015/01// PY - 2015 PB - Coffey UR - http://www.coffey.com/assets/Ingenuity/Qualitative-Comparative-Analysis-June-2015.pdf Y2 - 2016/05/12/10:50:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Complexity Rising: From Human Beings to Human Civilization, a Complexity Profile AU - Bar-Yam, Yaneer AB - It is generally recognized that life is becoming more complex. This article analyzes the human social environment using the "complexity profile," a mathematical tool for characterizing the collective behavior of a system. The analysis is used to justify the qualitative observation that complexity of existence has increased and is increasing. The increase in complexity is directly related to sweeping changes in the structure and dynamics of human civilization—the increasing interdependence of the global economic and social system, and the instabilities of dictatorships, communism and corporate hierarchies. Our complex social environment is consistent with identifying global human civilization as an organism capable of complex behavior that protects its components (us) and which should be capable of responding effectively to complex environmental demands. CY - 1997.12 DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997 DP - Zotero SP - 33 LA - en M3 - NECSI Report PB - New England Complex Systems Institute ER - TY - SLIDE TI - The Implications of Complexity for Development A2 - Barder, Owen AB - In this lecture, adapted from his May 2012 Kapuściński Lecture, Owen Barder explores the implications of complexity theory for development policy. He explains how traditional economic models have tried and failed to understand why some countries have managed to improve living standards while other countries have not. DA - 2012/05// PY - 2012 LA - en UR - https://www.cgdev.org/media/implications-complexity-development-owen-barder Y2 - 2018/02/14/16:49:55 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Complexity, Adaptation, and Results AU - Barder, Owen AU - Ramalingam, Ben T2 - Center For Global Development AB - In the last of a series of three blog posts looking at the implications of complexity theory for development, Owen Barder and Ben Ramalingam look at the implications of complexity for the trend towards results-based management in development cooperation. They argue that is a common mistake to see a contradiction between recognising complexity and focusing on results: on the contrary, complexity provides a powerful reason for pursuing the results agenda, but it has to be done in ways which reflect the context. In the 2012 Kapuscinski lecture Owen argued that economic and political systems can best be thought of as complex adaptive systems, and that development should be understood as an emergent property of those systems. As explained in detail in Ben’s forthcoming book, these interactive systems are made up of adaptive actors, whose actions are a self-organised search for fitness on a shifting landscape. Systems like this undergo change in dynamic, non-linear ways; characterised by explosive surprises and tipping points as well as periods of relative stability. If development arises from the interactions of a dynamic and unpredictable system, you might draw the conclusion that it makes no sense to try to assess or measure the results of particular development interventions. That would be the wrong conclusion to reach. While the complexity of development implies a different way of thinking about evaluation, accountability and results, it also means that the ‘results agenda’ is more important than ever. DA - 2012/07/09/ PY - 2012 UR - http://www.cgdev.org/blog/complexity-adaptation-and-results Y2 - 2017/04/07/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Peacebuilding Programming Through Effective Feedback Loops: Promising Practices AU - Barnard-Webster, Kiely AU - Jean, Isabella AB - This case study report was developed by CDA’s part of Peacebuilding Evaluation Consortium collaborative research on the use of feedback loops in support of adaptive programming. Feedback loops are just one element of adaptive programming and are defined and used in different ways by organizations working on social change, peace and development issues. This document includes key findings from our desk review of reports and grey literature, key informant interviews, observations documented during CDA’s advisory and learning engagements with peacebuilding partners as well as the case study on SFCG’s feedback processes in Burundi. The findings are most relevant to program and M&E staff but have implications for senior management and policymakers in light of growing interest in strengthening adaptive management. DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 LA - en-US PB - CDA ST - Adaptive Peacebuilding Programming Through Effective Feedback Loops UR - https://www.cdacollaborative.org/publication/adaptive-peacebuilding-programming-through-effective-feedback-loops-promising-practice/ Y2 - 2022/06/28/14:42:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding Governance from the Margins: What Does It Mean In Practice? AU - Barnes, Katrina, Barnes, Katrina AU - Anderson, Colin AU - de Chassy, Stephanie AU - Ahmed, Affaf AU - Ali, Mudabbir AU - Aung, Myo Min AU - Chaimite, Egidio AU - Joshi, Anuradha AU - Khan, Danyal AU - Loureiro, Miguel AU - Posse, Lucio AU - Rowlands, Jo AU - Shankland, Alex AU - Wazir, Rizwan AB - What does governance look like ‘from below’ – from the perspectives of poor and marginalised households? How do patterns of conflict affect that? These were the questions at the heart of the Governance at the Margins research project. Over three years from 2017-2020 we worked to explore this through in-depth study in conflict-affected areas of Mozambique, Myanmar, and Pakistan. Our research teams interviewed the same people regularly over that time, finding out how they resolved problems and interacted with authorities. In this paper we connect what we found to the realities and complexities of development practice, drawing on the input of 20 experienced practitioners working in bilateral and multilateral development agencies and international NGOs, who generously gave their time to help us think through the practical implications of our wealth of findings. CY - Brighton DA - 2021/11/29/ PY - 2021 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) PB - Institute of Development Studies (IDS) ST - Understanding Governance from the Margins UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16975 Y2 - 2022/01/11/09:43:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Celebrating Adaptive Delivery: A View from the Frontline in Myanmar AU - Barnes, Katrina AU - Lonsdale, Jane T2 - IDS Working Paper AB - The conversation on adaptive management has grown fast amongst development actors. These conversations often focus on designing, commissioning, and managing large-scale development programmes. Exactly how this impacts the frontline, the implementers, and day-to-day project delivery is still being debated. Yet, perspectives drawn directly from practice are often largely missing within these debates. This paper is written by two development practitioners. Through this paper, we reflect on the difference between adaptive management and adaptive delivery, and how this interacts with risk and aid accountability, particularly in contexts of fragility. Drawing on examples of Oxfam in Myanmar work and our personal insights in relation to delivering programming across humanitarian, peace-building, and development, we suggest that in complex, conflict-affected, and highly political environments adaptive delivery already happens far more regularly than is currently recognised, as a necessity to get activities delivered. However, it happens despite the system, not because of it, and is therefore often hidden and carried out ‘under the radar’ rather than celebrated as a success in difficult environments. This paper was written in 2019, before the military seized control of Myanmar in February 2021. Whilst it draws on examples from pre-2021 Myanmar to illustrate real life cases, it is a contribution to a broader global debate on adaptive management in practice, specifically in fragile contexts. This is not specifically aimed at practitioners working in Myanmar at present, who are now working in a protracted crisis. This paper makes tangible recommendations on steps that donors, international non-governmental organisations, local staff, and partners could take to promote a system of encouraging and celebrating adaptability in programme delivery in fragile contexts. CY - Brighton, UK DA - 2023/02/02/ PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS SN - 586 ST - Celebrating Adaptive Delivery UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17860 Y2 - 2023/02/06/12:33:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning about Theories of Change for the Monitoring and Evaluation of Research Uptake AU - Barnett, Chris AU - Gregorowski, Robbie T2 - IDS Practice Paper In Brief AB - This paper captures lessons from recent experiences on using ‘theories of change’ amongst organisations involved in the research–policy interface. The literature in this area highlights much of the complexity inherent in the policymaking process, as well as the challenges around finding meaningful ways to measure research uptake. As a tool, ‘theories of change’ offers much, but the paper argues that the very complexity and dynamism of the research-to-policy process means that any theory of change will be inadequate in this context. Therefore, rather than overcomplicating a static depiction of change at the start (to be evaluated at the end), incentives need to be in place to regularly collect evidence around the theory, test it periodically, and then reflect and reconsider its relevance and assumptions. CY - Brighton DA - 2013/10/01/ PY - 2013 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS SN - 14 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/2995 Y2 - 2021/12/20/12:47:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unpacking Mechanisms in Climate Resilient Agriculture Interventions AU - Barrett, Sam AU - D'Errico, Stefano AU - Anderson, Simon AU - Nebsu, Bayu T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - The investigation of causal mechanisms has the capacity to provide donors and implementing institutions with a greater understanding of people's reasoning and reactions as they work with interventions. This chapter contributes to the literature by identifying behavioral mechanisms generated through engagement with climate-resilient agriculture interventions within a larger livelihood project in Ethiopia. It works through the steps that enabled the study to unpack the black box between the climate-smart interventions and the outcome of crop production. The first step was a matching-based sampling design, following households over 3 years with six biannual surveys, and setting up a quasi-experimental evaluation setting. The second step used the data generated from the surveys in difference-in-difference models to assess the impact of the intervention on crop production. Third, to gain insight into the mechanisms at work, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted with smallholder farmer project beneficiaries. The FGDs revealed what the beneficiaries themselves considered the key mechanisms generated from the intervention, thus forming the bridge between the interventions and outcome. The result was an evaluation design enabling deeper insight into attribution claims. The findings offered novel insights for policymakers about how the climate-resilient interventions worked for the people themselves and shedding light on the inner workings of the climate-smart technologies. Finally, they provided key stakeholders (commissioning agency and implementing organizations) with a powerful means by which to learn about the last project, so to better plan for the next iteration and improve the climate resilience of smallholder farmers. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20423 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 115 EP - 130 LA - en SN - 1534-875X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20423 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Secret Sauce of Development Professionals: Tools for Assessing TOR Potential to Source Scalable Learning Interventions AU - Barton, Adam AB - Terms of reference (TORs) play an outsized role in driving scalable educational programming. These procurement documents shape, constrain, and signal programme priorities and possibilities. Successful funders and implementers across the globe hold rich processual knowledge about this documentation, which they use to draft and assess TORs. This project explores such best-practice knowledge around TOR review, seeking to support the design and implementation of educational programmes that can improve learning at scale in developing contexts. DA - 2023/03/15/ PY - 2023 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) ST - The Secret Sauce of Development Professionals UR - https://riseprogramme.org/publications/secret-sauce-development-professionals-tools-assessing-tor-potential-source-scalable-0 Y2 - 2023/04/13/09:41:24 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Christian Practical Wisdom: What It Is, Why It Matters AU - Bass, Dorothy C. AU - Cahalan, Kathleen A. AU - McLemore, Bonnie J. AU - Nieman, James R. AU - Scharen, Christian B. AB - Why is the very kind of knowledge that people need to live well ― practical wisdom ― often the least understood, the hardest to learn, and the most devalued kind of knowledge?In this book five distinguished practical theologians examine the wisdom that is basic for faithful Christian living, question why it has been largely devalued, and advocate for its renewal. After first showing several concrete situations in which this kind of wisdom is visible ― marriage, church, community, culture, and more ― the authors then delve into the reasons for the decline of practical wisdom and set forth constructive cases for its renewal through biblical imagination and spiritual practice. DA - 2016/06/30/ PY - 2016 DP - Amazon SP - 344 LA - English PB - Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company SN - 978-0-8028-6873-2 ST - Christian Practical Wisdom ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Generalizability Puzzle AU - Bates, Mary Ann AU - Glennerster, Rachel T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - The practice of using rigorous scientific evaluations to study solutions to global poverty is relatively young. Although researchers continue to advance our knowledge of the mechanisms at work, confusion about their role and value persists. Having evidence from specific studies is fine and good, but for policy makers, the point is not simply to understand poverty, but to eliminate it. Do decisions always need to be informed by evidence from the local context? What potential and limits do randomized controlled trials have for improving our knowledge and finding effective answers? Two leaders in anti-poverty research—J-PAL and IPA—dispel some of the myths about their field. In this article, authors from J-PAL argue that rigorous impact evaluations tell us a lot about the world, not just the particular contexts in which they are conducted. Access to this article made possible by MIT. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 IS - Summer 2017 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_generalizability_puzzle Y2 - 2017/10/11/15:11:53 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Logical Categories of Learning and Communication AU - Bateson, Gregory T2 - Steps to an Ecology of Mind CY - New York DA - 1973/01/01/ PY - 1973 LA - English PB - Ballantine SN - 978-0-345-23423-0 UR - http://nomadicartsfestival.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Gregory-Bateson-Ecology-of-Mind.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - A study of the sustained uptake developmental evaluation: How does developmental evaluation work in the USAID context, what factors help and hinder its success, and what is its value to stakeholders? AU - Baylor, Rebecca AU - Fatehi, Y. K. AU - Esper, H. DA - 2019/04// PY - 2019 PB - USAID UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TNRP.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/17/11:44:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Developmental Evaluation: How Barriers & Enablers Emerge Over Time AU - Baylor, Rebecca AU - Fatehi, Y. K. AU - Esper, H. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 6 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - Short Course - Adaptive Management, an overview AU - Bazaz Smith, Komal CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 9 LA - en PB - American University ER - TY - ELEC TI - MSD competencies AU - BEAM Exchange T2 - BEAM Exchange AB - A catalogue of the full range of knowledge, skills and aptitudes found in high-performing teams that use the market systems approach. Useful for: Practitioners - identify personal training needs and continue your professional development Trainers - diversify your courses and refine your training / capacity-building offers Managers - strengthen your recruitment and induction processes LA - en UR - https://beamexchange.org/msd-competency-framework/msd-competencies/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:57:40 ER - TY - ELEC TI - MSD Competency Framework AU - BEAM Exchange T2 - BEAM Exchange AB - MSD Competency Framework A catalogue of the full range of knowledge, skills and aptitudes found in high-performing teams that use the market systems approach. Useful for: Practitioners - identify personal training needs and continue your professional development Trainers - diversify your courses and refine your training / capacity-building offers Managers - strengthen your recruitment and induction processes MSD competencies Competency is a mix of knowledge, skills and attitudes demonstrated through concrete behaviours. This section explores the 17 competencies used by high-performing MSD teams. Arranged in three groups they relate to how we understand the world, make decisions and interact with others. Each competency is defined and has links to useful resources that explain or illustrate the knowledge or skills that feed it. Where available, sources of teaching and learning for that competency are included. Teaching and learning modes An exploration of the most common modes of teaching and learning that support practitioners to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes. Some modes of learning are more relevant to certain types of competency - as indicated by the box colours. Each page has a summary of the teaching mode, guidance for team leaders and trainers, and examples of how to use this mode for developing specific competencies. Assessment modes Assessing competency is important for recruitment, performance appraisal and continued professional development These pages describe distinct approaches to evaluating individuals. They include a summary of the evaluation mode, guidance for assessors, and examples tailored to specific competencies. DA - 2023/01// PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://beamexchange.org/msd-competency-framework/msd-competencies/ Y2 - 2023/04/13/09:37:39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Letting Evidence Speak for Itself: Measuring Confidence in Mechanisms AU - Befani, Barbara AU - D'Errico, Stefano T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - This chapter argues that the credibility of causal mechanisms can be greatly increased by formulating them as statements that are both empirically falsifiable and empirically confirmable. Whether statements can be so depends on the potential availability of the relevant evidence (e.g., no evidence exists that can prove or disprove the existence of God, but good quality evidence is potentially available in many other cases). The Bayes formula can be used to measure the extent to which a given set of empirical observations supports or weakens the belief that a causal mechanism exists. With this approach, confidence in the existence of a mechanism is increased or decreased through a process that can be open, transparent, and shared with the public or groups of stakeholders, reducing cognitive biases, and improving internal validity and consensus around the existence of given mechanisms. The approach is showcased in the evaluation of a learning partnership whereby a knowledge product released by a research organization influenced policy at the municipal level. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20420 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 27 EP - 43 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Letting Evidence Speak for Itself UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20420 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clearing the fog: new tools for improving the credibility of impact claims AU - Befani, Barbara AU - D'Errico, Stefano AU - Booker, Francesca AU - Giuliani, Alessandra T2 - iied Briefing Papers AB - Development actors facing pressure to provide more rigorous assessments of their impact on policy and practice need new methods to deliver them. There is now a broad consensus that the traditional counterfactual analysis leading to the assessment of the net effect of an intervention is incapable of capturing the complexity of factors at play in any particular policy change. We suggest that evaluations focus instead on establishing whether a clearly-defined process of change has taken place, and improve the validity and credibility of qualitative impact statements. IIED research in Uganda shows that the methods of process tracing and Bayesian updating facilitate a dialogue between theory and evidence that allows us to assess our degree of confidence in ‘contribution claims’ in a transparent and replicable way. DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 DP - pubs.iied.org ST - Clearing the fog UR - https://pubs.iied.org/17359IIED/ Y2 - 2019/06/04/17:16:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction - Towards Systemic Approaches to Evaluation and Impact AU - Befani, Barbara AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Stern, Elliot T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2015/01// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12116 DP - CrossRef VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 LA - en SN - 02655012 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1759-5436.12116 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:29:04 ER - TY - BLOG TI - 3 things that are enabling the UNDP’s shift to portfolios AU - Begovic, Milica T2 - Medium AB - By Millie Begovic, Head of the UNDP Strategic Innovation Unit DA - 2023/11/07/T06:56:43.975Z PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/3-things-that-are-enabling-the-undps-shift-to-portfolios-874a6183decd Y2 - 2023/11/07/11:23:19 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Building Capacity for Strategic Innovation: an Emerging Competency Framework for Portfolio Work AU - Begovic, Milica AU - Colville, Jenniffer AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio AU - Vester, Søren AU - Naatujuna, Deborah AU - Oprunenco, Alex AU - Sadiku AU - Lejla AU - Uusikyla, Ida AU - Uriartt, Simone AU - Zorouali, Kawtar T2 - Medium AB - In a previous post we reflected on how a key learning from our “project to portfolio” journey to date is that it is ultimately about mustering the organizational will to transform. If the early days of our innovation work were about demonstrating results quickly and creating space for experimentation, now the challenge is of a different order. Eventually this means helping UNDP transition to a different value proposition and business model, as eloquently articulated by Gerd Trogemann: “No matter how well conceived and relevant in their own right, projects tend to pursue single point rather than systemic solutions, limit strategic space and the ability to adapt continuously and to connect the dots systemically. Systemic solutions need adaptive ways of working, strategic space, iterative learning, and radical collaboration.” DA - 2023/04/08/T16:29:58.340Z PY - 2023 LA - en ST - Building Capacity for Strategic Innovation UR - https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/building-capacity-for-strategic-innovation-an-emerging-competency-framework-for-portfolio-work-fadb768242be Y2 - 2023/11/07/11:23:07 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Smart Implementation of complex change processes AU - Beier, Christoph AU - Kirsch, Renate T2 - Global Solutions Journal AB - Cooperation management facilitates the recoupling of progress toward sustainable development DA - 2020/05// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero IS - 5 SP - 206 EP - 211 LA - en UR - https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/GSJ5_Beier_Kirsch.pdf Y2 - 2020/12/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidelines for good market development program design. A managers’ perspective AU - Bekkers, Harald AU - Roggekamp, Peter AB - Good programme design is a key factor contributing to the success of market development programmes. Unfortunately, too many current designs have major flaws which prevent programmes becoming successful even before they get started. This document considers what makes market development programmes consistently successful and how to prevent programme design from being a hurdle to sustainable and efficient impact as scale. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 LA - en PB - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/186/ Y2 - 2023/10/06/10:12:13 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - An Introduction to the DCED Standard for Results Measurement A2 - Bekkers, Nabanita Sen AB - Introduction used in the DCED-BEAM seminar CY - Nairobi DA - 2018/02/21/ PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.enterprise-development.org/dced-beam-seminar-2018/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The Success Case Method: A Simple Evaluation Tool to Identify Critical Success Factors and Program Impa AU - Bell, Catherine AU - McDonalds, Diane T2 - 2006 Australian Evaluation Society International Conference T3 - Final Papers AB - Identification and reporting of critical success factors and program impact in an efficient, yet comprehensive manner is an inherent difficulty facing many evaluators of large-scale evaluations. This paper details how two evaluators encountered such problems in the initial review of a large-scale initiative and then successfully addressed these issues through the application of the Success Case Method in a subsequent evaluation of the same program. The Success Case Method is a down-to-earth evaluation tool that can be used for: finding out what is working and what is not, which also provides accurate and trustworthy information that can be used to make timely decisions (Brinkerhoff, 2003, p.3). This paper reports on the advantages of applying this approach to the evaluation of the Primary Welfare Officer Initiative (PWOI), a program that aims to improve the capacity of schools to support students at risk of disengagement and who are not achieving their educational potential. C1 - Darwin, Australia DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 PB - Australian Evaluation Society Inc. UR - https://www.aes.asn.au/images/stories/files/conferences/2006/papers/063%20Catherine%20Bell.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Evaluating interventions that prevent or counter violent extremism: A practical guide A3 - Hofman, Joanna A3 - Sutherland, Alex DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Crossref SP - 173 LA - en PB - RAND Corporation ST - Evaluating interventions that prevent or counter violent extremism UR - https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2094.html Y2 - 2019/09/17/10:53:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bridging Real-Time Data and Adaptive Management: Ten Lessons for Policy Makers and Practitioners AU - Ben Ramalingam AU - Inka Barnett AU - Kevin Hernandez AU - Panthea Lee AU - Anna Levy AU - Carrie Oppenheimer AU - Dennis Whittle AU - Craig Valters AU - Leni Wild AB - The ongoing digital revolution has seen rapid growth in the deployment of technology enabled real-time data initiatives in international development and humanitarian work, developed with the goal of accelerating decision-making processes and enhancing aid effectiveness and efficiency. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 LA - en M3 - Policy and Design Lessons Paper PB - USAID ST - Bridging the Gap UR - https://www.usaid.gov/digital-development/rtd4am/briefing-paper Y2 - 2018/04/04/07:55:39 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bridging the Gap: How Real-Time Data Can Contribute to Adaptive Management in International Development AU - Ben Ramalingam AU - Inka Barnett AU - Kevin Hernandez AU - Panthea Lee AU - Anna Levy AU - Carrie Oppenheimer AU - Dennis Whittle AU - Craig Valters AU - Leni Wild AB - The ongoing digital revolution has seen rapid growth in the deployment of technology enabled real-time data initiatives in international development and humanitarian work, developed with the goal of accelerating decision-making processes and enhancing aid effectiveness and efficiency. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Bridging the Gap UR - https://www.usaid.gov/digital-development/rtd4am/briefing-paper Y2 - 2018/04/04/07:55:39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Journalism from the ‘Silicon Savannah’: The Vexed Relationship Between Nairobi’s Newsmakers and its ICT4D Community AU - Benequista, Nicholas T2 - Stability: International Journal of Security and Development AB - During the course of a year-long knowledge exchange initiative called the Networked News Lab, a small group of Kenyan journalists and a PhD researcher from the London School of Economics and Political Science sought to identify opportunities for collaboration between newsmakers and practitioners from the field of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D). In almost every instance, the project failed to promote cooperation between the two groups, though it succeeded in highlighting the fundamental issues that separate them. Drawing from interviews, project documents and participant observation, this chapter describes the incompatibilities between the two communities and what they suggest about current efforts to strengthen journalism in Africa through the application of ICTs. DA - 2015/03/16/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.5334/sta.fc DP - www.stabilityjournal.org VL - 4 IS - 1 LA - en SN - 2165-2627 ST - Journalism from the ‘Silicon Savannah’ UR - http://www.stabilityjournal.org/articles/10.5334/sta.fc/ AN - Non-random Y2 - 2016/09/08/14:57:59 KW - ICT4D KW - ICTs KW - IMPORTANT KW - Journalism KW - Kenya KW - state-building ER - TY - RPRT TI - Kenya’s tech community will not save journalism AU - Benequista, Nicholas T2 - Briefing Note, 1 CY - Nairobi DA - 2014/01// PY - 2014 PB - Networked News Lab UR - http://networkednews.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/NNL_briefing_note_1.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/08/15:01:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blurring the Boundaries: Citizen Action Across States and Societies AU - Benequista, Nicholas AU - Gaventa, John T2 - Brighton: Citizenship DRC, 11. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar ST - Blurring the Boundaries UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/12499/cdrc_2011_blurring.pdf Y2 - 2017/10/05/07:24:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Time to let go: remaking humanitarian action for the modern era AU - Bennett, Christina AB - As the international humanitarian system faces a crisis of legitimacy, the Humanitarian Policy Group’s landmark report proposes a new model of humanitarian action. CY - London DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 PB - ODI ST - Time to let go UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10381-time-let-go-remaking-humanitarian-action-modern-era Y2 - 2017/03/17/11:29:05 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Cognitive bias cheat sheet. An organized list of cognitive biases because thinking is hard AU - Benson, Buster T2 - Better Humans DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 UR - https://betterhumans.pub/cognitive-bias-cheat-sheet-55a472476b18 Y2 - 2023/08/07/08:29:49 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Lessons for PFM Reform - the PDIA Approach in Africa AU - Bento, Joana T2 - Public Financial Management Blog - IMF AB - Some important lessons are as follows: First, identifying a policy problem is critical for reforms to get traction both at a political and administrative level. Second, appropriate solutions can emerge from a process of experimentation, iteration, and adaptation. Third, building teams and institutional capabilities is a critical part of solving complex problems in a sustainable way. DA - 2021/09/27/ PY - 2021 UR - https://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2021/09/-lessons-for-pfm-reform-the-pdia-approach-in-africa-.html Y2 - 2022/07/01/10:52:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ALL - The question of inclusiveness in ICT-mediated citizen engagement AU - Berdou, Evangelia T2 - Think Piece CY - Brighton DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 PB - MAVC UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/all/ Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:58:06 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning about New Technologies and the Changing Evidence Base for Social Science Research and Decision Making in International Development AU - Berdou, Evangelia T2 - IDS Practice Paper in Brief DA - 2011/07// PY - 2011 PB - IDS SN - 4 UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/learning-about-new-technologies-and-the-changing-evidence-base-for-social-science-research-and-decision-making-in-international-development Y2 - 2016/04/03/11:04:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mediating Voices, Communicating Realities: Using Information Crowdsourcing Tools, Open Data Initiatives and Digital Media to Support and Protect the Vulnerable AU - Berdou, Evangelia AB - This is the final report from a research project, supported by the UK Department for International Development, examining whether and how open ICT projects designed to support the poor can make a diff... DA - 2011/03// PY - 2011 PB - IDS ST - Mediating Voices, Communicating Realities UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/mediating-voices-communicating-realities-using-information-crowdsourcing-tools-open-data-initiatives-and-digital-media-to-support-and-protect-the-vulnerable Y2 - 2016/04/03/11:07:49 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Simple Habits for Complex Times: Powerful Practices for Leaders AU - Berger, Jennifer Garvey AU - Johnston, Keith DA - 2016/04/21/ PY - 2016 ET - Illustrated edition SP - 272 LA - English PB - Stanford University Press SN - 978-0-8047-9943-0 ST - Simple Habits for Complex Times ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management AU - Berkes, Fikret AU - Colding, Johan AU - Folke, Carl T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Indigenous groups offer alternative knowledge and perspectives based on their own locally developed practices of resource use. We surveyed the international literature to focus on the role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in monitoring, responding to, and managing ecosystem processes and functions, with special attention to ecological resilience. Case studies revealed that there exists a diversity of local or traditional practices for ecosystem management. These include multiple species management, resource rotation, succession management, landscape patchiness management, and other ways of responding to and managing pulses and ecological surprises. Social mechanisms behind these traditional practices include a number of adaptations for the generation, accumulation, and transmission of knowledge; the use of local institutions to provide leaders/stewards and rules for social regulation; mechanisms for cultural internalization of traditional practices; and the development of appropriate world views and cultural values. Some traditional knowledge and management systems were characterized by the use of local ecological knowledge to interpret and respond to feedbacks from the environment to guide the direction of resource management. These traditional systems had certain similarities to adaptive management with its emphasis on feedback learning, and its treatment of uncertainty and unpredictability intrinsic to all ecosystems. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1251 EP - 1262 LA - en SN - 1939-5582 UR - https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/1051-0761%282000%29010%5B1251%3AROTEKA%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:25:30 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Resource management KW - Social learning KW - Traditional Ecological Knowledge KW - human ecology KW - resilience ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leading Change Through Adaptive Design AU - Berstein, Maya AU - Linsky, Marty T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - By integrating two practices—design thinking and adaptive leadership—social innovators can manage projects in a way that’s both creatively confident and relentlessly realistic. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 14 IS - 1 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/leading_change_through_adaptive_design Y2 - 2017/02/19/17:04:53 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Big Data to Data Science - Moving from “What” to “How” in the MERL Tech Space AU - Bertermann, Kecia AU - Robinson, Alexandra AU - Bamberger, Michael AU - Higdon, Grace Lyn AU - Raftre, Linda AB - This paper probes trends in the use of big data by a community of early adopters working in monitoring, evaluation, research, and learning (MERL) in the development and humanitarian sectors. Qualitative analysis was conducted on data from MERL Tech conference records and key informant interviews. Findings indicate that MERL practitioners are in a fragmented, experimental phase, with use and application of big data varying widely, accompanied by shifting terminologies. We take an in-depth look at barriers to and enablers of use of big data within MERL, as well as benefits and drawbacks. Concerns about bias, privacy, and the potential for big data to magnify existing inequalities arose frequently. The research surfaced a need for more systematic and broader sharing of big data use cases and case studies in the development sector. DA - 2020/07// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 20 LA - en PB - MERL Tech ER - TY - BLOG TI - Appreciative Inquiry AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Appreciative Inquiry is an approach to organisational change which focuses on strengths rather than on weaknesses - quite different to many approaches to evaluation which focus on deficits and problems. "Appreciative Inquiry is about the coevolutionary search for the best in people, their organizations, and the relevant world around them. In its broadest focus, it involves systematic discovery of what gives “life” to a living system when it is most alive, most effective, and most constructively capable in economic, ecological, and human terms. AI involves, in a central way, the art and practice of asking questions that strengthen a system’s capacity to apprehend, anticipate, and heighten positive potential." (Cooperrider & Whitney 2005, p.3) Appreciative Inquiry is often presented in terms of a 4 step process around an affirmative topic choice: 1. DISCOVER: What gives life? What is the best? Appreciating and identifying processes that work well. 2. DREAM: What might be? What is the world calling for? Envisioning results, and how things might work well in the future. 3. DESIGN: What should be--the ideal? Co-constructing - planning and prioritizing processes that would work well. 4. DESTINY (or DELIVER): How to empower, learn and adjust/improvise? Sustaining the change While Appreciative Inquiry has always had an evaluative focus (working out what is working well and seeking to improve performance and conditions), in recent years there have been explicit efforts to embed AI principles and processes in formal evaluation processes: "Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is a group process that inquires into, identifies and further develops the best of “what is” in organizations in order to create a better future. Often used in the organization development field as an approach to large-scale change, it is a means for addressing issues, challenges, changes and concerns of an organization in ways that builds on the successful, effective and energizing experiences of its members. Underlying AI is a belief that the questions we ask are critical to the world we create." (Preskill & Catsambas 2006 p2) UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/appreciative_inquiry Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Budgeting for Developmental Evaluation: An Interview with Michael Quinn Patton AU - Better Evaluation DA - 2012/04// PY - 2012 SP - 2 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/Budgeting_for_Developmental_Evaluation.pdf Y2 - 2023/03/28/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Case Study AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - A case study focuses on a particular unit - a person, a site, a project. It often uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. Case studies can be particularly useful for understanding how different elements fit together and how different elements (implementation, context and other factors) have produced the observed impacts. There are different types of case studies, which can be used for different purposes in evaluation. The GAO (Government Accountability Office) has described six different types of case study: 1. Illustrative: This is descriptive in character and intended to add realism and in-depth examples to other information about a program or policy. (These are often used to complement quantitative data by providing examples of the overall findings). 2. Exploratory: This is also descriptive but is aimed at generating hypotheses for later investigation rather than simply providing illustration. 3. Critical instance: This examines a single instance of unique interest, or serves as a critical test of an assertion about a program, problem or strategy. 4. Program implementation. This investigates operations, often at several sites, and often with reference to a set of norms or standards about implementation processes. 5. Program effects. This examines the causal links between the program and observed effects (outputs, outcomes or impacts, depending on the timing of the evaluation) and usually involves multisite, multimethod evaluations. 6. Cumulative. This brings together findings from many case studies to answer evaluative questions. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/case_study Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Causal Link Monitoring AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Causal Link Monitoring (CLM) integrates design and monitoring to support adaptive management of projects. CLM helps project planners and managers identify the processes that are required to achieve desired results, and then to observe whether those processes take place, and how. Result-producing processes specify the causal links between results in a logic model or results framework—in other words, the processes between results. CLM focuses on how specific individuals or organizations use one result to achieve another result. Steps in Causal Link Monitoring In CLM, planners start by creating a logic model to help document predictable, agreed-upon elements of the project. Next, they refine the causal links by describing the processes that will transform results at one point in the causal chain to the next. Planners are often less certain about these result-producing processes. Finally, the CLM logic model is enhanced with information about two important sources of uncertainty, contextual factors that may influence the project and diverse perspectives on the problem and its solution. The process can be broken down into seven steps, three for project design, three for monitoring, and a final step in which monitoring data informs redesign: Build a logic model. Identify assumptions about causal links. Enhance the logic model with diverse perspectives and contextual factors. Prioritize areas of observation. Collect monitoring data. Interpret and use monitoring data for adaptive management. Revise the logic model. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/approach/causal_link_monitoring Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Contribution Analysis AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Contribution Analysis is an approach for assessing causal questions and inferring causality in real-life program evaluations. It offers a step-by-step approach designed to help managers, researchers, and policymakers arrive at conclusions about the contribution their program has made (or is currently making) to particular outcomes. The essential value of contribution analysis is that it offers an approach designed to reduce uncertainty about the contribution the intervention is making to the observed results through an increased understanding of why the observed results have occurred (or not!) and the roles played by the intervention and other internal and external factors. Contribution analysis is particularly useful in situations where the programme is not experimental, i.e. not in trial projects but in situations where the programme has been funded on the basis of a relatively clearly articulated theory of change and where there is little or no scope for varying how the program is implemented. Contribution analysis helps to confirm or revise a theory of change; it is not intended to be used to surface or uncover and display a hitherto implicit or inexplicit theory of change. The report from a contribution analysis is not definitive proof, but rather provides evidence and a line of reasoning from which we can draw a plausible conclusion that, within some level of confidence, the program has made an important contribution to the documented results. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/contribution_analysis Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Critical Systems Heuristics AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Critical System Heuristics (CSH) provides a framework of questions about a program including what is (and what ought to be) its purpose and its source of legitimacy and who are (and who ought to be) its intended beneficiaries. CSH, as developed by Werner Ulrich and later elaborated upon in collaboration with Martin Reynolds, is an approach used to surface, elaborate, and critically consider boundary judgments, that is, the ways in which people/groups decide what is relevant to the system of interest (any situation of concern). CSH is concerned not only with purposive evaluation, where the system or project has a predefined goal and the focus lies in evaluating the means of reaching it, but also more broadly with purposeful evaluation, where both the means and the ends become subjects of inquiry. CSH rests on the foundations of systems thinking and practical philosophy, both of which emphasize the 'infinite richness' of the real world. In this view, understandings of any situation are inherently incomplete, and therefore based on the selective application of knowledge. By systematically questioning the sources of motivation, control, expertise, and legitimation in the system of interest, CSH allows users to make their boundary judgments explicit and defensible. The immediate goal of a CSH evaluation is to elaborate multiple perspectives on a given situation, but the broader aim is to share these perspectives and thereby cut down on actors 'talking past' each other by promoting mutual understanding. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/critical_system_heuristics Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Democratic Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Democratic Evaluation is an approach where the aim of the evaluation is to serve the whole community. This allows people to be informed of what others are doing and sees the evaluator as someone who brokers the process. It generally focuses on inclusive practices which foster participation and collaboration. However it is also used as a means of ensuring public accountability and transparency. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/democratic_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Developmental Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Developmental Evaluation (DE) is an evaluation approach that can assist social innovators develop social change initiatives in complex or uncertain environments. DE originators liken their approach to the role of research & development in the private sector product development process because it facilitates real-time, or close to real-time, feedback to program staff thus facilitating a continuous development loop. Michael Quinn Patton is careful to describe this approach as one choice that is responsive to context. This approach is not intended as the solution to every situation. Development evaluation is particularly suited to innovation, radical program re-design, replication, complex issues, crises In these situations, DE can help by: framing concepts, test quick iterations, tracking developments, surfacing issues. This description is from Patton (2010) Developmental Evaluation. Applying Complexity Concepts to Enhance Innovation and Use... "Developmental Evaluation supports innovation development to guide adaptation to emergent and dynamic realities in complex environments. Innovations can take the form of new projects, programs, products, organizational changes, policy reforms, and system interventions. A complex system is characterized by a large number of interacting and interdependent elements in which there is no central control. Patterns of change emerge from rapid, real time interactions that generate learning, evolution, and development – if one is paying attention and knows how to observe and capture the important and emergent patterns. Complex environments for social interventions and innovations are those in which what to do to solve problems is uncertain and key stakeholders are in conflict about how to proceed." UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/developmental_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Empowerment Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Empowerment Evaluation is an approach which provides communities with the tools and knowledge that allows them to monitor and evaluate their own performance. First developed by David Fetterman who describe it as “the use of evaluation concepts, techniques, and findings to foster improvement and self-determination.” UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/plan/approach/empowerment_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Horizontal Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Horizontal evaluation is an approach that combines self-assessment by local participants and external review by peers. Originally developed to evaluate new methodologies for agricultural research and development, horizontal evaluation has wider potential for application. In its original setting, the focus of horizontal evaluation is the actual R&D methodology itself rather than the project per se or the team or organisation that developed it UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/horizontal_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Innovation History AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Preparing an ‘innovation history’ is an option for recording and reflecting on an innovation process. People who have been involved in the innovation jointly construct a detailed written account (sometimes referred to as a ‘learning history’) based on their recollections and on available documents. The process of preparing this history stimulates discussion, reflection and learning among stakeholders. Subsequent planning drawing on the innovation history, can (i) build on the lessons learned, (ii) inform a shared vision, (iii) act as a catalyst for change and (iv) improve future performance. An innovation history is developed in stages. Based on the initial detailed account of the innovation process, more concise informational products can be prepared that summarize the innovation process for internal use. Products designed for wider dissemination of findings can help external parties build upon and expand their knowledge and understanding about how innovations are brought about. Such products may include public awareness materials, policy briefs and articles in professional journals. They may be based on the study of an individual case or on reviews that compare and contrast experiences across several cases. Innovation histories are underpinned by two sets of concepts that guide data gathering and analysis. The first set comes from a model of the innovation process called the ‘learning selection’ model (Douthwaite, 2002). The second set is derived from social network analysis (e.g. Cross and Parker, 2004). These concepts help participants involved in creating the innovation history to appreciate innovation as an evolutionary process driven by experiential learning cycles. The experimentation and learning involved in this evolutionary process leads to the generation of novelty, followed by its selection and promulgation. During this process, technologies become ‘fitter’, in the sense that they perform better. Stakeholder group’s social networks influence how this evolutionary learning selection process evolves hence the importance of identifying, tracking and documenting them. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/innovation_history Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Institutional Histories AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - An institutional history (IH) is a narrative that records key points about how institutional arrangements – new ways of working – have evolved over time and have created and contributed to more effective ways to achieve project or programme goals. An IH is generated and recorded in a collaborative way by scientists, farmers and other stakeholders. A key intention behind institutional histories is to introduce institutional factors into the legitimate narrative of success and failure in research organizations. Histories can be written by using interviews and ‘writeshops’ to construct a timeline, gain a clear understanding of roles and relationships, enquire into what triggers successful innovations and reflect on failures. Lessons drawn from this analysis can be used to improve performance. The dialogue that is promoted between the actors during the preparation of institutional histories can promote learning and capacity building. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/institutional_histories Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Most Significant Change AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - The Most Significant Change (MSC) approach involves generating and analysing personal accounts of change and deciding which of these accounts is the most significant – and why. The are three basic steps in using MSC: Deciding the types of stories that should be collected (stories about what - for example, about practice change or health outcomes or empowerment) Collecting the stories and determining which stories are the most significant Sharing the stories and discussion of values with stakeholders and contributors so that learning happens about what is valued. MSC is not just about collecting and reporting stories but about having processes to learn from these stories – in particular, to learn about the similarities and differences in what different groups and individuals value. It provides some information about impact and unintended impact but is primarily about clarifying the values held by different stakeholders. By itself it is not sufficient for impact evaluation as it does not provide information about the usual experience but about the extremes. If you imagine a normal distribution of outcomes for individuals then the stories often come from the extremity of positive change. It can be useful to explicitly add a process to generate and collect stories from the extremity of little or negative change. MSC can be very helpful in explaining HOW change comes about (processes and causal mechanisms) and WHEN (in what situations and contexts). It can therefore be useful to support the development of programme theory (theory of change, logic models). UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/most_significant_change Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Outcome Mapping AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Outcome mapping (OM) is a methodology for planning, monitoring and evaluating development initiatives in order to bring about sustainable social change. As the name suggests, its niche is understanding outcomes; the so-called ‘missing-middle’ or ‘black box’ of results that emerge downstream from the initiative’s activities but upstream from longer-term economic, environmental, political or demographic changes. At the planning stage, the process of outcome mapping helps a project team or program be specific about the actors it intends to target, the changes it hopes to see and the strategies appropriate to achieve these. For ongoing monitoring, OM provides a set of tools to design and gather information on the results of the change process, measured in terms of the changes in behaviour, actions or relationships that can be influenced by the team or program. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/outcome_mapping Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Participatory Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Wvaluation AB - Participatory evaluation is an approach that involves the stakeholders of a programme or policy in the evaluation process. This involvement can occur at any stage of the evaluation process, from the evaluation design to the data collection and analysis and the reporting of the study. A participatory approach can be taken with any impact evaluation design, and with quantitative and qualitative data. However, the type and level of stakeholder involvement will necessarily vary between different types, for example between a local level impact evaluation and an evaluation of policy changes (Gujit 2014, p.1). It is important to consider the purpose of involving stakeholders, and which stakeholders should be involved how, in order to maximise the effectiveness of the approach. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/participatory_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Participatory Rural Appraisal AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - "Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) recently renamed Participatory Learning for Action (PLA), is a methodological approach that is used to enable farmers to analyse their own situation and to develop a common perspective on natural resource management and agriculture at village level. PRA is an assessment and learning process that empowers farmers to create the information base they need for participatory planning and action. Outsiders contribute facilitation skills and external information and opinions. Many different tools have been developed for use in PRA. There are four main classes: tools used in group and team dynamics; tools for sampling; options for interviews and dialogue; and options for visualisation and preparing diagrams. Most countries have had some experience with PRA and local publications are available. IIED regularly reports on new developments in its PLA notes (Pretty et al 1995)." (Bie, 1998) UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/approach/PRA Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Positive Deviance AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Positive Deviance (PD) refers to a behavioral and social change approach which is premised on the observation that in any context, certain individuals confronting similar challenges, constraints, and resource deprivations to their peers, will nonetheless employ uncommon but successful behaviors or strategies which enable them to find better solutions. Through the study of these individuals– subjects referred to as “positive deviants” - the PD approach suggests that innovative solutions to such challenges may be identified and refined from their outlying behavior. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/positive_deviance Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Qualitative Impact Assessment Protocol (QUIP) AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - The QUIP sets out to generate differentiated evidence of impact based on narrative causal statements elicited directly from intended project beneficiaries without use of a control group. Evidence of attribution is sought through respondents’ own accounts of causal mechanisms linking X to Y alongside Z rather than by relying on statistical inference based on variable exposure to X. This narrative data is intended to complement quantitative evidence on changes in X, Y and Z obtained through routine project monitoring. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/QUIP Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Randomised Controlled Trial AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), or randomised impact evaluations, are a type of impact evaluation which uses randomised access to social programmes as a means of limiting bias and generating an internally valid impact estimate. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/rct Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Realist Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Realist evaluation is a form of theory-driven evaluation, but is set apart by its explicit philosophical underpinnings. Pawson and Tilley (1997) developed the first realist evaluation approach, although other interpretations have been developed since. Pawson and Tilley argued that in order to be useful for decision makers, evaluations need to identify ‘what works in which circumstances and for whom?’, rather than merely ‘does it work?. The complete realist question is: “What works, for whom, in what respects, to what extent, in what contexts, and how?”. In order to answer that question, realist evaluators aim to identify the underlying generative mechanisms that explain ‘how’ the outcomes were caused and the influence of context. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/approach/realist_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Social Return on Investment AU - Better evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Social Return on Investment (SROI) is a systematic way of incorporating social, environmental, economic and other values into decision-making processes. By helping reveal the economic value of social and environmental outcomes it creates a holistic perspective on whether a development project or social business or enterprise is beneficial and profitable. This perspective opens up new opportunities and forms the basis for innovative initiatives that genuinely contribute to positive social change and poverty reduction for all. SROI balances proving and improving or addresses the paradox between accountability and learning by placing the perspectives of the different stakeholders at the center of the valuation process. ​SROI originated in the USA from social enterprises interested in new ways to value the contributions they were making to society. It later arrived in Europe, where there is an increasing interest in the methodology as noted by recent publications by Context international cooperation in the Netherlands, the New Economics Foundation in the UK and the SROI Network head-quartered in the UK. SROI is used for planning purposes in terms of designing a Theory of Change, or Business Plan, and for assessing to what extent impact is realised or changes need to occur in the Business Plan. Although the SROI approach supports the thinking along the lines of a result chain, it does not support the idea of the components being connected in a linear fashion. The SROI approach is embedded in the acceptance of development taking place in situations of complexities. Here is a simple, illustrative example: A project aims to uplift the standard of living of people in a certain area and a beekeeping initiative is set up. As a result a beekeeper now enjoys regular meals whereas before this was not the case. In traditional Cost Benefit analyses, the value of the lunch would be measured in market prices. However after interviewing the beneficiaries, and applying some valuation tools, it turns out that the ‘real’ value is much higher than the market price; social value has been created above the market / economic value which is now being accounted for. Like traditional cost-benefit analysis, SROI includes a ratio; in this case a Social Return on Investment ratio. Where in traditional cost benefit analyses the ratios would be used to compare different projects, the SROI ratio is much more seen as one element in explaining and communicating general progress of certain developments. The number itself is not seen as the end goal. It can be interpreted as aiding the narrative of this particular initiative. The aspect of stakeholder perspectives is essential in the SROI approach. It is precisely the value perspectives of the stakeholders (and most importantly the key beneficiaries), assessed, not by assuming these values, but by thoughtfully and intellectually engaging the stakeholders themselves, which is at the heart of this innovative (e)valuation approach. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/approach/SROI Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Success Case Method AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - The Success Case Method (SCM) involves identifying the most and least successful cases in a program and examining them in detail. This approach was developed by Robert Brinkerhoff to assess the impact of organizational interventions, such as training and coaching, though the use of SCM is not limited to this context. It is a useful approach to document stories of impact and to develop an understanding of the factors that enhance or impede impact. The Success Case Method deliberately looks at the most, and least, successful participants of a program. The purpose is not to examine the average performance - rather, by identifying and examining the extreme cases, it asks: 'When the program works, how well does it work? What is working, and what is not?'. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/success_case_method Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Theory of change software AU - Better Evaluation AB - There are a number of options when it comes to using software to help create a logic model. These range from generic word processing tools (Word, Powerpoint, or their Google Doc or Mac equivalents), to software that has been specifically tailored for visualising Theories of Change, like TOCO or Miradi. You should consider what resources you have to invest in software, both in terms of cost and in time to learn and use the features. If you only have a short timeframe and have simple needs, then a basic tool may suit you better than some of the more complex software available. It's important to investigate a few options and see what is going to be best for you. DA - 2023/07/03/ PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/tools-resources/theory-change-software Y2 - 2023/07/04/10:00:41 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Utilization-Focused Evaluation AU - Better Evaluation T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Utilization-Focused Evaluation (UFE), developed by Michael Quinn Patton, is an approach based on the principle that an evaluation should be judged on its usefulness to its intended users. Therefore evaluations should be planned and conducted in ways that enhance the likely utilization of both the findings and of the process itself to inform decisions and improve performance. UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/utilization_focused_evaluation Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Using PDIA to Put Data Into Action AU - Bhatia, Vinisha AU - Powell, Josh T2 - Development Gateway AB - We recently wrote about how the data for development community needs to take a more context aware, demand-driven approach to data. Applying theories of change... DA - 2017/03/27/ PY - 2017 UR - http://www.developmentgateway.org/blog/using-pdia-put-data-action Y2 - 2017/06/03/11:27:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building tech-powered public services AU - Bickerstaffe, Sarah AB - Given the rapid pace of technological change and take up by the public it is a question of when not if public services become tech powered This new paper asks how we can ensure that innovations are successfully introduced and deployed CY - London DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013 PB - Institute for Public Policy Research UR - http://www.ippr.org/publications/building-tech-powered-public-services Y2 - 2017/02/20/11:51:45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond methodologies: Coalition-building for participatory technology development AU - Biggs, Stephen AU - Smith, Grant T2 - World Development AB - Participatory and other approaches to technology development have shared a recent preoccupation with specific methods and doubts about just how much can be expected of the methods themselves, as opposed to how they are applied, by whom, and in what circumstances. Detailed analysis of historical cases suggests that the development of both technologies and methodologies is highly dependent on local context. Such processes are characterized by conflicts over the direction of change and affected by the activities of a particular type of grouping, the development coalition. These coalitions are examined and implications are considered for training, education and Participatory technology development. DA - 1998/02/01/ PY - 1998 DO - 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10041-9 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 239 EP - 248 J2 - World Development LA - en SN - 0305-750X ST - Beyond methodologies UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X97100419 Y2 - 2021/08/05/21:29:02 KW - agricultural research KW - methods KW - participatory development KW - research and development KW - rural development KW - science and technology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foresight and International Development* AU - Bingley, Kate T2 - IDS Bulletin AB - This article provides an overview of the use of foresight-type approaches and techniques in policy-related work in international development. It draws primarily on published and grey literatures, as well as select interviews with foresight practitioners. It begins with a brief introduction to the approaches and tools used in the field of strategic foresight, and then a broad mapping of the foresight landscape as relevant to international development. It provides reflections on the evidence of use and impact of foresight initiatives, and makes suggestions around future directions for foresight in international development. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.152 VL - 47 IS - 4 UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/2777/ONLINE%20ARTICLE Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - International Development - Illusions and Realities AU - Black, Maggie AB - Part of the popular, reissued NoNonsense series from New Internationalist'Development' is often misunderstood and can embrace everything from building a large dam to planting trees. The idea can often mask confusion, contradiction, deceit and corruption. This book is essential reading for anyone wanting to know what development actually is. It covers all the key themes and critically suggests ways to bring the poor and marginalised into the process. DA - 2015/09/24/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 144 LA - English PB - New Internationalist SN - 978-1-78026-239-0 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive management: an overview of the concept and its practical application in the Scottish context AU - Blackstock, Kirsty AU - Brown, Katrina AU - Gimona, Alessandro AU - Prager, Katrin AU - Irvine, Justin DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - The James Hutton Institute ER - TY - JOUR TI - Communications Strategic Intent With Systemigrams: Application to the Network-Enabled Challenge AU - Blair, Charles AU - Boardman, John AU - Sauser, Brian T2 - Systems Engineering AB - The U.K. Ministry of Defense (MoD) has mandated the development of a network enabled capability (NEC) across all of defense, aimed at producing agile military and nonmilitary effects via a network of networks. This paper provides an overview of NEC, representing it as a complex human activity system of systems (SoS), analysis of which cannot rely on purely traditional reductionist engineering approaches, requiring instead a soft-systems engineering approach. A literature review is then provided, covering nontraditional systems methodologies of the past 25 years, highlighting the more recent trend towards multimethodological practice. The paper introduces the systemic diagram, or systemigram, conceptual model, explaining its evolution from a form of visual language to its use as an appreciative learning system in a soft-systems methodology. Using the written prose of MoD policy makers, a systemigram model is constructed which represents the NEC concept, providing a systemic visualization of its complexity and an elucidation of the key SoS attributes of emergence, hierarchy, and boundary. Finally, the NEC systemigram is used in an example storyboarding technique, demonstrating its utility as a platform for stakeholder dialog leading towards a refined model that reflects a deeper understanding of NEC strategy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10:309–322, 2007 DA - 2007/12/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1002/sys.20079 DP - ResearchGate VL - 10 SP - 309 EP - 322 J2 - Systems Engineering ST - Communications Strategic Intent With Systemigrams ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Systems Framework for International Development: The Data-Layered Causal Loop Diagram AU - Blair, Courtney AU - Gralla, Erica AU - Wetmore, Finley AU - Goentzel, Jarrod AU - Peters, Megan T2 - Production and Operations Management AB - Meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will require adapting or redirecting a variety of very complex global and local human systems. It is essential that development scholars and practitioners have tools to understand the dynamics of these systems and the key drivers of their behavior, such as barriers to progress and leverage points for driving sustainable change. System dynamics tools are well suited to address this challenge, but they must first be adapted for the data-poor and fragmented environment of development work. Our key contribution is to extend the causal loop diagram (CLD) with a data layer that describes the status of and change in each variable based on available data. By testing dynamic hypotheses against the system's actual behavior, it enables analysis of a system's dynamics and behavioral drivers without simulation. The data-layered CLD was developed through a 4-year engagement with USAID/Uganda. Its contributions are illustrated through an application to agricultural financing in Uganda. Our analysis identified a lack of demand for agricultural loans as a major barrier to broadening agricultural financing, partially refuting an existing hypothesis that access to credit was the main constraint. Our work extends system dynamics theory to meet the challenges of this practice environment, enabling analysis of the complex dynamics that are crucial to achieving the SDGs. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/poms.13492 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 30 IS - 12 SP - 4374 EP - 4395 LA - en SN - 1937-5956 ST - A Systems Framework for International Development UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/poms.13492 Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:55:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Where next for development effectiveness? Building a renewed consensus AU - Blampied, Catherine T2 - 2016 CAPE Conference CY - London DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - ODI SN - Conference note 1 UR - https://www.odi.org/events/4395-development-effectiveness-sdgs-sustainable-development-goals Y2 - 2016/11/15/15:08:24 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Approprite Technologies for Rural Development in India AU - Blankenbey, Floris P. CY - New Delhi DA - 1991/05// PY - 1991 DP - Amazon LA - English PB - Concept Publishing Co SN - 978-81-7022-371-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Delivering large-scale IT projects on time, on budget, and on value AU - Bloch, Michael AU - Blumberg, Sven AU - Laartz, Jürgen T2 - McKinsey on Business Technology AB - Large IT efforts often cost much more than planned; some can put the whole organization in jeopardy. The companies that defy these odds are the ones that master key dimensions that align IT and business value. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 27 UR - http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/delivering-large-scale-it-projects-on-time-on-budget-and-on-value Y2 - 2017/02/19/09:37:54 ER - TY - BLOG TI - From mouthset to mindset shifts in co-creating systems change AU - Blomkamp, Emma AU - Snow, Thea AU - Burkett, Ingrid T2 - Griffith Centre for Systems Innovation DA - 2023/08/08/T02:21:53.025Z PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/good-shift/from-mouthset-to-mindset-shifts-in-co-creating-systems-change-69caf9401f7b Y2 - 2023/11/07/11:01:50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using a Participatory Theory Driven Evaluation Approach to Identify Causal Mechanisms in Innovation Processes AU - Blundo‐Canto, Genowefa AU - Devaux‐Spatarakis, Agathe AU - Mathé, Syndhia AU - Faure, Guy AU - Cerdan, Claire T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Applied agricultural research institutes play different roles in complex agricultural innovation processes, contributing to them with other actors. To foster learning and usable knowledge on how research actions influence such lasting innovation processes, there is a need to identify the causal mechanisms linking these actions and the effects of the changes they enable. A participatory, theory-driven, ex-post evaluation method, ImpresS, was developed by the French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (Cirad). ImpresS reconstructs the innovation history and its impact pathway by analyzing behavioral mechanisms linked to stakeholders' individual reactions and responses, and underlying process mechanisms at a group level. ImpresS relies on iterative updating and refinement and on triangulating data sources and collection methods to ensure internal validity and to increase credibility by enabling different actors to express their viewpoints. Drawing on an in-depth case study, we discuss how ImpresS makes it possible to draw robust conclusions on causal mechanisms while posing challenges linked to the group dynamics and power imbalances commonly encountered in participatory methods. As demonstrated by the case study, ImpresS generates policy-relevant knowledge for future research projects. It also demonstrates how research actions can help coconstruct lasting dynamics that can survive fluctuating institutional support. Distinguishing between behavioral and process mechanisms benefits knowledge use as it makes it possible to disentangle the conditions that trigger changes in a given context while generating research questions concerning the external validity of mechanism hypotheses. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20429 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 59 EP - 72 LA - en SN - 1534-875X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20429 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spiral model of software development and enhancement AU - Boehm, B. W. T2 - Computer CN - 3840 DA - 1988/05// PY - 1988 DO - 10.1109/2.59 DP - CrossRef VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 61 EP - 72 SN - 0018-9162 UR - http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e02062b420bc0aa5c525e62a477f2efb/msn Y2 - 2012/05/09/15:03:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Spiral Development: Experience, Principles, and Refinements AU - Boehm, B. W. DA - 2000/07// PY - 2000 PB - Carnegie Mellon University SN - Special Report CMU/SEI-2000-SR-008 UR - http://www.sei.cmu.edu/reports/00sr008.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management challenges to implementing agile processes in traditional development organizations AU - Boehm, B. AU - Turner, R. T2 - IEEE Software AB - Discussions with traditional developers and managers concerning agile software development practices nearly always contain two somewhat contradictory ideas. They find that on small, stand-alone projects, agile practices are less burdensome and more in tune with the software industry's increasing needs for rapid development and coping with continuous change. Managers face several barriers, real and perceived, when they try to bring agile approaches into traditional organizations. They categorized the barriers either as problems only in terms of scope or scale, or as significant general issues needing resolution. From these two categories, we've identified three areas - development process conflicts, business process conflicts, and people conflicts - that we believe are the critical challenges to software managers of large organizations in bringing agile approaches to bear in their projects. DA - 2005/09// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1109/MS.2005.129 DP - IEEE Xplore VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 30 EP - 39 SN - 0740-7459 KW - Aerospace engineering KW - Aerospace materials KW - Agile methods KW - Agile software development KW - Automatic testing KW - Business processes KW - Computer industry KW - DP industry KW - Programming KW - Project management KW - Refining KW - Software engineering KW - Software management KW - Software systems KW - development process conflicts KW - process integration KW - software development management KW - software industry KW - systems engineering KW - traditional development organizations ER - TY - RPRT TI - Responding to complexity: A Case Study on the Use of “Developmental Evaluation for Managing Adaptively” AU - Boisvert, Kayla DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 PB - University of Massachusetts ST - Evaluating CatComm’s Approach UR - http://catcomm.org/evaluation2017/ Y2 - 2017/11/09/11:16:22 ER - TY - THES TI - Intervention or Collaboration? Redesigning Information and Communication Technologies for Development. AU - Bon, Anna AB - How can we design and build digital technologies to support people in poor and low resource environments to achieve their objectives? And how can we do this inclusively and ethically, while considering the complexity of their living and working environments? This is the central question in my research. One of the grand challenges of international development cooperation is to make digital technologies available for social and economic development of poor regions of the world. To achieve this goal – often referred to as ICT4D – knowledge and technologies are transferred from wealthy countries to poor regions. Nevertheless, these efforts have often turned out unsuccessful and unsustainable, despite large budgets and numerous projects in prestigious international development programs. Mismatch between the transferred technologies and the target environment is a recurrent problem of ICT4D projects. Improvement can be achieved, for example, by involving end-users in the design process. International development organizations are aware of this, and terms like "co-creation", "participation" and "user-oriented design" have nowadays become part of the international development discourse. However, real co-creation and user-centered design are incompatible with unidirectional transfer of technologies and knowledge (this is how ICT4D is commonly organized, in conventional international development). Moreover, the term participation becomes meaningless, in the light of externally formulated development goals. One key question to ask is: what do the envisaged users want? Remarkably, many ICT4D projects, programs and policies do not really ask and (field) investigate this question, which can only be answered by extensive research on-the-ground. This thesis describes the search for and the design of an alternative approach to ICT4D. Ten years of field and action research with partners in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana have led to a collaborative, iterative and adaptive approach, dubbed "ICT4D 3.0". What is novel of this alternative approach and how does it answer the central question? First of all, ICT4D 3.0 is a practical approach for critical investigation and action. It consists of a reconfigurable framework that guides the design and development of information systems, bridging the knowledge gap between developers and users to unlock and integrate different domains of (global, local, indigenous, academic, nonacademic) knowledge. It targets complex, resource-constrained environments where many (for the ICT developers and researchers) unfamiliar conditions or obstacles may exist. It fosters innovative capacity and learning in action, bringing together people with different backgrounds and perspectives in trans-disciplinary and multicultural teams. It is socio-technical, result-oriented, focused on the objectives of the stakeholders and the requirements of their livelihoods. This approach has been validated in various different contexts, by users, ICT developers, practitioners and students. Second, ICT4D 3.0 contributes to a theoretical understanding of ICT4D as a process of networked innovation in complex (adaptive) systems. The underlying idea is that knowledge sharing and diffusion of innovations are complex (non-linear) dynamic processes that evolve and propagate through social networks in rather unpredictable ways, whereby innovation works out differently, depending on context, and whereby contextual (e.g. social, cultural, environmental, political) factors play an important role, and have to be considered. This theoretical framework explains the effectiveness of a collaborative, iterative, adaptive approach in ICT4D. Third, ICT4D 3.0 is built on ethical principles. When reflecting on the meaning and purpose of digital development, it is clear that digital development is not only a question of technology and practice, and collaboration is more than a prerequisite for successful technological innovation and long-term sustainability: collaboration is a fundamental human, ethical value. Therefore, as a reflective practitioner, one has to ask oneself whose interests one is actually looking after, which goals one is trying to achieve, where they come from, how power and political issues play a role and which core values are at stake. This makes ICT4D 3.0 into a democratic process of dialogue and deliberation, in which all voices are heard, in which the local context and complexity are central and in which development goals are determined by the users themselves and not imposed from outside. In this light, the approach proposed in this thesis takes a value position and can be considered a decolonial approach, striving for democracy, emancipation, autonomy and social and economic betterment. Field experience shows that ICT4D can be a meaningful, collaborative, networked process of knowledge sharing, driven by local initiatives, realizing change for the better, in a complex world. DA - 2020/12/15/ PY - 2020 DP - ResearchGate ST - Intervention or Collaboration? ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital Development: Elements of a Critical ICT4D Theory and Praxis AU - Bon, Anna AU - Akkermans, Hans A2 - Nielsen, Petter A2 - Kimaro, Honest Christopher T3 - IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology AB - In recent years, critical research literature in ICT4D has grown. It is widely accepted that theory is to inform practice. However, the inverse directionality, practice informs theory, is much less present in ICT4D, including in critical research. In this paper, we discuss ways how ICT4D research and theory may be better informed by practice—in terms of (i) recognizing praxis-oriented research paradigms and integrating their results, (ii) development of foundational theories, (iii) critical analysis of ICT4D emerging policies, and (iv) positioning ICT4D in the wider development debate. This suggests several elements or directions in which critical research has the potential to push current boundaries of ICT4D in terms of content as well as relevance. C3 - Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Strengthening Southern-Driven Cooperation as a Catalyst for ICT4D DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Springer Link SP - 26 EP - 38 LA - en PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-030-19115-3 ST - Digital Development KW - Action research paradigm KW - Critical research KW - Network complexity theory KW - Principles for Digital Development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing ICT Services in a Low-Resource Development Context AU - Bon, Anna AU - Akkermans, Hans AU - Gordijn, Jaap T2 - Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 VL - 9 SP - 84 EP - 109 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308174287_Developing_ICT_Services_in_a_Low-Resource_Development_Context Y2 - 2016/09/18/21:14:18 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - CHAP TI - Use Case and Requirements Analysis in a Remote Rural Context in Mali AU - Bon, Anna AU - de Boer, Victor AU - Gyan, Nana Baah AU - van Aart, Chris AU - De Leenheer, Pieter AU - Tuyp, Wendelien AU - Boyera, Stephane AU - Froumentin, Max AU - Grewal, Aman AU - Allen, Mary AU - Tangara, Amadou AU - Akkermans, Hans T2 - Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality A2 - Doerr, Joerg A2 - Opdahl, Andreas L. AB - [Context & motivation] Few studies have reported on a systematic use case and requirements analysis of low-tech, low-resource contexts such as rural Africa. This, despite the widespread agreement on the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for social and rural development, and despite the large number of ICT projects targeting underprivileged communities. [Question/problem] Unfamiliarity with the local context and differences in cultural and educational backgrounds between end-users and software engineers are the challenges for requirements engineering (RE) we encountered. [Principal ideas/results] We describe a systematic approach to RE in developing areas, based on the Living Lab methodology. Our approach is supported by extensive field research and based on co-creation within a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural team of developers and users. This approach creates a shared understanding of the problem and its local context, and optimizes communication. [Contribution] We illustrate the approach using a case study of web- and voice-based communication services, that we developed for a rural context in Mali. CY - Heidelberg DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - CrossRef PB - Springer SN - 978-3-642-37421-0 978-3-642-37422-7 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-37422-7_24 Y2 - 2016/05/10/10:59:46 ER - TY - CONF TI - A Low-resource Aware Framework for ICT Service Development in Rural Africa AU - Bon, Anna AU - Gordijn, Jaap AU - Akkermans, Hans T2 - 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering A2 - España, S. A2 - Ivanovic, M. A2 - Savic, M. AB - Technological innovation and information & communication technologies (ICTs) are considered enabling factors for social and economic development, even in very poor parts of the world. However,... C1 - Ljubljana, Slovenia C3 - Proceedings of the CAiSE'16 Forum DA - 2016/06/13/17 PY - 2016 DP - www.researchgate.net UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304008990_A_Low-resource_Aware_Framework_for_ICT_Service_Development_in_Rural_Africa Y2 - 2016/06/23/11:26:17 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Why the Problem with Learning Is Unlearning AU - Bonchek, Mark T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Don’t get stuck in your current ways of thinking. DA - 2016/11/03/T16:00:47Z PY - 2016 UR - https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-the-problem-with-learning-is-unlearning Y2 - 2016/11/08/10:38:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Aiding Institutional Reform in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Philippines on what works, what doesn't and why AU - Booth, David T2 - Working Politically in Practice Series: Case Study DA - 2014/05// PY - 2014 SP - 64 PB - The Asia Foundation SN - 1 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8978.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Incubating policy for economic transformation: Lessons from Nepal AU - Booth, David DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 SP - 28 M3 - Report PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12163.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Politically smart support to economic development: DFID experiences AU - Booth, David CY - London DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 SP - 30 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10357.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Still watering white elephants? The blueprint versus process debate thirty years on AU - Booth, David T2 - Perspectives on politics, production and public administration in Africa: essays in honour of Ole Therkildsen A2 - Kjær, Anne Mette A2 - Engberg-Pedersen, Lars A2 - Buur, Lars CY - Copenhagen DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Open WorldCat LA - en PB - DIIS SN - 978-87-7605-746-6 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working Politically: Professional Development Reading Pack AU - Booth, David DA - 2015/03// PY - 2015 SP - 3 PB - GSDRC Applied Knowledge services SN - 13 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10106.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to make a difference: Christian Aid Ireland’s adaptive programme management in governance, gender, peace building and human rights AU - Booth, David AU - Balfe, Karol AU - Gallagher, Róisín AU - Kilcullen, Gráinne AU - O'Boyle, Sarah AU - Tiernan, Alix AB - This paper assesses the relevance of adaptive or trial-and-error approaches to the field of governance, peace building and human rights. Tackling the problems of poverty, vulnerability and exclusion that persist in parts of the world that continue to be affected by violence or political insecurity is difficult for several reasons. For one, because of the complexity of the prevailing social, economic and political systems, solutions to chronic problems are far from obvious. One response to this aspect of the challenge is adaptive programme design and management. This paper is the product of a multi-year collaboration between ODI and the core team of Christian Aid Ireland to assess the relevance of adaptive or trial-and-error approaches to the field of governance, peace building and human rights. It explains the basis on which Christian Aid Ireland’s current five-year programme has become committed to an adaptive approach. It then describes and seeks to draw lessons from the programme’s first year of experience, considering the possible implications for implementation over the coming years. The authors find that to get full benefits from the move to adaptive management, the new ways of working and their underlying principles will need to become more embedded in organisational practices and cultures. CY - London DA - 2018/09// PY - 2018 LA - en PB - ODI ST - Learning to make a difference UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/11191-learning-make-difference-christian-aid-ireland-s-adaptive-programme-management-governance-gender Y2 - 2019/02/01/09:44:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The SAVI programme in Nigeria: Towards politically smart, locally led devlopment AU - Booth, David AU - Chambers, Victoria AB -  More examples are needed of aid programming that works by being responsive to country realities: politically smart, problem-driven and locally led  DFID’s SAVI programme has revealed a hitherto untapped potential for change leading to better development results at state level in Nigeria  SAVI provides low-profile support to state-level organisations and partnerships, building their capacity to engage constructively with government  It avoid the pitfalls of a donor-driven approach by ‘taking the money off the table’  This illustrates the power of facilitated multi-stakeholder engagement and the disadvantages of seeing this in terms of ‘supply side’ and ‘demand side’ governance  The set-up of the DFID suite of state-level programmes, with separately managed sector support and ‘governance’ initiatives, has limited realisation of the potential  Key enabling conditions were that DFID provided space for an experience-based design process and permitted tangible results to be judged retrospectively, not pre-programmed CY - London DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 M3 - Discussion Paper PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9203.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - From political economy analysis to doing development differently: a learning experience AU - Booth, David AU - Harris, Daniel AU - Wild, Leni AB - A study of how development efforts can be strengthened by an awareness of political economy, reflecting on the experiences of PoGo policy researchers. CY - London DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - ODI ST - From political economy analysis to doing development differently UR - http://www.odi.org/publications/10235-political-economy-analysis-doing-development-differently Y2 - 2019/06/10/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Politically smart, locally led development AU - Booth, David AU - Unsworth, Sue T2 - Discussion Paper AB - Aid donors have found it hard to move from thinking politically to working differently, but there is evidence that they can do so and that this improves outcomes. This paper presents seven examples of where adopting a politically smart, locally led approach has led to better outcomes. CY - London DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/8800-politically-smart-locally-led Y2 - 2016/05/10/11:59:19 KW - Practice ER - TY - CHAP TI - Adaptive Management AU - Bormann, B.T. AU - Martin, J.R. AU - Wagner, F.H. AU - Wood, G.W. AU - Alegria, J. T2 - Ecological stewardship: a common reference for ecosystem management A2 - Johnson, Nels A2 - Sexton, W. T. AB - Wagner CY - Oxford DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 DP - Google Books LA - en PB - Elsevier Science SN - 978-0-08-043206-9 UR - https://www.amazon.com/Ecological-Stewardship-Reference-Ecosystem-Management/dp/0080432069 KW - Conservation of natural resources KW - Ecology KW - Ecosystem management KW - Ecosystem management - United States KW - Environmental Science KW - Environmental management KW - Wildlife ER - TY - RPRT TI - Conservation Enterprises: Using A Theory of Change Approach to Synthesize Lessons from USAID Biodiversity Projects AU - Boshoven, Judy T2 - Measuring Impact AB - In an effort to increase the understanding of conservation enterprises’ activities and outcomes and to improve the effectiveness of biodiversity programming, this brief synthesizes lessons from past USAID-funded efforts to support conservation enterprises CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 14 LA - en M3 - Technical Brief PB - USAID UR - https://www.fosonline.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pbaaf622.pdf Y2 - 2023/12/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lessons Learned from the Forest, Climate and Communities Alliance AU - Boshoven, Judy T2 - Measuring Impact AB - The Forest, Climate, and Communities Alliance (FCCA) was an initiative funded by USAID’s Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and the Environment/Office of Forestry and Biodiversity (E3/FAB) under the USAID Global Development Alliance (GDA)1 between 2009 and 2013. FCCA was one of the first USAID-funded projects for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). The Rainforest Alliance (RA) implemented FCCA in Ghana and Honduras. Operating in two different contexts allowed FCCA to generate important lessons learned that may be useful as countries around the world search for approaches to prepare for and implement successful REDD+ mechanisms. In 2013, as FCCA was coming to an end, USAID tasked the Measuring Impact (MI) initiative with an independent review to generate lessons learned from FCCA. In capturing and disseminating lessons from the FCCA project, the Agency intends to contribute to the understanding of what may be effective, and under what conditions, when promoting REDD+ in conjunction with forest and agricultural product certification. MI is a five-year USAID project executed by the E3/FAB Office designed to improve the Agency’s practice of conservation by building USAID’s capacity to better design, manage, evaluate, and learn from biodiversity conservation initiatives. As such, MI was tasked with carrying out this review of lessons learned from FCCA while using RA’s general hypothesis as the basis to describe the project and its lessons. CY - Washington DC DA - 2014/07// PY - 2014 DP - Zotero SP - 53 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human-Centered, Systems-Minded Design AU - Both, Thomas T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Both human-centered and systems-thinking methods fit within an effective design approach, and can work in conjunction to address social challenges. DA - 2018/03/09/ PY - 2018 LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/human_centered_systems_minded_design Y2 - 2019/08/09/00:07:49 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Embracing Complexity: Strategic Perspectives for an Age of Turbulence AU - Boulton, Jean G. AU - Allen, Peter M. AU - Bowman, Cliff AB - The book describes what it means to say the world is complex and explores what that means for managers, policy makers and individuals. The first part of the book is about the theory and ideas of complexity. This is explained in a way that is thorough but not mathematical. It compares differing approaches, and also provides a historical perspective, showing how such thinking has been around since the beginning of civilisation. It emphasises the difference between a complexity worldview and the dominant mechanical worldview that underpins much of current management practice. It defines the complexity worldview as recognising the world is interconnected, shaped by history and the particularities of context. The comparison of the differing approaches to modelling complexity is unique in its depth and accessibility. The second part of the book uses this lens of complexity to explore issues in the fields of management, strategy, economics, and international development. It also explores how to facilitate others to recognise the implications of adopting a complex rather than a mechanical worldview and suggests methods of research to explore systemic, path-dependent emergent aspects of situations. The authors of this book span both science and management, academia and practice, thus the explanations of science are authoritative and yet the examples of changing how you live and work in the world are real and accessible. The aim of the book is to bring alive what complexity is all about and to illustrate the importance of loosening the grip of a modernist worldview with its hope for prediction, certainty and control. CY - Oxford DA - 2015/09/30/ PY - 2015 ET - 1st edition SP - 286 LA - English PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-956526-9 ST - Embracing Complexity ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Answer is 42. On Data, Information and Knowledge AU - Bours, Dennis T2 - Earth-Eval AB - A recent discussion with some colleagues on the differences between data, knowledge and information made me realize that there still is a lot of confusion when it comes to the use of terms; confusion that goes well beyond my earlier blog post on indicators, measures and metrics. DA - 2015/05/25/T15:43:29-04:00 PY - 2015 LA - en UR - https://www.climate-eval.org/blog/answer-42-data-information-and-knowledge Y2 - 2019/06/20/15:52:13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systems Thinking: An introduction for Oxfam programme staff AU - Bowman, Kimberly AU - Chettleborough, John AU - Jeans, Helen AU - Whitehead, James AU - Rowlands, Jo T2 - Policy & Practice AB - Development organizations frequently face and overcome challenges in programme delivery. But what happens when the proposed solutions fail? How can organizations adapt to changing conditions and ensure the benefits of programmes are shared as widely as possible? DA - 2015/10/20/ PY - 2015 DP - policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk ST - Systems Thinking UR - http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/systems-thinking-an-introduction-for-oxfam-programme-staff-579896 Y2 - 2016/03/24/17:14:07 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science, Technology, and Innovation in Uganda: Recommendations for Policy and Action AU - Brar, Sukdeep AU - Farley, Sara E. AU - Hawkins, Robert AU - Wagner, Caroline S. T2 - A World Bank Study DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 132 PB - World Bank UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/188271468115452838/pdf/588440PUB0Scie101public10BOX353816B.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using Research Evidence - A practice guide AU - Breckon, Jonathan CY - London DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 DP - Google Scholar PB - Alliance for Useful Evidence UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/using_evidence_what_works.pdf Y2 - 2017/06/04/18:25:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using Evidence - What works? AU - Breckon, Jonathan AU - Dodson, Jane CY - London DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 DP - Google Scholar PB - Alliance for Useful Evidence UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/using_evidence_what_works.pdf Y2 - 2017/06/04/18:25:01 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participation and accountability in development management AU - Brett, E. A. T2 - The Journal of Development Studies AB - This article critically reviews the role of participatory theory in managing development projects and programmes in poor countries. Participation has emerged in response to global demands for greater individual and social control over the activities of state and private agencies, and especially to the manifest failures of traditional ‘top-down’ management systems in LDCs. Claims made on behalf of these participatory methodologies are critically reviewed and a distinction is drawn between strong and weak versions of the theory. Empirical evidence is then considered to evaluate the effectiveness of these methodologies, using long-standing insights of social science theory to show that participation can succeed for specific kinds of projects and programmes in favourable circumstances, but is unsuitable for many others. It commonly fails in contexts where local conditions make co-operative and collective action very difficult, or where it is manipulated by implementing agencies to justify their own actions or poor performance. DA - 2003/12/01/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1080/00220380412331293747 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 29 SN - 0022-0388 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331293747 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Digital Technologies for Democratic Governance in Latin America: Opportunities and Risks A3 - Breuer, Anita A3 - Welp, Yanina AB - This book is the first to comprehensively analyse the political and societal impacts of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in a region of the Global South. It evaluates under what conditions some Latin American governments and people have succeeded in taking up the opportunities related to the spread of ICTs, while others are confronted with the pessimist scenario of increased, digitally induced social and democratic cleavages. Specifically, the book examines if and how far the spread and use of new ICT affected central aims of democratic governance such as reducing socio-economic and gender inequality; strengthening citizen participation in political decision making; increasing the transparency of legislative processes; improving administrative processes; providing free access to government data and information; and expanding independent spaces of citizen communication. The country case and cross-country explore a range of bottom-up driven initiatives to reinforce democracy in the region. The book offers researchers and students an interdisciplinary approach to these issues by linking it to established theories of media and politics, political communication, political participation, and governance. Giving voice to researchers native to the region and with direct experience of the region, it uniquely brings together contributions from political scientists, researchers in communication studies and area studies specialists who have a solid record in political activism and international development co-operation. DA - 2016/04/24/ PY - 2016 DP - Amazon SP - 248 LA - English PB - Routledge SN - 978-1-138-68679-3 ST - Digital Technologies for Democratic Governance in Latin America ER - TY - RPRT TI - Implementing Adaptive Approaches in Real World Scenarios: A Nigeria Case Study, with Lessons for Theory and Practice AU - Bridges, Kate AU - Woolcock, Michael AB - How does adaptive implementation work in practice? Drawing on extensive interviews and observations, this paper contrasts the ways in which an adaptive component of a major health care project was implemented in three program and three matched comparison states in Nigeria. The paper examines the bases on which claims and counterclaims about the effectiveness of these approaches were made by different actors, concluding that resolution requires any such claims to be grounded in a fit-for-purpose theory of change and evaluation strategy. The principles of adaptive development may be gaining broad acceptance, but a complex array of skills, expectations, political support, empirical measures, and administrative structures needs to be deftly integrated if demonstrably positive operational results are to be obtained, especially when undertaken within institutional systems, administrative logics, and political imperatives that are predisposed to serve rather different purposes. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/06/18/14:52:04 PY - 2019 DP - documents.worldbank.org SP - 1 EP - 37 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - WPS8904 ST - Implementing Adaptive Approaches in Real World Scenarios UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/300301560883977057 Y2 - 2019/07/05/10:02:26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Unpacking the concept of political will to confront corruption AU - Brinkerhoff, Derek W. T2 - U4 Brief, No. 1 AB - Quite often, "lack of political will" is identified as the culprit for poorly performing anti-corruption programmes. Yet despite the frequency with which it is used to explain unsatisfactory reform outcomes, political will remains under-defined and poorly understood. Further, assessments are often conducted retrospectively, looking back at failed programmes. By applying a model of political will that specifies a set of action-based components that are observable and measurable, and amenable to external reinforcement and support, more clarity regarding the degree of political will can be achieved. CY - Bergen, Norway DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre UR - http://www.u4.no/publications/unpacking-the-concept-of-political-will-to-confront-corruption/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adapting to Learn and Learning to Adapt: Practical Insights from International Development Projects AU - Brinkerhoff, Derick W. AU - Frazer, Sarah AU - McGregor, Lisa AB - Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning, and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. It both erases the boundaries between design, implementation, and evaluation and reframes thinking to consider the complexity of development problems and nonlinear change pathways.Supportive management structures and processes are crucial for fostering adaptive management. Implementers and donors are experimenting with how procurement, contracting, work planning, and reporting can be modified to foster adaptive programming. Well-designed monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems can go beyond meeting accountability and reporting requirements to produce data and learning for evidence-based decision making and adaptive management. It is important to continue experimenting and learning to integrate adaptive programming and management into the operational policies and practices of donor agencies, country partners, and implementers. We need to devote ongoing effort to build the evidence base for the contributions of adaptive management to achieving international development results. DA - 2018/01/05/ PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - RTI Press ST - Adapting to Learn and Learning to Adapt UR - https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/adapting-learn-and-learning-adapt Y2 - 2023/08/18/11:32:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating blueprint and process: A structured flexibility approach to development management AU - Brinkerhoff, Derick W. AU - Ingle, Marcus D. T2 - Public Administration and Development AB - Managing socio-economic development according to highly detailed pre-implementation plans rigidly applied has not had a high degree of success in generating sustained progress in the world's poorer nations. At the other end of the spectrum is the process approach that avoids specifying targets in advance, and concentrates upon building problem-solving capacity among the people involved. Many international donor and developing country agencies favour the blueprint model, despite its performance weaknesses, for its control and specificity. The process approach is limited by its lack of fit with agency procedures and incentives. This article discusses a structured flexibility approach to development management that integrates the blueprint model's planned structuring of action with the process model's flexibility and iterative learning orientation. This blend provides the basis for the programmatic and financial accountability required to obtain support from donor and developing country bureaucracies, and facilitates adaptive management to deal with uncertain and changing task environments. Case examples from the Caribbean, Portugal, and Pakistan illustrate the application of the structured flexibility approach. DA - 1989/11/01/ PY - 1989 DO - 10.1002/pad.4230090503 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 487 EP - 503 J2 - Public Admin. Dev. LA - en SN - 1099-162X ST - Integrating blueprint and process UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.4230090503/abstract Y2 - 2018/02/20/20:32:08 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reflections on Ten Years of USAID’s Experience with Political Economy Analysis and Thinking and Working Politically AU - Brinkerhoff, Derick AU - Cassidy, Marc AB - The global Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) Community of Practice (CoP), the Washington DC TWP CoP, and USAID organised a webinar on 5 December 2022 to take stock of how USAID and its partners have used PEA to inform programme strategy, design and implementation, and support TWP. This paper synthesises the key points arising from the webinar, including observations on the impacts, opportunities, challenges, and prospects for PEA/TWP to become more deeply adopted and sustained as a development methodology and approach across sectors. It starts by defining key concepts. It then highlights insights from the discussions of the impact of the application of PEA and TWP principles across sectors. The paper concludes by looking at progress achieved to date, as well as constraints and opportunities to increase the uptake of both thinking and working politically in USAID-sponsored programming. CY - Birmingham DA - 2023/03// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - TWP CoP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adapting to learn and learning to adapt: Practical insights from international development projects AU - Brinkerhoff, Derick AU - Frazer, Sarah T2 - RTI AB - Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. DA - 2018/01/03/ PY - 2018 DP - www.rti.org LA - en ST - Adapting to learn and learning to adapt UR - https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/adapting-learn-and-learning-adapt-practical-insights-international-development-projects Y2 - 2018/01/15/09:53:25 ER - TY - MPCT TI - Thinking and Working Politically (Yangon, October 2016) AU - British Council AB - On 3-4 October 2016, British Council, Pyoe Pin, The Asia Foundation and UK DFID co-hosted a two day conference on ‘Thinking and Working Politically’ (TWP) for more effective and sustainable development assistance. The success or failure of development programmes is, in many – if not most – cases, determined by domestic politics within countries, rather than by the technical elegance of programme design by external donors. The event brought together international donors, implementing agencies and local partners. Participants compared experiences on what has worked, where and why – both in Myanmar, and across the world including case studies from Sudan, Zambia and the Philippines. Throughout the conference, participants familiarised themselves with politically smart development approaches and what it means to think and work politically in Myanmar. This has laid foundations for greater collaboration on TWP to help meet Myanmar’s critical development challenges. DA - 2017/03/08/ PY - 2017 PB - British Council Myanmar UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-blBO3aulg Y2 - 2017/03/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Iterative Design and Monitoring for Adaptive Management: How Causal Link Monitoring can help AU - Britt, Heather AU - Hummelbrunner, Richard AU - Green, Jackie T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Development actors are embracing the concept and practice of adaptive management, using evidence to inform ongoing revisions throughout implementation. In this guest blog, Heather Britt, Richard Hummelbrunner and Jackie Greene discuss a practical approach that donors and partners can use to agree on what’s most important to monitor as a project continues to evolve. DA - 2018/09/26/ PY - 2018 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/blog/iterative-design-and-monitoring-adaptive-management-how-causal-link-monitoring-can-help Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Causal Link Monitoring AU - Britt, Heather AU - Hummelbrunner, Richard AU - Greene, Jacqueline AB - Causal Link Monitoring (CLM) 1 integrates design and monitoring to support adaptive management of projects. CLM helps project planners and managers identify the processes that are required to achieve desired results, and then to observe whether those processes take place, and how. Result-producing processes specify the causal links between results in a logic model or results framework—in other words, the processes between results.2 CLM focuses on how specific individuals or organizations use results to achieve other results. In CLM, planners start by creating a logic model to help document predictable, agreed-upon elements of the project. Next, they refine the causal links by describing the processes that will transform results at one point in the causal chain to the next. Planners are often less certain about these resultproducing processes. Finally, the CLM logic model is enhanced with information about two important sources of uncertainty, contextual factors that may influence the project and diverse perspectives on the problem and its solution. DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 SP - 41 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/CLM%20Brief_20170615_1528%20FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Complexity-Aware Monitoring AU - Britt, Heather AU - Patsalides, Melissa T2 - Briefing on USAID's Discussion Note DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 30 M3 - Presentation PB - USAID's Learning, Evaluation, and Research Office UR - http://623elmp01.blackmesh.com/sites/default/files/resource/files/c-am_discussion-note-brief_slides.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Organisational Learning in NGOs: Creating the motive, means and opportunity AU - Britton, Bruce CY - Oxford DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Intrac SN - 978-1-897748-92-3 ST - Organisational Learning in NGOs UR - https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/1b/a1/1ba1b4d0-2d63-45d0-afa8-c324f4674f9e/learning_in_ngos.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - More accountable and responsive governance: How do technologies help make it happen? AU - Brock, Karen AU - McGee, Rosemary AB - The change Making All Voices Count wants to see is more responsive, accountable governance. The programme has contributed to this change by supporting tech-enabled initiatives which amplify citizen voice and nurture government responsiveness, and by building understanding of when and how the technologies help create and support change. In March 2017, partners from 34 of the programme's projects met with Making All Voices Count staff and associates in South Africa in order to share their stories of change. The learning event participants analysed their experiences using a framework that describes seven streams of tech-enabled change: the information stream; the feedback stream; the naming-and-shaming stream; the conducive innovation system stream; the connecting citizens stream; the infomediation stream and the intermediation stream. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en ST - More accountable and responsive governance UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12975 Y2 - 2017/05/16/14:01:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning for change in accountable governance programming AU - Brock, Karen AU - Shutt, Cathy AU - Ashlin, Alison T2 - MAVC Learning Review CY - Brighton DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Google Scholar PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12196 Y2 - 2016/10/14/10:02:17 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the Evidence: The Effectiveness and Impact of Public Governance-Oriented Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives AU - Brockmyer, Brandon AU - Fox, Jonathan A. AB - Transnational multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) – voluntary partnerships between governments, civil society, and the private sector – are an increasingly prevalent strategy for promoting government responsiveness and accountability to citizens. While most transnational MSIs involve using voluntary standards to encourage socially and environmentally responsible private sector behavior, a handful of these initiatives – the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative (CoST), the Open Government Partnership (OGP), the Global Initiative on Fiscal Transparency (GIFT) and the Open Contracting Partnership (OCP) – focus on information disclosure and participation in the public sector. Unlike private sector MSIs, which attempt to supplement weak government capacity to enforce basic social and environmental standards through partnerships between businesses and civil society, public sector MSIs ultimately seek to bolster public governance. But how exactly are these MSIs supposed to work? And how much has actually been achieved?The purpose of this study is to identify and consolidate the current state of the evidence for public governance-oriented MSI effectiveness and impact. Researchers collected over 300 documents and interviewed more than two-dozen MSI stakeholders about their experiences with five public governance oriented multi-stakeholder initiatives.This report provides a ‘snapshot’ of the evidence related to these five MSIs, and suggests that the process of leveraging transparency and participation through these initiatives for broader accountability gains remains uncertain. The report highlights the ongoing process of defining MSI success and impact, and how these initiatives intersect with other accountability actors and processes in complex ways. The study closes with key recommendations for MSI stakeholders. DA - 2015/09/01/ PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative ST - Assessing the Evidence UR - http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2693608 Y2 - 2016/03/24/17:07:54 KW - Accountability KW - Participation KW - Program evaluation KW - Transparency KW - global governance KW - multi-stakeholder ER - TY - MGZN TI - This startup uses machine learning and satellite imagery to predict crop yields AU - Brokaw, Alex T2 - The Verge AB - Mark Johnson wants to beat the United States Department of Agriculture at its own game: predicting yields of America's crops. The USDA puts boots on the ground, deploying hundreds of workers to... DA - 2016/08/04/T10:22:21-04:00 PY - 2016 UR - http://www.theverge.com/2016/8/4/12369494/descartes-artificial-intelligence-crop-predictions-usda Y2 - 2017/02/16/17:29:46 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The MSP Tool Guide: Sixty tools to facilitate Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships AU - Brouwer, Herman AU - Brouwers, Jan AB - What is ‘The MSP Tool Guide’ all about? This compilation of 60 tools is an companion to The MSP Guide, the Wageningen University & Research CDI resource on how to design and facilitate effective multi-stakeholder partnerships. At the request of many readers we have compiled them into one document to enable easy storing and sharing. These tools are available in summarized version in the MSP Guide in Chapter 6. The detailed versions on how to use the tool, and when to use it, are available on the portal www.mspguide.org/tools-and-methods. The content of this portal is compiled in this Tool Guide. CY - Wageningen DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - CDI, Wageningen University and Research SN - 978-1-85339-965-7 978-1-78044-669-1 ST - The MSP Guide UR - https://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780446691 Y2 - 2023/02/09/11:55:58 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The MSP Guide: How to Design and Facilitate Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships AU - Brouwer, Herman AU - Woodhill, Jim AU - Hemmati, Minu AU - Verhoosel, Karèn AU - van Vugt, Simone AB - In recent years, multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) have become popular for tackling the complex challenges of sustainable development. This guide provides a practical framework for the design and facilitation of these collaborative processes that work across the boundaries of business, government, civil society and science. The guide links the underlying rationale for multistakeholder partnerships, with a clear four phase process model, a set of seven core principles, key ideas for facilitation and 60 participatory tools for analysis, planning and decision making. The guide has been written for those directly involved in MSPs – as a stakeholder, leader, facilitator or funder – to provide both the conceptual foundations and practical tools that underpin successful partnerships. What’s inside draws on the direct experience of staff from the Wageningen Centre of Development Innovation (WCDI), at Wageningen University & Research, in supporting MSP processes in many countries around the world. The guide also compiles the ideas and materials behind WCDI’s annual three week international course on facilitating MSPs and social learning. This work has been inspired by the motivation and passion that comes when people dare to “walk in each other’s shoes” to find new paths toward shared ambitions for the future. DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Practical Action Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-965-7 978-1-78044-669-1 ST - The MSP Guide UR - https://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780446691 Y2 - 2023/02/09/11:55:58 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Putting Gender into Political Economy Analysis: why it matters and how to do it AU - Brown, Emily AU - Haines, Rebecca AU - O’Neil, Tam T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Gender specialists from Oxfam and Care introduce a new guide that covers both theory and practice of including gender in political economy analysis. DA - 2018/10/11/T06:30:18+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-GB ST - Putting Gender into Political Economy Analysis UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/putting-gender-into-political-economy-analysis-why-it-matters-and-how-to-do-it/ Y2 - 2020/10/01/11:13:37 KW - Gender ER - TY - BOOK TI - Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation AU - Brown, Tim AB - The myth of innovation is that brilliant ideas leap fully formed from the minds of geniuses. The reality is that most innovations come from a process of rigorous examination through which great ideas are identified and developed before being realized as new offerings and capabilities. This book introduces the idea of design thinking‚ the collaborative process by which the designer′s sensibilities and methods are employed to match people′s needs not only with what is technically feasible and a viable business strategy. In short‚ design thinking converts need into demand. It′s a human−centered approach to problem solving that helps people and organizations become more innovative and more creative. Design thinking is not just applicable to so−called creative industries or people who work in the design field. It′s a methodology that has been used by organizations such as Kaiser Permanente to increase the quality of patient care by re−examining the ways that their nurses manage shift change‚ or Kraft to rethink supply chain management. This is not a book by designers for designers; this is a book for creative leaders seeking to infuse design thinking into every level of an organization‚ product‚ or service to drive new alternatives for business and society. CY - New York DA - 2009/09/29/ PY - 2009 DP - Amazon SP - 272 LA - English PB - HarperBusiness SN - 978-0-06-176608-4 ST - Change by Design KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design Thinking for Social Innovation AU - Brown, Tim AU - Wyatt, Jocelyn T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Designers have traditionally focused on enhancing the look and functionality of products. Recently, they have begun using design techniques to tackle more complex problems, such as finding ways to provide low-cost healthcare throughout the world. Businesses were the first to embrace this new approach—called design thinking—and nonprofits are beginning to adopt it too. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 IS - Winter UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/design_thinking_for_social_innovation ER - TY - RPRT TI - Emerging Technologies and Approaches in Monitoring, Evaluation, Research, and Learning for International Development Programs AU - Bruce, Kerry AU - Gandhi, Valentine J AU - Vandelanotte, Joris AB - Emerging technology is making monitoring, evaluation, research and learning (MERL) more precise and enriching data. However, this evolution is so rapid that it can be difficult to stay informed about the field overall. This paper presents examples of emerging technology that are most often used in MERL for development programs, describes the pros and cons of their use, and discusses technology and ethics concerns that practitioners should keep in mind. The paper covers new types of data sources (application data, sensor data, and drones), new ways to store data (distributed ledger technology and the cloud), and new ways to analyze data (text analytics and supervised and unsupervised learning). DA - 2020/07// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 20 LA - en PB - MERL Tech ER - TY - RPRT TI - Contracts for adaptive programming AU - Bryan, Kevin AU - Carter, Paddy AB - Adaptive programming is an approach to development that encourages experimentation, learning & adaptation. This report examines the contractual underpinnings of this approach. CY - London DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10575-contracts-adaptive-programming Y2 - 2016/10/18/12:07:07 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Getting good at disruption in an uncertain world: Insights from Southern NGO leaders AU - Buckley, Lila AU - Ward, Halina CY - London DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - International Institute for Environment and Development UR - http://pubs.iied.org/11505IIED Y2 - 2017/02/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Linking constituent engagement and adaptive management AU - Buell, Stephanie AU - Campbell, Megan AU - Pett, Jamie AB - Constituent engagement is the two-way process of involving constituents in the design, delivery, monitoring and evaluation of programmes. Constituent engagement and adaptive management together can be a powerful combination; high-quality constituent engagement can reinforce effective adaptive management, and vice versa. By highlighting stories from leading practitioners and their organisations, this paper explores how programmes ensure that constituent engagement informs meaningful adaptation. Key messages Constituent engagement and adaptive management are both important tools for implementing responsive and effective development programmes. Together, they can be a powerful combination: input from constituent engagement can be a key source of information and evidence that meaningfully informs programme design and adaptation, and closing the feedback loop in this way increases the quality of future engagement. Both adaptive management and community engagement principles recognise that, for a programme to be effective, it must be responsive to the people meant to ultimately benefit from it. Beyond providing a key source of information for potential programme adaptations, constituent engagement efforts also help build trust with stakeholders, align expectations and promote accountability. This paper explores five key elements for ensuring that constituent engagement and adaptive management are effectively linked within a programme: strong internal systems and external channels; skilled staff that value engagement and adaptation; decision-maker champions; clear points for reflection and action; and a meaningful role for constituents. CY - London DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Overseas Development Institute ER - TY - RPRT TI - Outcome mapping: learning brief AU - Buell, Stephanie AU - Malallah, Haneen AU - Mason, Paige T2 - Briefing Paper AB - Adaptive programmes recognise that certain changes, particularly in behaviours, are complex, non-linear and difficult to measure. This briefing note explores the use of outcome mapping (OM) as a monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) approach to track behavioural change and inform adaptation for two programmes: the Pathways to Resilience in Semi-arid Economies (PRISE) research consortium and the Accountability in Tanzania programme (AcT I and AcT II). It discusses the implementation of OM, the ways in which it has enabled adaptation and enabling contexts in order to identify key considerations for MEL specialists and programme managers as they determine whether OM may be the right fit, and how best to use the approach. Key messages OM has a number of different benefits as a MEL approach, including unpacking different uses of information at different levels of programme implementation; helping to develop a common language around progress markers; and going beyond monitoring to inform adaptation throughout implementation. These benefits are important aspects of monitoring, evaluation and learning for adaptive management (MEL4AM), as they provide richer evidence for decision-making at a frequency that could mean real-time learning and change. OM works best when it is embedded throughout the organisation, and as part of programme and organisational culture, rather than tasked to a MEL unit or individual. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en PB - ODI/GLAM ST - Outcome mapping UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/17354-outcome-mapping-learning-brief Y2 - 2020/10/14/13:32:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - When theory meets reality: assumptions, feasibility and implications of a complexity-informed approach AU - Buffardi, Anne AB - Over the last half century, repeated calls for adaptive learning in development suggests two things: many practitioners are working in complex situations that may benefit from flexible approaches, and such approaches can be difficult to apply in practice. • Complexity thinking can offer useful recommendations on how to take advantage of distributed capacities, joint interpretation of problems and learning through experimentation in complex development programmes. • However, these recommendations rely on underlying assumptions about relationships, power and flexibility that may not hold true in practice, particularly for programmes operating in a risk averse, results-driven environment. • This paper poses guiding questions to assess the fit and feasibility of integrating complexity informed practices into development programmes. DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 SP - 16 PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10604.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and learning for country-level portfolio decision-making and adaptation AU - Buffardi, Anne L AU - Mason, Paige AU - Hutchings, Claire AU - Sharp, Samuel T2 - Briefing Note AB - Most measurement and adaptive management approaches were developed for and from individual projects. This briefing aims to guide measurement and management of country-level portfolios of work. It identifies potential purposes portfolio-level analyses can fulfil, types of adaptation, and the relative role of monitoring, learning and evaluation (MEL). Drawing on reviews of practice from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), guidance notes, and experiences of members of the Global Learning for Adaptive Management (GLAM) initiative, it offers recommendations and considerations that are particularly relevant for this level of analysis and management. Key messages - Portfolio-level analyses can serve eight potential purposes, each of which answers different questions, involves adaptation at different times and levels, and requires different types of evidence. Identifying the purpose(s) and how the component parts relate to each other should guide the development of monitoring and learning systems. - Portfolios are oriented more towards breadth than depth, involve more people with different perspectives, and draw on multiple sources of evidence with potentially greater variation in quality. - In practice, four activities appear to be applied most frequently at a portfolio level: alignment of indicators and aggregation of monitoring data; synthesis of multiple sources and types of information to provide a summary of outputs, outcomes, common observations and trends; periodic review and reflection sessions; and strategic planning, design or refresh of the portfolio strategy. - The extent to which evidence-informed portfolio management is facilitating learning and adaptation has not been well documented to date, and we suggest potential indicators to do so. CY - London DA - 2019/05// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - ODI/GLAM UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/11351-monitoring-and-learning-country-level-portfolio-decision-making-and-adaptation Y2 - 2019/05/31/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Multi-project programmes functions, forms and implications for evaluation and learning AU - Buffardi, Anne AU - Hearn, Simon AB - Multi-project programmes can serve different purposes. For instance, they may coordinate multiple implementing entities; standardise management and technical support; compare intervention approaches across different contexts; enhance leverage through joint action; or foster sustainability by building relationships among organisations. • At the same time, multi-project programmes are costly, potentially duplicate other mechanisms that fulfil similar functions, and can dilute focus and create confusion. • To guide decisions on what coordination, evaluation and learning mechanisms are needed, it is helpful to articulate the intended purpose of using a programme model. Identifying the purpose(s) can help staff determine what types of knowledge sharing strategies may be most useful to the programme, and how project and programme theories of change can be sequenced DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015 SP - 20 PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10353.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - 10 Things to Know About Evaluation AU - Buffardi, Anne AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Pasanen, Tiina AU - Price, clare AU - Ball, Louise AB - Evaluation is essential to good development. But there are still many myths and misconceptions about what it is - and how it should be used. ODI's Research and Policy in Development Programme (RAPID) has many years' experience supporting evaluation in complex development contexts. In support of the International Year of Evaluation 2015, we've put together our essential 'things to know' about evaluation in 10 infographics. Available in English and French. DA - 2015/06// PY - 2015 PB - RAPID UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9685.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Refining advocacy assessment: reflections from practice AU - Buffardi, Anne AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Tilley, Helen T2 - Working Paper AB - • This paper revisits how existing advocacy evaluation frameworks classify people and activities, and define and assess outcomes. We discuss how assessments could be more specific and propose bounding the scope of inquiry in one of four ways: strategy specific, outcome oriented, actor-centric or system-wide. • In classifying activities, the same action or event may be situated at different phases of the change pathway – in some cases used as a tactic to influence a policy outcome, and in others an intended outcome itself. • Because advocacy is more relational than other types of more technical development interventions, there will be fewer sources of directly observable data, and the direction of potential bias may be unknown. • In terms of learning, advocacy initiatives are contextually dependent, therefore lessons may be less directly transferable to subsequent phases of an initiative or to other settings. Organisations have bounded repertoires and the transferability of skill sets is limited, so advocates adapt how and with whom they engage more than what they do DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - ODI SN - 500 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11335.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - CONF TI - Beyond 'Technology for Development' and 'Sustainability' towards Systemic and Holistic Rural Innovation: Success Factors from the Southern African Experience over 20 years AU - Buisson, Uys Du AU - Cronje, Braam AU - Marais, Mario AU - Haruperi, Emmanuel AU - Rensburg, Johann T2 - 2014 International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Technologies for Development AB - Abstract: This paper describes essential, real-world activities and processes needed to develop and deploy people-centred networks enabled with innovative technologies that in turn produce "... C1 - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 2014/06/04/06 PY - 2014 DP - www.researchgate.net ST - Beyond " Technology for Development " and " Sustainability " towards Systemic and Holistic Rural Innovation UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280010659_Beyond_Technology_for_Development_and_Sustainability_towards_Systemic_and_Holistic_Rural_Innovation_Success_Factors_from_the_Southern_African_Experience_over_20_years Y2 - 2016/06/23/14:37:33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aiming at the Wrong Targets: The Domestic Consequences of International Efforts to Build Institutions AU - Buntaine, Mark T. AU - Parks, Bradley C. AU - Buch, Benjamin P. T2 - International Studies Quarterly AB - We explain why international development organizations have had so little success building and reforming public sector institutions in developing countries. They often fail despite their apparently strong commitment to achieving measurable results and extraordinary amounts of time, money, and effort. We demonstrate that, when donors and lenders make access to financing contingent upon achievement of performance targets, recipient countries tend to choose easy and shallow institutional targets. These targets measure the organization of public sector institutions, rather than their effectiveness at addressing public problems. Such targets provide countries with low-cost opportunities to signal commitment to institution-building to international development organizations. We demonstrate the explanatory and predictive power of our argument in the context of a sector of World Bank lending—environment and natural resource management—that focuses heavily on improving public sector institutions. DA - 2017/06/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1093/isq/sqx013 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 471 EP - 488 J2 - Int Stud Q SN - 0020-8833 ST - Aiming at the Wrong Targets UR - https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/61/2/471/3866882/Aiming-at-the-Wrong-Targets-The-Domestic Y2 - 2017/09/22/13:21:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Seeing the Combined Effects of Aid Programmes AU - Burge, Richard AU - Nadelman, Rachel AU - McGee, Rosie AU - Fox, Jonathan AU - Anderson, Colin T2 - IDS Policy Briefing AB - Multiple aid agencies often try to support change in the same places, at the same time, and with similar actors. Surprisingly, their interactions and combined effects are rarely explored. This Policy Briefing describes findings from research conducted on recent aid programmes that overlapped in Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan, and from a webinar with UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) advisors and practitioners. The research found three distinct categories of ‘interaction effects’: synergy, parallel play, and disconnect. We explore how using an ‘interaction effects’ lens in practice could inform aid agency strategies and programming. CY - Brighton DA - 2022/05/10/ PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS SN - 196 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17391 Y2 - 2022/07/01/09:03:59 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Tale of the converted: how complex social problems have made me question the use of data in driving impact AU - Burgoyne, John T2 - Impact of Social Sciences AB - 15 Shares In practice the way in which research impacts and influences policy and society is often thought to be a rational, ordered and linear process. Whilst this might represent a ‘common sense’ understanding of research impact, in this cross-post John Burgoyne reflects on how upending the primacy of data and embracing complexity can lead to a more nuanced and effective understanding of research impact. DA - 2019/09/23/T11:01:49+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - "en-US" ST - Tale of the converted UR - https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/09/23/tale-of-the-converted-how-complex-social-problems-have-made-me-question-the-use-of-data-in-driving-impact/ Y2 - 2021/07/30/13:00:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenge-led Innovation: Organising for Systems Innovation at Scale AU - Burkett, Ingrid DP - Zotero LA - en ER - TY - RPRT TI - Challenge-led Innovation Workbook. Organising for Systems Innovation at Scale AU - Burkett, Ingrid AB - Organising for Systems Innovation at Scale Our team at Griffith Centre for Systems Innovation have been experimenting with and evolving a Challenge-led Innovation Approach (based on Mission-oriented approaches developed by Mariana Mazzucato at UCL IIPP and others internationally). We are using this approach to guide the way we work internally and engage with our systems innovation partners. We’ve facilitated intensive Re:Treats, worked with government bodies, businesses and civic organisations, and engaged deeply with others exploring this work. We have a bias for developing and testing HOW such approaches could be applied to respond to both local and global challenges rather than getting too caught up in the what and why of such approaches. We decided to openly share our learnings and thinking to date in this workbook, to spark conversations and innovation in both practice and thinking amongst those exploring how we work, and to learn together to address complex systems and challenges. We see this booklet as a first step in a longer learning journey. In it we share an overview of: the principles and processes that sparked our evolution to a Challenge-led Innovation framework (from Mission-oriented). examples of our learnings from other system innovators who are experimenting. an adaptable process to help guide the learning journey. learning tools and canvases to catalyse thinking, practice, and further adaptations. Part One sets out some foundations we’ve identified as important to Challenge-led Innovation. If you want to jump straight into the mapping process, we suggest you skip to Part Two. The final section, Part Three, focuses on what we have learnt about the conditions needed and how to get started on a Challenge-led initiative. CY - Logan DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Griffith Centre for Systems Innovation UR - https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/1881573/GCSI-Challenge-Led-Innovation-Workbook.pdf Y2 - 2024/02/29/12:07:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing Impact in Dynamic and Complex Environments: Systemic Action Research and Participatory Systemic Inquiry AU - Burns, Danny T2 - CDI Practice Paper AB - This CDI Practice Paper is about the uses of Systemic Action Research (SAR) and Participatory Systemic Inquiry (PSI) for impact assessment (Burns 2006, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013; Wadsworth 2001, 2010). CY - Brighton DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - IDS ST - Assessing Impact in Dynamic and Complex Environments UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/assessing-impact-in-dynamic-and-complex-environments-systemic-action-research-and-participatory-systemic-inquiry Y2 - 2017/01/18/15:37:48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory Systemic Inquiry AU - Burns, Danny AB - This article explores Participatory Systemic Inquiry processes through two examples of practise. The first is about embedding public engagement in UK higher education, the second is about water infrastructure development and local capacity development in small towns situated around Lake Victoria. These examples illustrate why it is necessary to understand the wider systemic dynamics within which issues are situated, and how this helps to identify workable and sustainable solutions to problems. It describes the learning architectures which were constructed to hold the local and thematic inquiries and then to extend them. It also demonstrates the methods which operationalised these processes and explores some of the methodological differences between this approach and other approaches to qualitative and participatory research. DA - 2012/05// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2012.00325.x DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en SN - 1759-5436 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/7488 Y2 - 2023/11/13/14:57:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemic action research: Changing system dynamics to support sustainable change AU - Burns, Danny T2 - Action Research AB - This article explores the characteristics of systemic action research. It looks at the conceptual underpinnings of systemic action research and explores some of the ways in which it differs from (builds on) other forms of action research. It then explores some of the issues and dilemmas faced by systemic action researchers. DA - 2014/03// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1177/1476750313513910 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 18 J2 - Action Research LA - en SN - 1476-7503, 1741-2617 ST - Systemic action research UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1476750313513910 Y2 - 2020/10/15/14:22:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Designing a Participatory Programme at Scale: Phases 1 and 2 of the CLARISSA Programme on Worst Forms of Child Labour AU - Burns, Danny AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Raw, Anna T2 - CLARISSA Working Paper AB - CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia) is a large-scale Participatory Action Research programme which aims to identify, evidence, and promote effective multi-stakeholder action to tackle the drivers of the worst forms of child labour in selected supply chains in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar. CLARISSA places a particular focus on participants’ own ‘agency’. In other words, participants’ ability to understand the situation they face, and to develop and take actions in response to them. Most of CLARISSA’s participants are children. This document shares the design and overarching methodology of the CLARISSA programme, which was co-developed with all consortium partners during and since the co-generation phase of the programme (September 2018–June 2020). The immediate audience is the CLARISSA programme implementation teams, plus the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). This design document is also a useful reference point for other programmes trying to build large-scale participatory processes. It provides a clear overview of the CLARISSA programmatic approach, the design, and how it is being operationalised in context. CY - Brighton DA - 2021/07/08/ PY - 2021 LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 7 ST - Designing a Participatory Programme at Scale UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16730 Y2 - 2023/01/10/14:52:40 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Navigating Complexity in International Development: Facilitating Sustainable Change at Scale AU - Burns, Danny AU - Worsley, Stuart AB - Governments and organizations invest huge sums of money in development interventions to explicitly address poverty and its root causes. However, a high proportion of these do not work. This is because interventions are grounded in flawed assumptions about how change happens -- change is rarely linear, yet development interventions are almost entirely based on linear planning models. Change is also characterized by unintended consequences, which are not predictable by planners and by power dynamics, which drive outcomes towards vested interests rather than real need. Development processes need to engage effectively with these sorts of complex system dynamics. This book provides a conceptual framework for this thinking, offers detail case studies of interventions which have been built on this philosophy and which demonstrate key facets of it. It articulates some clear methodological underpinnings for this work, and draws out the implications both for development, practice and practitioners. CY - Rugby DA - 2015/10/15/ PY - 2015 SP - 198 LA - English PB - Practical Action Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-852-0 ST - Navigating Complexity in International Development KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - CONF TI - Thinking and Working Politically in the Land Sector in Mekong Region AU - Burns, Tony AU - Ingalls, Micah AU - Rickersey, Kate T2 - FIG Congress 2022 AB - In recent decades, the World Bank and many bilateral development partners have provided funding to support land administration reform. Traditional land administration reform projects focus on the economic and technical design of interventions based on a library of best practice, commonly avoiding the “messy politics” typically involved in land governance. Experience and lessons from land administration reform initiatives have been documented and a recurrent theme is that many projects fail to create effective, transformative change and gain the critical mass, and the community participation, necessary to ensure the sustainability of land administration reform. Over the last decade there have been concerted efforts to develop more politically informed ways of thinking and working using a range of methodologies referred to, variously, as Thinking and Working Politicallyi (TWP), Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) and Doing Development Differently (DDD). There is little evidence that these different approaches have been applied in the land sector. C1 - Warsaw, Poland DA - 2022/09/11/15 PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en ER - TY - BOOK TI - Who Owns Poverty? AU - Burt, Martin AB - This is the story of the one question about global poverty we never thought to ask: who owns it? It's a question with an unexpected answer, one that challenges everything that we thought we knew about what poverty is, and what we can do about it. This is a story of a powerful data-driven methodology being used in a dozen countries across 5 continents. It's a new approach that puts poor families in charge of defining and diagnosing their own unique, multidimensional poverty—who by owning the problem, own the solution. This book is for all the governments, development NGOs, charities, dreamers, thinkers, doers and leaders who are frustrated with limiting their aspirations to reducing poverty, or alleviating its effects—and the lack of progress we face in doing either. This is a book about unleashing trapped energy within poor families to do the unthinkable: eliminate global poverty once and for all. DA - 2019/09/01/ PY - 2019 DP - Amazon SP - 256 LA - English PB - Red Press Ltd SN - 978-1-912157-12-9 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Dialogic Organization Development: The Theory and Practice of Transformational Change AU - Bushe, Gervase R. A3 - Marshak, Robert J. AB - Dialogic Organization Development is a compelling alternative to the classical action research approach to planned change. Organizations are seen as fluid,socially constructed realities that are continuously created through conversations and images change happens when those conversations and images change. Leaders and consultants can help foster, support, or accelerate the emergence of transformational possibilities by encouraging disruptions to taken-for-granted ways of thinking and acting and the use of generative images to stimulate new organizational conversations and narratives. Dialogic OD is a different mindset, but it s also the previously unrecognized underpinning of such diverse change methods as Appreciative Inquiry, the Art of Convening, Future Search, and many more. CY - Oakland DA - 2015/07/30/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 496 LA - English PB - EDS Publications Ltd. SN - 978-1-62656-404-6 ST - Dialogic Organization Development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Adaptation Planning to Build Adaptive Capacity: A Structured Learning Approach AU - Butler, J. R. A. AU - Wise, R. M. AU - Skewes, T. D. AU - Bohensky, E. L. AU - Peterson, N. AU - Suadnya, W. AU - Yanuartati, Y. AU - Handayani, T. AU - Habibi, P. AU - Puspadi, K. AU - Bou, N. AU - Vaghelo, D. AU - Rochester, W. T2 - Coastal Management AB - Climate adaptation planning provides an opportunity to enhance the adaptive capacity of stakeholders across multiple levels. However, reviews of standard top-down and bottom-up approaches indicate that the value of multistakeholder involvement is not fully recognized or incorporated into guidelines. Focusing on provinces in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea within the Coral Triangle region, we present a novel integrated top-down and bottom-up planning approach. Based on Participatory Systemic Inquiry the process involves three stages of workshops intentionally designed to promote social learning, knowledge exchange, empowerment and social networks among multilevel stakeholders. Stage 1 workshops engage government, nongovernment and science stakeholders at the provincial level to analyze sub-districts' vulnerability and design appropriate adaptation strategies. Stage 2 engages local government, non-government and community stakeholders within vulnerable sub-districts identified in Stage 1. Stage 3 combines Stage 1 and 2 stakeholders to refine adaptation strategies and design action plans for sub-districts. Evaluation demonstrated that different stakeholder groups' perceptions of community adaptation needs varied significantly, justifying the approach. In terms of adaptive capacity, the primary outcome for all stakeholder groups was innovative ideas, suggesting that social learning and knowledge exchange had occurred. Empowerment was a secondary outcome. We discuss how the approach could be further refined. DA - 2015/07/04/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1080/08920753.2015.1046802 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 346 EP - 364 SN - 0892-0753 ST - Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Adaptation Planning to Build Adaptive Capacity UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2015.1046802 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:17:48 KW - Climate change KW - Coral Triangle KW - Evaluation KW - Social learning KW - knowledge cultures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citizen science in hydrology and water resources: opportunities for knowledge generation, ecosystem service management, and sustainable development AU - Buytaert, Wouter AU - Zulkafli, Zed AU - Grainger, Sam AU - Acosta, Luis AU - Alemie, Tilashwork C. AU - Bastiaensen, Johan AU - De Bièvre, Bert AU - Bhusal, Jagat AU - Clark, Julian AU - Dewulf, Art AU - Foggin, Marc AU - Hannah, David M. AU - Hergarten, Christian AU - Isaeva, Aiganysh AU - Karpouzoglou, Timothy AU - Pandeya, Bhopal AU - Paudel, Deepak AU - Sharma, Keshav AU - Steenhuis, Tammo AU - Tilahun, Seifu AU - Van Hecken, Gert AU - Zhumanova, Munavar T2 - Frontiers in Earth Science AB - The participation of the general public in the research design, data collection and interpretation process together with scientists is often referred to as citizen science. While citizen science itself has existed since the start of scientific practice, developments in sensing technology, data processing and visualisation, and communication of ideas and results, are creating a wide range of new opportunities for public participation in scientific research. This paper reviews the state of citizen science in a hydrological context and explores the potential of citizen science to complement more traditional ways of scientific data collection and knowledge generation for hydrological sciences and water resources management. Although hydrological data collection often involves advanced technology, the advent of robust, cheap and low-maintenance sensing equipment provides unprecedented opportunities for data collection in a citizen science context. These data have a significant potential to create new hydrological knowledge, especially in relation to the characterisation of process heterogeneity, remote regions, and human impacts on the water cycle. However, the nature and quality of data collected in citizen science experiments is potentially very different from those of traditional monitoring networks. This poses challenges in terms of their processing, interpretation, and use, especially with regard to assimilation of traditional knowledge, the quantification of uncertainties, and their role in decision support. It also requires care in designing citizen science projects such that the generated data complement optimally other available knowledge. Lastly, we reflect on the challenges and opportunities in the integration of hydrologically-oriented citizen science in water resources management, the role of scientific knowledge in the decision-making process, and the potential contestation to established community institutions posed by co-generation of new knowledge. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.3389/feart.2014.00026 DP - Frontiers VL - 2 J2 - Front. Earth Sci. LA - English SN - 2296-6463 ST - Citizen science in hydrology and water resources UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00026/full Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:26:22 KW - Citizen science KW - Co-generation of knowledge KW - Water Resources Management KW - hydrological sensing KW - poly-centric governance ER - TY - RPRT TI - Impact assessment and the quest for the Holy Grail AU - Bymolt, Roger T2 - KIT Working papers CY - Amsterdam DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - KIT Royal Tropical Institute SN - 2015-3 UR - https://www.kit.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Impact-assessment-and-the-quest-for-the-holy-Grail.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:04:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive management: A practical guide to mitigating uncertainty and advancing evidence-based programming AU - Byom, K. AU - Ingram, M. AU - Oakley, A. AU - Serpe, L. AB - Pact’s Adaptive Management Guide provides practical guidance to development practitioners globally on the mindsets, behaviors, resources, and processes that underpin an effective adaptive management system. It presents an approach to managing adaptively that is rooted in complexity analysis and program theory. It draws on Pact’s global experiences and work on topics as diverse as health, livelihoods, markets, governance, capacity development, women and youth, and more. This document begins with an introduction to adaptive management, then walks through successive steps to determine how much adaptation a project requires and how to design an appropriate system. The second half of this guidebook contains a toolkit of examples and templates that projects can tailor to their needs. CY - Washington DC DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020 LA - en PB - PACT ST - Adaptive management UR - https://www.pactworld.org/library/adaptive-management-practical-guide-mitigating-uncertainty-and-advancing-evidence-based Y2 - 2021/01/04/11:34:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The road to adaptive management: knowledge, leadership, culture and rules AU - Byrne, Karri Goeldner AU - Sparkman, Timothy AU - Fowler, Ben CY - London DA - 2016/07// PY - 2016 PB - The BEAM Exchange ST - London UR - https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/58/52/5852dce7-e660-482c-aea9-b5613f36f227/adaptive_management.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/19/14:37:10 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating Systems Change Results: an inquiry framework AU - Cabaj, Mark DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 22 LA - en PB - Tamarack Institute UR - https://www.tamarackcommunity.ca/evaluating-impact-evaluating-systems-change ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning, monitoring and evaluating: achieving and measuring change in adaptive programmes AU - Callaghan, Sarah AU - Plank, Georgia T2 - Synthesis Paper, 5 DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Google Scholar PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://dfidlaser.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Synthesis-paper-6-MEL-1-June-2017-FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2017/09/13/09:22:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID Applied Political Economy Analysis - Field Guide AU - Cammack, Diana AB - Political Economy Analysis (PEA) is a field-research methodology used to explore not simply how things happen in an aid-recipient country, but why things happen. It results in a written assessment with recommendations for a mission's County Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS), project or activity design, or course correction during implementation.USAID's Applied PEA is a problem-focused method specially intended to be used by Mission staff to inform the design of aid interventions at any phase of the USAID program cycle and at any level of effort. DA - 2016/02/04/ PY - 2016 LA - und M3 - Text PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/applied-political-economy-analysis-field-guide Y2 - 2016/09/23/13:35:07 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Barrio Mio and Katye: PCI’s neighbourhood approach in cities AU - Campbell, Leah T2 - AKNAP case study CY - London DA - 2019/05// PY - 2019 LA - en PB - ALNAP/ODI ER - TY - RPRT TI - What's missing? Adding context to the urban response toolbox AU - Campbell, Leah T2 - ALNAP Study CY - London DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - ALNAP/ODI UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/Whats%20Missing_Adding%20context%20to%20the%20urban%20response%20toolbox_Digital.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/06/16:50:24 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Global governance and local peace: accountability and performance in international peacebuilding AU - Campbell, Susanna AB - Local peacebuilding and global accountability -- The country context--Burundi from 1999 to 2014 -- Ingos in peacebuilding--globally unaccountable, locally adaptive -- International organizations in peacebuilding--globally accountable, locally constrained -- Bilateral development donors--accountable for global targets, not local change CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom New York, NY Port Melbourne, Australia DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 292 LA - eng PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-1-108-41865-2 ST - Global governance and local peace ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Development Differently in the Global South - Workshop Report AU - CARE CY - Nairobi DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 PB - CARE and British Council UR - https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/media/k2/attachments/CARE_British-Council_DDD-workshop-report-Dec-2018.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/01/10:14:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning From Failure 2020 - What CARE’s evaluations tell us about how to improve our work AU - CARE AB - “Ever failed. No matter. Try again. Fail again. Fail better.” --Samuel Beckett Here’s my favorite part of that quote: the ultimate goal is not a lack of failure; it’s better failures. That’s good news for CARE, because we just published round two of our Learning From Failure initiative, and…I know this will surprise everyone…we haven’t stopped failures yet. We do have some hopeful signs that we’re failing better; or at least, that we’re improving on some concrete weaknesses we identified in the first round. It’s an interesting process to launch the second phase of learning from failure. The first round, we didn’t know what we were going to find. We spent as much time talking about how it was the first-ever report of its kind as we did about the actual failures. Our case study admitted, “It's still very early to see specific development impacts.” Round two isn’t quite the same. It’s not new anymore, so there’s less excitement at having invented something. We’re not discovering data and themes for the first time. In a lot of ways, the stakes are higher. Round two of learning from failure becomes an exercise in continuous performance improvement, rather than a journey of discovery. If we don’t see improvements, we don’t have the excuse that it’s too early to tell. It also takes a sustained commitment. Launching an exploratory exercise at a small scale is easy, especially when no one quite knows what the answers will be. Pulling together a few pieces of content over a few months is pretty straightforward. It takes some staying power—and real support from leadership—to keep up the work over time, especially in the middle of a pandemic. That’s even more true once we’ve seen one round of results and had a chance to understand the work that it takes to improve. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 6 LA - en PB - CARE UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/fail-again-fail-better ER - TY - RPRT TI - Listen carefully. Tread lightly. Adapt quickly. Approaching Adaptive Management: Examples from our Somalia Education Programming AU - CARE T2 - CARE Learning AB - Adaptive management approaches potentially offer us opportunities to deliver high quality results in circumstances where change is complex, including in fragile, unstable or conflict affected places. However, building adaptive programming continues to be a challenge for the sector. For CARE, our Department for International Development -UK Aid funded Girls’ Education Challenge (GEC) programming has provided useful learning on how to operationalise adaptive approaches. In this paper we expand on our learning from this project and offer some recommendations for how to create more opportunities for truly adaptive programming in the future. In particular: • Projects that are designed to adapt need budget structures, results frameworks and governance that enable the process of adaptation. In our GEC projects the approaches employed by DFID, including the introduction of Review and Adaptation meetings have served to support meaningful adaptation. • Adaptive projects require both strong participatory elements and flexible governance and accountability structures. Whilst rigorous and comprehensive Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) systems are important without these other elements appropriate adaptation can be hindered. • Adaptive Management requires resources. Where the expected change is complex, adaptation is frequently necessary to ensure we are responding to context and evidence. This should be adequately resourced if we are to expect results. In an environment where many INGOs work consistently within complex environments, the sector also needs more opportunities to trial these approaches and could benefit from more funding streams available which include the kinds of approaches used by DFID in current GEC programming DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - CARE UR - https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/media/k2/attachments/CARE_Adaptive-Management-and-the-GEC-in-Somalia_2020.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:24:12 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Agile, is it just a delivery mechanism? AU - Carignan, Louis-Philippe T2 - Scrum.org Community Blog AB - As a Agile coach, I refer to a few tools to help me think about where my Scrum teams should go next on their path to Agility. One of these tools is the Agile subway map, a list of Agile practices grouped in different categories. It helps me think how a specific practice could help … DA - 2014/08/27/T12:55:14-05:00 PY - 2014 UR - https://blog.scrum.org/agile-just-delivery-mechanism/ Y2 - 2016/11/14/12:11:52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons AU - Carlisle, Keith AU - Gruby, Rebecca L. T2 - Policy Studies Journal AB - Polycentricity is a fundamental concept in commons scholarship that connotes a complex form of governance with multiple centers of semiautonomous decision making. If the decision-making centers take each other into account in competitive and cooperative relationships and have recourse to conflict resolution mechanisms, they may be regarded as a polycentric governance system. In the context of natural resource governance, commons scholars have ascribed a number of advantages to polycentric governance systems, most notably enhanced adaptive capacity, provision of good institutional fit for natural resource systems, and mitigation of risk on account of redundant governance actors and institutions. Despite the popularity of the concept, systematic development of polycentricity, including its posited advantages, is lacking in the commons literature. To build greater clarity and specificity around the concept, we develop a theoretical model of a polycentric governance system with a focus on the features necessary or conducive for achieving the functioning predicted by commons scholars. The model is comprised of attributes, which constitute the definitional elements, and enabling conditions, which specify additional institutional features for achieving functionality in the commons. The model we propose takes the concept a step further toward specificity without sacrificing the generality necessary for contextual application and further development. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/psj.12212 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 927 EP - 952 LA - en SN - 1541-0072 ST - Polycentric Systems of Governance UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psj.12212 Y2 - 2022/05/04/08:47:12 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Learning in Development Co-operation AU - Carlsson, Jerker AU - Wohlgemuth, Lennart DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DP - Google Books SP - 302 LA - en PB - Almqvist & Wiksell International SN - 978-91-22-01896-4 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Accountability, transparency, Participation, and Inclusion. A New Development Consensus? AU - Carothers, Thomas AU - Brechenmacher, Saskia AB - The wide-reaching consensus around the normative and instrumental value of accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion remains less solid than enthusiasts of these concepts might wish. CY - Washington DC DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DP - Google Scholar PB - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace UR - http://carnegieendowment.org/files/new_development_consensus.pdf Y2 - 2017/05/05/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Revisiting the Foundational Assumptions of Fiscal Transparency and Accountability Work AU - Carothers, Thomas AU - Brechenmacher, Saskia T2 - International Budget Partnership AB - The Fiscal Futures team recently updated the foundational assumptions of fiscal transparency and accountability work to fit today’s world. Learn more. DA - 2018/11/15/T12:58:51+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - https://www.internationalbudget.org/2018/11/revisiting-fiscal-transparency-accountability-foundational-assumptions/ Y2 - 2018/11/23/13:39:53 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Development Aid Confronts Politics: The Almost Revolution AU - Carothers, Thomas AU - de Gramont, Diane AB - A new lens on development is changing the world of international aid. The overdue recognition that development in all sectors is an inherently political process is driving aid providers to try to learn how to think and act politically. Major donors are pursuing explicitly political goals alongside their traditional socioeconomic aims and introducing more politically informed methods throughout their work. Yet these changes face an array of external and internal obstacles, from heightened sensitivity on the part of many aid-receiving governments about foreign political interventionism to inflexible aid delivery mechanisms and entrenched technocratic preferences within many aid organizations. This pathbreaking book assesses the progress and pitfalls of the attempted politics revolution in development aid and charts a constructive way forward. CY - Washington, DC DA - 2013/04/30/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon SP - 360 LA - English PB - EDS Publications Ltd. SN - 978-0-87003-400-8 ST - Development Aid Confronts Politics UR - https://www.amazon.co.uk/Development-Aid-Confronts-Politics-Revolution/dp/0870034006 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling Up Inclusive Approaches for Marginalised and Vulnerable People AU - Carter, Becky AU - Joshi, Anu AU - Remme, Michelle AB - This rapid review summarises the evidence on how to scale up inclusive approaches to complex social change. It looks at how to design scalable inclusive change interventions, as well as how to plan and manage the scale-up process. Focusing on interventions with the aim of reaching the most marginalised and transform social norms, it covers programmes aiming to deliver inclusive outcomes for women and girls (with a particular focus on preventing violence against women and girls) and persons with disabilities. To date, many interventions seeking to change harmful gender and disability norms have been implemented as small-scale projects. There are limited experiences of scale-up and fewer evaluations of these experiences. However, there are some documented case studies as well as emerging analysis that draw out lessons learned. From this evidence base, this rapid desk review identifies eight critical issues commonly highlighted as important considerations when scaling up inclusive change interventions: 1. Opportunities for systemic approach, including integrating political and community-level scale-up, and coordinating across multiple sectors and stakeholders 2. Political support for scale-up 3. Strategic choices: balancing reach, speed, cost, quality, equity, and sustainability 4. Catalysing change: tipping points, diffusion effects, and local champions 5. Locally grounded, participatory, and adaptive approaches 6. Long-term approaches with funding models to match 7. Cost-effective and financially feasible scale-up strategies 8. Measuring impact and sustainability. DA - 2018/07// PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13964 Y2 - 2019/02/15/09:40:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - An inventory and review of countering violent extremism and insurgency monitoring systems AU - Carter, Lynn AU - Phyllis, Dinino CY - Washington DC DA - 2012/12/10/ PY - 2012 SP - 92 PB - USAID UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JSKQ.pdf Y2 - 2019/09/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Where next for development effectiveness? Implementing development effectiveness: a reality check AU - Carter, Paddy T2 - 2016 CAPE Conference CY - London DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - ODI SN - Conference note 5 UR - https://www.odi.org/events/4395-development-effectiveness-sdgs-sustainable-development-goals Y2 - 2016/11/15/15:08:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using middle-level theory to improve programme and evaluation design AU - Cartwright, N AB - What can middle-level theory do? Middle-level theory (MLT) has several uses in development planning and evaluation. „ It helps predict whether a programme can be expected to work in a new setting. „ It offers insights into what design features are needed for success. „ It provides invaluable information for monitoring to see if the programme is on track and to fix problems that arise. „ It reveals the causal processes and related assumptions to be tested in an evaluation and helps identify evaluation questions. „ It helps in interpreting evaluation findings, assessing their relevance and locating a description of them that is useful for programme design and evaluation in other settings CY - Oxford DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020 M3 - Methods Brief PB - CEDIL UR - https://cedilprogramme.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/PDD10144-CEDIL-Template-WEB.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:55:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2018 Map of the Complexity Sciences AU - Castellani, Brian AB - A map that provides a macroscopic, trans-disciplinary introductions to the complexity sciences. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Durham University UR - http://www.art-sciencefactory.com/complexity-map_feb09.html Y2 - 2018/10/02/13:26:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptation in practice: lessons from teenage pregnancy programmes in Sierra Leone AU - Castillejo, Clare AU - Buell, Stephanie AB - A discussion of initial learning emerging from the SLRC ’Adaptive approaches to reducing teenage pregnancy in Sierra Leone’ action research project. CY - London DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 LA - en M3 - Briefing paper PB - ODI ST - Adaptation in practice UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/16732-adaptation-practice-lessons-teenage-pregnancy-programmes-sierra-leone Y2 - 2021/02/18/13:36:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Politically informed approaches to gender in fragile and conflict-affected settings AU - Castillejo, Clare AU - Domingo, Pilar AU - George, Rachel AU - O’Connell, Shannon AB - This report summarises the discussions at a meeting held in September 2019 of a group of global development research and policy experts and practitioners, convened by ODI and the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, to share experiences and knowledge, reflect on what we already know about working politically on gender in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS), and identify what further evidence would be useful. Key messages: - It is important to identify, document and learn from politically informed and adaptive ways of working in practice on gender in FCAS. - Different analytical and monitoring, evaluation and learning tools are required for politically informed programming on gender. These should be embedded within programme teams and processes, and be both gender-responsive and responsive to the political economy context. - There is a need for more politically smart use of quantitative and qualitative data in order to identify plausible entry points and ways of working on gender in FCAS. This should include increasing the capacity of programme staff to use data to inform, adapt and correct programmes. - Staff promoting politically informed work on gender equality are often isolated, with little opportunity to share experiences or learn from others. Platforms should therefore be created to share experience and knowledge, and to bring together donors and implementers involved in this work. CY - London DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 16 LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - ODI SN - 578 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Tiny Tools - Measuring Change in Communities and Groups AU - Causemann, Bernward AU - Gohl, Eberhard AU - Brenner, Verena AB - Introduction to the Overview: Tiny Tools Why “Tiny Tools” for assessing change? Currently, change is mostly assessed by NGO staff or external experts. The vision of this paper is that communities assess and reflect change themselves and make use of that reflection with appropriate tools. All the tools presented here are relatively quick and easy to learn (therefore “tiny”). With Tiny Tools we can assess change in one session. They can therefore be used where there are not baselines. They are structured and systematic, and they are all widely tested: Experience shows that these tools lead to new insights, mobilise enthusiasm and increase the capacity of communities to bring about further change. The Tiny Tools are in line with what Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) wanted to achieve. Many are slight variations of PRA tools. For a detailed description of concepts, see the NGO-IDEAs Impact Toolbox (www.ngo-ideas.net/impact_toolbox) and the NGO-IDEAs Manual Self-Effectiveness (www.ngo-ideas.net/monitoring_self_effectiveness). The tools are designed to visualise change, but also enable communities to reflect on the reasons of change or verify assessments. They may be implemented once or continuously over time. We know that the time of community members is precious, and limited. Therefore all Tiny Tools can be performed in a relatively short session, provided facilitators (it could be field staff or project officers) are experienced – and the community knows and trusts them. The amount of time spent on the application of the tools may however be prolonged according to the needs of a community or NGO. All of these tools are easy to learn for a facilitator experienced in participatory processes. Which tool should be introduced to which community? It is typically the decision of a development organisation (or external experts) which tools they want to introduce into a community. The staff need to assess which tool will lead to learning and action. It could also be that the staff realise aspects of change that they do not understand well enough. These tools are good for exploring change that we have not planned for and not anticipated. They are also good for exploring change in a context where we have no prior information. Communities are the best experts for their situation, but we emphasise that the tools should be used in ways that benefit and empower the communities or individuals participating. The tool implementations should lead to consequences on the grassroots as well as the NGO level. All Tiny Tools can be integrated into PIAR, the Analysis tool in the NGO-IDEAs Impact Toolbox. Also, the Tiny Tools can help to prepare for the application of the Toolbox tools. They help to make people aware of changes that can be observed. The following box gives some hints how Tiny Tools relate to the Impact Toolbox tools, and to what extent they help to attribute change to development interventions. CY - Stuttgart DA - 2012/01// PY - 2012 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Impact+ UR - http://www.ngo-ideas.net/tiny_tools/index.html Y2 - 2023/07/14/00:00:00 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - The collaborative exploration of alternative futures: A different approach to Theories of Change AU - CEDIL programme AB - ParEvo is a web application that enables the collaborative construction and exploration of a range of alternative futures: likely and unlikely, desirable and undesirable. These are described in the form of a branching narrative structure, developed over a series of iterations involving the interactions of a group of participants. These detailed storylines about the future contrast with optimistic, skeletal and largely singular views of the future found in diagrammatic ToCs often encountered by evaluators. This webinar will describe a recent ParEvo exercise implemented by the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) in Cambridge. In this exercise 11 international experts explored ideas about how global risks associated with biotechnology research could be managed, and mismanaged, in the coming four years. Including how these alternative futures were evaluated by participants and the CSER facilitators. Issues to be discussed by the panel, and others, include comparisons with other representations of Theories of Change and other approaches to the exploration of alternative futures, described variously as scenario planning, futures or foresight work. Speakers: Rick Davies, Lara Mani Tom Hobson An overview of the app can be found here: https://mscinnovations.wordpress.com/ The app website is here: https://parevo.org/ DA - 2022/04/13/ PY - 2022 DP - YouTube ST - The collaborative exploration of alternative futures UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hlbpqfw_ve4 Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:44:57 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exit for Sustainability Checklists AU - Cekan, Jindra AB - These Checklists for Exit along the Sustainability Project Cycle are based on lessons from ex-post evaluations that Valuing Voices has done or researched. Ex-post project completion evaluations are rare and even more so those that consulted partners and participants in the field about sustained impacts. Over $3.5 trillion has been spent on public foreign aid projects in the past 70 years (OECD 2019) yet we have evaluated less than 1% of these projects for sustainability. Our Valuing Voices ex-post research of 39 organizations’ evaluations of sustainability shows that most project results decrease (20-90%) as early as two years ex-post in addition to An Asian Development Bank study of post-completion sustainability found that “some early evidence suggests that as many as 40% of all new activities are not sustained beyond the first few years after disbursement of external funding,” Most project exits are in the last quarter and sustainability handover assumptions are not validated expost. Learning from what was sustained helps us know how to exit for sustainability from the very onset of the project (green slices) as compared to the typical project cycle (orange), above. We encourage those tasked with funding, designing, implementing, monitoring & evaluating projects to use these longer checklists and view the full recording shared with participants. A partial PowerPoint can also be found on „Sustaining All of our Hard Work“ presentation for the Vienna Evaluation Network (10/20). These checklists are aimed at donors/designers and implementers of foreign aid projects outcomes and impacts and can be adapted by local NGOs, national governments, private sector, academics, to create exit plans. Local participation in creating these and feedback on how well exit is going will help them sustain results. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Valuing Voices UR - https://valuingvoices.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Exit-For-Sustainability-Checklists-Dec2020-2.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/18/13:20:22 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Webinar - Sustainability Ready: what it takes to support & measure lasting change AU - Cekan, Jindra T2 - Valuing Voices AB - On June 24th under GLocal’s UNConference, “Co-creating our future stories of hope and action”, Jindra Cekan, Holta Trandafili, and Isabella Jean presented their work on sustainability evaluations and exit strategies via local voices. We chaired a 2-hour discussion session on the following topics: Sustainability of global development projects and exit from them, The importance of valuing local partners’ and participants’ voices, How to embed ex-post evaluation of sustainability into the project cycle, How expectations, benchmarking, and early joint planning in exit strategies, as well as considering long-term ownership & relevance will support projects to be sustained locally, including questioning who will maintain results, Considering power dynamics between donors and ultimate ‘beneficiaries’ and the value of the impact of the project from a variety of perspectives, and more Here is the recording of our presentation or see just the PowerPoint presentation. We harvested lessons from our three presentations: Jindra Cekan: · Fear of learning about failure in our global development industry – INGOs are “waiting for a successful enough project” to commission ex-post project sustainability evaluation · It needs to be a culture of learning, not a culture of success. · Lack of transparency in sharing program evaluation results with communities and local government is widespread, and even more rarely do we come back after many years and share learnings · Participatory approaches are vital, listening to participants about sustained impacts is key · It is never attribution, always contribution. To isolate impacts, we need to look for project sites that haven’t had multiple other organizations overlapping through all phases. · Building sustainability planning throughout the project cycle is key – but often doesn’t happen Holta Trandafili: · Sustainability needs to be planned to be researched, including evaluating why or why not were project elements sustained, and why? What has the project done to enable communities to sustain improvements? · Expectations of sustainability need to be more modest (as most results are mixed good/bad) · We need to ask: How are you defining and measuring sustainability – for how long should the results last? Among how many participants? Have you set benchmarks for success? · We should expand your toolbox on methodology to investigate sustainability. Stories of success are one of a myriad of methods used, including mixed-methods, cost-benefit, etc. · Start with the need for learning not [just] accountability Isabella Jean: · Sustainability investigation/evaluation/learning should be mindful that this is NOT about projects. It is about people. · We have a system that focuses on gaps and needs to be filled vs. existing capacities’ structures to be reinforced. How can our work on measuring sustainability bring this to light and call it out, so that we change the norm? · Planning for sustainability requires the insight to integrate resources and experiences of outsiders with the assets and capacities of insiders to develop context-appropriate strategies for change If you would like to discuss this with any of us, please send us comments and we’re happy to respond. Thanks again to the G-Local UnConference team! Below please find our bios: Jindra Cekan/ova has worked in global development for 33 years focused on participatory design and M&E for global non-profits. She founded Valuing Voices 7 years ago. For details, see: Valuing Voices Founder Holta Trandafili is the Research, Learning, and Analytics Manager with World Vision US and has been leading field research, monitoring, and evaluation since 2007. She has led sustainability measurement studies for World Vision programs in Uganda, Kenya, Sri Lanka, India, Burma, and Bolivia. Her areas of expertise and interest include program and community groups’ sustainability measurements; agency-level measurements; empowerment approaches to development; integrated programming; local capacities for peace; gender analysis; and outcome monitoring. Currently, Mrs. Trandafili serves as an Advisory Committee member for InterAction’s Effectiveness and Program Evaluation Working Group and chairs one of the sub-working groups under The Movement for Community-led Development. Isabella Jean supports international and local organizations and funders to document promising practices, facilitate learning and strengthen capacities for conflict sensitivity, peacebuilding and humanitarian effectiveness. She has facilitated action research, collaborative learning and advisory engagements in over 25 countries, and serves as an advisor to policymakers, senior leadership and program teams. Isabella co-authored the book, Time to Listen: Hearing People on the Receiving End of Aid and developed practical guidance to support accountability to communities, listening and feedback loops, and responsible INGO exits. She teaches graduate-level courses on aid effectiveness, program strategies and M&E of peacebuilding at Brandeis University’s Heller School for Social Policy and Management. Previously, Isabella directed training at a community organizing network and conducted policy research for the Institute for Responsive Education, UNDP, and Coexistence International. DA - 2020/07/07/T23:07:04+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-US ST - Sustainability Ready UR - http://valuingvoices.com/sustainability-ready-what-it-takes-to-support-measure-lasting-change-webinar/ Y2 - 2020/10/01/09:34:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participation by All - The keys to sustainability of a CRS food security project in Niger AU - Cekan, Jindra AU - Kagendo, Rutere AU - Towns, Alexandra AB - This project that ran from 2006-2012 in Niger and was implemented by three NGOs: CRS, Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), and Helen Keller International (HKI) under the direction of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Food for Peace (FFP) as a multi-year assistance program (MYAP) to support food security activities in the Dosso, Tahoua, and Zinder regions. PROSAN focused on increasing agricultural production and agro-enterprise, improving household health and nutrition status, reinforcing the capacities of health agents, and enhancing community resiliency. Here are the highlights from the report which itself is an excerpt from a longer analysis we did. Also please note one Annex highlights the similarlties/ differences we found to USAID/ FFP’s 4 elements of sustainability: AIM, METHODS, AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS The aim of this sustainability evaluation was to explore perceptions of sustainability from Nigeriens involved in PROSAN, former CRS staff and donors. It focused on evaluating participants’ adherence to project outcomes and their creation of new innovations. It also evaluated partners’ involvement in sustaining project outcomes. This evaluation used qualitative and quantitative methods including community mapping, focus group discussions, beneficiary interviews, and key stakeholder interviews. The evaluation was carried out in six communities in the Dosso region, with more than 500 interviewees, focusing on the following research questions: Sustainability of activities and groups: Are the communities sustaining the activities three to five years after the end of the project? What can we learn from the communities and their post-project implementation partners? Spread and unexpected outcomes: If the project was considered a success in the eyes of the community, how well did it spread? Fostering Sustainability: What are the long-term prospects for continued sustainability? FINDINGS Three years after PROSAN’s conclusion, the project was considered a success by community members, national partners, the implementer (CRS), and donor (USAID) staff. The main findings include: 1. SUSTAINABILITY OF ACTIVITIES AND GROUPS Eighty percent (80%)[*] of all activities were reported to have become self-sustained and community innovations have emerged: On average, households reported moving from being food secure for 3-6 months per year during PROSAN to 8-12 months at the time of this evaluation, which is a remarkable impact [1]. CRS_Niger_PROSAN_Sustainability_Evaluation_pdf [1] Women reported greater income through the increase in sales of food that was produced and processed due to the grain mills [1]. Respondents also reported improved household health, hygiene, and nutrition, with 91% of survey respondents indicating that their health and sense of well being had improved, especially through the efforts of the health posts and clinics that CRS helped build and the government of Niger’s efforts in sustaining them with resources and staff [1]. Community groups/committees have continued and are well-supported by NGO partners: 81% of the committees set up by PROSAN were functioning at the time of this evaluation, with many participants discussing ways to sustain best practices within their communities, and members still receiving regular trainings or updates [1]. Several new and refresher trainings come through national partners, NGOs, and new channels such as radio programs [1]. Some new NGOs and international organizations have built upon PROSAN’s success, for instance, by using land previously managed by PROSAN for a new vegetable gardening training program, building hygiene programs on past health awareness efforts, or extending agricultural credit for further inputs [1]. Twenty percent (20%) of implemented activities were not sustained or have stagnated: While hygiene practices were sustained by households and there was widespread latrine construction, sanitation was poor in the villages, and most latrines had fallen into disrepair [1]. Fewer than 50% of women reported practicing exclusive breastfeeding for children less than six months of age [1]. While almost half of all health committees no longer exist, new health clinics staff have replaced some of the work of the committees with health and agricultural promotion messages now being sent via radio, television, and cell phones [1]. Literacy training and theater groups have completely ceased [1]. With the exception of the Système Communautaire d’Alerte Précoce-Réponses aux Urgences’ (SCAP-RU) SCAP-RU early warning system which has expanded, other resilience activities such as roadwork and caring for the environment are a lesser priority due in part to the lack of food and cash-incentives to continue doing them [1]. 2. SPREAD AND UNEXPECTED OUTCOMES New innovations and ceased activities reflected the project’s legacy: Community innovations have emerged such as collective funds paying for cleaners of the new health center, community-imposed sanctions for births occurring outside of the health centers, and the monitoring of savings from well water sales. National partners have praised the project, with many lamenting its withdrawal. One non-PROSAN village told an Agriculture Ministry staff and potential NGO partner that “No one should bring a program here unless it is like PROSAN.” PROSAN-trained masons, well repair technicians, and village youth have learned land recuperation techniques (zai holes, bunds and demi-lunes) that helped generate income beyond project communities. Project activities that received free inputs have largely stopped being implemented once the incentives were withdrawn such as Food for Training (FFT), Food for Work (FFW), or Cash for Work (CFW) (e.g. literacy, seedlings, latrines, theater etc.); nonetheless the inputs were highly valued and have continued to support agriculture and health (carts, bicycles). 3. FOSTERING SUSTAINABILITY The following areas were identified as potential barriers to sustainability that could be systematically explored in other projects: Although most committees are still functioning, there are no processes in place to engage and train youth and new inhabitants of the villages. While village communities have been maintained, there is an increasing lack of ministry resources (e.g., staff, transportation, and communications) to take the place of NGOs like CRS after a program ends. There is little management of knowledge around project data, which is further exacerbated by staff changes in NGOs, government ministries, and donors. Project data (proposal content, monitoring data, evaluation results, participant lists, partner names, and exit agreements) must be managed ethically, locally and be held online, accessible for future projects to use and for villages to conduct self-evaluations. CY - Baltimore, USA DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Valuing Voices UR - https://www.crs.org/sites/default/files/tools-research/participation-by-all.pdf Y2 - 2023/08/14/07:14:53 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Change: How to Make Big Things Happen AU - Centola, Damon AB - How to create the change you want to see in the world using the paradigm-busting ideas in this "utterly fascinating" (Adam Grant) big-idea book.​ Most of what we know about how ideas spread comes from bestselling authors who give us a compelling picture of a world, in which "influencers" are king, "sticky" ideas "go viral," and good behavior is "nudged" forward. The problem is that the world they describe is a world where information spreads, but beliefs and behaviors stay the same. When it comes to lasting change in what we think or the way we live, the dynamics are beliefs and behaviors are not transmitted from person to person in the simple way that a virus is. The real story of social change is more complex. When we are exposed to a new idea, our social networks guide our responses in striking and surprising ways. Drawing on deep-yet-accessible research and fascinating examples from the spread of coronavirus to the success of the Black Lives Matter movement, the failure of Google+, and the rise of political polarization, Change presents groundbreaking and paradigm-shifting new science for understanding what drives change, and how we can change the world around us. CY - London DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - Amazon SP - 352 LA - English PB - Little, Brown Spark SN - 978-0-316-45733-0 ST - Change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions AU - Challender, Daniel W.S. AU - Harrop, Stuart R. AU - MacMillan, Douglas C. T2 - Global Ecology and Conservation AB - International trade in wildlife is a key threat to biodiversity conservation. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, seeks to ensure international wildlife trade is sustainable, relying on trade bans and controls. However, there has been little comprehensive review of its effectiveness and here we review approaches taken to regulate wildlife trade in CITES. Although assessing its effectiveness is problematic, we assert that CITES boasts few measurable conservation successes. We attribute this to: non-compliance, an over reliance on regulation, lack of knowledge and monitoring of listed species, ignorance of market forces, and influence among CITES actors. To more effectively manage trade we argue that interventions should go beyond regulation and should be multi-faceted, reflecting the complexity of wildlife trade. To inform these interventions we assert an intensive research effort is needed around six key areas: (1) factors undermining wildlife trade governance at the national level, (2) determining sustainable harvest rates for, and adaptive management of CITES species, (3) gaining the buy-in of local communities in implementing CITES, (4) supply and demand based market interventions, (5) means of quantifying illicit trade, and (6) political processes and influence within CITES. DA - 2015/01/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.gecco.2014.11.010 VL - 3 SP - 129 EP - 148 J2 - Global Ecology and Conservation SN - 2351-9894 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989414000791 KW - CITES KW - Community conservation KW - Compliance KW - Economics KW - Regulation KW - Wildlife trade ER - TY - CHAP TI - 3. Reflections and directions: a personal note AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - Participatory Learning and Action 50: Critical reflections, future directions A2 - Kenton, N. T3 - PLA notes DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 PB - IIED SN - 978-1-84369-526-4 UR - https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Im4wDpECt0C ER - TY - BOOK TI - Can we know better? Reflections for Development AU - Chambers, Robert AB - This book is intended for all who are committed to human wellbeing and who want to make our world fairer, safer and more fulfilling for everyone, especially those who are 'last'. It argues that to do better we need to know better. It provides evidence that what we believe we know in international development is often distorted or unbalanced by errors, myths, biases and blind spots. Undue weight has been attached to standardised methodologies such as randomized control trials, systematic reviews, and competitive bidding: these are shown to have huge transaction costs which are rarely if ever recognized in their enormity. Robert Chambers contrasts a Newtonian paradigm in which the world is seen and understood as controllable with a paradigm of complexity which recognizes that the real world of social processes and power relations is messy and unpredictable. To confront the challenges of complex and emergent realities requires a revolutionary new professionalism. This is underpinned by a new combination of canons of rigour expressed through eclectic methodological pluralism and participatory approaches which reverse and transform power relations. Promising developments include rapid innovations in participatory ICTs, participatory statistics, and the Reality Check Approach with its up-to-date and rigorously grounded insights. Fundamental to the new professionalism, in every country and context, are reflexivity, facilitation, groundtruthing, and personal mindsets, behaviour, attitudes, empathy and love. Robert Chambers surveys the past world of international development, and his own past views, with an honest and critical eye, and then launches into the world of complexity with a buoyant enthusiasm. He draws on almost six decades of experience in varied roles in Africa, South Asia and elsewhere as practitioner, trainer, manager, teacher, evaluator and field researcher, also working in UNHCR and the Ford Foundation. He is a Research Associate and Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, his base for many years. Can We Know Better? is essential reading for researchers and students of development, for policy makers and evaluators, and for all those working towards the better world of the Sustainable Development Goals. CY - Rugby, UK DA - 2017/08// PY - 2017 DP - CrossRef LA - en PB - Practical Action SN - 978-1-85339-945-9 978-1-78044-944-9 ST - Can We Know Better? UR - http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449449 Y2 - 2017/09/08/12:00:31 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Debiasing: a systematic discipline and delight for development professionals AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - Institute of Development Studies AB - Do we really need debiasing, yet another word?  Yes, unless anyone can improve on it, because we need a word to describe a rigorous discipline we development professionals need for grounded realism. This has been coming on me slowly. But now explorations and ‘aha!’ moments in India have accumulated and combined into an epiphany.  For […] DA - 2018/12/18/T15:17:36+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-GB ST - Debiasing UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/debiasing-a-systematic-discipline-and-delight-for-development-professionals/ Y2 - 2020/10/16/14:06:20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Editorial: Responsible well-being — a personal agenda for development AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - World Development AB - If development means good change, questions arise about what is good, and what sorts of change matter. Answers can be personally defined and redefined. The changing words, meanings and concepts of development discourse both reflect and influence what is done. The realities of the powerful tend to dominate. Drawing on experience with participatory approaches and methods which enable poor and marginalized people to express their realities, responsible well-being is proposed as a central concept for a development agenda. This links with capabilities and livelihoods, and is based on equity and sustainability as principles. The primacy of personal actions and non-actions in development points to the need for a pedagogy for the non-oppressed. This includes self-critical awareness, thinking through the effects of actions, and enabling those with power and wealth to experience being better off with less. Others are invited and encouraged to reflect, improve on this analysis, and write their own agenda. DA - 1997/11/01/ PY - 1997 DO - 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10001-8 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - 1743 EP - 1754 J2 - World Development SN - 0305-750X ST - Editorial UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X97100018 Y2 - 2024/01/26/11:14:08 KW - development vocabulary KW - ethics KW - methods KW - participation KW - poverty KW - well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - From PRA to PLA and pluralism: practice and theory AU - Chambers, Robert AB - PRA (participatory rural appraisal) and the more inclusive PLA (participatory learning and action) are families of participatory methodologies which have evolved as behaviours and attitudes, methods, and practices of sharing. During the 1990s and 2000s PRA/PLA has spread and been applied in most countries in the world. Among the multifarious domains of application, some of the more common have been natural resource management and agriculture, programmes for equity, empowerment, rights and security, and community-level planning and action. Related participatory methodologies which have co-evolved and spread widely as movements include farmer participatory research, Integrated Pest Management, Reflect, Stepping Stones and Participatory Geographic Information Systems. Ideologically and epistemologically PRA/PLA seeks and embodies participatory ways to empower local and subordinate people, enabling them to express and enhance their knowledge and take action. It can be understood as having three main components: facilitators’ behaviours, attitudes and mindsets linked with precepts for action; methods which combine visuals, tangibles and groups; and sharing without boundaries. The interplay of these resonates with theories of chaos, complexity, emergence and deep simplicity, especially self-organising systems on the edge of chaos. Good practice has moved towards an eclectic pluralism in which branding, labels, ownership and ego give way to sharing, borrowing, improvisation, creativity and diversity, all these complemented by mutual and critical reflective learning and personal responsibility. Keywords: participatory methodologies; networks; pluralism; practice; theory. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en ST - From PRA to PLA and pluralism UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/4079 Y2 - 2023/10/17/13:56:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ideas for Development AU - Chambers, Robert AB - Our world seems entangled in systems increasingly dominated by power, greed, ignorance, self-deception and denial, with spiralling inequity and injustice. Against a backdrop of climate change, failing ecosystems, poverty, crushing debt and corporate exploitation, the future of our world looks dire and the solutions almost too monumental to consider. Yet all is not lost. Robert Chambers, one of the ?glass is half full? optimists of international development, suggests that the problems can be solved and everyone has the power at a personal level to take action, develop solutions and remake our world as it can and should be. Chambers peels apart and analyses aspects of development that have been neglected or misunderstood. In each chapter, he presents an earlier writing which he then reviews and reflects upon in a contemporary light before harvesting a wealth of powerful conclusions and practical implications for the future. The book draws on experiences from Africa, Asia and elsewhere, covering topics and concepts as wide and varied as irreversibility, continuity and commitment; administrative capacity as a scarce resource; procedures and principles; participation in the past, present and future; scaling up; behaviour and attitudes; responsible wellbeing; and concepts for development in the 21st century. CY - London DA - 2005/05/05/ PY - 2005 DP - Amazon SP - 320 LA - English PB - Routledge SN - 978-1-84407-088-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inclusive rigour for complexity AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - Journal of Development Effectiveness AB - Rigour can be reductionist or inclusive. To learn about and understand conditions of complexity, emergence, nonlinearity and unpredictability, the inclusive rigour of mixed methods has been a step in the right direction. From analysis of mixed methods and participatory approaches and methods, this article postulates canons for inclusive rigour for research and evaluation for complexity: eclectic methodological pluralism; improvisation and innovation; adaptive iteration; triangulation; plural perspectives; optimal ignorance and appropriate imprecision; and being open, alert and inquisitive. Inclusive rigour is inherent in participatory methods and approaches, visualisations, group-visual synergy, the democracy of the ground and participatory statistics. Transparent reflexivity, personal behaviour and attitudes, and good facilitation are fundamental. Fully inclusive rigour for complexity demands many personal, institutional and professional revolutions. DA - 2015/07/03/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1080/19439342.2015.1068356 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 327 EP - 335 SN - 1943-9342 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2015.1068356 Y2 - 2016/09/30/14:59:18 KW - Evaluation KW - Mixed methods KW - Participatory methodologies KW - Research KW - paradigm KW - rigour ER - TY - BOOK TI - Into the unknown: explorations in development practice AU - Chambers, Robert AB - Into the Unknown reflects on the journey of learning, and encourages readers to learn from observation, curiosity, critical feedback, play and fun. This book will be of interest to development professionals, including academics, students, NGO workers and the staff of international agencies CY - Rugby DA - 2014/04/15/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon SP - 162 LA - English PB - Practical Action Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-823-0 ST - Into the Unknown ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing Rural Development AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - Institute of Development Studies Bulletin DA - 1974/// PY - 1974 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.1974.mp6001002.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 4 EP - 12 LA - en SN - 1759-5436 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1974.mp6001002.x Y2 - 2022/07/11/10:43:55 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Managing Rural Development: Ideas and Experience from East Africa AU - Chambers, Robert DA - 1974/// PY - 1974 SP - 232 LA - en PB - Scandinavian Institute of African Studies SN - 978-91-7106-075-4 ST - Managing Rural Development ER - TY - RPRT TI - Paradigms, Poverty and Adaptive Pluralism AU - Chambers, Robert AB - This paper explores participatory methodologies (PMs) associated with a paradigm of people, contrasted with a dominant paradigm associated with things. CY - Brighton DA - 2010/07// PY - 2010 M3 - Working Paper PB - IDS SN - 344 UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/idspublication/paradigms-poverty-and-adaptive-pluralism-rs Y2 - 2017/03/21/16:47:26 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Perverse Payment by Results: frogs in a pot and straitjackets for obstacle courses AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - IDS - Participation, Power and Social Change AB - Posts about Robert Chambers written by idsppsc DA - 2014/09/03/ PY - 2014 UR - https://participationpower.wordpress.com/tag/robert-chambers/ Y2 - 2017/06/29/15:55:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Poverty Unperceived: Traps, Biases and Agenda AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - IDS Working Paper 270 CY - Brighton DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Talis Aspire PB - IDS ST - Poverty Unperceived UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp270.pdf Y2 - 2017/04/07/15:34:12 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Rapid Action Learning and COVID-19 AU - Chambers, Robert T2 - Sanitation Learning Hub AB - A-ha! A moment etched in my memory: 20 or so researchers were... DA - 2020/10/06/T09:46:33+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB UR - https://sanitationlearninghub.org/2020/10/06/rapid-action-learning-for-covid-19/ Y2 - 2020/10/16/14:03:59 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Rural development: putting the last first AU - Chambers, Robert DA - 1983/// PY - 1983 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Prentice Hall ST - Rural development UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/178 Y2 - 2017/04/07/15:21:25 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last AU - Chambers, Robert AB - In this sequel to "Rural Development: Putting the last first" Robert Chambers argues that central issues in development have been overlooked, and that many past errors have flowed from domination by those with power.Development professionals now need new approaches and methods forinteracting, learning and knowing. Through analyzing experience - of past mistakes and myths, and of the continuing methodological revolution of PRA (participatory rural appraisal) - the author points towards solutions.In many countries, urban and rural people alike have shown an astonishing ability to express and analyze their local, complex and diverse realities which are often at odds with the top-down realities imposed by professionals. The author argues that personal, professional and institutional change is essential if the realities of the poor are to receive greater recognition. Self-critical awareness and changes in concepts, values, methods and behaviour must be developed to explore the new high ground of participation and empowerment."Whose Reality Counts?" presents a radical challenge to all concernedwith development, whether practitioners, researchers or policy-makers, in all organizations and disciplines, and at all levels from fieldworkers to the heads of agencies. With its thrust of putting the first last it presents a new, exciting and above all practical agenda for future development which cannot be ignored. CY - London DA - 1997/01/01/ PY - 1997 DP - Amazon ET - 2 edition SP - 320 LA - English PB - ITDG Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-386-0 ST - Whose Reality Counts? ER - TY - JOUR TI - PRA five years later - where are we now? / DRP - Cinco años después, ¿dónde nos encontramos? AU - Chambers, Robert AU - Guijt, Irene T2 - Forest, Trees and People Newsletter AB - PRA five years later: where are we now? DA - 1995/// PY - 1995 DP - www.academia.edu IS - 26/27 LA - es ST - PRA five years later UR - https://www.academia.edu/111110280/PRA_five_years_later_where_are_we_now Y2 - 2023/12/11/09:36:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rapid Action Learning for Sanitation and Hygiene Programming AU - Chambers, Robert AU - Myers, Jamie AU - Vernon, Naomi T2 - Frontiers of Sanitation AB - There is a glaring gap and compelling need for approaches and methods that realign to new rigour through timeliness, cost-effectiveness, relevance and being actionable. Over the past few years, the Sanitation Learning Hub, in collaboration with the Government of India, Praxis, WSSCC and WaterAid India, have been developing Rapid Action Learning approaches. Multiple approaches have been trialled, with flexible formats, but the essential criteria is that learning is timely, relevant and actionable. These learning approaches are the focus of the latest edition of the Frontiers of Sanitation series. This Frontiers explains the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches trialled and sets out a challenge to those working in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector to: Reflect on what, for you, constitutes rigour. Adopt and adapt approaches to fit your context and needs. Develop your own approaches. Record your experiences and lessons learnt. Take the time to share your experiences with us CY - Brighton DA - 2020/09// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 21 LA - en PB - IDS SN - 15 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Changeroo - Theory of Change platform AU - Changeroo AB - Changeroo assists organisations, programs and projects with a social mission to develop and manage high-quality Theories of Change. It allows you to - together with stakeholders co-create Theories of Change, and - present these in an interactive and engaging way. It helps keep a Theory of Change alive, enables reflective monitoring, and supports capacity building among social organisations. Changeroo helps you utilize your Theory of Change for strategic learning, communication, stakeholder engagement, impact measurement, scaling, planning, monitoring and evaluation. Thus you build a culture of critical thinking, constant analysis, co-creation and continuous learning. In sum, a truly strategic approach to societal value creation that helps you to assist your target groups to flourish! DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://changeroo.com/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:36:34 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Theory of Change: From novice to master changemaker AU - Changeroo AB - Theory of Change is more than just a tool or instrument. It is a mindset! A mindset to optimise impact management. As the cornerstone of impact management it is indispensable to any purpose-driven organisation targeting social or environmental value creation. It offers you the cornerstone of a learning approach toward change and impact. A way to build a mindset and organisational culture of critical reflection, co-creation with stakeholders and constant analysis of what works, why, for whom and under what circumstances. Are you ready to take impact management to the next level with the help of Theory of Change? We offer you the premier online course to learn everything about this approach. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://theoryofchangecourse.com/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:34:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Partnering with communities to co-design humanitarian health strategies: A SeeChange CommunityFirst Framework for implementation in MSF projects AU - Chapela Trillo, Violeta AU - Farber, Jessica AB - The CommunityFirst Framework is intended to be implemented by field teams at MSF. The theoretical aspects and evidence presented on the importance of community engagement are intended for all MSF staff seeking to learn more about why and how to shift the way we work with communities as humanitarians. We believe this guideline, and other tools like it (including OCA’s Person-Centred Approach Guidance07, and MSF Vienna Evaluation Unit’s Guidance for Involving Communities08), to be an important contribution to the growing movement of communities and humanitarian actors who are pushing for changes in the humanitarian system that translate to dignity, health, justice, equity and self-determination for communities around the world. Specifically, the CommunityFirst Framework is intended to guide MSF teams to co-design health strategies with communities, throughout all stages of the project cycle, for exploratory missions, projects that are just opening, projects that have been running for some time, or those that are closing. At the time of publication, the CommunityFirst Framework has been tested in pilot projects in: (1) Madre de Dios, Peru (MSF OCP, August 2022), (2) Tonkolili, Sierra Leone (MSF OCA, November 2022) and (3) Anzoátegui, Venezuela (MSF OCB, February 2023) The experiences from these pilots (feedback from teams, implementation results, adaptations to each context, etc.) have informed the adaptation of the Framework. CommunityFirst builds on existing community engagement work inside MSF and contributes a practical framework for co-designing health initiatives with communities. To avoid duplicating efforts and resources around community engagement inside MSF, the appendices in this guideline largely refer to already existing MSF resources.09 This guideline is meant to be a living document that can evolve and be adapted given the experience of MSF staff and community members and diverse community contexts. This guide can be used by anyone in MSF who is interested in partnering with communities to improve the responsiveness and impact of their humanitarian programs. This is the first iteration of the document. Subsequent iterations will be published based on additional testing during future phases of the CommunityFirst TIC project. DA - 2034/03// PY - 2034 PB - MSF UR - https://www.seechangeinitiative.org/ Y2 - 2024/03/25/14:20:16 ER - TY - BOOK TI - System Failure: Why Governments Must Learn to Think Differently AU - Chapman, Jake AB - The current model of public policy-making is no longer right for a government that has set itself the challenge of delivery. Improvements are driven by central policy initiatives which assume a direct relationship between action and outcome - but this is a false assumption. Public services are complex adaptive systems which are subject to the law of unintended consequences, so intervention can make problems worse. That is why the carrot-and-stick approach to reform which links increased funding to tougher performance targets will not succeed in the long run. Renowned systems thinker Jake Chapman describes how government's energetic attempts to force change from the centre are becoming counter-productive. The alternative is government based on continuous learning. This is increasingly important as the impact of communication technology and other accelerating social trends offers a moving target for public service reformers. Systems thinking offers a better model for change in complex organisations such as the health service or the railway network. Case studies provided by the NHS confederation show the unintended and often bizarre consequences of introducing new policies without considering their impact on the whole system. Since the original publication of Systems Failure in 2002, many of its core ideas have been taken on by government. In this second edition, Chapman reflects on the experience of putting systems thinking into practice in public services, and explains why the changes he suggests are more difficult - and more urgent - than expected. CY - London DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 DP - Amazon SP - 104 LA - English PB - Demos SN - 978-1-84180-123-0 ST - System Failure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Theory of Change in complex Research for Development programmes: challenges and solutions from the Global Challenges Research Fund AU - Chapman, Sarah AU - Boodhoo, Adiilah AU - Duffy, Carren AU - Goodman, Suki AU - Michalopoulou, Maria T2 - The European Journal of Development Research AB - The United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) aimed to address global challenges to achieve the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals through 12 interdisciplinary research hubs. This research documents key lessons learned around working with Theory of Change (ToC) to guide Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) within these complex research for development hubs. Interviews and document reviews were conducted in ten of the research hubs. The results revealed that only one hub invested in an explicit visual system mapping approach, and that funder timelines, budget constraints and issues with capacity and expertise limited the application of these approaches across all hubs. In contrast, many hubs attempted to deal with visual complexity by means of ether constructing multiple, nested ToCs, or a conscious simplification of complexity through reducing their ToC towards a straightforward and uncomplicated chain model or spherical model. While the former approach had some value, most hubs struggled to find capacity to support the full articulation of nested ToCs. In contrast, the latter approach resulted in ToCs which lacked detail or mechanism articulation, but which nevertheless were often ‘fit for purpose’ in ensuring effective communication and coherence across diverse stakeholders and sub-projects. We conclude that in instances where the reporting, funding and management cycles of complex research for development programmes cannot be adapted to properly support learning-based approaches to ToC development, imposing simplicity in the ToC might be fit for purpose. This might also be preferable to more complex visual approaches that are only partially realised. DA - 2023/04/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1057/s41287-023-00574-0 DP - Springer Link VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 298 EP - 322 J2 - Eur J Dev Res LA - en SN - 1743-9728 ST - Theory of Change in Complex Research for Development Programmes UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00574-0 Y2 - 2023/04/13/11:21:03 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Causal inferences on the effectiveness of complex social programs: Navigating assumptions, sources of complexity and evaluation design challenges AU - Chatterji, Madhabi T2 - Evaluation and Program Planning AB - This paper explores avenues for navigating evaluation design challenges posed by complex social programs (CSPs) and their environments when conducting studies that call for generalizable, causal inferences on the intervention’s effectiveness. A definition is provided of a CSP drawing on examples from different fields, and an evaluation case is analyzed in depth to derive seven (7) major sources of complexity that typify CSPs, threatening assumptions of textbook-recommended experimental designs for performing impact evaluations. Theoretically-supported, alternative methodological strategies are discussed to navigate assumptions and counter the design challenges posed by the complex configurations and ecology of CSPs. Specific recommendations include: sequential refinement of the evaluation design through systems thinking, systems-informed logic modeling; and use of extended term, mixed methods (ETMM) approaches with exploratory and confirmatory phases of the evaluation. In the proposed approach, logic models are refined through direct induction and interactions with stakeholders. To better guide assumption evaluation, question-framing, and selection of appropriate methodological strategies, a multiphase evaluation design is recommended. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.009 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 59 SP - 128 EP - 140 J2 - Evaluation and Program Planning SN - 0149-7189 ST - Causal inferences on the effectiveness of complex social programs UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718916301094 Y2 - 2018/02/04/17:17:21 KW - Causal inferences KW - Complex social programs KW - Experimental designs KW - Impact evaluations KW - Mixed methods ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strengthening Advocacy and Civic Engagemetn in Nigeria AU - Chemonics DA - 2018//12/ PY - 2018 PB - Chemonics International UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TPWG.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/01/12:18:55 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Changes for Justice Project - Final Report AU - Chemonics International CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/05// PY - 2015 PB - USAID ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural Disaster Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks: A Case Study of Data-intensive Applications upon Low-Cost Scalable Systems AU - Chen, Dan AU - Liu, Zhixin AU - Wang, Lizhe AU - Dou, Minggang AU - Chen, Jingying AU - Li, Hui T2 - Mobile Networks and Applications AB - The wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has applied in monitoring natural disasters for more than one decade. Disasters can be closely monitored by augmenting a variety of sensors, and WSN has merits in (1) low cost, (2) quick response, and (3) salability and flexibility. Natural disaster monitoring with WSN is a well-known data intensive application for the high bandwidth requirements and stringent delay constraints. It manifests a typical paradigm of data-intensive application upon low-cost scalable system. In this study, we first assessed representative works in this area by classifying those in the domains of application of WSNs for disasters and optimization technologies significantly distinguishing these from general-purpose WSNs. We then described the design of an early warning system for geohazards in reservoir region, which relies on the WSN technology inspired by the existing work with focuses on issues of (1) supporting reliable data transmission, (2) handling huge data of heterogeneous sources and types, and (3) minimizing energy consumption. This study proposes a dynamic routing protocol, a method for network recovery, and a method for managing mobile nodes to enable real-time and reliable data transmission. The system incorporates data fusion and reconstruction approaches to bring together all data into a single view of the geohazard under monitoring. A distributed algorithm for joint optimal control of power and rate has been developed, which can improve utility of network (> 95 %) and to minimize the energy consumption (reduction by > 20 % in comparison with LEACH). Experimental results indicate the potentials of the proposed approaches in terms of adapting to the needs of early warning on geohazards. DA - 2013/10/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s11036-013-0456-9 DP - Springer Link VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 651 EP - 663 J2 - Mobile Netw Appl LA - en SN - 1572-8153 ST - Natural Disaster Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-013-0456-9 Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:23:28 KW - Data-intensive application KW - Geohazard KW - Natural disaster monitoring KW - Scalable system KW - Wireless sensor network ER - TY - BOOK TI - Practical Program Evaluation: Theory-Driven Evaluation and the Integrated Evaluation Perspective AU - Chen, Huey AB - The Second Edition of Practical Program Evaluation shows readers how to systematically identify stakeholders’ needs in order to select the evaluation options best suited to meet those needs. Within his discussion of the various evaluation types, Huey T. Chen details a range of evaluation approaches suitable for use across a program’s life cycle. At the core of program evaluation is its body of concepts, theories, and methods. This revised edition provides an overview of these, and includes expanded coverage of both introductory and more cutting-edge techniques within six new chapters. Illustrated throughout with real-world examples that bring the material to life, the Second Edition provides many new tools to enrich the evaluator’s toolbox. CY - Los Angeles DA - 2014/11/13/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon ET - Second edition SP - 464 LA - English PB - SAGE Publications, Inc SN - 978-1-4129-9230-5 ST - Practical Program Evaluation ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Future of Development: “Make Happen” with Portfolios of Options AU - CHÔRA Foundation AB - This Green Paper intends to review key elements of the problem that Development actors will confront as a new decade opens up ahead of us. It will articulate a solution that we believe should become an inherent feature of Development programs and initiatives. This is the outcome of an intense period of experiences and reflections in the Development space across different geographies and institutional mandates and activities, during which the Foundation has collaborated with institutions such as the UNDP and Grand Challenges Canada. At the heart of our collaborations is a Strategic Innovation and System Transformation Framework, with its associated concepts, working definitions, processes, tools and people. Sourced from CHÔRA Foundation’s knowledge and practice assets, this is a capability we intend to make relevant, customise, scale up and distribute to our partners and stakeholders. We are looking to create with them a space that offers the world a transformational capability. Central to this capability we see a distinctive and robust practice: the design and dynamic management of Portfolios of Strategic Innovation and System Transformation Options. These Portfolios are unique, context relevant, embedded mechanisms for learning, sensemaking and problem solving that social systems leverage to have an impact on themselves and their problems, and to induce the transformations that are necessary to them. It is our view that Portfolios of Options are the most effective means by which human social systems can supply themselves with budgets of possibility that ensure choice and create opportunity. They will also support pragmatic evolutionary outcomes and enable resilience. CY - Haarlem (Netherlands) DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 PB - CHÔRA Foundation UR - https://static1.squarespace.com/static/600eb85f87ba7b33ef93a72a/t/604b93ead71c9b5f9e5f382a/1615565806067/Portfolios+of+Options+Green+Paper+upload.pdf Y2 - 2021/11/09/12:22:53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The journey from rhetoric to reality: participatory evaluation in a development context AU - Chouinard, Jill Anne AU - Cousins, J. Bradley T2 - Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability AB - In this paper, we focus on participatory evaluation in the context of international development and specifically on the emerging empirical knowledge base. In a prior review and critique of research on participatory evaluation (Cousins and Chouinard 2012), we examined 121 studies, with only 21 (17 %) situated in development contexts. However, the circumstances and challenges for international development and for development evaluation are distinct from those found in developed countries and therefore warrant separate consideration. To provide a more focused and detailed understanding of participatory evaluation in international development contexts, in this paper we augment our initial sample to a total of 40 studies on participatory evaluation in development published over the past 16.5 years. Based on an analysis of this research and related theoretical and conceptual contributions we identify and discuss eight emergent themes: multiplicity of relationships, consequences of stakeholder selection, characterization of participation, contextual complexity, methodological requirements, cultural influence, politics and power and learning and capacity building. We conclude with some reflections on an agenda for research. DA - 2015/02/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s11092-013-9184-8 DP - Springer Link VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 39 J2 - Educ Asse Eval Acc LA - en SN - 1874-8600 ST - The journey from rhetoric to reality UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-013-9184-8 Y2 - 2020/10/15/14:31:11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holistic Flexibility for Deploying Systems Thinking as a Cognitive Skill AU - Chowdhury, Rajneesh T2 - Systemic Practice and Action Research AB - Considering Systems Thinking (ST) as a cognitive skill can create greater acceptability of and openness to the discipline from practitioners and researchers outside operations research and management science. Rather than associating ST with frameworks and methodologies, ST as a cognitive skill can help popularize and democratize the discipline. This paper highlights how the conceptual lens of Holistic Flexibility can help practitioners deploy ST as a cognitive skill without the application of any traditional systems methodology. Holistic Flexibility is defined as the dynamic interplay between a state of mind that has the ability to absorb systemic complexity and a state of practice that has the ability to embrace flexibility, both in intent and in form. Through two case-studies, discussions in this paper highlight how Holistic Flexibility can serve as a conceptual lens for systems practitioners. The case-studies demonstrate the importance of a practitioner’s ability to seamlessly manage and work with multiple variables, stakeholders, and factors to deliver responsible outcomes with the aid of learning loops. The main contribution of this paper lies in the case-studies and analyses presented that provide use cases for Holistic Flexibility in ST, which will help address recent calls in the discipline for ST to be considered as a cognitive skill. DA - 2023/01/10/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1007/s11213-022-09626-8 DP - Springer Link J2 - Syst Pract Action Res LA - en SN - 1573-9295 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-022-09626-8 Y2 - 2023/01/17/09:34:31 ER - TY - MGZN TI - What Is Disruptive Innovation? AU - Christensen, Clayton M. AU - Raynor, Michael E. AU - McDonald, Rory T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - For the past 20 years, the theory of disruptive innovation has been enormously influential in business circles and a powerful tool for predicting which industry entrants will succeed. Unfortunately, the theory has also been widely misunderstood, and the “disruptive” label has been applied too carelessly anytime a market newcomer shakes up well-established incumbents. In this article, the architect of disruption theory, Clayton M. Christensen, and his coauthors correct some of the misinformation, describe how the thinking on the subject has evolved, and discuss the utility of the theory. They start by clarifying what classic disruption entails—a small enterprise targeting overlooked customers with a novel but modest offering and gradually moving upmarket to challenge the industry leaders. They point out that Uber, commonly hailed as a disrupter, doesn’t actually fit the mold, and they explain that if managers don’t understand the nuances of disruption theory or apply its tenets correctly, they may not make the right strategic choices. Common mistakes, the authors say, include failing to view disruption as a gradual process (which may lead incumbents to ignore significant threats) and blindly accepting the “Disrupt or be disrupted” mantra (which may lead incumbents to jeopardize their core business as they try to defend against disruptive competitors). The authors acknowledge that disruption theory has certain limitations. But they are confident that as research continues, the theory’s explanatory and predictive powers will only improve. DA - 2015/12/01/T05:00:00Z PY - 2015 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation Y2 - 2023/10/31/11:51:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Role of External Actors in Supporting Social and Political Action towards Empowerment and Accountability with a Focus on Fragile, Conflict- and Violence-Affected Settings AU - Christie, Angela AU - Burge, Richard T2 - IDS Working Paper 503 AB - This paper explores the role and experience of external actors, particularly donors, in supporting social and political action in fragile, conflict and violence affected settings. Evidence is distilled from a wide range of synthesised sources to generate relevant findings and questions in relation to what we know and what we don’t. Included among the source material is a 2016 macro-evaluation of DFID’s empowerment and accountability (E&A) programmes which examined over 50 DFID funded projects. Themes which emerge relate to: how external actors need to think about the context and work politically; who are the most appropriate social and political actors to support in E&A; whether a direct or indirect approach to support for E&A achieves more tangible outcomes; whether external actors should move beyond short-term tools and tactics focused on one-sided engagement; and whether programmes should be designed around more strategic, multi-faceted interventions. The paper concludes with identifying a number of gaps in the evidence which are translated into a range of questions which could potentially inform the Action for Empowerment and Accountability (A4EA) research programme. CY - Brighton DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 PB - IDS and ITAD UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13430 Y2 - 2019/08/14/12:12:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Programming in Fragile, Conflict and Violence-Affected Settings, What Works and Under What Conditions?: The Case of Pyoe Pin, Myanmar AU - Christie, Angela AU - Green, Duncan T2 - Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme AB - This paper examines adaptive approaches in aid programming in a fragile, conflict and violence-affected setting (FCVAS), namely Myanmar. A combination of desk review and field research has been used to examine some of the assertions around the ‘adaptive management’ approach, which has arisen in recent years as a response to critiques of overly rigid, pre-designed, blue-print and linear project plans. This paper explores if and how adaptive approaches, including rapid learning and planning responses (fast feedback loops and agile programming) are particularly relevant and useful for promoting empowerment and accountability in such ‘messy places’. This case study focuses on Pyoe Pin (‘Young Shoots’), a DFID-funded, British Council managed governance programme, which has been running since 2007. CY - Brighton DA - 2018/07/12/ PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Itad, Oxfam and IDS ST - Adaptive Programming in Fragile, Conflict and Violence-Affected Settings, What Works and Under What Conditions? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13888 Y2 - 2018/08/02/09:48:28 KW - A4EA KW - Adaptive Development KW - Economy KW - Fishery ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Case for an Adaptive Approach to Empowerment and Accountability Programming in Fragile Settings: Synthesis report AU - Christie, Angela AU - Green, Duncan T2 - Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme AB - Fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings (FCVAS) are messy and ambiguous contexts in which to plan and implement development initiatives. To work there, external actors are increasingly adopting an adaptive approach to empowerment and accountability (E&A) programming, whatever the setting. This means using a compass rather than map, where real-time political economy analysis (PEA) in relation to context and programme monitoring and evidence-informed learning in relation to intervention are used in combination and in shorter-than-usual planning cycles to maintain and adapt strategic direction. This paper brings together three case studies of large Department for International Development (DFID) governance projects in Myanmar, Nigeria and Tanzania. CY - Brighton DA - 2019/06/21/ PY - 2019 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Itad, Oxfam and IDS ST - Adaptive Programming in Fragile, Conflict and Violence-Affected Settings, What Works and Under What Conditions? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14556 Y2 - 2018/08/02/09:48:28 KW - A4EA KW - Adaptive Development KW - Economy KW - Fishery ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Governance of Climate Change Adaptation Through Urban Policy Experiments AU - Chu, Eric K. T2 - Environmental Policy and Governance AB - Climate change is increasingly posing risks to infrastructure and public services in cities across the global South. Building on ideas of policy experimentation at the nexus of institutional and transition theories, this paper assesses six climate change adaptation experiments across the cities of Surat, Indore and Bhubaneswar in India to uncover the politics behind how experiments are conceived of, implemented, and supported in light of local development needs. Through employing both embedded and cross-case comparative methods, I argue that policy experiments are often framed around achieving tangible urban economic benefits and maximizing specific project complementarities, which allow emerging adaptation priorities access to established policy directives and funding streams. However, I conclude that despite being arenas for testing new ideas, quantifying climate and development co-benefits, and engaging private and civil society actors, adaptation policy experiments must be coherent with urban political economic contexts in order for them to affect sustained, equitable and transformative programmatic change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1002/eet.1727 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 439 EP - 451 LA - en SN - 1756-9338 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.1727 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:22:01 KW - Climate change adaptation KW - India KW - Policy experiments KW - urban governance KW - urban planning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban climate adaptation and the reshaping of state–society relations: The politics of community knowledge and mobilisation in Indore, India AU - Chu, Eric K T2 - Urban Studies AB - Current research on climate change adaptation in cities highlights the role of local governments in facilitating adaptation actions, but rarely assesses whether (and if so, how) local communities organise around emerging climate priorities to affect political change. This paper explores changing state–society relationships through the reconstitution of community collectives and advocacy organisations for advancing climate change adaptation in the Indian city of Indore. The paper shows that communities are indeed recognising the need for adaptation but are, at the same time, integrating adaptation actions with existing strategies for advocating development rights. Communities are also rebuilding alliances between municipal and local institutions for public service and infrastructure provision, which point to the centrality of community politics in urban climate adaptation processes. However, such mobilisations are often dependent on existing political networks and a legacy of advocacy around poverty alleviation needs, which sideline more transformative agendas around inclusiveness, equity, and resilient urban futures. DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1177/0042098016686509 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - 1766 EP - 1782 LA - en SN - 0042-0980, 1360-063X ST - Urban climate adaptation and the reshaping of state–society relations UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0042098016686509 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:15:15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario AU - Chu, Eric AU - Schenk, Todd AU - Patterson, James T2 - Urban Planning AB - Cities around the world are facilitating ambitious and inclusive action on climate change by adopting participatory and collaborative planning approaches. However, given the major political, spatial, and scalar interdependencies involved, the extent to which these planning tools equip cities to realise 1.5 °C climate change scenarios is unclear. This article draws upon emerging knowledge in the fields of urban planning and urban climate governance to explore complementary insights into how cities can pursue ambitious and inclusive climate action to realise 1.5 °C climate change scenarios. We observe that urban planning scholarship is often under-appreciated in urban climate governance research, while conversely, promising urban planning tools and approaches can be limited by the contested realities of urban climate governance. By thematically reviewing diverse examples of urban climate action across the globe, we identify three key categories of planning dilemmas: institutional heterogeneity, scalar mismatch, and equity and justice concerns. We argue that lessons from urban planning and urban climate governance scholarship should be integrated to better understand how cities can realise 1.5 °C climate change scenarios in practice. DA - 2018/04/24/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.17645/up.v3i2.1292 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 128 LA - en SN - 2183-7635 UR - https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1292 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:28:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A workshop on Doing Development Differently AU - CID AB - October 22-23, 2014 A workshop on Doing Development Differently Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA Hosted by the Building State Capability (BSC) program at the Center for International Development at Harvard University, and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) with funding from the Governance Partnership Facility. CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 2014/10/22/23 PY - 2014 LA - en PB - CID at Harvard University and ODI UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/doing-development-differently Y2 - 2022/07/18/08:20:21 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Summer school on Adaptive Management - 2019 AU - CID AB - General description of the curriculum DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 UR - http://www.cid-bo.org/2019/Summer%20school%202019/Adaptive-management_2019.html Y2 - 2019/03/28/09:26:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Civic Technologies as tools for change: Is balance between online and offline actions a necessary condition for achieving social change through civic innovation? AU - Civic Innovation Accelerator Fund T2 - Evaluation Report CY - Miami DA - 2016//11/de abril de PY - 2016 PB - Fundación Avina & Omidyar Network ST - Civic Technologies as tools for change UR - https://appcivico.net/2016/04/11/the-avina-omidyar-civic-innovation-accelerator-fund-shares-its-lessons-learned Y2 - 2016/04/18/11:26:39 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Insights for Influence: Understanding Impact Pathways in Crisis Response AU - Clark, Louise AU - Carpenter, Jo AU - Taylor, Joe AB - The Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) programme was a three-year initiative funded by the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC) that brought together 20 projects from across the global South to understand the socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, improve existing responses, and generate better policy options for recovery. The research covered 42 countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East to understand the ways in which the pandemic affected the most vulnerable people and regions, and deepened existing vulnerabilities. Research projects covered a broad range of themes, including macroeconomic policies for support and recovery; supporting essential economic activity and protecting informal businesses, small producers, and women workers; and promoting democratic governance to strengthen accountability, social inclusion, and civil engagement. The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) provided knowledge translation (KT) support to CORE research partners to maximise the learning generated across the research portfolio and deepen engagement with governments, civil society, and the scientific community. As part of this support, the IDS KT team worked with CORE project teams to reconstruct and reflect on their impact pathways to facilitate South-South knowledge exchange on effective strategies for research impact, and share learning on how the CORE cohort has influenced policy and delivered change. This report presents an overview of these impact pathways and the lessons learnt from a selection of the projects chosen to represent the diversity of approaches to engage policymakers, civil society, and the media to generate and share evidence of the effect of the pandemic on diverse vulnerable groups. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/11/10/ PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies ST - Insights for Influence UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18172 Y2 - 2023/11/13/12:39:09 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Payment by Results in Development Aid: All That Glitters Is Not Gold AU - Clist, Paul T2 - The World Bank Research Observer AB - Payment by Results (PbR), where aid is disbursed conditional upon progress against a pre-agreed measure, is becoming increasingly important for various donors. There are great hopes that this innovative instrument will focus attention on ultimate outcomes and lead to greater aid effectiveness by passing the delivery risk on to recipients. However, there is very little related empirical evidence, and previous attempts to place it on a sure conceptual footing are rare and incomplete. This article collates and synthesises relevant insights from a wide range of subfields in economics, providing a rich framework with which to analyze Payment by Results. I argue that the domain in which it dominates more traditional forms is relatively small and if it is used too broadly, many of the results it claims are likely to be misleading. The likelihood of illusory gains stems from the difficulty of using a single indicator to simultaneously measure and reward performance: ‘once a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.’ This does not mean PbR should not be used (indeed it will be optimal in some settings), but it does mean that claims of success should be treated with caution. DA - 2016/08/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1093/wbro/lkw005 DP - wbro.oxfordjournals.org VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 290 EP - 319 J2 - World Bank Res Obs LA - en SN - 0257-3032, 1564-6971 ST - Payment by Results in Development Aid UR - http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/290 Y2 - 2016/11/27/09:24:41 KW - Conditionality KW - Contract theory KW - F35 KW - Foreign Aid KW - Multitask model KW - performance ER - TY - BLOG TI - Appreciative Inquiry Principles AU - Coaching Leaders AB - This article, written by Emotional Intelligence Coach Andy Smith, describes the anticipatory principle which is one of the underpinnings of Appreciative Inquiry (AI). It argues that it is easier and more effective to move towards a positive imagined future than away from a negative one. It is principle number 4 in a series of principles outlined. More principle are listed below. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://coachingleaders.co.uk/category/appreciative-inquiry/appreciative-inquiry-principles/ Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enabling collaboration and synthesis: in brief AU - Cochrane, Logan AU - Cundill Kemp, Georgina AU - Landry, Marie-Eve AU - Lee, Rebecca T2 - INBRIEF AB - Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) aims to build the resilience of vulnerable populations in climate change hotspots by building new knowledge and capacities to support better informed policy and practice. The program connects more than 450 researchers and practitioners from over 40 organizations. Initially, CARIAA was not directive in terms of the specific topics or forms of synthesis. This approach allowed new ideas to emerge from interactions between members of the network. However, as the brief outlines, lessons learned at mid-term regarding cross- consortia collaboration and synthesis indicate that greater programmatic leadership is required. DA - 2017/09// PY - 2017 DP - idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org LA - en ST - Enabling collaboration and synthesis UR - https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/56603 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:44:56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enabling collaborative synthesis in multi-partner programmes AU - Cochrane, Logan AU - Cundill, Georgina T2 - Development in Practice AB - Multi-partner consortia have emerged as an important modality for knowledge generation to address complex sustainability challenges. Establishing effective multi-partner consortia involves significant investment. This article shares lessons from the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA), which aims to support policy and practice for climate change adaptation through a consortium model. Key lessons include the need to facilitate collaborative spaces to build trust and identify common interests, while accepting that this is not a guarantee of success; the importance of programmatic leadership to achieve synthesis; and the value of strategic planning in supporting motivation and alignment between partners. DA - 2018/10/03/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/09614524.2018.1480706 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 28 IS - 7 SP - 922 EP - 931 LA - en SN - 0961-4524, 1364-9213 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2018.1480706 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:28:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A reflection on collaborative adaptation research in Africa and Asia AU - Cochrane, Logan AU - Cundill, Georgina AU - Ludi, Eva AU - New, Mark AU - Nicholls, Robert J. AU - Wester, Philippus AU - Cantin, Bernard AU - Murali, Kallur Subrammanyam AU - Leone, Michele AU - Kituyi, Evans AU - Landry, Marie-Eve T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10113-017-1140-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 1553 EP - 1561 LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10113-017-1140-6 Y2 - 2019/05/02/17:55:43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of human factors in application development AU - Cockburn, Alistair T2 - Humans and Technology Technical Report DA - 1995/// PY - 1995 VL - 95 IS - 04 UR - http://alistair.cockburn.us/Growth+of+human+factors+in+application+development Y2 - 2016/07/19/17:17:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning in NGO Advocacy - Findings from Comparative Policy Advocacy MEL Review Project AU - Coe, Jim AU - Majot, Juliette AB - For organizations committed to social change, advocacy often figures as a crucial strategic element. How to assess effectiveness in advocacy is, therefore, important. The usefulness of Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) in advocacy are subject to much current debate. Advocacy staff, MEL professionals, senior managers, the funding community, and stakeholders of all kinds are searching for ways to improve practices – and thus their odds of success – in complex and contested advocacy environments. This study considers what a selection of leading advocacy organizations are doing in practice. We set out to identify existing practice and emergent trends in advocacy-related MEL practice, to explore current challenges and innovations. The study presents perceptions of how MEL contributes to advocacy effectiveness, and reviews the resources and structures dedicated to MEL. CY - London DA - 2013/02// PY - 2013 PB - ODI and Oxfam UR - https://www.alnap.org/help-library/monitoring-evaluation-and-learning-in-ngo-advocacy-findings-from-comparative-policy Y2 - 2021/03/26/10:53:04 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysing ICT and Development from the Perspective of the Capabilities Approach: A Study in South Brazil AU - Coelho, Taiane Ritta AU - Segatto, Andréa Paula AU - Frega, José Roberto T2 - The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries AB - Certain international agencies propose that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) allows development to be reached more efficiently and quickly. While there are success stories galore, there is acknowledgement of not all investments in ICT bringing positive effects towards development. Following the Capabilities Approach, this paper discusses how the use of ICT can promote a more effective development by studying the case of Sudotec (association for technological and industrial development), a non-profit organization that saw in ICT the opportunity to change the local scenario. The results revealed positive effects of the use of ICT in social, economical and cultural spheres, but not presenting political effect. DA - 2015/02/07/ PY - 2015 DP - www.ejisdc.org VL - 67 IS - 0 LA - en SN - 16814835 ST - Analysing ICT and Development from the Perspective of the Capabilities Approach UR - http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1458 Y2 - 2016/07/27/15:02:03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Advocacy Strategy Framework. A tool for articulating an advocacy theory of change AU - Coffman, Julia AU - Beer, Tanya CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2015/03// PY - 2015 PB - Center for Evaluation Innovation UR - http://www.evaluationinnovation.org/sites/default/files/Adocacy%20Strategy%20Framework.pdf Y2 - 2016/11/12/17:57:59 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Complexity and the Art of Public Policy: Solving Society's Problems from the Bottom Up AU - Colander, David AU - Kupers, Roland AB - Complexity science--made possible by modern analytical and computational advances--is changing the way we think about social systems and social theory. Unfortunately, economists' policy models have not kept up and are stuck in either a market fundamentalist or government control narrative. While these standard narratives are useful in some cases, they are damaging in others, directing thinking away from creative, innovative policy solutions. Complexity and the Art of Public Policy outlines a new, more flexible policy narrative, which envisions society as a complex evolving system that is uncontrollable but can be influenced. David Colander and Roland Kupers describe how economists and society became locked into the current policy framework, and lay out fresh alternatives for framing policy questions. Offering original solutions to stubborn problems, the complexity narrative builds on broader philosophical traditions, such as those in the work of John Stuart Mill, to suggest initiatives that the authors call "activist laissez-faire" policies. Colander and Kupers develop innovative bottom-up solutions that, through new institutional structures such as for-benefit corporations, channel individuals' social instincts into solving societal problems, making profits a tool for change rather than a goal. They argue that a central role for government in this complexity framework is to foster an ecostructure within which diverse forms of social entrepreneurship can emerge and blossom. CY - Princeton DA - 2014/05/25/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon SP - 320 LA - English PB - Princeton University Press SN - 978-0-691-15209-7 ST - Complexity and the Art of Public Policy ER - TY - RPRT TI - Two Loops Guide AU - Colchester, Joss AB - The Two Loop model is a nonlinear theory of change based upon the ideas of living systems created by Margaret Wheatley & Deborah Frieze. It provides us with insight into the simultaneous growth and decline process that are underway within a system during a transition period. In this way, it provides a heuristic for us to better try and recognize and connect the past to the future during a change process. It likewise gives us the possibility to try and come to some consensus about where we might be as a group in this process of change and the best actions to take at different stages. This guide will be of relevance for anyone involved in a complex organizational change process. DA - 2023/02// PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Si Network UR - https://www.systemsinnovation.network/posts/21834326 Y2 - 2023/10/31/11:45:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Si Guides on System Innovation AU - Colchester, Joss AU - Si Network AB - So you have just hear about systems thinking and systems innovation and are keen to know more, Ok sparky let's get started.We have structured all the content into four main areas that we think you ... DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Si Network UR - https://www.systemsinnovation.network/spaces/7250774 Y2 - 2023/10/03/08:59:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reflections on implementing politically informed, searching programs: lessons for aid practitioners and policy makers AU - Cole, William AU - Ladner, Debra AU - Koenig, Mark AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Working Politically in Practice DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 SN - 5 UR - http://asiafoundation.org/publication/reflections-implementing-politically-informed-searching-programs Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:47:09 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Navigating the landscape of conflict: Applications of dynamical systems theory to protracted social conflict AU - Coleman, Peter T. AU - Vallacher, Robin R. AU - Nowak, Andrzej AU - Bartoli, Andrea T2 - The Non-linearity of Peace processes. Theory and Practice of Systemic Conflict Transformation A2 - Körppen, Daniela A2 - Ropers, Norbert A2 - Giessmann, Hans J. CY - Leverkusen DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 39 EP - 56 PB - Barbara Budrich Publishers UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236007877_Navigating_the_landscape_of_conflict_Applications_of_dynamical_systems_theory_to_protracted_social_conflict Y2 - 2016/10/05/12:39:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Jumping off Arnstein's ladder: social learning as a new policy paradigm for climate change adaptation AU - Collins, Kevin AU - Ison, Ray T2 - Environmental Policy and Governance AB - Participation of citizens, groups, organizations and businesses is now an essential element to tackle climate change effectively at international, European Union, national and local levels. However, beyond the general imperative to participate, major policy bodies offer little guidance on what this entails. We suggest that the dominance of Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation in policy discourses constrains the ways we think about, and critically the purposes we ascribe to, participation in a climate change context. We suggest an alternative framing of climate change, where no single group has clear access to understanding the issue and its resolution. Thus adaptation is fundamentally dependent on new forms of learning. Drawing on experiences of social learning approaches to natural resource managing, we explore how a commitment to social learning more accurately embodies the new kinds of role, relationship, practice and sense of purpose required to progress adaptive climate change agendas and practices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1002/eet.523 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 358 EP - 373 LA - en SN - 1756-9338 ST - Jumping off Arnstein's ladder UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.523 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:25:37 KW - Arnstein's ladder KW - Climate change KW - Co-evolutionary adaptation KW - Natural resource management KW - Participation KW - Social learning ER - TY - RPRT TI - Setting new standards for better MEL. Lessons for grantees & funders AU - Colnar, Megan AU - Azevedo, Andrea AU - Tolmie, Courtney AU - Caddick, Hannah AB - How can donors and grantees work together to create effective monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) practices that drive field-wide transformation? The Open Society Foundation’s Fiscal Governance Program found success by focusing on six key approaches, including empowering grantees and relinquishing power. In 2021, an external close-out evaluation by Intention to Impact of the program (which ran for 7 years and gave over $150 million in grants) revealed something pretty remarkable—the program’s deliberate focus on strengthening field-wide monitoring, evaluation, and learning practices was a success. Substantial capacity increases were observed across key institutions and grantees, new complexity-sensitive practices and methods were being actively championed and deployed, and a growing community of better-connected practitioners were exchanging tips and tricks on how to apply smart, context-specific MEL across fiscal governance issues. What’s more, in this evaluation, most grantees gave high praise to these efforts. So, how did this come about? We detail the six different approaches we used in our new publication Setting new standards for better MEL: Lessons for funders and grantees. The approaches range from checking power dynamics to growing skills for evaluative thinking and seeding peer learning and field-wide research. The publication is paired with a toolkit and showcases resources we used and iterated on across the various approaches. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Better Evaluation UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/Setting%20new%20standards%20for%20better%20MEL.pdf Y2 - 2023/07/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What’s Next for Design Thinking AU - Cone, Taylor T2 - Medium AB - Thoughts on the future of creative problem-solving from across the industry DA - 2019/07/10/T17:45:15.214Z PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://modus.medium.com/whats-next-for-design-thinking-d44bebbb7649 Y2 - 2019/08/12/21:06:17 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Review of the use of report cards for monitoring ecosystem and waterway health AU - Connolly, Rod AU - Bunn, Stuart AU - Campbell, Marnie AU - Escher, Beate AU - Hunter, Jane AU - Maxwell, Paul AU - Richmond, Sarah AU - Rissik, David AU - Roiko, Anne AU - Smart, Jim AU - Teasdale, Peter AU - Harbour, Sunrise Over Gladstone DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - CiteSeer PB - Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership ER - TY - ELEC TI - Spherit - Contextual reasoning maps AU - ContextSpheres.com T2 - ContextSpheres.com AB - Spherit is a whole view technology system that streamlines meaning making, solutioning, and action taking in business, healthcare, relationships, and life in general, by displaying complex situation-specific topics in context on a customizable conversation map. When the Spherit system is activated it generates and displays a snapshot of any complex situation in a way that makes it digestible, while engaging our intellect and our intuition in the reflecting and meaning-making process. It's a unifying visual learning system that communicates information in a non-linear graphical format. It works for individuals, teams and organizations. It has a "share and compare" feature that fast-tracks conversations between individuals or groups. And it offers powerful metrics. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 LA - en-US UR - https://spherit.com/ Y2 - 2023/04/27/13:22:03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - From Design Thinking to Systems Change AU - Conway, Rowan AU - Masters, Jeff AU - Thorold, Jake AB - This report takes the Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI), a twophase pre-procurement innovation programme that aims to match social challenges with new ideas, as its primary case study. It suggests augmenting the excellent design thinking deployed through SBRI with a think like a system, act like an entrepreneur lens in order to drive better social outcomes from SBRI-originating innovations. Programmes like SBRI have great potential to drive change and address pressing challenges, but must be guided by a more developed understanding of how change happens. The stakes are too high to not raise our game when it comes to social innovation. Wicked problems can be overcome but will require sophisticated theories of change able to account for the complexity and unpredictability of modern life. We offer think like a system, act like an entrepreneur as a contribution to this effort. This report is based on the following research: •• Desk based review of relevant literature; •• A series of structured interviews with participants in SBRI competitions; and •• An expert round table that brought together policymakers, commissioners, procurement experts and entrepreneurs to consider and develop initial findings. CY - London DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 33 LA - en PB - RSA UR - https://www.thersa.org/blog/2017/07/from-design-thinking-to-system-change KW - ⛔ No DOI found ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to set up and manage an adaptive programme - Lessons from the Action on Climate Today (ACT) Programme AU - Cooke, Katherine CY - Oxford DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 PB - OPM UR - https://www.opml.co.uk/files/Publications/8617-action-on-climate-today-act/act-adaptive-programme-management.pdf?noredirect=1 Y2 - 2019/02/25/12:27:36 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scale Up Sourcebook AU - Cooley, Larry AU - Howard, Julie AB - The Scale Up Sourcebook is informed and inspired by the September 2018 conference, Innovations in Agriculture: Scaling Up to Reach Millions, organized by Purdue University, in partnership with the African Development Bank. The Sourcebook consolidates, extends, and disseminates some of the scaling insights presented at the Purdue conference. It is intended as an easy-to-use guidebook targeted to a broad and diverse audience of stakeholders associated with scaling agricultural technologies and innovations to meet the needs of the world’s poor. The Sourcebook has nine chapters: designing with scale in mind; assessing scalability; using commercial markets to drive scaling; financing the transition to scale; creating an enabling environment for scale; tailoring metrics, monitoring, and evaluation to support sustainable outcomes at scale; and the critical role of intermediary and donor organizations. The Sourcebook provides guidance, tips, and examples, along with links and references to additional resources on scale up. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Purdue University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scale Up Sourcebook AU - Cooley, Larry AU - Howard, Julie T2 - Scale Up Conference AB - The Scale Up Sourcebook is informed and inspired by the September 2018 conference, Innovations in Agriculture: Scaling Up to Reach Millions, organized by Purdue University, in partnership with the African Development Bank. The Sourcebook consolidates, extends, and disseminates some of the scaling insights presented at the Purdue conference. It is intended as an easy-to-use guidebook targeted to a broad and diverse audience of stakeholders associated with scaling agricultural technologies and innovations to meet the needs of the world’s poor. The Sourcebook has nine chapters: designing with scale in mind; assessing scalability; using commercial markets to drive scaling; financing the transition to scale; creating an enabling environment for scale; tailoring metrics, monitoring, and evaluation to support sustainable outcomes at scale; and the critical role of intermediary and donor organizations. The Sourcebook provides guidance, tips, and examples, along with links and references to additional resources on scale up. DA - 2019/04/09/ PY - 2019 UR - https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/scaleup/sourcebook/book/1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scaling up - From Vision to Large-Scale Change - A Management Framework for Practitioners AU - Cooley, Larry AU - Kohl, Richard AU - Ved, Rajani R. AB - This document was originally published in 2006 and re-issued in a substantially revised Second Edition in 2012. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - MSI UR - https://www.msiworldwide.com/additional-resources/msi-scaling-framework Y2 - 2022/06/10/13:42:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Taking Innovations to Scale: Methods, Applications and Lessons AU - Cooley, Larry AU - Linn, Johannes F. AB - The international development community increasingly recognizes the need to go beyond fragmented, one-of projects. In response, there is now much talk and some action on scaling up successful innovations and pilot projects with an explicit goal of achieving sustainable impact at scale. However, many questions remain about the practical implications of pursuing a systematic scaling up approach and about how the approaches being pursued by diferent institutions and practitioners relate to each other. CY - Washington DC DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - R4D ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two Paths to Supporting Grassroots Innovation AU - Cooper, Nathan AU - Hazeldine, Shaun AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - An innovation experiment in Indonesia yields insights on how international development organizations can effectively foster innovation within the communities they aim to help. DA - 2017/07/18/ PY - 2017 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/two_paths_to_supporting_grassroots_innovation Y2 - 2017/07/19/13:57:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing Rural Transformations: Piloting a Qualitative Impact Protocol in Malawi and Ethiopia AU - Copestake, James AU - Remnant, Fiona T2 - Bath Papers in International Development and Wellbeing Working Paper DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 30 PB - Centre for Development Studies (CDS) SN - 35 UR - http://www.bath.ac.uk/cds/publications/bpd35.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Qualitative Impact Assessment Protocol (QUIP) AU - Copestake, James AU - Remnant, Fiona T2 - CDS Briefing Paper AB - This brief presents an overview of the QUIP in three steps: the background to the QUIP and its main aims; the data collection and analysis methodology; and QUIP in the context of other approaches to evaluation. Each section can be read independently, depending on time available. DA - 2015/04// PY - 2015 SP - 9 UR - http://www.bath.ac.uk/cds/documents/quip-briefing-paper-march-2015.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory action research AU - Cornish, Flora AU - Breton, Nancy AU - Moreno-Tabarez, Ulises AU - Delgado, Jenna AU - Rua, Mohi AU - de-Graft Aikins, Ama AU - Hodgetts, Darrin T2 - Nature Reviews Methods Primers AB - Participatory action research (PAR) is an approach to research that prioritizes the value of experiential knowledge for tackling problems caused by unequal and harmful social systems, and for envisioning and implementing alternatives. PAR involves the participation and leadership of those people experiencing issues, who take action to produce emancipatory social change, through conducting systematic research to generate new knowledge. This Primer sets out key considerations for the design of a PAR project. The core of the Primer introduces six building blocks for PAR project design: building relationships; establishing working practices; establishing a common understanding of the issue; observing, gathering and generating materials; collaborative analysis; and planning and taking action. We discuss key challenges faced by PAR projects, namely, mismatches with institutional research infrastructure; risks of co-option; power inequalities; and the decentralizing of control. To counter such challenges, PAR researchers may build PAR-friendly networks of people and infrastructures; cultivate a critical community to hold them to account; use critical reflexivity; redistribute powers; and learn to trust the process. PAR’s societal contribution and methodological development, we argue, can best be advanced by engaging with contemporary social movements that demand the redressingl of inequities and the recognition of situated expertise. DA - 2023/04/27/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1038/s43586-023-00214-1 DP - www.nature.com VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 J2 - Nat Rev Methods Primers LA - en SN - 2662-8449 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-023-00214-1 Y2 - 2023/10/06/13:02:25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unpacking 'Participation': models, meanings and practices AU - Cornwall, A. T2 - Community Development Journal DA - 2008/06/05/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1093/cdj/bsn010 DP - CrossRef VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 269 EP - 283 LA - en SN - 0010-3802, 1468-2656 ST - Unpacking 'Participation' UR - http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/cdj/bsn010 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:24:31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Buzzwords and fuzzwords: deconstructing development discourse AU - Cornwall, Andrea T2 - Development in Practice DA - 2007/08/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1080/09614520701469302 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 17 IS - 4-5 SP - 471 EP - 484 SN - 0961-4524 ST - Buzzwords and fuzzwords UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469302 Y2 - 2017/04/11/14:35:22 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Democratising Engagement: What the UK Can Learn from International Experience AU - Cornwall, Andrea CN - 0028 CY - London DA - 2008/04/28/ PY - 2008 DP - Amazon.com PB - Demos SN - 1-84180-198-4 ST - Democratising Engagement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Participatory Process Evaluation to Understand the Dynamics of Change in a Nutrition Education Programme AU - Cornwall, Andrea T2 - IDS Working Papers AB - With roots in approaches to popular education and participatory action research that place the learner and the ‘beneficiary’ of development at the centre of enquiry and action, the participatory visualisation methods associated with Participatory Rural Appraisal have been widely used as tools for learning and accountability. In this article, I reflect on lessons learnt from using these methods in a participatory process evaluation of an educational programme aimed at addressing chronic malnutrition in an East African country. Building on this experience, I explore the educative and empowering dimensions of participatory visualisation methods, and consider the contribution that these methods can make to effective evaluation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00437.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2014 IS - 437 SP - 1 EP - 22 LA - en SN - 2040-0209 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00437.x Y2 - 2020/10/15/14:35:59 KW - Kenya KW - nutrition KW - participatory impact evaluation KW - process evaluation KW - randomised controlled trials ER - TY - BOOK TI - Deconstructing Development Discourse: Buzzwords and Fuzzwords A3 - Cornwall, Andrea A3 - Eade, Deborah AB - Writing from diverse locations, contributors critically examine some of the key terms in current development discourse. Why should language matter to those who are doing development? Surely, there are more urgent things to do than sit around mulling over semantics? CY - Oxford DA - 2010/11/01/ PY - 2010 DP - policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk PB - Oxfam & Practical Action Publishing ST - Deconstructing Development Discourse UR - http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/deconstructing-development-discourse-buzzwords-and-fuzzwords-118173 Y2 - 2017/04/11/14:35:35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From Users and Choosers to Makers and Shapers. Repositioning Participation in Social Policy AU - Cornwall, Andrea AU - Gaventa, John T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2000.mp31004006.x DP - CrossRef VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 50 EP - 62 LA - en SN - 02655012, 17595436 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2000.mp31004006.x Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:16:01 ER - TY - CHAP TI - 17. Shifting perceptions, changing practices in PRA: from infinite innovation to the quest for quality AU - Cornwall, Andrea AU - Guijt, Irene T2 - Participatory Learning and Action 50: Critical reflections, future directions A2 - Kenton, N. T3 - PLA notes AB - In the beginning, there were methods. For many of us in the circle of enthusiasts of participatory approaches in the early 1990s, maps and models, calendars and Venn diagrams, matrices and rankings and the interactions and insights they produced defined what we did and what we had in common. It was this, too, that made participatory rural appraisal (PRA) – and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) before it – something that was very different from anything we’d known before. PRA bridged barriers that might otherwise have kept a social anthropologist and an irrigation engineer like us apart. And it brought us together with dozens of others, from a constellation of disciplines and professions, who shared our excitement about an approach that seemed to offer much for ‘doing development’ differently. In 1995, we co-edited PLA Notes 24 on Critical reflections on practice, in which we sought to engage practitioners and advocates in debate about the looming crises of quality that were to become so much a feature of PRA practice in the later 1990s. In this paper, we look back over more than a decade of engagement with PRA as ‘critical insiders’. Participatory Learning and Action has, naturally enough, served more as a vehicle for practitioners to share their successes and innovations than their critical reflections. Accordingly, we draw here on sources that go beyond it, including reflections from the Pathways to Participation project (see Cornwall and Pratt, 2003a, in PLA Notes 47, and contributions to Cornwall and Pratt 2003b), from work with gender and participatory development (Welbourn, 1992; Guijt and Kaul Shah, 1998; Cornwall 2000), and from the lively debates that we have had for more than a decade with colleagues the world over. These thoughts are our personal reflections, from standpoints associated with the two institutions – IIED and IDS – that were so much part of early efforts to promote and institutionalise PRA in international development practice. Our account is, therefore, very much a partial one. We offer it here as a means of locating some of the threads that have run through debates about PRA since the first issues of Participatory Learning and Action, and some of the challenges that practitioners of participatory learning and action methodologies continue to face. In it, we reflect on distinct phases in the development of PRA (see Figure 1), during which a series of issues emerged as themes for critical reflection. The phases indicated in the diagram relate generally to the prevailing sentiment and practice. Clearly there are exceptions – there have been critical voices and some were using PRA to address issues of power from day one, just as there is still innovation and excitement in some quarters today. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 PB - IIED SN - 978-1-84369-526-4 UR - https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Im4wDpECt0C ER - TY - BOOK TI - Spaces for Change? The Politics of Citizen Participation in New Democratic Arenas AU - Cornwall, Andrea AU - Vera Schattan Coelho AB - The book Spaces for Change?: The Politics of Citizen Participation in New Democratic Arenas DA - 2006/11/30/ PY - 2006 DP - press.uchicago.edu PB - Zed Books UR - http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo20852321.html Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:26:13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Inclusive Social Accountability AU - Counterpart International AB - Counterpart International’s Inclusive Social Accountability (ISA) developmental framework integrates elements of social inclusion and community accountability into one comprehensive approach. CY - Arlington, VA DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 16 LA - en PB - Counterpart International ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation for Improvement: A Seven Step Empowerment Evaluation Approach for Violence Prevention Organizations AU - Cox, PJ AU - Keener, D AU - Woodward, T AU - Wandersman, A AB - This guide, written by Pamela J. Cox, Dana Keener, Tifanee L. Woodard, & Abraham H. Wandersman for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) outlines a seven step process for hiring an evaluator to implement an empowerment evaluation. The process begins with preparing for the hiring and concludes with an assessment of an evaluation to ensure its sustainability. Excerpt "...concerns and experiences with independent evaluation led to the development of participatory evaluation approaches as a way to promote an organization’s use of evaluation for the improvement of its strategies. Although there are many participatory evaluation approaches, empowerment evaluation places an explicit emphasis on building the evaluation capacity of individuals and organizations so that evaluation is integrated into the organization’s day-to-day management processes. Through empowerment evaluation, both individual and organizational evaluation capacity are increased through a “learn-by-doing” process, whereby organizations and their staff evaluate their own strategies. Specifically, organizations hire an evaluator to work with them in conducting an evaluation of their strategies. Rather than evaluating an organization’s strategies and presenting an evaluation “report card,” empowerment evaluators coach individuals and organizations through an evaluation of their own strategy(ies) by providing them with the knowledge, skills, and resources they need to conduct just such an evaluation." Contents Empowerment Evaluation: An Overview 11 Principles of Empowerment Evaluation 11 Step 1: Preparing for the Hiring Process 23 Step 2: Writing a Job Announcement 31 Step 3: Finding Potential Empowerment Evaluators 39 Step 4: Assessing the Candidates 45 Step 5: Writing An Evaluation Contract 55 Step 6: Building an Effective Relationship With Your Evaluator 61 Step 7: Assessing and Sustaining the Evaluation 65 Appendix A: Resources for General Evaluation and Empowerment Evaluation 73 Appendix B: Worksheets for Hiring an Empowerment Evaluator 75 Appendix C: Sample Hiring Committee Confidentiality Statement 89 Appendix D: Sample Job 90 Appendix E: Sample Request For Proposals 91 Appendix F: Sample Interview Questions 93 Appendix G: Sample Budget and Narrative for an Evaluation Team 95 DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 UR - https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/evaluation_improvement-a.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Tips for Conducting a Gender Analysis at the Activity or Project Level AU - Cozzarelli, Cathy AB - I. What is gender analysis? II. Relevant sections of the ADS III. Process – What should you do to collect the information you need to conduct a gender analysis at the activity or project level? IV. What questions should you ask in the context of doing your gender analysis? - Access - Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions - Practices and Participation - Time and Space - Legal Rights and Status - Power and Decision-making IV. What should you do after you ask these questions? DA - 2010/09// PY - 2010 PB - USAID UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadt865.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/01/12:05:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Citizen-Centered Governance: The Mayor's Office of New Urban Mechanics and the Evolution of CRM in Boston AU - Crawford, Susan P. AU - Walters, Dana AB - Over the last three years, the Boston Mayor's Office of New Urban Mechanics, the innovative, collaborative ethos within City Hall fostered by Mayor Menino and h CY - Rochester, NY DA - 2013/08/07/ PY - 2013 DP - papers.ssrn.com M3 - SSRN Scholarly Paper PB - Social Science Research Network SN - ID 2307158 ST - Citizen-Centered Governance UR - http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2307158 Y2 - 2013/08/25/20:46:12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emerging Technologies: Smarter ways to fight wildlife crime AU - Cressa, Douglas AU - Zommers, Zinta T2 - Environmental Development AB - The illegal trade of animals—for luxury goods, traditional medicine or cultural ceremonies, pets, entertainment, and even research—is a major threat to wildlife conservation and welfare (Baker et al., 2013). Poachers and illegal traders use highly sophisticated and rapidly changing techniques to avoid detection. To keep pace with the "war on wildlife", conservation and law enforcement communities have started to adopt cutting-edge military tools and techniques. High-tech equipment can magnify counter-poaching efforts without requiring armies of rangers or risking lives. Tools include acoustic traps, mobile technology, mikrokopters, radio frequency identification tags, encrypted data digital networks, camera traps, DNA testing, radio collars, metal scanners, and satellite imagery. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.envdev.2014.07.002 DP - Crossref VL - 12 SP - 62 EP - 72 LA - en SN - 22114645 ST - Emerging Technologies UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211464514000554 Y2 - 2019/03/19/14:02:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two decades of public sector innovation: building an analytical framework from a systematic literature review of types, strategies, conditions, and results AU - Criado, J. Ignacio AU - Alcaide-Muñoz, Laura AU - Liarte, Irene T2 - Public Management Review AB - Scholarly attention in innovation in the public sector is growing rapidly, provoking analytical complexity. We developed a systematic literature review about Public Sector Innovation (PSI), analysing 169 articles published between 2001 and 2021, using PRISMA. We present a comprehensive approach to PSI testing and empirically develop an analytical framework based on the most common combinations of the studied dimensions. Additionally, we propose three main research avenues for the future of PSI: (1) studying PSI in different contexts, (2) expanding the analysis of configurations in PSI initiatives, and (3) analysing ambidextrous strategies to support the practical implementation of PSI. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1080/14719037.2023.2254310 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 0 IS - 0 SP - 1 EP - 30 SN - 1471-9037 ST - Two decades of public sector innovation UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2254310 Y2 - 2023/09/26/11:18:55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Collaborative Overload AU - Cross, Rob AU - Rebele, Reb AU - Grant, Adam T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Too much teamwork exhausts employees and saps productivity. Here’s how to avoid it. DA - 2016/01/01/ PY - 2016 VL - 2016 IS - 1 UR - https://hbr.org/2016/01/collaborative-overload Y2 - 2016/09/29/13:20:18 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Building a Better International NGO: Greater than the Sum of the Parts? AU - Crowley, James AU - Ryan, Morgana AB - In the wake of tremendous growth in the size and scope of their activities, as well as the increased complexity of their programs, how can large international NGOs work effectively―so that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts? James Crowley and Morgana Ryan address this question, drawing on their extensive hands-on experience to offer a practical and even provocative guide. The authors cover a range of essential topics, among them: What are INGOs good at? What should they be good at? Where does new technology fit in? What about accountability? What’s the best way to tackle strategic planning? In the process, they challenge those in leadership positions to recognize and implement the changes that are needed so that their organizations can perform better―and stay relevant―in the decades to come. CY - Boulder DA - 2013/07/17/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon SP - 208 LA - English PB - Kumarian Press SN - 978-1-56549-583-8 ST - Building a Better International NGO ER - TY - RPRT TI - Introducción a Capacity WORKS + Proyectos de Cambio - Informe AU - Cuéllar, Daniel DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - GIZ UR - https://www.gizprevenir.com/documentos/informe-del-taller-cw-pc.pdf Y2 - 2019/11/20/13:08:39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fostering Innovation and Entrepreneurialism in Public Sector Reform AU - Cummings, Clare T2 - Public Administration and Development AB - Summary There is growing recognition within the international development sector that there is a need for a new, more effective approach to engaging in public sector reform. This article builds on an emerging body of work that advocates more entrepreneurial and adaptive public sector reform programming. Drawing on knowledge and theory from public sector management, psychology and entrepreneurialism, this article aims to understand what motivates public sector workers to work entrepreneurially and suggest how these ideas can be applied to the way in which international development agencies engage in public sector reform work. This requires a shift in thinking from predesigned, large, externally led programmes promoting international best practice to interventions in which agencies adopt the role of a facilitator, helping to establish the enabling conditions for local partners to work entrepreneurially, developing their own solutions to the problems that they identify in their work. Copyright ? 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2015/12/08/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1002/pad.1735 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 315 EP - 328 J2 - Public Administration and Development SN - 0271-2075 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1735 Y2 - 2018/10/12/00:00:00 KW - Development KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Innovation KW - Public sector reform KW - motivation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring in adaptive co-management: Toward a learning based approach AU - Cundill, Georgina AU - Fabricius, Christo T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - The recognition of complexity and uncertainty in natural resource management has lead to the development of a wealth of conceptual frameworks aimed at integrated assessment and complex systems monitoring. Relatively less attention has however been given to methodological approaches that might facilitate learning as part of the monitoring process. This paper reviews the monitoring literature relevant to adaptive co-management, with a focus on the synergies between existing monitoring frameworks, collaborative monitoring approaches and social learning. The paper discusses the role of monitoring in environmental management in general, and the challenges posed by scale and complexity when monitoring in adaptive co-management. Existing conceptual frameworks for monitoring relevant to adaptive co-management are reviewed, as are lessons from experiences with collaborative monitoring. The paper concludes by offering a methodological approach to monitoring that actively seeks to engender reflexive learning as a means to deal with uncertainty in natural resource management. DA - 2009/08/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.012 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 3205 EP - 3211 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management SN - 0301-4797 ST - Monitoring in adaptive co-management UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479709001510 Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:50:13 KW - Adaptive co-management KW - Collaborative monitoring KW - Complexity KW - Social learning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-Scale Transdisciplinary Collaboration for Adaptation Research: Challenges and Insights AU - Cundill, Georgina AU - Harvey, Blane AU - Tebboth, Mark AU - Cochrane, Logan AU - Currie‐Alder, Bruce AU - Vincent, Katharine AU - Lawn, Jon AU - Nicholls, Robert J. AU - Scodanibbio, Lucia AU - Prakash, Anjal AU - New, Mark AU - Wester, Philippus AU - Leone, Michele AU - Morchain, Daniel AU - Ludi, Eva AU - DeMaria‐Kinney, Jesse AU - Khan, Ahmed AU - Landry, Marie-Eve T2 - Global Challenges AB - An increasing number of research programs seek to support adaptation to climate change through the engagement of large-scale transdisciplinary networks that span countries and continents. While transdisciplinary research processes have been a topic of reflection, practice, and refinement for some time, these trends now mean that the global change research community needs to reflect and learn how to pursue collaborative research on a large scale. This paper shares insights from a seven-year climate change adaptation research program that supports collaboration between more than 450 researchers and practitioners across four consortia and 17 countries. The experience confirms the importance of attention to careful design for transdisciplinary collaboration, but also highlights that this alone is not enough. The success of well-designed transdisciplinary research processes is also strongly influenced by relational and systemic features of collaborative relationships. Relational features include interpersonal trust, mutual respect, and leadership styles, while systemic features include legal partnership agreements, power asymmetries between partners, and institutional values and cultures. In the new arena of large-scale collaborative science efforts, enablers of transdisciplinary collaboration include dedicated project coordinators, leaders at multiple levels, and the availability of small amounts of flexible funds to enable nimble responses to opportunities and unexpected collaborations. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1002/gch2.201700132 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 1700132 LA - en SN - 2056-6646 ST - Large-Scale Transdisciplinary Collaboration for Adaptation Research UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/gch2.201700132 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:42:34 KW - Climate change KW - collaboration KW - transdisciplinarity ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking systemic change: economic evolution and institutions AU - Cunningham, Shawn AU - Jenal, Marcus AB - Resources that contain evidence of market systems interventions. Recently updated. CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 M3 - Technical Paper PB - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/860/ Y2 - 2017/05/17/16:33:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking systemic change: economic evolution and institutions. Discussion paper AU - Cunningham, Shawn AU - Jenal, Marcus AB - The primary aim of this research project was to find a conceptually sound definition of systemic change. To do so, it was essential to gain a better understanding of how economies change. The central part of the research work, therefore, was an extended literature review on three bodies of knowledge: evolutionary economics new institutional economics complexity theory There is a growing interest in these bodies of knowledge, combined often called New Economic Thinking, and how they affect economic development. Hence, while rethinking systemic change, this work also contributes to answering the broader question of how market systems approaches can contribute to inclusive economic development. The answer, in short, is to shift the focus away from improving transactions at the micro level towards enabling actors to continuously shape an institutional landscape that supports inclusive economic evolution. This discussion paper briefly presents the key messages from the literature review and seven principles drawing from this literature. The principles can be used by market development practitioners, including technical advisers in donor organisations, programme designers and team leaders, to shape programmes and become more in line with how change happens in the economy. A list of selected references is presented at the end. A technical paper contains a much more detailed discussion of the findings and the principles and an extensive list of references. A case study offers a practitioner perspective through the lens of one market systems development programme: DFID-funded Northern Uganda: Transforming the Economy through Climate Smart Agribusiness – Market Development (NUTEC-MD). DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 PB - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/ac/39/ac395b26-2a17-4195-a485-412cff275929/systemic_change_discussion_paper.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/01/11:18:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking systemic change: economic evolution and institutions. Technical Paper AU - Cunningham, Shawn AU - Jenal, Marcus AB - The primary aim of this research project was to find a conceptually sound definition of systemic change. To do so, it was essential to gain a better understanding of how economies change. The central part of the research work, therefore, was an extended literature review on three bodies of knowledge: evolutionary economics, new institutional economics and complexity theory. There is a growing interest in these bodies of knowledge, combined often called New Economic Thinking, and how they affect economic development. Hence, while rethinking systemic change, this work also contributes to answering the broader question of how market systems approaches can contribute to inclusive economic development. The answer, in short, is to shift the focus away from improving transactions at the micro level towards enabling actors to continuously shape an institutional landscape that supports inclusive economic evolution. This technical paper provides an in-depth review of the fields of evolutionary economics, new institutional economics and complexity and social change. It is argued that economic development is a complex, non-linear and continuous evolutionary process. Both market and non-market institutions matter greatly in shaping economic performance. The paper then explores the consequences of this understanding for market development practice. It discusses how market development practitioners can engage in and shape an intentional change processes. To translate the theory into practice, seven principles are suggested that can be applied to market systems development practice. The paper concludes with a reframed look at systemic change in market systems development. A discussion paper presents the key messages from the literature review and seven principles drawing from this literature, and a case study offers a practitioner perspective through the lens of one market systems development programme: DFID-funded Northern Uganda: Transforming the Economy through Climate Smart Agribusiness – Market Development (NUTEC-MD). DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 PB - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/ac/39/ac395b26-2a17-4195-a485-412cff275929/systemic_change_discussion_paper.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/01/11:18:18 ER - TY - NEWS TI - The fascinating world of unconscious bias and development policy AU - d’Almeida, André Corrêa AU - Grossi, Amanda Sue T2 - The Guardian AB - In the last few years scientists have exposed thinking patterns that may skew our decision-making. How can we counter these biases in humanitarian work? DA - 2016/09/13/ PY - 2016 DP - The Guardian LA - en-GB SE - Global Development Professionals Network SN - 0261-3077 UR - https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/sep/13/the-fascinating-world-of-unconscious-bias-and-development-policy?CMP=new_1194&CMP= Y2 - 2016/10/09/17:58:28 KW - Academic experts KW - Higher Education Network KW - Neuroscience KW - Psychology KW - education KW - higher education ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bootcamp Bootleg Design Thinking Toolkit AU - d.school CY - Stanford DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Institute of Design, Stanford University UR - https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57c6b79629687fde090a0fdd/t/58890239db29d6cc6c3338f7/1485374014340/METHODCARDS-v3-slim.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/21/14:52:42 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms of Techno-Moral Change: A Taxonomy and Overview AU - Danaher, John AU - Sætra, Henrik Skaug T2 - Ethical Theory and Moral Practice AB - The idea that technologies can change moral beliefs and practices is an old one. But how, exactly, does this happen? This paper builds on an emerging field of inquiry by developing a synoptic taxonomy of the mechanisms of techno-moral change. It argues that technology affects moral beliefs and practices in three main domains: decisional (how we make morally loaded decisions), relational (how we relate to others) and perceptual (how we perceive situations). It argues that across these three domains there are six primary mechanisms of techno-moral change: (i) adding options; (ii) changing decision-making costs; (iii) enabling new relationships; (iv) changing the burdens and expectations within relationships; (v) changing the balance of power in relationships; and (vi) changing perception (information, mental models and metaphors). The paper also discusses the layered, interactive and second-order effects of these mechanisms. DA - 2023/06/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1007/s10677-023-10397-x DP - Springer Link J2 - Ethic Theory Moral Prac LA - en SN - 1572-8447 ST - Mechanisms of Techno-Moral Change UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-023-10397-x Y2 - 2023/10/20/13:09:48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guidelines for Drawing Causal Loop Diagrams AU - Daniel H., Kim T2 - The Systems Thinker AB - The old adage “if the only tool you have is a hammer, everything begins to look like a nail” can also apply to language. If our language is linear and static, we will tend to view and interact with our world as if it were linear and static. Taking a complex, dynamic, and circular world and linearizing it into a set of snapshots may make things seem simpler, but we may totally misread the very reality we were seeking to understand. Making such inappropriate simplifications “is like putting on your brakes and then looking at your speedometer to see how fast you were going” says Bill Isaacs of the MIT Center for Organizational Learning. Articulating Reality Causal loop diagrams provide a language for articulating our understanding of the dynamic, interconnected nature of our world. We can think of them as sentences which are constructed by linking together key variables and indicating the causal relationships between them. By stringing together several loops, we can create a coherent story about a particular problem or issue. DA - 1992/// PY - 1992 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 6 UR - http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/SystemsThinking/GuidelinesforDrawingCausalLoopDiagrams.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Learning in the Thick of It AU - Darling, Marilyn AU - Parry, Charles AU - Moore, Joseph T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - After-action reviews identify past mistakes but rarely enhance future performance. Companies wanting to fully exploit this tool should look to its master: the U.S. Army’s standing enemy brigade, where soldiers learn and improve even in the midst of battle. DA - 2005/07/01/T04:00:00Z PY - 2005 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2005/07/learning-in-the-thick-of-it Y2 - 2024/01/12/15:30:13 KW - Aerospace sector KW - Corporate governance KW - Decision making and problem solving KW - Defense industry KW - Defense sector KW - Fabrication and manufacturing KW - Meeting management KW - Military KW - North America KW - Organizational culture KW - Presentation skills KW - Project management KW - Psychology KW - Telecom ER - TY - BOOK TI - Appropriate Technology Sourcebook AU - Darrow, Ken AU - Saxenian, Mike CY - Fort Collins DA - 1986/// PY - 1986 DP - Amazon PB - Village Earth ST - Appropriate Technology Sourcebook UR - http://www.villageearth.org/appropriate-technology/appropriate-technology-sourcebook Y2 - 2017/02/22/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Report on outcomes and get everyone involved: The Participatory Performance Story Reporting Technique AU - Dart, J. T2 - Presented at the AES conference in Perth, September 2008 AB - This paper outlines the background and philosophy of Collaborative Outcomes Reporting (COR) and Performance Story Reporting (PSR), providing an overview of these emerging techniques and showing how they can be used as a framework for reporting on contribution to long-term outcomes (or targets) using mixed methods and participatory process. The report serves as an introduction to these approaches in evaluation and discusses their bias, limitations and where they might best be applied. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 7 UR - https://www.clearhorizon.com.au/f.ashx/report-on-outcomes-and-get-everyone-involved_the-participatory-performance.pdf ER - TY - ENCYC TI - Performance Story AU - Dart, J. AU - Mayne, J. T2 - Encyclopedia of Evaluation AB - This is a concise description of ‘Performance Story’ written by Jess Dart and John Mayne for the Sage ‘Encyclopaedia of Evaluation’. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 307 EP - 309 PB - Sage Publications UR - http://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-evaluation/n410.xml Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Collaborative Outcome Mapping AU - Dart, J. AU - Roberts, M. T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Collaborative Outcomes Reporting (COR) is a participatory approach to impact evaluation based around a performance story that presents evidence of how a program has contributed to outcomes and impacts, that is then reviewed by both technical experts and program stakeholders, which may include community members. Collaborative Outcomes Reporting (COR) is a participatory approach to impact evaluation based around a performance story that presents evidence of how a program has contributed to outcomes and impacts, that is then reviewed by both technical experts and program stakeholders, which may include community members. Developed by Jess Dart, COR combines contribution analysis andMultiple Lines and Levels of Evidence (MLLE), mapping existing data and additional data against the program logic to produce a performance story. Performance story reports are essentially a short report about how a program contributed to outcomes. Although they may vary in content and format, most are short, mention program context and aims, relate to a plausible results chain, and are backed by empirical evidence (Dart and Mayne, 2005). The aim is to tell the ‘story’ of a program’s performance using multiple-lines of evidence. COR adds processes of review by an expert panel and stakeholders, sometimes including community members, to check for the credibility of the evidence about what impacts have occurred and the extent to which these can be credibly attributed to the intervention. It is these components of expert panel review (outcomes panel) and a collaborative approach to developing outcomes (through summit workshops) that differentiate COR from other approaches to outcome and impact evaluation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/cort Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What Does the Evidence Tell Us about ‘Thinking and Working Politically’ in Development Assistance? AU - Dasandi, Niheer AU - Laws, Ed AU - Marquette, Heather AU - Robinson, Mark T2 - Politics and Governance AB - Abstract: This paper critically reviews evidence on ‘thinking and working politically’ in development. Scholars and practitioners have increasingly recognised that development is fundamentally political, and efforts are underway to develop more politically informed ways of thinking and working. The literature does not yet constitute a strong evidence base to link these efforts to more effective aid programming: much evidence is anecdotal, does not meet high standards of robustness, is not comparative, and draws on self-selected successes reported by programme insiders. We discuss factors commonly considered to explain the success of politically informed programmes in areas where conventional programming approaches fall short. We consider evidence in three areas—political context, sector and organization—and provide guidance on where to focus next. Finally, we outline ways of testing the core assumptions of the ‘thinking and working politically’ agenda more thoroughly, to provide a clearer sense of the contribution it can make to aid effectiveness. DA - 2019/06/05/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.17645/pag.v7i2.1904 DP - Crossref VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 155 LA - en SN - 2183-2463 UR - https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/1904 Y2 - 2019/07/04/14:08:50 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working Politically: from theory building to building an evidence base AU - Dasandi, Niheer AU - Marquette, Heather AU - Robinson, Mark T2 - Research Paper AB - This paper discusses the steps required to build a robust evidence base for 'thinking and working politically' (TWP) in development. It argues that better understanding what works, when and why is an important step in moving TWP into mainstream development programming. The paper reviews the existing evidence base on TWP, building on this and on other literature on public sector reform and 'pockets of effectiveness' to suggest research questions, case study selection criteria, and a four-level analytical framework: 1) political context; 2) sector; 3) organisation; and 4) individual. The framework aims to help build a 'rigorous enough' evidence base to show whether and how TWP happens and whether or not it influences the effectiveness of programme implementation and outcomes. The paper also calls for more focus on gender issues, and on different – and often more fragile – political contexts. DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - DLP SN - 37 UR - http://www.dlprog.org/publications/thinking-and-working-politically-from-theory-building-to-building-an-evidence-base.php Y2 - 2016/07/19/16:28:16 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral Design: A New Approach to Development Policy AU - Datta, Saugato AU - Mullainathan, Sendhil T2 - Review of Income and Wealth DA - 2014/03// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/roiw.12093 DP - Crossref VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 35 LA - en SN - 00346586 ST - Behavioral Design UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/roiw.12093 Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:09:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring, Evaluating and Learning for Complex Programs in Complex Contexts: Three Facility Case Studies AU - Davda, Tara AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Governance Working Paper 6 DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Abt Associates UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/abt-governance-working-paper-series-issue-no-6-final-8-march-2019.pdf Y2 - 2019/06/21/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning for Complex Programs in Complex Contexts: Three Facility Case Studies – Governance Soapbox AU - Davda, Tara AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Abt Associates - Governance Soapbox DA - 2019/04/11/ PY - 2019 UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.wordpress.com/2019/04/11/monitoring-evaluation-and-learning-for-complex-programs-in-complex-contexts-three-facility-case-studies/ Y2 - 2019/06/21/15:16:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Pocket Guide to Systems Wayfinding AU - Davidson, Seanna DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - The Systems School UR - https://www.the-systems-school.org/resources ER - TY - COMP TI - EvalC3 AU - Davies, Rick AB - Tools for developing, exploring and evaluating predictive models of expected outcomes DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ET - 2.3.39 UR - https://evalc3.net/ Y2 - 2017/05/25/19:31:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating the impact of flexible development interventions using a ‘loose’ theory of change: Reflections on the Australia-Mekong NGO Engagement Platform AU - Davies, Rick AB - • For some interventions, tight and testable theories of change are not appropriate – for example, in fast moving humanitarian emergencies or participatory development programmes, a more flexible approach is needed. • However, it is still possible to have a flexible project design and to draw conclusions about causal attribution. This middle path involves ‘loose’ theories of change, where activities and outcomes may be known, but the likely causal links between them are not yet clear. • In this approach, data is collected ‘after the event’ and analysed across and within cases, developing testable models for ‘what works’. More data will likely be needed than for projects with a ‘tight’ theory of change, as there is a wider range of relationships between interventions and outcomes to analyse. The theory of change plays an important role in guiding the selection of data types. • While loose theories of change are useful to identify long term impacts, this approach can also support short cycle learning about the effectiveness of specific activities being implemented within a project’s lifespan. DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10361.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - ParEvo - Web-assisted participatory evolution of scenarios AU - Davies, Rick AB - ParEvo is a method of exploring alternative futures or histories, using a participatory evolutionary process (hence ParEvo). The process is designed to be used by multiple people, to produce a branching structure of storylines about what did, or could, happen. Participants are anonymous and can choose the extent to which they collaborate with others. Participants are also able to tag, comment on, and evaluate the storylines that are generated. Completed exercises can be analysed using downloaded data describing the content of storylines and the structure of people’s participation. Outcomes can be both cognitive (e.g. how we think about the future) and behavioural (e.g. how we respond to the future). DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://parevo.org/ Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:46:16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Representing theories of change: technical challenges with evaluation consequences AU - Davies, Rick T2 - Journal of Development Effectiveness AB - This paper looks at the technical issues associated with the representation of Theories of Change and the implications of design choices for the evaluability of those theories. The focus is on the description of connections between events rather than the events themselves, because this is seen as a widespread design weakness. Using examples and evidence from Internet sources six structural problems are described along with their consequences for evaluation. The paper then outlines a range of different ways of addressing these problems that could be used by programme designers, implementers and evaluators. The paper concludes with some caution speculating on why the design problems are so endemic but also pointing a way forward. Four strands of work are identified that CEDIL and DFID could invest in to develop solutions identified in the paper. DA - 2018/10/02/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/19439342.2018.1526202 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 438 EP - 461 SN - 1943-9342 ST - Representing theories of change UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2018.1526202 Y2 - 2021/04/16/08:24:00 KW - Evaluation KW - evaluability KW - representation KW - theory of change ER - TY - BOOK TI - The 'Most Significant Change' (MSC) Technique AU - Davies, Rick AU - Dart, Jess AB - This publication is aimed at organisations, community groups, students and academics who wish to use MSC to help monitor and evaluate their social change programs and projects, or to learn more about how it can be used. The technique is applicable in many different sectors, including agriculture, education and health, and especially in development programs. It is also applicable to many different cultural contexts. MSC has been used in a wide variety of countries by a range of organisations. By 2004, MSC had been used both by NGOs and governments in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe and Australasia. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 104 PB - CARE International UR - http://www.mande.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2005/MSCGuide.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - How Artifacts Afford: The Power and Politics of Everyday Things AU - Davis, Jenny L. AB - Technologies are intrinsically social. They reflect human values and affect human behavior. The social dynamics of technology materialize through design features that shape how a technology functions and to what effect. The shaping effects of technology are represented in scholarly fields by the concept of “affordances.” Affordances are the ways design features enable and constrain user engagement and social action. This has been a central construct for designers and technology theorists since foundational statements on the topic from JJ Gibson and Don Norman in the 1970s and 80s. With the rise of digitization and widespread automation, “affordance” has entered common parlance and resurged within academic discourse and debate. Davis provides a conceptual update on affordance theory along with a cogent scaffold that shifts the orienting question from what technologies afford, to how technologies afford, for whom, and under what circumstances? “How Artifacts Afford” introduces the mechanisms and conditions framework of affordances in which technologies request, demand, encourage, discourage, refuse, and allow social action, varying across subjects and circumstances. Underlying this mechanisms and conditions framework is a sharp focus on the politics and power encoded in sociotechnical systems. In this timely theoretical reboot, Davis brings clarity to the affordance concept, situates the concept within a broader history of technology studies, and demonstrates how the mechanisms and conditions framework can serve as a transferrable tool of inquiry, critique, and (re)design. CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 2020/08/11/ PY - 2020 DP - Amazon SP - 192 LA - English PB - MIT Press SN - 978-0-262-04411-0 ST - How Artifacts Afford UR - https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262044110/how-artifacts-afford/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Agile Development in the Age of Adaptive Management AU - Davis, Taryn AU - Orton-Vipond, Sarah AU - Staid, Martha T2 - Development Gateway AB - Adaptive management – the idea that development projects should respond to real life complexities and be flexible enough to respond to unforeseen changes – is an often-praised approach to doing development differently, with donors and partners exploring how to apply it within their programming. DA - 2019/02/14/ PY - 2019 LA - en UR - http://www.developmentgateway.org/blog/agile-development-age-adaptive-management Y2 - 2019/03/15/09:06:47 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Learning and adapting: the use of monitoring and evaluation in countering violent extremism: a handbook for practitioners AU - Dawson, Laura AU - Edwards, Charlie AU - Jeffray, Calum AU - Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies AB - IN 2013, the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI) was awarded a grant under the Kanishka Project to develop a handbook for monitoring and evaluating counter violent extremism (CVE) policies and programmes. The aim of this handbook is to support CVE policy-makers and practitioners (those who design, manage and evaluate CVE programmes), by providing them with key terms regarding violent extremism and radicalisation, describing the purpose of evaluation, and providing examples of key methodologies they can employ to conduct monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in this emerging policy field. The handbook will enable readers to understand why, when and how to conduct an evaluation of a CVE policy, programme or project. . DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies SN - 978-0-85516-124-8 ST - Learning and adapting UR - http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn31896-eng.pdf Y2 - 2019/09/17/10:38:28 ER - TY - BLOG TI - VCoL in action: How to use micro-VCoLs to learn optimally on the fly AU - Dawson, Theo T2 - Medium AB - VCoL (the virtuous cycle of learning), is designed to optimize learning while leveraging human´s natural motivational system. It’s easiest to tap into this motivational system when VCoLs are small, focused, relevant, and habitual. We call VCoLs with these characteristics micro-VCoLs. What is a micro-VCoL? Micro-VCoLs are frequently iterated learning cycles that are embedded in everyday activities. Like any VCoL, they involve setting a learning goal, gathering information, applying information, and reflecting on outcomes (preferably with input from others). But in the case of the micro-VCoL, the focus is on the smaller skills (micro-skills) that make up complex sets of skills. DA - 2019/07/07/ PY - 2019 LA - en ST - VCoL in action UR - https://theo-dawson.medium.com/learning-in-the-moment-how-to-use-micro-vcols-to-learn-optimally-on-the-fly-185d700804b Y2 - 2023/11/20/11:32:13 ER - TY - CONF TI - Virtuous cycles of learning: Redesigning testing during the digital revolution AU - Dawson, Theo AU - Stein, Zachary T2 - International School on Mind, Brain, and Education AB - This paper explores positive new directions for the future of educational testing by examining trends at the interface of the learning sciences and advances in educational technologies. A brief history of the relation between testing and technology sets the stage for a look at emerging “edu-tech” trends and what these might mean for the future of testing. This historical-critical look at past and present testing practices reveals that the learning sciences have been less influential in shaping the growth of testing infrastructures than cumulative advances in technology that have enabled large-scale standardization and automation. We argue that during the current “digital revolution” the learning sciences ought to assume more responsibility for shaping the adoption of new testing technologies. We propose a set of principles that, if followed, would move tomorrow’s testing infrastructures toward learning-centric design. Combining the affordances of new digital technologies with advances in our understanding of learning make it possible to build tests that promote multi-level learning in educational systems, catalyzing virtuous cycles of learning for everyone they affect—students, teachers, school leaders, policy makers, and researchers. The DiscoTest™ Initiative is presented as a reform effort that is guided by these design principles, serving as an example of positive new possibilities for testing at the interface of the learning sciences and new educational technologies. C1 - Sicily DA - 2011/08/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.13140/2.1.2448.5121 DP - ResearchGate ST - Virtuous cycles of learning UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266022255_Virtuous_cycles_of_learning_Redesigning_testing_during_the_digital_revolution Y2 - 2023/11/20/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The 2017 Reader on Results Measurement. An introduction to the DCED Standard AU - DCED DA - 2017/09// PY - 2017 PB - DCED UR - https://www.enterprise-development.org/wp-content/uploads/DCED_Reader_RM.pdf Y2 - 2017/09/26/14:40:52 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Doing Development Different Manifesto AU - DDD Community AB - Statement from the October 2014 ‘Doing Development Differently’ workshop Too many development initiatives have limited impact. Schools are built but children do not learn. Clinics are built but sic… CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 2014/10/23/ PY - 2014 PB - DDD Community UR - http://doingdevelopmentdifferently.com ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beyond magic bullets in governance reform AU - de Gramont, Diane CY - Washington DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DP - Google Scholar PB - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace UR - http://carnegieendowment.org/files/governanace_magic_bullets.pdf Y2 - 2017/05/05/12:06:57 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Why isn’t Tech for Accountability Working in Africa? AU - de Lanerolle, Indra T2 - Policy Briefing No 161 AB - Expanding mobile networks and falling costs could transform communication between African citizens and governments. So far, however, attempts to harness new technologies to improve transparency and accountability in Africa and elsewhere have had disappointing results. What is going wrong? Research suggests that an important reason for this failure is a poor understanding of technologies and limited skills in developing and using them. It seems that civil society organisations (CSOs) and governments often ‘re-invent the flat tyre’: experimenting with new tools without finding out what has been tried (often unsuccessfully) before. They also do not follow best practices in how to source, develop and test technologies to ensure these are ‘fit for purpose’. Decision makers should focus on building an effective innovation ecosystem with better links between technologists and accountability actors in both government and civil society to enable learning from successes – and mistakes. CY - Johannesburg DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 PB - SAIIA UR - http://www.saiia.org.za/policy-briefings/why-isn-t-tech-for-accountability-working-in-africa Y2 - 2017/06/01/14:20:02 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Sometimes it is about the Tech: Choosing Tools in South African and Kenyan Transparency & Accountability Initiatives AU - de Lanerolle, Indra AU - Walker, Tom AU - Kinney, Sasha T2 - MAVC Research Report CY - Brighton DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 PB - IDS and The Engine Room UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/six-rules-thumb-select-tools-transparency-accountability-projects Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:59:31 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - CHAP TI - Release the pressure on governance practitioners AU - de Weijer, Frauke AU - Hauck, Volker T2 - A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook: Alternative Ideas and Approaches A2 - Whaites, Alan A2 - Gonzalez, Eduardo A2 - Fyson, Sara A2 - Teskey, Graham AB - The Governance Practitioner’s Notebook takes an unusual approach for the OECD-DAC Network on Governance (GovNet). It brings together a collection of specially written notes aimed at those who work as governance practitioners within development agencies. It does so, however, without attempting to offer definitive guidance – instead aiming to stimulate thinking and debate. To aid this process the book is centred on a fictional Governance Adviser. The Notebook’s format provides space for experts to speak on today’s governance issues: politics, public sector reform and stakeholder engagement. It encourages debate, charts the evolution of donor thinking, and highlights future challenges in the age of the Sustainable Development Goals. Each section introduces both technical issues and major areas of debate, providing ideas for future development support to institutional reform. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 PB - OECD UR - http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/governance/governance-practitioners-notebook.htm Y2 - 2016/08/11/10:01:26 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - America’s Most Successful Export to Japan: Continuous Improvement Programs AU - Dean M., Schroeder AU - Robinson, Alan G. T2 - MIT Sloan Management Review AB - CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT Programs (CIPs) unleash employee experience and I creativity to improve both products and processes. They are often cited as the most important difference between the Japanese and Western management styles and as a major factor in Japan’s economic success.2Yet the CIP was conceived, developed, and brought to maturation in the United States. After World War II, the U.S. government helped to export it to Japan, where it was well received and promptly flourished. Despite the long history and well-documented benefits of such systems, few U.S. companies have invested effort in CIPs equivalent to that of their Japanese competitors. Japanese companies have put almost forty years into the development and refinement of CIPs, or kaizen programs as they are known in Japan, and have brought the art and science of managing them to new levels of sophistication. The aim of these programs is precisely to design and implement a system whose natural equilibrium is constant improvement and change. How can a company that does not have such a program compete with one that does? In this paper we give the historical background of CIPs, which we believe is essential for a useful understanding of these programs. We document their export across the Pacific immediately following World War II and illustrate their power as a competitive weapon when fully and properly deployed. We then identify and discuss requirements for successful implementation and suggest reasons why many U.S. firms find them difficult to start and maintain. We conclude by arguing that what is commonly perceived to be the “best practice” of CIP management is itself open to improvement. Throughout the article, we identify promising directions for companies to pursue so that all minds in the company, not just those of a few at the top, are actively solving problems, reducing costs, and eliminating waste. DA - 1991/04/15/ PY - 1991 LA - en-US ST - America’s Most Successful Export to Japan UR - https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/americas-most-successful-export-to-japan-continuous-improvement-programs/ Y2 - 2019/08/16/11:10:41 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Scaling up co-design AU - Dearden, Andrew AU - Light, Ann AU - Zamenopoulos, Theodore AU - Graham, Paula AU - Plouviez, Emma AU - de Sousa, Sophia T2 - PDC 2014 : Reflecting connectedness : proceedings of the 13th Participatory Design Conference A2 - Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike A2 - D'Andrea, Vincenzo A2 - Iversen, Ole Sejer AB - In this paper we reflect on our experiences in a project where academic researchers and social change organizations are working together to explore how participatory and co-design practices can be disseminated and spread within the 'third sector'. The research project is itself co-designed and co-produced, but within various constraints arising from research funding models. We explore both our immediate outputs and our learning about successful co-research models for this challenge. CY - New York DA - 2014/10/06/ PY - 2014 DP - shura.shu.ac.uk SP - 67 EP - 70 LA - en PB - ACM Press SN - 978-1-4503-2256-0 UR - http://dl.acm.org.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/citation.cfm?id=2662155.2662182 Y2 - 2017/09/06/09:16:01 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The ethical limits of bungee research in ICTD AU - Dearden, Andrew AU - Tucker, William D. T2 - 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society AB - Research in ICTD is difficult because engineers with technical expertise are separated from the challenges that they are trying to address by large physical distances and significant social differences. To overcome these challenges, much research involves occasional short visits by external researchers to developing regions to investigate problems and generate ideas which are then developed back at the engineers' home base before further return visits for deployment and evaluation. This paper highlights the ethical limitations of this `bungee research', and reflects on our experiences in evolving more fruitful research practices. We argue that relying on bungee research as a primary model of research engagement is unethical, and we suggest some minimal conditions that are necessary, but not sufficient, for such visits to be ethically defensible in ICTD research. CY - Dublin, Eire DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 DP - shura.shu.ac.uk SP - 1 EP - 6 LA - en PB - IEEE SN - 978-1-4799-8283-7 UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=7439430 Y2 - 2017/09/06/09:14:05 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moving ICTD research beyond bungee jumping: practical case studies and recommendations AU - Dearden, Andy AU - Tucker, William T2 - IEEE Technology and Society Magazine AB - The global spread of Internet and mobile communications has been accompanied by a growing interest in how information and communication technologies (ICTs) can contribute to social and economic development. There are a considerable number of such examples in developing countries. For example, M-Pesa in Kenya allows workers in the cities to send money back to families living in the countryside using SMS messages on basic mobile phones. In Ghana, the Motech project allows community health workers to use feature phones and network services to track ante-natal (and post-natal) care with the objective of improving outcomes for both mothers and babies. Other examples include Gram Vaani's (GRINS) open-source software for community radio stations, or Ushahidi's initiatives, which began with tracking post-electoral violence in Kenya in 2008 using mobile phones and Google maps. These examples illustrate different ways of leveraging ICT to improve lives and livelihoods worldwide. Such stories are inspiring many young (and not so young) researchers and innovators alike to explore how technology might support social and economic development and inclusion in global knowledge exchange DA - 2016/09/09/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1109/MTS.2016.2593267 DP - shura.shu.ac.uk VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 36 EP - 43 LA - en SN - 0278-0097 ST - Moving ICTD research beyond bungee jumping UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7563950/ Y2 - 2017/09/06/09:13:12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diffusion Of Innovations Theory, Principles, And Practice AU - Dearing, James W. AU - Cox, Jeffrey G. T2 - Health Affairs AB - Aspects of the research and practice paradigm known as the diffusion of innovations are applicable to the complex context of health care, for both explanatory and interventionist purposes. This article answers the question, “What is diffusion?” by identifying the parameters of diffusion processes: what they are, how they operate, and why worthy innovations in health care do not spread more rapidly. We clarify how the diffusion of innovations is related to processes of dissemination and implementation, sustainability, improvement activity, and scale-up, and we suggest the diffusion principles that can be readily used in the design of interventions. DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104 DP - healthaffairs.org (Atypon) VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 183 EP - 190 SN - 0278-2715 UR - https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104 Y2 - 2023/01/13/10:35:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A guide to agile communication - Defra digital AU - DEFRA Digital AB - This guide is intended for: people planning communications activity on behalf of agile teams people doing the communications activity (especially blogging, presenting, or filmmaking) people who manage the people described above, who want to understand what they're doing and why The government service standard encourages teams to work in the open as much as possible, echoing item 10 in the government design principles, “make things open, it makes them better”. This guide was written to help teams do just that. DA - 2018/09/12/ PY - 2018 PB - Departmetn for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (UK) UR - https://defradigital.blog.gov.uk/a-guide-to-agile-communication/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:23:03 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Realities of Community Based Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa AU - DeGeorges, Paul Andre AU - Reilly, Brian Kevin T2 - Sustainability AB - This is an historic overview of conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa from pre-colonial times through the present. It demonstrates that Africans practiced conservation that was ignored by the colonial powers. The colonial market economy combined with the human and livestock population explosion of the 21st century are the major factors contributing to the demise of wildlife and critical habitat. Unique insight is provided into the economics of a representative safari company, something that has not been readily available to Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) practitioners. Modern attempts at sharing benefits from conservation with rural communities will fail due to the low rural resource to population ratio regardless of the model, combined with the uneven distribution of profits from safari hunting that drives most CBNRM programs, unless these ratios are changed. Low household incomes from CBNRM are unlikely to change attitudes of rural dwellers towards Western approaches to conservation. Communities must sustainably manage their natural areas as "green factories" for the multitude of natural resources they contain as a means of maximizing employment and thus household incomes, as well as meeting the often overlooked socio-cultural ties to wildlife and other natural resources, which may be as important as direct material benefits in assuring conservation of wildlife and its habitat. For CBNRM to be successful in the long-term, full devolution of ownership over land and natural resources must take place. In addition, as a means of relieving pressure on the rural resource base, this will require an urbanization process that creates a middleclass, as opposed to the current slums that form the majority of Africa‘s cities, through industrialization that transforms the unique natural resources of the subcontinent (e.g., strategic minerals, petroleum, wildlife, hardwoods, fisheries, wild medicines, agricultural products, etc.) in Africa. DA - 2009/09// PY - 2009 DO - 10.3390/su1030734 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 734 EP - 788 LA - en UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/734 Y2 - 2019/05/18/12:36:29 KW - Development KW - conservation KW - industrialization KW - population KW - wildlife ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reforming solid waste management in Phnom Penh AU - Denney, Lisa T2 - Working Politically in Practice AB - This paper tracks the efforts of an Asia Foundation team and local stakeholders as they worked to support improvements in the solid waste management sector in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The team worked in a flexible way with a range of partners, and with particular focus on understanding the incentives and politics affecting service delivery. While reform of the sector remains in progress, steps have been taken to introduce more competition and better public sector management of solid waste collection in the city. This case study lays out the real-time decisions and processes which drove the strategy and implementation of this project, providing useful insights into how politically astute and flexible programs can be successfully implemented. This case has emerged from an action research process, which was led by a researcher from the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) and conducted over the course of almost two years. By capturing and analyzing the experiences of the program team in Phnom Penh, the paper intends to provide practical insights for others in the development community aiming to implement similar kinds of programming. DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 SN - 8 UR - http://asiafoundation.org/publication/reforming-solid-waste-management-phnom-penh Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:47:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using political economy analysis in conflict, security and justice programmes AU - Denney, Lisa DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 SP - 20 M3 - Toolkit PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10362.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Walking the adaptive talk AU - Denney, Lisa T2 - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre AB - The first in a three-part series on adaptive aid.Lisa Denney clarifies the confusion. DA - 2018/09/11/T06:00:03+10:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - http://www.devpolicy.org/walking-the-adaptive-talk-20180911/ Y2 - 2018/09/24/08:15:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beyond the toolkit: supporting peace processes in Asia AU - Denney, Lisa AU - Barron, Patrick T2 - Working Politically in Practice Series: Case Study DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015 SP - 38 PB - The Asia Foundation SN - 4 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10177.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A problem-focused approach to violence against women: The political-economy of justice and security programming AU - Denney, Lisa AU - Domingo, Pilar AB - The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women ended its 57th session on 15 March 2013 with an outcome document affirming the importance of eliminating violence against women (VAW). The Commission was unable, however, to achieve consensus on a global action plan. The negative reaction of some UN member states to an action plan is a worrying reminder of ongoing resistance to reform. These persistent challenges highlight the continuing struggle to gain a serious global commitment to address VAW and recognise it as a breach of women’s fundamental human rights. Engaging in this struggle, many donors have put addressing VAW generally, and in fragile and conflictaffected situations (FCAS) specifically, at the top of the development agenda and made it a major priority of international policy. But in practice progress remains difficult, not least due to entrenched resistance and discriminatory socio-political norms and gender relations that persist in many societies. The problem of violence against women therefore needs to be addressed from the perspective of the concrete socio-political and cultural conditions that shape its particular features and the relevant context specific dynamics of conflict, post-conflict patterns of violence and fragility. International efforts to support reform in the area of VAW in FCAS need to go beyond prescriptive approaches that focus on what access to protection, justice and redress should look like. We propose here an approach that engages with the specificities of the problem – paying attention to context, and the concrete political-economy dynamics of the drivers of VAW – and takes account of the real options that DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 SP - 12 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8325.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Political Economy Analysis – Guidance for legal technical assistance AU - Denney, Lisa AU - Domingo, Pilar AB - Political economy analysis is about understanding how change in relation to rule of law and international development is embedded within and shaped by political and economic relations that interact and are particular to each context. These political economy dynamics determine the distribution of power and resources within any given society and must be taken into account when attempting to achieve change. Political economy analysis is important in the justice sector because rule of law and dispute resolution processes reflect the rules of the game about who wins and who loses in the allocation of power and resources. Using political economy analysis in legal technical assistance can help to ensure more relevant and effective assistance that sustainably addresses concrete problems. It can also help to avoid the risk that poorly targeted assistance might inadvertently exacerbate existing power structures in a way that was not intended. DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 SP - 24 M3 - Guidance note PB - ROLE UK UR - http://www.roleuk.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/PEA%20-%20Guidance%20for%20legal%20technical%20assistance.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working politically to support developmental leadership and coalitions: The Pacific Leadership Program AU - Denney, Lisa AU - McLaren, Rebecca T2 - Research Paper CY - Birmingham DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - DLP Program SN - 41 UR - http://publications.dlprog.org/Denney_McLaren.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/24/08:45:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Creating the (organisational) conditions for an OM­ based M&E and learning practice AU - Deprez, Steff DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - en PB - Outcome Mapping Learning Community UR - https://www.outcomemapping.ca/download/steff.deprezzol.co.zw_en_2009-deprez_steff-org%20conditions.pdf Y2 - 2023/12/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Using stories in evaluation: Participatory Narrative Inquiry and Sensemaking T2 - gLocal Evaluation Week 2022 AB - Sensemaking and Participatory Narrative Inquiry (PNI) are similar approaches, based on collecting stories about a real life experience from a large number of stakeholders on a topic of interest to the evaluation, and giving the storytellers themselves the responsibility for analyzing and making sense of the stories. Because a large number of stories are collected and self-interpreted, it is possible to conduct quantitative analysis of recurrent themes, perspectives and feelings emerging in the narratives. By combining elements of qualitative and quantitative research, these approaches help to make sense of complex and evolving realities. This session presented the general approach of Sensemaking and PNI. Panelists discussed their experiences with this method, recently used in IFAD and WFP’s evaluations and invited participants to share their own experiences with using stories in evaluation. DA - 2022/06/21/ PY - 2022 M3 - Webinar ST - Using stories in evaluation UR - https://www.evalforward.org/webinars/using-stories Y2 - 2022/07/26/12:40:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Moving Targets, Widening Nets: monitoring incremental and adaptive change in an Empowerment and Accountability programme. The experience of the State Accountability and Voice Initiative in Nigeria AU - Derbyshire, Helen AU - Barr, Julian AU - Fraser, Steve AU - Mwamba, Wilf DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 PB - DFID UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/resource/moving-targets-widening-nets-monitoring-incremental-adaptive-change-empowerment-accountability-programme/ Y2 - 2016/07/27/09:45:23 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive programming in practice: shared lessons from the DFID-funded LASER and SAVI programmes AU - Derbyshire, Helen AU - Donovan, Elbereth T2 - Synthesis Paper 3 AB - LASER synthesis papers aim to help donors and other stakeholders better understand why and how to approach investment climate reform programming differently. The papers reflect emerging best practice and lessons learnt on what works and what does not work in doing development differently. The papers have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field including senior advisers at DFID, World Bank, IFC and the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (amongst others). DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Laser_Savi_Report-online-version-final-120816pdf.pdf Y2 - 2019/06/10/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Politically informed, gender aware programming: Five lessons from practice AU - Derbyshire, Helen AU - Gibson, Sam AU - Hudson, David AU - Roche, Chris CY - Birmingham DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 28 LA - en M3 - Briefing note PB - DLP Program UR - http://www.dlprog.org/gender-and-politics-in-practice/publications/from-silos-to-synergy.php ER - TY - RPRT TI - From Silos to Synergy: Learning from politically informed, gender aware programs AU - Derbyshire, Helen AU - Siow, Orlanda AU - Gibson, Sam AU - Hudson, David AU - Roche, Chris CY - Birmingham DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 28 LA - en PB - DLP Program UR - http://www.dlprog.org/gender-and-politics-in-practice/publications/from-silos-to-synergy.php ER - TY - BOOK TI - Gambling on Development: Why Some Countries Win and Others Lose AU - Dercon, Stefan DA - 2022/05/05/ PY - 2022 DP - Amazon SP - 360 LA - English PB - C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd SN - 978-1-78738-562-7 ST - Gambling on Development ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing to Adapt: Analysing adaptive management for planning, monitoring, evaluation, and learning AU - Desai, Harsh AU - Maneo, Gabriele AU - Pellfolk, Erica AU - Schlingheider, Annika T2 - Oxfam Research Reports AB - Adaptive management is at the heart of ‘Doing Development Differently’. It emerges from stakeholders’ calls for development programmes to be more flexible and responsive to their contexts. Whether it becomes a mainstreamed practice depends on how much it is DA - 2018/03/22/ PY - 2018 DP - policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk LA - English PB - Oxfam ST - Managing to Adapt UR - https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/managing-to-adapt-analysing-adaptive-management-for-planning-monitoring-evaluat-620446 Y2 - 2018/05/14/11:02:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - If politics is the problem, how can external actors be part of the solution? AU - Devarajan, Shantayanan AU - Khemani, Stuti AB - Despite a large body of research and evidence on the policies and institutions needed to generate growth and reduce poverty, many governments fail to adopt these policies or establish the institutions. Research advances since the 1990s have explained this syndrome, which this paper generically calls DA - 2016/07/25/10:16:01 PY - 2016 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - WPS7761 UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/906091469456194816 Y2 - 2016/08/05/15:33:59 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - ELEC TI - Development Gateway website AU - Development Gateway T2 - Development Gateway: an IREX Venture AB - We create tools and design processes that help collect, analyze, visualize, and use data to support more effective, open, and engaging institutions. ST - Development Gateway UR - https://developmentgateway.org/ Y2 - 2023/01/11/10:19:26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - AID Programming Guide AU - DFAT DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 PB - Australian Government UR - https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/aid-programming-guide.aspx Y2 - 2019/03/12/16:44:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effective Governance. Strategy for Australia’s aid investments AU - DFAT CY - Canberra DA - 2015/03// PY - 2015 PB - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government UR - http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/effective-governance-strategy-for-australias-aid-investments.pdf Y2 - 2017/08/21/16:04:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Independent Review of Facilities: review and management response AU - DFAT DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 PB - DFAT UR - https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/independent-review-of-facilities-review-and-management-response.aspx Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Market Systems Development - Operational Guidance Note AU - DFAT DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - DFAT UR - https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/operational-guidance-note-market-systems-development.pdf Y2 - 2019/06/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the strength of Evidence AU - DFID T2 - How to Note DA - 2014/03// PY - 2014 UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291982/HTN-strength-evidence-march2014.pdf Y2 - 2019/06/26/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID Data Disaggregation Action Plan: Better Data for Better Lives AU - DFID DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/582315/Data-disaggregation-action-plan-Jan-2017.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID Smart Rules: Better Programme Delivery - version VI (2016.10) AU - DFID AB - Smart Rules provide the operating framework for the Department for International Development’s (DFID’s) programmes. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - DFID ST - DFID Smart Rules UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dfid-smart-rules-better-programme-delivery Y2 - 2016/09/07/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID Smart Rules: Better Programme Delivery - version VII (2017.04) AU - DFID AB - Smart Rules provide the operating framework for the Department for International Development’s (DFID’s) programmes. CY - London DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - DFID ST - DFID Smart Rules UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dfid-smart-rules-better-programme-delivery Y2 - 2017/06/09/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID Smart Rules: Better Programme Delivery - version VIII (2018.04) AU - DFID AB - Smart Rules provide the operating framework for the Department for International Development’s (DFID’s) programmes. CY - London DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - DFID ST - DFID Smart Rules UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dfid-smart-rules-better-programme-delivery Y2 - 2017/06/09/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID Smart Rules: Better Programme Delivery - version X (2019.01) AU - DFID CY - London DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - DFID ST - DFID Smart Rules UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/779532/Smart-Rules-External-Jan19.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global Learning for Adaptive Management (GLAM) AU - DFID AB - To improve the value for money and impact of development interventions by promoting the use of better monitoring, evaluation and learning strategies that support development programmes to gather and respond to emergent evidence on the effects of interventions, as well as changes in the development context. The Global Learning for Adpative Management programme will make available technical assistance to DFID, USAID and partners to develop this ‘adaptive management’ approach, as well as build an evidence base to understand links between the use of adaptive management and more effective, efficient, relevant and sustainable development interventions. DA - 2016/11/22/ PY - 2016 PB - DFID Development Tracker UR - https://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-205148 Y2 - 2017/07/12/11:41:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidance on using the revised Logical Framework - How to note AU - DFID AB - The principal changes to the logframe from the earlier (2008) 4 x 4 matrix are: - Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVIs) have been separated into their component elements (Indicator, Baseline and Target), and Milestones added. - Means of Verification has been renamed ‘Source’. - Inputs are now quantified in terms of funds (expressed in Sterling for DFID and all partners) and use of DFID staff time (expressed as annual Full-Time Equivalents (FTEs). - A DFID Share box now indicates the financial value of DFID’s Inputs as a percentage of the whole. - Assumptions are shown at Purpose and Output level only. - Risks are shown at Activities level only, but also rated at Output level; - At the Output level, the Impact Weighting is now shown in the logframe together with a Risk Rating for individual Outputs. - Activities are now shown separately (so do not normally appear in the logframe sent for approval), although they can be added to the logframe if this is more suitable for your purposes. - A renewed emphasis on the use of disaggregated beneficiary data within indicators, baselines and targets. The Logical Framework (logframe) was significantly re-designed in February 2009. In January 2011 a slightly amended logframe template was introduced at the same time as the launch of the new DFID Business Case. Given the extent of changes that took place in February 2009 it was only necessary to make minor amendments in January 2011. These amendments are as follows: - Results Chain terminology aligned across DFID (the terms Goal and Purpose in the old logframe template have been replaced by Impact and Outcome) - Rows added to allow achieved results to be captured alongside the planned results determined at project design stage - Word version of the logframe template removed – excel is the preferred format for logical frameworks from January 2011 - Indicator numbering introduced within logframe template CY - London DA - 2011/01// PY - 2011 M3 - Practice Paper PB - DFID UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c9e2d40f0b6629523ab0f/using-revised-logical-framework-external.pdf Y2 - 2024/01/30/10:49:54 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Political Economy Analysis - How to note AU - DFID T2 - Practice Paper AB - Political economy analysis is a powerful tool for improving the effectiveness of aid. Bridging the traditional concerns of politics and economics, it focuses on how power and resources are distributed and contested in different contexts, and the implications for development outcomes. It gets beneath the formal structures to reveal the underlying interests, incentives and institutions that enable or frustrate change. Such insights are important if we are to advance challenging agendas around governance, economic growth and service delivery, which experience has shown do not lend themselves to technical solutions alone. Political economy analysis is not a magic bullet for the resolution of intractable development problems. However, it can support more effective and politically feasible development strategies, as well as inform more realistic expectations of what can be achieved, and the risks involved. It can also contribute to better results by identifying where the main opportunities and barriers for policy reform exist and how donors can use their programming and influencing tools to promote positive change. This understanding is particularly relevant in fragile and conflict-affected environments where the challenge of building peaceful states and societies is fundamentally political. There are an increasing number of political economy tools available to development agencies for a range of analytical and operational purposes. This note brings together this material with a view to explaining the relevance and uses of political economy analysis. It is intended to be used by a wide range of DFID programme managers and advisers, as well as staff in other HMG departments and partner organisations. The main questions it addresses are: 􀂃 what is political economy analysis? 􀂃 how and why does political economy analysis add value to DFID work? 􀂃 what approaches and tools are available? 􀂃 how should the analysis be prepared, undertaken and applied to DFID’s work? 􀂃 how should we work with other development partners and across HMG on analysis? Key messages include: • Political economy analysis is central to the formulation of sound country plans and sector programmes, and can play a key role in risk mitigation and ensuring that donors avoid harmful practices. • Political economy analysis can help to improve development effectiveness by identifying how and where donors should focus efforts to promote positive change. • There are a growing number of operationally relevant tools which can be used to inform development strategies at the country or sector level, or in relation to particular development problems. • Several DFID country offices have used political economy analysis to improve the quality and impact of aid. This experience provides valuable lessons that should be considered when commissioning and undertaking political economy analysis. • Where possible, analysis should be conducted on an ongoing basis with key partners in HMG and the wider development community to encourage shared understanding and joint action. CY - London DA - 2009/07// PY - 2009 PB - DFID UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/po58.pdf Y2 - 2021/01/04/12:01:40 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Rwanda Multi-Donor Civil Society Support Programme (2015-2021) AU - DFID T2 - Development Tracker AB - Project data for the Rwanda Multi-Donor Civil Society Support Programme (2015-2021). Strengthened civil society engagement on critical social cohesion, reconciliation and governance issues in Rwanda. DFID will provide funding and technical support to Rwandan civil society organisations to support the design and implementation of governance and reconciliation focused initiatives, and to support more effective engagement (influencing) with government on these issues. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-203927/documents Y2 - 2019/04/16/10:10:21 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Design Thinking is not enough – Innovate DFID AU - DFID, Innovate T2 - Medium AB - By Tamara Giltsoff DA - 2016/10/03/T17:55:37.448Z PY - 2016 UR - https://medium.com/@InnovateDFID/design-thinking-is-not-enough-526c4c56182 Y2 - 2016/11/14/17:42:45 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adding Up to Peace: The Cumulative Impacts of Peace Initiatives AU - Diana Chigas AU - Peter Woodrow AB - Adding Up to Peace: The Cumulative Impacts of Peace Initiatives aims to identify how cumulative impacts in peace practice operate at all levels, in order to provide practical lessons for policymakers, donors and practitioners to develop more effective strategies for greater progress towards peace. This book builds on CDA’s Reflecting on Peace Practice Project (RPP), launched to answer the question: What works—and what doesn’t work—in peacebuilding? It seeks to deepen our understanding of how multiple peacebuilding initiatives in a conflict zone interacted and added up (or didn’t), to result in progress towards larger societal level peace, or Peace Writ Large. The findings are a product of sixteen case studies conducted between 2007 and 2012, gathering the perceptions of both local and international stakeholders. The finalization of this book was generously funded by Humanity United. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Humanity United or of CDA Collaborative Learning Projects. CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en-US PB - CDA Collaborative Learning Projects ST - Adding Up to Peace UR - https://www.cdacollaborative.org/publication/adding-peace-cumulative-impacts-peace-initiatives/ Y2 - 2022/06/17/13:38:01 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Principles for Digital Development AU - digitalprinciples.org DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://digitalprinciples.org/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nuru Kenya transition from Nuru International, Kenya AU - Dillan, Haley AU - Ouma, Joel AU - Yamron, David T2 - What Transformation Takes - Evidence of Responsible INGO Transitions to Locally Led Development Around the World A2 - Renoir, Megan A2 - Boone, Grace AB - This case study is an example of a phased transfer of ownership and responsibility from INGO Nuru International to Nuru Kenya, including the exit of all international staff. Post-transition, Nuru Kenya is managed entirely by Kenyan staff, although it continues to receive financial support from Nuru International. A lot of the elements described are aligned with Adaptive Management ways of working. CY - London DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 31 LA - en PB - Peace Direct ER - TY - RPRT TI - Breaking the Mould: Alternative approaches to monitoring and evaluation AU - Dillon, Neil AB - This paper looks at a range of M&E innovations that are designed specifically to provide input to ongoing iterative decision-making and learning at the project level. It identifies three key areas for potential innovation: 1) timing of M&E data provision; 2) flexibility of M&E frameworks to evolve with programme change; and 3) approaches to integrate diverse perspectives on project implementation in a meaningful way. It then looks at a collection of approaches currently being used in each of these three areas through a series of ‘practice examples’, considering the key lessons learned. Finally, the paper discusses the major opportunities and challenges for applying and scaling up the use of these approaches inside the humanitarian sector. CY - London DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - ALNAP UR - https://reliefweb.int/report/world/breaking-mould-alternative-approaches-monitoring-and-evaluation Y2 - 2023/10/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Back to the Drawing Board: How to improve monitoring of outcomes AU - Dillon, Neil AU - Sundberg, Amelie T2 - ALNAP Paper CY - London DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 43 LA - en PB - ODI/ALNAP ER - TY - RPRT TI - The case for thinking and working politically. The implications of 'doing development differently' AU - DLP T2 - Research Paper AB - This paper discusses the steps required to build a robust evidence base for 'thinking and working politically' (TWP) in development. It argues that better understanding what works, when and why is an important step in moving TWP into mainstream development programming. The paper reviews the existing evidence base on TWP, building on this and on other literature on public sector reform and 'pockets of effectiveness' to suggest research questions, case study selection criteria, and a four-level analytical framework: 1) political context; 2) sector; 3) organisation; and 4) individual. The framework aims to help build a 'rigorous enough' evidence base to show whether and how TWP happens and whether or not it influences the effectiveness of programme implementation and outcomes. The paper also calls for more focus on gender issues, and on different – and often more fragile – political contexts. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - DLP SN - 37 UR - http://www.dlprog.org/publications/thinking-and-working-politically-from-theory-building-to-building-an-evidence-base.php Y2 - 2016/07/19/16:28:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Impact Evidence and Beyond: Using Evidence to Drive Adoption of Humanitarian Innovations AU - Dodgson, Kate AU - Crowley, Catie T2 - Scaling series AB - This learning paper provides guidance to humanitarian innovators on how to use evidence to enable and drive adoption of innovation. Innovation literature and practice show time and time again that it is difficult to scale innovations. Even when an innovation is demonstrably impactful, better than the existing solution and good value for money, it does not automatically get adopted or used in mainstream humanitarian programming. Why do evidence-based innovations face difficulties in scaling and how can innovators best position their innovation to scale? This learning paper is for innovators who want to effectively use evidence to support and enable their journey to scale. It explores the underlying social, organisational and behavioural factors that stifle uptake of innovations. It also provides guidance on how to use, prioritise and communicate evidence to overcome these barriers. The paper aims to help innovators generate and present their evidence in more tailored and nuanced ways to improve adoption and scaling of their innovations. CY - London DA - 2021/05/07/ PY - 2021 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Elrha UR - https://www.elrha.org/researchdatabase/impact-evidence-and-beyond-using-evidence-to-drive-adoption-of-humanitarian-innovations-scaling-series/ Y2 - 2021/10/28/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The politics of legal empowerment: Legal mobilisation strategies and implications for development AU - Domingo, Pilar AU - O'Neil, Tam AB -  Legal mobilisation can improve the lives of poor or marginalised people by: o contributing to pro-poor change in policy, law and regulation of service delivery across different sectors; o advancing the realisation of rights, and achieving redress for rights violations; o contesting unjust and illegal practices of resource allocation and power relations, including in relation to land and natural resources; o enabling citizens to exercise social accountability through legal action.  The outcomes of legal empowerment of the poor are not politically neutral and need to be understood within broader social and political environments;  Better coordination between justice, sector and governance interventions will maximise the development and social impact of international support for legal empowerment. DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 M3 - Report PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9008.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The political economy of pre-trial detention: Indonesia case study AU - Domingo, Pilar AU - Sudaryono, Leopold DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 M3 - Report PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10911.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring for problem-solving, adaptive management, reporting and learning AU - Dominique Morel AU - Dzino-Silajdzic, Velida AU - Hagens, Clara AB - Internal and external stakeholders have different information needs over a project’s life, for purposes that include adaptive management, accountability, compliance, reporting and learning. A project’s monitoring, evaluation, accountability and learning, or MEAL, system should provide the information needed by these stakeholders at the level of statistical reliability, detail and timing appropriate to inform data use. In emergency contexts where the situation is still fluid, ‘informal monitoring’ has proved helpful to staff’s ongoing assessment of the broader environment in order to identify changes in the situation, in other actors’ responses, and in priority unmet needs that would require corresponding changes in the response.2 The same distinction between informal monitoring of possible changes in the project’s operating context—whether identified as project assumptions and risk factors or not—and formal monitoring of the activities included in the response and project indicators, is relevant for development contexts too. Informal monitoring: Ongoing assessment of changes in operating context Formal monitoring: Tracking progress against project activities and indicators Within formal monitoring, it is useful to further differentiate between light monitoring and rigorous monitoring: - Light monitoring aims to provide timely feedback on new activities (or new locations or target groups) or aspects of the project’s theory of change (activity-to-output or output-to-IR change) logic that staff are less confident about, to check for early signs that progress is being made and that assumptions are holding true while there is still ample time to make adjustments if necessary.3 - Rigorous monitoring aims to collect representative data for evidence-based project management, reporting and learning, not just at midterm but throughout project implementation. CY - Baltimore, USA DA - 2020/04// PY - 2020 PB - Catholic Relief Services UR - https://www.crs.org/sites/default/files/tools-research/monitoring_for_problem_solving_adaptive_mgt_reporting_and_learning_2020.pdf Y2 - 2022/02/24/15:44:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability and Learning in Emergencies AU - Dominique Morel AU - Hagens, Clara CY - Baltimore, USA DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Catholic Relief Services UR - https://www.crs.org/sites/default/files/tools-research/monitoring-evaluation-accountability-and-learning-in-emergencies.pdf Y2 - 2022/02/24/15:44:19 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Why to be Wary of "Design for Developing Countries" AU - Donaldson, Krista T2 - Ambidextrous DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 IS - Spring SP - 35 EP - 37 UR - http://ambidextrousmag.org/issues/09/articles/i9p35_37.pdf ER - TY - BLOG TI - Donor perceptions and processes: Risks to success of adaptive programming? - Browse - Knowledge Platform Security & Rule of Law AU - Donovan, Elbereth T2 - Knowledge Platform - Security & Rule of Law DA - 2017/01/19/ PY - 2017 UR - http://www.kpsrl.org/browse/browse-item/t/donor-perceptions-and-processes-risks-to-success-of-adaptive-programming Y2 - 2017/01/31/17:49:17 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Programming and Business Environment Reform – Lessons for DFID Zimbabwe AU - Donovan, Elbereth AU - Manuel, Clare CY - London DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 PB - DFID UR - http://businessenvironmentreform.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BERF-Adaptive-Programming-and-Business-Environment-Reform-in-Zimbabwe.pdf Y2 - 2017/09/25/17:01:47 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - The rise of the randomistas: on the experimental turn in international aid AU - Donovan, Kevin P. T2 - Economy and Society AB - In recent years, the use of experimental methodologies has emerged as a central means of evaluating international aid interventions. Today, proponents of randomized control trials (so-called randomistas) are among the most influential of development experts. This paper examines the growth of this thought collective, analysing how uncertainty has become a central concern of development institutions. It demonstrates that transformations within the aid industry – including the influence of evidence-based policy, the economization of development and the retreat from macro-planning – created the conditions of possibility for experimentation. Within this field, the randomistas adeptly pursued a variety of rhetorical, affective, methodological and organizational strategies that emphasized the lack of credible knowledge within aid and the ability of experiments to rectify the situation. Importantly, they have insisted on the moral worth of experimentation; indeed, the experimental ethic has been proposed as the way to change the spirit of development. Through causal certitude, they propose to reduce human suffering. The rise of experimentation has not, however, eliminated accusations of uncertainty; rather, it has redistributed the means through which knowledge about development is considered credible. DA - 2018/01/02/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/03085147.2018.1432153 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 58 SN - 0308-5147 ST - The rise of the randomistas UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2018.1432153 Y2 - 2019/03/15/11:57:35 KW - Development KW - Evidence KW - Experimentation KW - aid KW - uncertainty ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Management, the Endangered Species Act, and the Institutional Challanges of New Age Environmental Protection AU - Doremus, Holly T2 - Washburn Law Journal DA - 2001/01// PY - 2001 DP - Zotero VL - 41 IS - 50 LA - en ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making Good Use of Adaptive Management AU - Doremus, Holly AU - Andreen, William L. AU - Camacho, Alejandro E. AU - Farber, Daniel A. AU - Glicksman, Robert L. AU - Goble, Dale D. AU - Karkkainen, Bradley C. AU - Rohlf, Dan AU - Tarlock, A. Dan AU - Zellmer, Sandra B. AU - Jones, Shana Campbell AU - Huang, Yee T2 - White Paper #1104 DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - Center for Progressive Reform UR - http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1808106 Y2 - 2019/02/25/12:05:53 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Positive Deviant AU - Dorsey, David T2 - Fast Company AB - Jerry Sternin’s job was to help save starving children in Vietnam. Faced with an impossible time frame, he adopted a radical approach to making change. His idea: Real change begins from the inside. DA - 2000/11/30/ PY - 2000 LA - en-US UR - https://www.fastcompany.com/42075/positive-deviant Y2 - 2018/06/17/15:13:46 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Real-Time Data for Adaptive Management at USAID T2 - Health Communication Innovation Webinar A2 - Doshi, Samir DA - 2016/12/07/ PY - 2016 UR - http://healthcommcapacity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/USAID-Innov-Webinar-120716.pdf Y2 - 2017/05/31/14:50:36 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What can the Thinking and Working Politically community learn from peace and conflict mediation? AU - Douglas, Alex T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Wily aid practitioners have long understood the importance of adapting their programs to the political environment, and even use their activities to push politics in a progressive direction. But this magic was spun secretly, hidden behind logframes and results frameworks. Only recently has a range of programs been permitted to escape the dead hand of technocracy. But there was one corner of the development and humanitarian world that never needed to shroud its political ambitions; those of us working on resolving violent conflicts. Donors have always understood our work could never be disembodied from politics. This field included elements of the UN, regional organisations, and NGOs, such as the one I work for: the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. With a new focus on development being enabled by a series of ‘deals’ between different actors, it seems timely to examine the strategies used to reach peace agreements and whether they contain broader lessons for TWP/DDD/Adaptive Management. DA - 2018/07/14/ PY - 2018 UR - https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/what-can-the-thinking-and-working-politically-community-learn-from-peace-and-conflict-mediation/ Y2 - 2023/08/15/07:54:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovation histories: A method from learning from experience AU - Douthwaite, B AU - Ashby, J T2 - ILAC Brief AB - Preparing an ‘innovation history’ is a method for recording and reflecting on an innovation process. People who have been involved in the innovation jointly construct a detailed written account (sometimes referred to as a ‘learning history’) based on their recollections and on available documents. The process of preparing this history stimulates discussion, reflection and learning amongst stakeholders. Subsequent planning can build on the lessons learned, formulate a shared vision and act as a catalyst for change. Based on the initial detailed account of the innovation process, more concise informational products can be prepared that summarize the innovation process for wider dissemination of findings. These may include public awareness materials, policy briefs or articles in professional journals. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 4 SN - 5 UR - https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/70176 Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating complex interventions: A theory-driven realist-informed approach AU - Douthwaite, Boru AU - Mayne, John AU - McDougall, Cynthia AU - Paz-Ybarnegaray, Rodrigo T2 - Evaluation AB - There is a growing recognition that programs that seek to change people’s lives are intervening in complex systems, which puts a particular set of requirements on program monitoring and evaluation. Developing complexity-aware program monitoring and evaluation systems within existing organizations is difficult because they challenge traditional orthodoxy. Little has been written about the practical experience of doing so. This article describes the development of a complexity-aware evaluation approach in the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems. We outline the design and methods used including trend lines, panel data, after action reviews, building and testing theories of change, outcome evidencing and realist synthesis. We identify and describe a set of design principles for developing complexity-aware program monitoring and evaluation. Finally, we discuss important lessons and recommendations for other programs facing similar challenges. These include developing evaluation designs that meet both learning and accountability requirements; making evaluation a part of a program’s overall approach to achieving impact; and, ensuring evaluation cumulatively builds useful theory as to how different types of program trigger change in different contexts. DA - 2017/07/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1177/1356389017714382 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 294 EP - 311 J2 - Evaluation LA - en SN - 1356-3890 ST - Evaluating complex interventions UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389017714382 Y2 - 2020/10/15/14:36:58 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Enabling Innovation: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Fostering Technological Change AU - Douthwaite, M. B. AB - Enabling Innovation is an engrossing look at some of the disaster—and success—stories surrounding technological development and diffusion in industrialized and developing countries. The book tells the story of widely divergent technologies—agricultural appliances, wind turbines, Green Revolution high yielding seeds, the Linux computer operating system, and Local Economic Trading Systems. Boru Douthwaite has constructed a "how to do it" guide to innovation management that runs counter to so many current "top-down", "big is good", and "private sector is best" assumptions. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Google Books SP - 292 LA - en PB - Zed Books SN - 978-1-85649-972-9 ST - Enabling Innovation KW - Political science ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning Evaluation Theory: Brinkerhoff’s Success Case Method AU - Downes, Andrew AB - Brinkerhoff’s model isn’t restricted to learning. It can be used to analyze any major business change, such as the purchase of new equipment or implementation of a new process. It’s based on the assumption that any initiative, no matter how successful or unsuccessful, will always include some success and some failure. It seeks to uncover the most impactful successes and failures of an initiative and then tell the stories behind them, backed by evidence. Your organization can use these stories to learn how to be more successful in the future. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 4 PB - Watershed UR - https://www.watershedlrs.com/hubfs/DOCUMENTS/Learning_Evaluation_Brinkerhoff_.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Engage. Empower. Enact. - Citizen Engagement & Democratic Innovation Programme White Paper AU - Doyle, Linda AU - Smith, Bethan AB - The Cynefin Centre’s Citizen Engagement & Democratic Innovation programme provides tools for collective sense-making in the areas of community development and youth work; civic engagement and democratic innovation; collaborative service/policy design and evaluation; housing/tenant engagement; futures and planning; shared learning and peer to peer knowledge exchange. CY - Conwy DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 26 LA - en PB - Cognitive Edge ER - TY - BOOK TI - DE 201: A practitioner's guide to developmental evaluation AU - Dozois, Elizabeth AU - Langlois, Marc AU - Blanchet-Cohen, Natasha AB - Developmental evaluation has emerged fairly recently as a way to support adaptive learning in complex and emergent initiatives. Combining the rigour of evaluation with the flexibility and imagination required for development, this new form of evaluation brings critical thinking to bear on the creative process in initiatives involving high levels of uncertainty, innovation, emergence, and social complexity. This guidebook from J.W. McConnell Family Foundation and the International Institute for Child Rights and Development explores key aspects of Developmental Evaluation (DE) and offers suggestions for implementing the practice and includes a range of DE resources to help with its facilitation. Contents What is developmental evaluation? When is developmental evaluation appropriate? What competencies are needed to be an effective DE? How is developmental evaluation practiced? Challenges Appendices Assessing Readiness Stakeholder analysis Sample Learning Framework Systems Analysis Framework - Key Components Data Analysis Resources CY - Montréal, Que. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - J.W. McConnell Family Foundation SN - 978-1-55058-424-0 ST - DE 201 UR - https://mcconnellfoundation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DE-201-EN.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/16:22:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DPPD Handbook. A step-by-step guide for development practitioners to apply the Data Powered Positive Deviance method AU - DPPD AB - The Method Positive Deviance (PD) is based on the observation that in every community or organization, there are a few individuals who achieve significantly better outcomes than their peers, despite having similar challenges and resources. These individuals are referred to as positive deviants, and adopting their solutions is what is referred to as the PD approach¹. The method described in this Handbook follows the same logic as the PD approach but uses pre-existing, non-traditional data sources instead of — or in conjunction with — traditional data sources. Non-traditional data in this context broadly refers to data that is digitally captured (e.g. mobile phone records and financial data), mediated (e.g. social media and online data), or observed (e.g. satellite imagery). The integration of such data to complement traditional data sources generally used in PD is what we refer to as Data Powered Positive Deviance² (DPPD). The digital data opportunity Recent developments in the availability of digital data provide an opportunity to look for positive deviants³ in new ways and in unprecedented geographical and on temporal scales. A number of studies⁴ have described the challenges related to the application of the PD approach in development. Given these challenges, there are obvious opportunities for innovation in PD and our particular interest here is in the innovative opportunities offered by non-traditional data, following the increasing “datafication” of development and the growing availability of big datasets in a variety of development sectors⁵. DPPD builds on this and expands our ability to extract value from non-traditional digital data while providing a systematic process for leveraging local know-how and the collective wisdom of communities. Data Powered Positive Deviance The DPPD method described in this Handbook emerged from a process of research and testing and follows the same stages as the PD approach. The difference is that DPPD integrates pre-existing, non-traditional data across the five stages, requiring a series of new and specific methods and practices that are not required in the PD approach. The first stage is also somewhat different because it not only defines the problem, but it also checks if it is suitable and feasible to use the DPPD method for the proposed project. Table 1 lists the five stages of the DPPD method. This Handbook dedicates a section to each stage. Stage 1 Assess problem-method fit Stage 2 Determine positive deviants Stage 3 Discover underlying factors Stage 4 Design and implement interventions Stage 5 Monitor and evaluate DA - 2021/11// PY - 2021 PB - DPPD Initiative UR - https://static1.squarespace.com/static/614dae085246883818475c39/t/619f7f163ed02a77d13fd1bd/1637842759939/DPPD+Handbook+Nov+2021.pdf Y2 - 2021/11/25/15:51:12 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidance Note: Practical introduction to adaptive management AU - DT Global AB - DT Global is proud to introduce our new Guidance Note: Practical Introduction to Adaptive Management There is a growing consensus around adaptive management as an effective (even necessary) approach when programs are tackling complex development problems. While there is no standard definition of adaptive management, there is general agreement that such programs need to routinely engage with and respond to program context; constantly test what works in that context; and adjust approaches, plans, and activities based on continuous learning. However, there remains a more limited body of evidence about what this looks like in practice—the enabling conditions, systems, resourcing, skills, and attitudes to effectively operationalise adaptive management. There is also limited guidance around when adaptive management is required, and to what extent—both critical and often overlooked considerations when planning for successful adaptive management. This Guidance Note draws together lessons and good practice in adaptive management from across DT Global’s diverse portfolio of donor-funded programs. It outlines our conceptual framework for adaptive management, with practical guidance on how it can be applied by our program teams. It is also designed to help our teams distinguish adaptive management from good (non adaptive) project management, consider when adaptive management is most useful on a program, and how adaptive a program (or part of a program) should be. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - DT Global UR - https://dt-global.com/assets/files/dt-global-guidance-note-introduction-to-adaptive-management.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/24/10:25:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit AU - Duflo, Esther AU - Glennerster, Rachel AU - Kremer, Michael AB - This paper is a practical guide (a toolkit) for researchers, students and practitioners wishing to introduce randomization as part of a research design in the field. It first covers the rationale for the use of randomization, as a solution to selection bias and a partial solution to publication biases. Second, it discusses various ways in which randomization can be practically introduced in a field settings. Third, it discusses designs issues such as sample size requirements, stratification, level of randomization and data collection methods. Fourth, it discusses how to analyze data from randomized evaluations when there are departures from the basic framework. It reviews in particular how to handle imperfect compliance and externalities. Finally, it discusses some of the issues involved in drawing general conclusions from randomized evaluations, including the necessary use of theory as a guide when designing evaluations and interpreting results. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006 DP - National Bureau of Economic Research M3 - Working Paper PB - National Bureau of Economic Research SN - 333 ST - Using Randomization in Development Economics Research UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/t0333 Y2 - 2018/10/19/15:12:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Five Ways to Make a Difference: Perceptions of Practitioners Working in Urban Neighborhoods AU - Durose, Catherine AU - van Hulst, Merlijn AU - Jeffares, Stephen AU - Escobar, Oliver AU - Agger, Annika AU - de Graaf, Laurens T2 - Public Administration Review DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/puar.12502 DP - CrossRef LA - en SN - 00333352 ST - Five Ways to Make a Difference UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/puar.12502 Y2 - 2016/04/03/11:02:26 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Sara Earl Outcome Mapping pt 1, 2, and 3 AU - Earl, Sara AB - These three videos from Sarah Earl provide an introduction to the concepts of Outcome Mapping C5 - YouTube Video DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 NV - 3 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPL_KEUawnc ER - TY - BOOK TI - Outcome Mapping: Building Learning and Reflection into Development Programs AU - Earl, Sarah AU - Carden, Fred AU - Smutylo, Terry AU - Patten, Michael Quinn AB - "Outcome Mapping provides not only a guide to essential evaluation map-making, but also a guide to learning and increased effectiveness, and affirmation that being attentive along the journey is as important as, and critical to, arriving at a destination." - Michael Quinn PattonMore and more, development organizations are under pressure to demonstrate that their programs result in significant and lasting changes in the well-being of their intended beneficiaries. However, such "impacts" are often the product of a confluence of events for which no single agency or group of agencies can realistically claim full credit. As a result, assessing development impacts is problematic, yet many organizations continue to struggle to measure results far beyond the reach of their programs. "Outcome Mapping" recognizes that development is essentially about people relating to each other and their environment. The originality of this approach lies in its shift away from assessing the products of a program to focus on changes in behaviour, relationships, actions, and activities in the people, groups, and organizations it works with directly. In doing so, "Outcome Mapping" debunks many of the myths about measuring impact. It will help a program be specific about the actors it targets, the changes it expects to see, and the strategies it employs and, as a result, be more effective in terms of the results it achieves. This publication explains the various steps in the outcome mapping approach and provides detailed information on workshop design and facilitation. It includes numerous worksheets and examples. CY - Ottawa DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DP - Amazon LA - English PB - IDRC Books SN - 978-0-88936-959-7 ST - Outcome Mapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planners versus Searchers in Foreign Aid AU - Easterly, William T2 - Asian Development Review AB - Only for the recipients of foreign aid is something akin to central planning seen as a way to achieve prosperity. The end of poverty is achieved with free markets and democracy—where decentralized “searchers” look for ways to meet individual needs—not Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The PRSPs and MDGs create lots of bureaucracy but hold no one specific agency in foreign aid accountable for any one specific task. Planners in foreign aid use the old failed models of the past—the “Financing Gap”, the “poverty trap”, the government-to-government aid model; and the “expenditures = outcomes” mentality. Searchers in foreign aid would imitate the feedback and accountability of markets and democracy to provide goods and services to individuals until homegrown markets and democracy end poverty in the society as a whole. An example of the more promising “searchers” approach in foreign aid is 2006 Nobel Peace Laureate Mohammad Yunus and Grameen Bank. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - ideas.repec.org VL - 23-2 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 35 LA - en UR - https://ideas.repec.org/a/ris/adbadr/2321.html Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:11:52 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good AU - Easterly, William AB - We are all aware of the extreme hunger and poverty that afflict the world's poor. We hear the facts, see the images on television, buy the T-shirt and are moved as individuals and governments to dig deep into our pockets. Yet what happens to all this aid? Why after 50 years and $2.3 trillion are there still children dying for lack of twelve cents medicine? Why are there so many people still living on less than $1 a day without clean water, food, sanitation, shelter, education or medicine? In The White Man's Burden William Easterly, acclaimed author and former economist at the World Bank, addresses these twin tragedies head on. While recognising the energy and compassion behind the campaign to make poverty history he argues urgently and powerfully that grand plans and good intentions are a part of the problem not the solution. Giving aid is not enough, we must ensure that it reaches the people who need it most and the only way to make this happens is through accountability and by learning from past experiences. Without claiming to have all the answers, William Easterly chastises the complacent and patronising attitude of the West that attempts to impose solutions from above. In this book, which is by turns angry, moving, irreverent but always rigorous, he calls on each and everyone of us to take responsibility, whether donors, aid workers or ordinary citizens, so that more aid reaches the people it is supposed to help, the mother who cannot feed her children, the little girl who has to collect firewood rather than go to school, the father who cannot work because he has been crippled by war. CY - Oxford DA - 2007/09/27/ PY - 2007 DP - Amazon SP - 390 LA - English PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-922611-5 ST - The White Man's Burden ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accountability Myopia: Losing Sight of Organizational Learning AU - Ebrahim, Alnoor T2 - Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly AB - This article challenges a normative assumption about accountability in organizations: that more accountability is necessarily better. More specifically, it examines two forms of “myopia” that characterize conceptions of accountability among service-oriented nonprofit organizations: (a) accountability as a set of unconnected binary relationships rather than as a system of relations and (b) accountability as short-term and rule-following behavior rather than as a means to longer-term social change. The article explores the effects of these myopias on a central mechanism of accountability in organizations—evaluation—and proposes a broader view of accountability that includes organizational learning. Future directions for research and practice are elaborated. DA - 2005/03/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1177/0899764004269430 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 56 EP - 87 J2 - Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly LA - en SN - 0899-7640 ST - Accountability Myopia UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764004269430 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies for learning from failure AU - Edmondson, Amy C. T2 - Harvard Business Review DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 48 EP - 55 UR - https://hbr.org/2011/04/strategies-for-learning-from-failure Y2 - 2024/01/30/15:06:20 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Teaming: how organizations learn, innovate, and compete in the knowledge economy AU - Edmondson, Amy C. AB - New breakthrough thinking in organizational learning, leadership, and change Continuous improvement, understanding complex systems, and promoting innovation are all part of the landscape of learning challenges today's companies face. Amy Edmondson shows that organizations thrive, or fail to thrive, based on how well the small groups within those organizations work. In most organizations, the work that produces value for customers is carried out by teams, and increasingly, by flexible team-like entities. The pace of change and the fluidity of most work structures means that it's not really about creating effective teams anymore, but instead about leading effective teaming. Teaming shows that organizations learn when the flexible, fluid collaborations they encompass are able to learn. The problem is teams, and other dynamic groups, don't learn naturally. Edmondson outlines the factors that prevent them from doing so, such as interpersonal fear, irrational beliefs about failure, groupthink, problematic power dynamics, and information hoarding. With Teaming, leaders can shape these factors by encouraging reflection, creating psychological safety, and overcoming defensive interpersonal dynamics that inhibit the sharing of ideas. Further, they can use practical management strategies to help organizations realize the benefits inherent in both success and failure. Presents a clear explanation of practical management concepts for increasing learning capability for business results Introduces a framework that clarifies how learning processes must be altered for different kinds of work Explains how Collaborative Learning works, and gives tips for how to do it well Includes case-study research on Intermountain healthcare, Prudential, GM, Toyota, IDEO, the IRS, and both Cincinnati and Minneapolis Children's Hospitals, among others Based on years of research, this book shows how leaders can make organizational learning happen by building teams that learn. CN - HD66 CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 1 PB - Jossey-Bass SN - 978-1-118-21676-7 978-1-118-21674-3 978-1-118-21677-4 ST - Teaming ER - TY - BOOK TI - Extreme Teaming: Lessons in Complex, Cross-Sector Leadership AU - Edmondson, Amy C. AU - Harvey, Jean-Francois AB - Extreme Teaming Lessons in Complex, Cross-Sector Leadership Today’s global enterprises increasingly involve collaborative work by teams of experts operating across different professions, organizations, and industries. Extreme Teaming provides new insights into the world of complex, cross industry projects and the ways they must be managed. Leading experts Amy Edmondson and Jean-François Harvey analyze contemporary cases that expose the complex demands of cross-boundary collaboration on management, and inform our understanding of teams. Containing powerful insights and practical guidelines that allow managers to bridge professional divides and organizational boundaries in order to work together effectively, this is a new exploration of the challenges involved in today’s global enterprises. The authors demonstrate that the work done in the modern organization is less and less about looking inward and creating strong teams inside the company, and more about teaming across boundaries – that often are in flux. Extreme Teaming is a must-read book for all courses related to leading open innovation; teamwork and collaboration; project management; and cross-boundary work. CY - United Kingdom ; North America DA - 2017/08/22/ PY - 2017 DP - Amazon SP - 240 LA - English PB - Emerald Group Publishing Limited SN - 978-1-78635-450-1 ST - Extreme Teaming ER - TY - JOUR TI - It’s About Results at Scale, Not Collective Impact AU - Edmondson, Jeff AU - Santhosh-Kumar, Parvathi T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Improving outcomes at scale requires a paradigm shift in how we work. DA - 2017/03/20/ PY - 2017 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/its_about_results_at_scale_not_collective_impact Y2 - 2017/11/03/17:42:17 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Systems Thinking. Applied. A primer AU - Edson, Robert DA - 2008/10/08/ PY - 2008 VL - 1.1 SP - 66 PB - ASysT Institute UR - http://www.anser.org/docs/systems_thinking_applied.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - MAKING - Fostering new ideas for social inclusion and accountable, responsive governance AU - Edwards, Duncan T2 - Think Piece CY - Brighton DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 PB - MAVC and IDS UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/making Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:58:14 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Understanding the Conditions for fostering the right kind of innovation AU - Edwards, Duncan T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - MAVC's Duncan Edwards reflects on the first in a series of thematic discussions led by the Institute of Development Studies. The second of two posts. DA - 2014/01/29/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/e-dialogue-reflections-making/ Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:29:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Transforming governance: what role for technologies? AU - Edwards, Duncan AU - Brock, Karen AU - McGee, Rosie AB - The technological innovations of the last two decades – cell phones, tablets, open data and social media – mean that governments and citizens can interact like never before. Around the world, in different contexts, citizens have fast-increasing access to information and communications technologies (ICTs) that enable them to monitor government performance and express their views on it in real time. In February 2016, a learning event in Manila, convened by Making All Voices Count, brought together 55 researchers and practitioners from 15 countries. They all work on using new technologies for accountable governance. They shared their diverse experiences, reflected on how they approach transformative governance, and visited Filipino accountable governance initiatives. This report shares some of what they learned. DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - MAVC ST - Transforming governance UR - http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/11675 Y2 - 2016/07/20/08:41:21 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supporting innovation and the use of technologies in accountability initiatives: lessons from Making All Voices Count AU - Edwards, Duncan AU - Hudson, Hannah AU - Anderson, Colin AU - McGee, Rosemary AU - Brock, Karen T2 - MAVC Learning Report AB - Making All Voices Count was an international initative that harnessed the power of innovation and new technologies to support effective, accountable governance. Focusing on six countries in Africa and Asia, the programme was implemented by a consortium of implementing partners, and used funding from four donors to make grants to support new ideas that amplified the voices of citizens, and enabled governments to listen and respond. From the start, Making All Voices Count was also a learning programme. The objective of this learning was not only to bring about change during the programme’s life cycle, but also to leave a legacy that would help to ensure that future governance programmes and initiatives seeking to capitalise on the transformative potential of innovation and technology are more informed, inclusive and impactful. This programme learning report emerged from a wider process of analysing, discussing and synthesising the data and learning from the programme, which wove together evidence-based learning about technology for accountable governance initiatives with experiential learning on how best to support such work. The report highlights five of the lessons learned from Making All Voices Count about how – and how not – to run large, complex programmes that intend to support innovation in governance. CY - Brighton DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Supporting innovation and the use of technologies in accountability initiatives UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13451 Y2 - 2018/03/23/08:34:05 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Future Positive: International Co-operation in the 21st Century A3 - Edwards, Michael AB - An optimistic assessment of the prospects for a new international order - acting as a counter-blast to global pessimism. The text explains how the international system operates, the pressures it faces and the changes it must undergo, and offers concrete ideas to re-frame international relations, foreign aid and humanitarian intervention, without using jargon or simplistic judgements. CY - London DA - 1999/05/01/ PY - 1999 DP - Amazon ET - First Edition edition SP - 304 LA - English PB - Routledge SN - 978-1-85383-631-2 ST - Future Positive ER - TY - ELEC TI - edX MOOC: Adaptive Leadership in Development AU - edX T2 - edX AB - Gain the skills to be an adaptive leader in development and learn how to uncover local solutions to complex problems in developing countries. DA - 2016/09/13/T19:02:35-04:00 PY - 2016 UR - https://www.edx.org/course/adaptive-leadership-development-uqx-lgdm3x Y2 - 2017/06/07/08:48:22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing Maladaptive Coping Strategies of Local Communities to Changes in Ecosystem Service Provisions Using the DPSIR Framework AU - Ehara, Makoto AU - Hyakumura, Kimihiko AU - Sato, Ren'ya AU - Kurosawa, Kiyoshi AU - Araya, Kunio AU - Sokh, Heng AU - Kohsaka, Ryo T2 - Ecological Economics AB - The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework has been applied to various environmental problems at multiple spatial and temporal scales and attempts have been made to conceptually improve the framework to encompass various stakeholder perspectives. However, recent literature experiences in the field have challenged the inclusive character of the framework applications. In particular, the framework's inability to incorporate the aggregated informal responses of people affected by changes in ecosystem service provisions has not been fully addressed. This limits the framework's validity in categorizing and disseminating information for addressing particular environmental challenges. Herein, we address this problem by analyzing a case study of deforestation and its impact on non-timber forest product collections by rural residents in Cambodia. We incorporate the concept of maladaptive coping strategies into the DPSIR framework and then further elaborate Ness et al.'s (2010) approach of merging the DPSIR framework with Hägerstrand's (2001) system of nested spatial domains. This conceptualizes the incorporation of the aggregated informal responses into the system, as exemplified in the case study. DA - 2018/07/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.008 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 149 SP - 226 EP - 238 J2 - Ecological Economics SN - 0921-8009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800916306887 Y2 - 2019/07/19/20:46:07 KW - DPSIR framework KW - Ecosystem services KW - Maladaptive coping strategy KW - Nested spatial domains ER - TY - MGZN TI - Strategy as Simple Rules AU - Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. AU - Sull, Donald T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - When the business landscape was simple, companies could afford to have complex strategies. But now that business is so complex, they need to simplify. Smart companies have done just that with a new approach: a few straightforward, hard-and-fast rules that define direction without confining it. DA - 2001/01/01/T05:00:00Z PY - 2001 DP - hbr.org IS - January 2001 SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2001/01/strategy-as-simple-rules Y2 - 2020/10/01/10:35:20 KW - Entrepreneurial management KW - Internet KW - Strategy KW - Strategy execution ER - TY - CHAP TI - Smart Environmental Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks AU - El-Bendary, Nashwa AU - Fouad, Mohamed AU - Ramadan, Rabie AU - Banerjee, Soumya AU - Hassanien, Aboul T2 - Wireless Sensor Networks C2 - Emary, Ibrahiem C2 - Ramakrishnan, S DA - 2013/08/22/ PY - 2013 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 731 EP - 754 LA - en PB - CRC Press SN - 978-1-4665-1810-0 978-1-4665-1811-7 UR - http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b15425-33 Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:10:14 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Information lives of the poor: fighting poverty with technology AU - Elder, Laurent AU - Samarajiva, Rohan AU - Gillwald, Alison AU - Galperin, Hernan DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English SN - 978-1-55250-574-8 ST - Information lives of the poor UR - http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/447403 Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:42:36 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Humanitarian Innovation Guide AU - ELHRA AB - The Humanitarian Innovation Guide is a growing online resource to help individuals and organisations define humanitarian problems and successfully develop innovative solutions. ABOUT THE GUIDE The humanitarian sector is investing in exciting innovations, but it is not yet producing a steady pipeline of well-designed solutions that effectively address problems, evidence their impact, and have the potential to be scaled. As stated in a recent independent evaluation of the Humanitarian Innovation Fund (Triple Line, 2017), a review of the innovation ecosystem in 2015 found significant gaps in resources for innovation, including a shortage of guidance on the skills needed to manage successful innovation projects. These findings were echoed in the research carried out to inform this resource. As part of a grant agreement with the European Commission to provide financial and technical support to emerging humanitarian innovations, and in line with our strategic aim to develop the sector’s skills and capabilities in humanitarian innovation, this resource aims to translate our own learning, along with learning from across the sector, into a practical, grounded guide for innovators working in humanitarian contexts. Building on our unique position in the sector, the Humanitarian Innovation Guide is designed to provide targeted support to individuals and organisations attempting to develop innovative solutions to the challenges facing humanitarian assistance, resulting in a more effective humanitarian response. The Guide is written with two audiences in mind: humanitarian practitioners who are seeking to develop a new approach to their work and want to apply an innovation lens to solving problems; and social entrepreneurs from outside the sector who have identified an opportunity to engage with the sector and need a humanitarian framework to contextualise their innovation plans. We also hope that it will be a useful resource for innovation managers who are tasked with supporting innovation in their agencies, labs or networks. As the first step-by-step guide to managing innovation in the humanitarian sector, we hope that its continued development will better enable individuals, organisations and the wider sector to: Plan the activities involved in an innovation process and systematise the management of innovation. Manage a successful innovation project and generate evidence for innovation. Ensure that innovations are developed in an ethical way, with full consideration of risks and responsibilities. DA - 2018/07// PY - 2018 LA - en-GB UR - https://higuide.elrha.org/ Y2 - 2022/06/10/13:32:50 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Systems change: A guide to what it is and how to do it AU - Ellen Harries AU - Rachel Wharton AU - Rob Abercrombie AB - Systems change has been attracting the attention of those in the social sector who want to deal with the root causes of problems, but, despite the buzz, much of what is written is abstract in tone. With the support of LankellyChase Foundation we have produced this guide to plug a gap in the systems change literature—providing accessible material and recommendations for action. Systems change has been attracting the attention of a range of progressive charities, funders and practitioners who are interested in dealing with the root causes of social problems. But while there is a buzz about a subject relatively new to the social sector, it is easy to feel frustrated by the literature—much of what is written is abstract in tone and there are few examples of success. We have produced this paper to address this problem and offer accessible material and recommendations for action. This systems change guide: Clarifies what is meant by systems and systems change Describes the main perspectives on systems change Outlines good practice for systems change Identifies what is and is not agreed upon by experts in the field Provides recommendations for charities, funders and the public sector on how to act systemically. We hope this presents a manageable introduction to the systems change field, especially for those new to it, and also guides those interested in acting systemically to improve the lives of people in need. Our conclusion is that although it may not be as novel as some claim, there is a good deal of value in a systems change approach and it offers a welcome reminder of what effective action looks like when it comes to the pursuit of social change. CY - London DA - 2015/06// PY - 2015 PB - NPC UR - https://www.thinknpc.org/publications/thinking-big/ Y2 - 2018/08/16/08:40:01 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Should development agencies have official views? AU - Ellerman, David T2 - Development in Practice DA - 2002/08/01/ PY - 2002 DO - 10.1080/0961450220149654 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 12 IS - 3-4 SP - 285 EP - 297 SN - 0961-4524 ST - Development and the Learning Organisation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961450220149654 Y2 - 2017/07/29/16:28:54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A reliability and validity study of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills—Modified AU - Elliot, Jacquelyn AU - Lee, Steven W AU - Tollefson, Nona T2 - School Psychology Review AB - Examined the psychometric properties of a set of preliteracy measures modified from the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with a sample of 75 kindergarten students. The modified battery (called DIBELS—M) includes measures of Letter Naming Fluency, Sound Naming Fluency, Initial Phoneme Ability, and Phonemic Segmentation Ability. These measures were assessed through repeated administrations in 2-wk intervals at the end of the kindergarten year. Results indicate interrater reliability estimates and coefficients of stability and equivalence for 3 of the measures ranged from .80 to the mid .90s with about one-half of the coefficients above .90. Correlations between DIBELS—M scores and criterion measures of phonological awareness, standardized achievement measures, and teacher ratings of achievement yielded concurrent validity coefficients ranging from .60 to .70. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the 4 DIBELS—M measures accounted for 73% of the variance in scores on the Skills Cluster of the Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery—Revised. The contributions of the study, including psychometric analysis of the DIBELS—M with a new sample and formation of composite scores, are discussed in relation to the extant literature. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DO - 10.1080/02796015.2001.12086099 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 33 EP - 49 UR - http://www.iapsych.com/wj3ewok/LinkedDocuments/elliott2001.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Locating the energy for change: an introduction to appreciative inquiry AU - Elliott, Charles CN - HD58.8 .E44 1999 CY - Winnipeg DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 288 PB - International Institute for Sustainable Development SN - 978-1-895536-15-7 ST - Locating the energy for change KW - Appreciative inquiry KW - Organizational change ER - TY - BOOK TI - Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance AU - Elstub, Stephen AU - Escobar, Oliver AB - Democratic innovations are proliferating in politics, governance, policy, and public administration. These new processes of public participation are reimagining the relationship between citizens and institutions. This Handbook advances understanding of democratic innovations, in theory and practice, by critically reviewing their importance throughout the world. The overarching themes are a focus on citizens and their relationship to these innovations, and the resulting effects on political equality. The Handbook therefore offers a definitive overview of existing research on democratic innovations, while also setting the agenda for future research and practice. DA - 2019/12/27/ PY - 2019 DP - Google Books SP - 621 LA - en PB - Edward Elgar Publishing SN - 978-1-78643-386-2 KW - Democracy KW - Public Affairs & Administration ER - TY - RPRT TI - Responding to change: Learning to adapt in development cooperation AU - Engel, Paul AU - Keijzer, Niels AU - Ørnemark, Charlotte T2 - Policy Management Brief 19 CY - Mastricht DA - 2007/03// PY - 2007 PB - ECDPM UR - http://ecdpm.org/publications/responding-change-learning-adapt-development-cooperation Y2 - 2017/06/09/14:51:53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social learning and climate change adaptation: evidence for international development practice AU - Ensor, Jonathan AU - Harvey, Blane T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change AB - The potential for social learning to address complex, interconnected social and environmental challenges, such as climate change adaptation, is receiving increasing attention in research and practice. Social learning approaches vary, but commonly include cycles of knowledge sharing and joint action to co-create knowledge, relationships, and practices among diverse stakeholders. This results in learning and change that goes beyond the individual into communities, networks, or systems. Many authors have focused on analysis of case studies to better understand the contexts in which such learning occurs. In this paper, we look across this literature to draw out lessons for international development practice. To support those looking to purposively design social learning interventions for adaptation, we focus on four areas: lessons learned and the principles adopted when using a social learning approach, examples of tools and methods used, approaches to evaluating social learning, and examples of its impact. While we identify important lessons for practice within each of these areas, three cross-cutting themes emerge. These are: the importance of developing a shared view among those initiating learning processes of how change might happen and of how social learning fits within it, linking this locus of desired change to the tools employed; the centrality of skilled facilitation and in particular how practitioners may shift toward being participants in the collective learning process; and the need to attend to social difference, recognizing the complexity of social relations and the potential for less powerful actors to be co-opted in shared decision making. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:509–522. doi: 10.1002/wcc.348 This article is categorized under: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies Climate and Development > Knowledge and Action in Development DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1002/wcc.348 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 509 EP - 522 LA - en SN - 1757-7799 ST - Social learning and climate change adaptation UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.348 Y2 - 2019/05/02/17:32:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Framework for the Biodiversity Cross-Mission Learning Program AU - Environmental Incentives AU - Foundations of Success AU - ICF International T2 - Measuring Impact AB - USAID’s Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and the Environment/Office of Forestry and Biodiversity (E3/FAB) launched the five-year Measuring Impact program (MI) to help strengthen USAID’s biodiversity programs by building the capacity of the Agency to design, monitor, and evaluate effective programs and by enhancing the evidence base that informs programming decisions. A core programmatic strategy of MI is to “Improve Biodiversity Conservation Approaches” with the life-of-project (LOP) objective that E3/FAB and the Missions engaged with MI have a greater understanding of conditions under which commonly deployed conservation strategic approaches are effective. To accomplish this, MI is working with E3/FAB to design and implement a Biodiversity Cross-Mission Learning Program (Learning Program) to systematically capture and share lessons on theories of change1 (TOCs) for common conservation strategic approaches in the USAID biodiversity portfolio. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/07// PY - 2015 PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summary of Indicators for Combating Wildlife Trafficking AU - Environmental Incentives AU - Foundations of Success AU - ICF International T2 - Measuring Impact AB - USAID's Measuring Impact conducted a survey and analysis of existing wildlife crime indicators to inform the development of USAID indicators and build the evidence base for better alignment of the Agency’s monitoring efforts with best practices. This report summarizes the search strategy and main results of the survey. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 PB - USAID UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00KJRB.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/22/10:59:14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards an evidence base on the value of social learning-oriented approaches in the context of climate change and food security AU - Epp, Marissa Van AU - Garside, Ben T2 - Environmental Policy and Governance AB - Attention to social learning's potential to improve development outcomes in the context of climate change and food security challenges is growing. Yet evidence supporting the wide range of assertions about the outcomes of social learning processes is insufficient. More work is needed to understand when and how a social learning-oriented approach is effective. We respond to the gap in evidence by piloting the Climate Change and Social Learning initiative's monitoring and evaluation framework for social learning. Our objectives are to begin building an evidence base and to test the theory of change behind the framework. Using a peer-assist approach, we apply the framework to eight case studies in partnership with five initiatives. We analyse trends in evidence gathered across the case studies in four dimensions of social learning (engagement, iterative learning, capacity development, and challenging institutions) along three dimensions of change (process, learning outcomes, and changes in values and practice). DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1002/eet.1835 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 118 EP - 131 LA - en SN - 1756-9338 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.1835 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:23:43 KW - Climate change adaptation KW - Monitoring and Evaluation KW - Social learning KW - food security ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rethinking Participation and Re-enacting Its Dilemmas? Aarhus 2017 and “The Playful Society” AU - Eriksson, Birgit AU - Stephensen, Jan Løhmann T2 - Conjunctions. Transdisciplinary Journal of Cultural Participation AB - In 2012 the Danish city of Aarhus was appointed European Capital of Culture for 2017. The appointment was based on an ambitious programme that – under the headline Rethink – tried to set an agenda of societal transformation, mainly by seeking to increase the impact of art and culture, and to enhance civic participation at all levels of society. In this article we examine one of the first attempts of Aarhus 2017 to realize these grand ambitions: ‘The Playful Society’, a series of micro grants aimed at enabling young people to make their own art/culture projects and participate in the overall Rethink project. Informed by theoretical distinctions between different forms of participation, and the diverse interests invested in participatory processes, we investigate how the young cultural entrepreneurs and the artistic administrators of Aarhus 2017 separately, in conjunction, and sometimes even in opposition to each other, translated these overall ambitions into practice. We argue that they illuminate some of the dilemmas of contemporary cultural participation, including the importance of question- ing who participates in what, how they do it, and in what context. DA - 2016/02/11/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.7146/tjcp.v2i2.22918 DP - www.conjunctions-tjcp.com VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 48 EP - 66 LA - en SN - 2246-3755 ST - Rethinking Participation and Re-enacting Its Dilemmas? UR - http://www.conjunctions-tjcp.com/article/view/22918 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:07:17 KW - Cultural Entrepreneurship KW - Participation KW - youth ER - TY - RPRT TI - Peacebuilding design, monitoring, and evaluation: A Training Package for participants and trainers at intermediate to advanced levels AU - Ernstorfer, Anita AU - Barnard-Webster, Kiely AB - This training package includes 7 Training Modules and a set of Annexes (Annexes A-O). The Training Modules build on each other and should ideally be used in a sequenced way in a training setting. However, for groups with specific training needs around particular areas, modules can also be used individually, but need to be tailored by the trainers and facilitators to meet the needs of specific audiences. The annexes provide worksheets and hand-outs that can be used as resources during the training for specific modules and exercises. CY - New York DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 PB - Carnegie Corporation UR - https://www.cdacollaborative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PB-DME-Training-Package-final.pdf Y2 - 2022/06/17/13:12:01 ER - TY - CONF TI - Desired and unwanted: Policy work by participation practitioners AU - Escobar, Óliver T2 - XXII World Congress of Political Science: ‘Reordering Power, Shifting Boundaries’ AB - "This paper presents findings from doctoral research in a Scottish Local Authority Area, where I am developing an interpretive ethnography of ‘the work of participation’ (cf. Colebatch, 2005c, 2006). My focus is on engagement practitioners: C1 - Madrid DA - 2012/07/08/12 PY - 2012 ST - Desired and unwanted UR - http://www.academia.edu/1836480/Desired_and_unwanted_Policy_work_by_participation_practitioners Y2 - 2013/07/23/12:47:18 KW - Academia KW - Biology KW - Computer Science KW - Earth Sciences KW - Geography KW - History KW - Law KW - Math KW - Medicine KW - Philosophy KW - Physics KW - Political science KW - Psychology KW - Religion KW - Research KW - economics KW - universities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory Budgeting in Scotland: An overview of strategic design choices and principles for effective delivery AU - Escobar, Oliver AU - Harkins, Chris AB - Description DA - 2015/12/04/ PY - 2015 DP - www.research.ed.ac.uk LA - English ST - Participatory Budgeting in Scotland UR - http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory-budgeting-in-scotland-an-overview-of-strategic-design-choices-and-principles-for-effective-delivery(a0321a7e-8a9c-4187-9368-897ea75c6a0b)/export.html Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:44:05 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A systematic review of adaptations of evidence-based public health interventions globally AU - Escoffery, Cam AU - Lebow-Skelley, E. AU - Haardoerfer, R. AU - Boing, E. AU - Udelson, H. AU - Wood, R. AU - Hartman, M. AU - Fernandez, M. E. AU - Mullen, P. D. T2 - Implementation Science AB - Adaptations of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) often occur. However, little is known about the reasons for adaptation, the adaptation process, and outcomes of adapted EBIs. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review to answer the following questions: (1) What are the reasons for and common types of adaptations being made to EBIs in community settings as reported in the published literature? (2) What steps are described in making adaptations to EBIs? and (3) What outcomes are assessed in evaluations of adapted EBIs? DA - 2018/09/26/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1186/s13012-018-0815-9 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 125 J2 - Implementation Science SN - 1748-5908 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0815-9 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Who counts reality? Participatory monitoring and evaluation: A literature review AU - Estrella, M. AU - Gaventa, John T2 - IDS Working Paper CY - Brighton DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 PB - IDS SN - 70 UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp70.pdf Y2 - 2019/09/01/22:26:39 ER - TY - SOUND TI - How do we know what works? Interview with Prof. Michael Woolcock, Lead Social Scientist at the World Bank A2 - Evans, Alice T3 - Rocking our priors AB - Dr Alice Evans and leading experts discuss growth, governance, & gender inequalities. Alice is a Lecturer at King's College London, and Faculty Associate at the Harvard Kennedy School. DA - 2018/03/17/ PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://soundcloud.com/user-845572280/how-do-we-know-what-works-dr-michael-woolcock Y2 - 2022/01/28/13:00:43 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Is there a new Washington Consensus? An analysis of five World Development Reports AU - Evans, Alice T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Is there a new Washington Consensus? Alice Evans analyses the last five World Development Reports and finds significant changes in orthodoxy, but also big gaps DA - 2017/11/03/ PY - 2017 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/is-there-a-new-washington-consensus-an-analysis-of-five-world-development-reports/ Y2 - 2017/11/04/10:07:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 'Leaving No One Behind': Why Ideas Matter AU - Evans, Alice DA - 2016/12/28/ PY - 2016 DP - ResearchGate M3 - Working Paper ST - 'Leaving No One Behind' UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316153595_Why_Ideas_Matter ER - TY - CONF TI - The process approach AU - Eyben, R. T2 - Getting the Balance Right: How Should ODA Deal with Cross-Disciplinary Issues’? C1 - Bangor DA - 1992/07// PY - 1992 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Donors' Learning Difficulties: Results, Relationships and Responsibilities AU - Eyben, Rosalind T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2005/07// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00227.x DP - Crossref VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 98 EP - 107 LA - en SN - 02655012, 17595436 ST - Donors' Learning Difficulties UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00227.x Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:13:28 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Politics of Evidence and Results in International Development: Playing the Game to Change the Rules? A3 - Eyben, Rosalind A3 - Guijt, Irene A3 - Roche, Chris A3 - Shutt, Cathy AB - Understanding and demonstrating the effectiveness of efforts to improve the lives of those living in poverty is an essential part of international development practice. But who decides what counts as good or credible evidence? Can the drive to measure results do justice to and promote transformational change change that challenges the power relations that produce and reproduce inequality, injustice and the non-fulfillment of human rights? The Politics of Evidence in International Development provides a critical examination of the results agenda, with practical strategies for rendering it more helpful in supporting transformative development. The book deconstructs the origins and concepts of the results and evidence agendas employed in international development. It describes with concrete examples the current effects and consequences of the agenda, and goes on to outline a range of strategies used by individuals and organizations to resist, adapt or comply with the useful and problematic demands for results-oriented measurement and evidence of value for money." DA - 2015/07/15/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 234 LA - English PB - Practical Action Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-886-5 ST - The Politics of Evidence and Results in International Development UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/the-politics-of-evidence-and-results-in-international-development-playing-the-game-to-change-the-rules ER - TY - BLOG TI - 'Development': A visual story of shifting power AU - Faciolince, Maria AU - Obando, Hansel T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - The work of shifting power is fundamentally the work of changing our gaze. People act on how they see, and to change how we see, is to radically change how we act. By not exploring other forms of expressing, looking and creating, we’re limiting ourselves.  The development space is fixated on the written word. ... This exhibit, called “‘Development’: a visual story of shifting power”, tells the story of ‘development’, from its origin to its current challenge, from its contradictions to its possible horizons. Our guiding principles were the twin notions of decolonization and intersectionality: moving away from the unequal power structures that reinforce legacies of colonialism, and advancing explicitly anti-racist and feminist agendas. DA - 2021/03/23/T06:00:33+00:00 PY - 2021 LA - en-GB ST - 'Development' UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/development-a-visual-story-of-shifting-power/ Y2 - 2021/03/23/09:43:22 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Food security indicators AU - FAO T2 - ESS Website DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.XRp3auhKg2w Y2 - 2019/07/01/21:13:24 ER - TY - BOOK TI - How to design and plan public engagement processes: a handbook AU - Faulkner, Wendy AU - Bynner, Claire AB - There is a growing hunger for more, and more meaningful, citizen participation in decisions that affect our lives. Across the world, calls for open government, workplace democracy, community empowerment are gaining support, as are innovative developments in deliberative democracy. The current COVID-19 pandemic makes these calls more pressing than ever, given the deepening inequalities it has caused and the complex challenges of building a progressive road out of the crisis. So, now more than ever we need people capable of designing and planning public engagement processes that are empowering and worthwhile. Experienced practitioners know that, without considerable forethought, care and preparation, public engagement processes risk achieving little or, worse, alienating people so that they never engage (with you or anyone else) again. This Handbook seeks to deepen people’s skills in designing and planning effective public engagement processes, by providing a structured four-stage framework for tackling the task. It draws on the authors’ extensive practical experience of training and working with public engagement facilitators across sectors as well as international expertise. You may be a citizen, a community or public engagement practitioner, an elected or government representative, or some other sponsoring organisation or stakeholder. You may be new to this kind of work or experienced but wanting to review and improve your practice. Or you may be studying public participation in democratic processes. Wherever you are coming from, and whatever type of public engagement you are doing, this Handbook promises to be a useful addition to your toolbox. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - What Works Scotland ER - TY - RPRT TI - Development entrepreneurship: how donors and leaders can foster institutional change AU - Faustino, Jaime AU - Booth, David T2 - Working Politically in Practice AB - Various communities of practice have been established recently to advance the general idea of thinking and working politically in development agencies. This paper makes a contribution by describing the practice of what has been called development entrepreneurship and explaining some of the ideas from outside the field of development that have inspired it. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014 PB - The Asia Foundation SN - 2 ST - Development entrepreneurship UR - http://www.odi.org/publications/9118-development-entrepreneurship Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:47:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - FCDO Beneficiary Engagement AU - FCDO AB - This guide has been developed to help build confidence and capability, distilling useful tips and considerations that may help teams think through programme delivery issues and interpret elements of the PrOF Rules. This PrOF Guide lays out: - The definition of beneficiary engagement. - The case for beneficiary engagement. - FCDO’s approach to beneficiary engagement. - Practical tips for how to integrate beneficiary engagement throughout the programme cycle, including guiding questions to ask, rules of thumb to apply, tools to use and challenges and special topics to consider during Design, Mobilisation, Delivery and Closure phases. At its core, beneficiary engagement is about processes that recognise the dignity and support the agency of the people whose lives we are trying to improve. It is about beneficiaries and programme constituents having a say over what assistance they receive and how they receive it. It is about engaging beneficiaries and programme constituents as people with valuable insights and capabilities, rather than a compliance exercise. It is about empowering all beneficiaries and programme constituents to improve their lives by engaging them in helping us make better design and delivery decisions for the programmes that affect their lives. It’s about ensuring that a diverse set of voices are heard. Harnessing the power of beneficiary engagement can also improve outcomes and help programmes reach them more efficiently. It helps define and promote Value for Money, improve transparency and ensure that beneficiaries are safe from harm and empowered to speak out wherever harm does occur. Beneficiary engagement is supported by FCDO policy commitments, PrOF Rules, internal guidance and key international commitments. Beneficiary engagement is applicable to, and valuable in, a range of contexts, including humanitarian contexts. Beneficiary engagement requires time and resources, but programmes can help ensure the benefits of engagement outweigh the costs by Doing No Harm, Engaging Early and Closing the Loop. It is ultimately the Programme Responsible Owner’s responsibility to determine what beneficiary engagement is suitable and feasible for a programme. Quality beneficiary engagement is not about applying the one “right” approach but rather thoughtfully considering key questions and applying key principles and proven tools to the programme’s context to achieve a programme that supports the dignity and agency of all beneficiaries as much as possible. CY - London DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 LA - en-GB PB - FCDO UR - https://www.bond.org.uk/resources/fcdo-beneficiary-engagement/ Y2 - 2023/07/17/11:12:39 ER - TY - RPRT TI - FCDO Programme Operating Framework AU - FCDO AB - The Programme Operating Framework (PrOF) sets the standard for how the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) delivers its programmes and projects. CY - London DA - 2021/06/30/ PY - 2021 LA - en PB - FCDO UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fcdo-programme-operating-framework Y2 - 2024/02/22/20:14:04 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Development Switchboard - Final Report (Internal Document) AU - Feedback Labs DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - LearnAdapt Programme ER - TY - RPRT TI - Switchboard Survey Analysis (Internal Document) AU - Feedback Labs DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - LearnAdapt Programme ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and radical uncertainty AU - Feinstein, Osvaldo T2 - Development in Practice AB - Development strategies, programmes and projects are designed making assumptions concerning several variables such as future prices of outputs and inputs, exchange rates and productivity growth. However, knowledge about the future is limited. Uncertainty prevails. The usual approach to deal with uncertainty is to reduce it to risk. Uncertainty is perceived as a negative factor that should and can be eliminated. This article presents an alternative approach which recognises that radical uncertainty is irreducible to risk, identifying a positive dimension of uncertainty and showing its implications for development practice. DA - 2020/11/16/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1080/09614524.2020.1763258 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 1105 EP - 1113 SN - 0961-4524 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1763258 Y2 - 2022/07/11/10:14:36 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho AU - Ferguson, James AB - Development, it is generally assumed, is good and necessary, and in its name the West has intervened, implementing all manner of projects in the impoverished regions of the world. When these projects fail, as they do with astonishing regularity, they nonetheless produce a host of regular and unacknowledged effects, including the expansion of bureaucratic state power and the translation of the political realities of poverty and powerlessness into "technical" problems awaiting solution by "development" agencies and experts. It is the political intelligibility of these effects, along with the process that produces them, that this book seeks to illuminate through a detailed case study of the workings of the "development" industry in one country, Lesotho, and in one "development" project.Using an anthropological approach grounded in the work of Foucault, James Ferguson analyzes the institutional framework within which such projects are crafted and the nature of "development discourse," revealing how it is that, despite all the "expertise" that goes into formulating development projects, they nonetheless often demonstrate a startling ignorance of the historical and political realities of the locale they are intended to help. In a close examination of the attempted implementation of the Thaba-Tseka project in Lesotho, Ferguson shows how such a misguided approach plays out, how, in fact, the "development" apparatus in Lesotho acts as an "anti-politics machine," everywhere whisking political realities out of sight and all the while performing, almost unnoticed, its own pre-eminently political operation of strengthening the state presence in the local region.James Ferguson is an associate professor of anthropology at the University of California at Irvine. CY - Minneapolis DA - 1994/02/01/ PY - 1994 ET - First edition SP - 336 LA - English PB - University Of Minnesota Press SN - 978-0-8166-2437-9 ST - Anti-Politics Machine UR - https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/anthropology/social-and-cultural-anthropology/anti-politics-machine-development-depoliticization-and-bureaucratic-power-lesotho?format=HB&isbn=9780521373821 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Management and Social Learning in Collaborative and Community-Based Monitoring: a Study of Five Community-Based Forestry Organizations in the western USA AU - Fernandez-Gimenez, Maria AU - Ballard, Heidi AU - Sturtevant, Victoria T2 - Ecology and Society AB - Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E., H. L. Ballard, and V. E. Sturtevant. 2008. Adaptive management and social learning in collaborative and community-based monitoring: a study of five community-based forestry organizations in the western USA. Ecology and Society 13(2): 4. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02400-130204 DA - 2008/07/21/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.5751/ES-02400-130204 DP - www.ecologyandsociety.org VL - 13 IS - 2 LA - en SN - 1708-3087 ST - Adaptive Management and Social Learning in Collaborative and Community-Based Monitoring UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art4/main.html Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:54:12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring the Barriers to Big Data for Development: design-reality gap analysis AU - Fernando Gomez, L. AU - Heeks, R. T2 - Manchester University Development Informatics Working Paper Series DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 62 UR - http://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/gdi/publications/workingpapers/di/di_wp62.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hacking by the prompt: Innovative ways to utilize ChatGPT for evaluators AU - Ferretti, Silva T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - “Hacking by the prompt”—writing simple yet creative conversational instructions in ChatGPT's message window—revealed many valuable additions to the evaluator's toolbox for all stages of the evaluation process. This includes the production of terms of reference and proposals for the dissemination of final reports. ChatGPT does not come with an instruction book, so evaluators must experiment creatively to understand its potential. The surprising performance of ChatGPT leads to the question: will it eventually substitute for evaluators? By describing ChatGPT through four personality characteristics (pedantic, “I know it all,” meek, and “speech virtuoso”), this article provides case examples of the potential and pitfall of ChatGPT in transforming evaluation practice. Anthropomorphizing ChatGPT is debatable, but the result is clear: tongue-in-cheek personality characteristics helped hack ChatGPT more creatively while remaining aware of its challenges. This article combines practical ideas with deeper reflection on evaluation. It concludes that ChatGPT can substitute for evaluators when evaluations mostly focus on paperwork and conventional approaches “by the book” (an unfortunate trend in the sector). ChatGPT cannot substitute engagement with reality and critical thinking. Will ChatGPT then be a stimulus to rediscover the humanity and the reality we lost in processes? DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1002/ev.20557 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2023 IS - 178-179 SP - 73 EP - 84 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Hacking by the prompt UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20557 Y2 - 2023/12/11/09:47:47 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Empowerment Evaluation Blog AU - Fetterman, David AB - This blog, by Dr David Fetterman, provides a range of resources on empowerment evaluation theory and practice. The blog includes links to videos, guides and relevant academic literature that provide a detailed analysis and discussion of using empowerment evaluation. DA - 2006/05// PY - 2006 UR - http://eevaluation.blogspot.com/?view=magazine Y2 - 2023/10/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Empowerment evaluation AU - Fettermen, David C5 - Vimeo Video DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://vimeo.com/96643564 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Community Moderation Guidelines Template AU - FeverBee AB - Community Moderation Guidelines for [Organisation] 1.0 INTRODUCTION Welcome to [the community]. We’re excited to have you as a moderator and we can’t wait for you to get started. We’ve put together this document to help guide your moderation decisions. Our goal... LA - en PB - FeverBee UR - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RLT9jlfa1m15ZAQt0p17ScY9rws9fK0dhXbeP9-_Bz0/edit?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook Y2 - 2018/10/10/14:32:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - FeverBee’s Online Community Strategy Template AU - FeverBee DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - FeverBee UR - http://course.feverbee.com/PSCommunityStrategyTemplate.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/10/14:29:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - FeverBee's Strategic Project Plan Template AU - FeverBee AB - Gantt Chart [ client] COMMUNITY STRATEGY- PROJECT PLAN [ client] Community Strategy, COMPANY NAME,[ client] BY RICHARD MILLINGTON, DATE, 25/ 7/ 2018 No, TASK TITLE, TASK OWNER, START DATE, DUE DATE, DURATION, PCT OF TASK COMPLETE, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPING THE STRATEGIC PLAN, BUILD... LA - en PB - FeverBee UR - https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HXRkRPWjNsl4PcWBiaXVKMnAPM2J7nAte32qsOzp-m4/edit?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook Y2 - 2018/10/10/14:28:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Survey Template - Help decide the future of the [name] Community Survey AU - FeverBee DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - FeverBee UR - https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/NX6P86Y Y2 - 2018/10/10/14:23:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to Adapt: Exploring Knowledge, Information and Data for Adaptive Programmes and Policies - Workshop Summary Report AU - fhi360 AB - Adaptive management is increasingly seen as critical capability for development programmes and policies that are more effective, efficient, relevant and sustainable. There is increasing recognition that such work requires significant changes to the organizational structures, management processes, accountability and performance cultures and indivi DA - 2015/11/23/ PY - 2015 LA - und PB - IDS ST - Learning to Adapt UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/learning-adapt-exploring-knowledge%2C-information-and-data-adaptive-programmes-and-policies Y2 - 2016/09/05/14:59:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating Countering Violent Extremism: Practice and Progress AU - Fink, Naureen Chowdhury AU - Romaniuk, Peter AU - Barakat, Rafia DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation UR - https://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Fink_Romaniuk_Barakat_EVALUATING-CVE-PROGRAMMING_20132.pdf Y2 - 2019/09/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - CONF TI - Knowledge-based Communication Processes in Software Engineering AU - Fischer, Gerhard AU - Schneider, Matthias T3 - ICSE '84 AB - A large number of problems to be solved with the help of computer systems are ill-structured. Their solution requires incremental design processes, because complete and stable specifications are net available. For tasks of this sort, life cycle models are inadequate. Our design methodology is based on a rapid prototyping approach which supports the coevolution of specification and implementation. Communication between customers, designers and implementors and communication between the humans and the knowledge base in which the emerging product is embedded are of crucial importance. Our work is centered around knowledge-based systems which enhance and support the communication needs in connection with software systems. Program documentation systems are used as an example to illustrate the relevance of knowledge-based human-computer communication in software engineering. C1 - Piscataway, NJ, USA C3 - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software Engineering DA - 1984/// PY - 1984 DP - ACM Digital Library SP - 358 EP - 368 PB - IEEE Press SN - 978-0-8186-0528-4 UR - http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800054.801993 Y2 - 2016/08/10/11:02:32 KW - Rapid prototyping KW - experimental programming environments KW - human-computer communication KW - incremental design KW - knowledge-based systems KW - program documentation KW - user interfaces ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond Participation and Accountability: Theorizing Representation in Local Democracy AU - Fischer, Harry W. T2 - World Development AB - Recent decades have seen growing emphasis on enhancing public participation and accountability in governance processes. Yet the valence of these discussions has focused almost entirely on the character of citizen engagement itself, with little attention to the ways in which citizens’ agency is constituted in relation to changing forms of public authority. In this paper, I advance a theoretical account of political representation, a concept that is central to analysis of democracy, but which has seen only limited attention in the scholarship on democratic decentralization. I draw on two contrasting models—selection and sanction—to elaborate an understanding of representation that recognizes both mechanisms that enable citizens to hold their leaders to account as well as the character of leaders’ own intrinsic motivations. Through a qualitative account of three decades’ political change from a locality in the Indian Himalayas, I document a gradual process of institutional and social change that has enabled a new generation of more diverse elected leaders to ascend to positions of elected authority, including many from historically marginalized sections of society. By examining the experiences of three such individuals in detail, I demonstrate the importance of understanding who leaders are and what they do—their skills and aspirations, their identity and affiliations, and the kinds of representative relationships that they embody. Placing the selection and sanction models in dialog reveals new and productive avenues to explore the interplay between external incentive structures and leaders’ intrinsic motivations in shaping broader process of political change. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.05.003 DP - Crossref VL - 86 SP - 111 EP - 122 LA - en SN - 0305750X ST - Beyond Participation and Accountability UR - http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305750X15307919 Y2 - 2018/07/26/14:54:25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Management in the Courts AU - Fischman, Robert L. AU - Ruhl, J.B. T2 - Minnesota Law Review AB - Adaptive management has become the tonic of natural resources policy. With its core idea of “learning while doing,” adaptive management has infused the natural resources policy world to the point of ubiquity, surfacing in everything from mundane agency permits to grand presidential proclamations. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to suggest that these days adaptive management is natural resources policy. But is it working? Does appending “adaptive” in front of “management” somehow make natural resources policy, which has always been about balancing competing claims to nature’s bounty, something more and better? Many legal and policy scholars have asked that question, with mixed reviews. Their evaluations, however, have rested on theory, program-specific surveys, and isolated case studies. This article provides the first comprehensive review of adaptive management from the perspective that likely matters most to the natural resource agencies practicing adaptive management - how is it faring in the courts? Part I of the Article examines the theory, policy, and practice of adaptive management, focusing on the experience of the federal resource management agencies. The end product in practice is something we call “a m-lite,” a watered down version of the theory that resembles ad hoc contingency planning more than it does planned “learning while doing.” This gap between theory and practice leads to profound disparities between how agencies justify decisions and how adaptive management in practice arrives at the courthouse doorsteps. In Part II we review how these disparities have played out in courts considering claims that agency practice of adaptive management has not lived up to its theoretical promise or to the legal demands of substantive and procedural environmental law. We extract three key themes from the body of case law in this respect. Part III extends from the existing case law to draw lessons for agencies and Congress about the future practice of adaptive management. Our ultimate message to agencies is that a m-lite can be an effective decision method - and one that survives judicial scrutiny - but agencies must be more disciplined about its design and implementation. This includes resisting the temptation to employ adaptive management to dodge burdensome procedural requirements, substantive management criteria, and contentious stakeholder participation. If faithfully followed and enforced, this model, despite its flaws, could serve as an important component of natural resources policy to confront problems of the future as daunting as climate change. DA - 2010/01/01/ PY - 2010 VL - 95 SP - 424 EP - 484 UR - https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/139 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Importing Democracy: The Role of NGO's in South Africa, Tajikistan, & Argentina AU - Fisher, Julie AB - While street protesters demanding democratic reforms make headlines in the international news, Importing Democracy: The Role of NGOs in South Africa, Tajikistan, and Argentina, written by Julie Fisher and published by the Kettering Foundation Press, focuses on a quieter movement led by democratization NGOs. In South Africa, the Good Governance Learning Network shares participatory tools to make local governments more responsive. In Tajikistan, Jahan teaches local police about human rights. In Argentina, seven democratization NGOs sponsor public deliberations in local communities and have organized a nationwide citizens network to combat municipal government corruption. The book is organized around three chapters for each country, South Africa, Tajikistan, and Argentina. The first chapter of each country s section begins with the historical, political, and economic context and continues with a discussion of the general contours of civil society. The second chapter in each section deals with the role of democratization NGOs in promoting both loyal opposition and law-based civil liberties. The third chapter focuses on their role in promoting political culture and political participation. Loyal opposition and law-based civil liberties help define democratization at the national level, whereas changes in political culture and increased political partici­pation often occur throughout society. Follow­ing the nine country chapters, the book concludes with a comparative overview and implications for international policy. Fisher, a former Kettering Foundation program officer, writes that the idea that democracy can be exported has lost credibility in recent years. In many countries, however, democratization NGOs are importing democratic ideas and recovering local democratic traditions. CY - Dayton, Ohio DA - 2013/04/12/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon ET - 1st edition LA - English PB - Kettering Foundation Press SN - 978-0-923993-47-4 ST - Importing Democracy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban climate change adaptation as social learning: Exploring the process and politics AU - Fisher, Susannah AU - Dodman, David T2 - Environmental Policy and Governance AB - Responses to climate change that build on adaptive natural resource management conceptualise social learning processes as having the potential to form a key component of climate adaptation. Social learning processes represent a way of managing the inherent uncertainties and interconnectedness of adaptation issues through ongoing learning, iterative reflection, and change of responses over time. Although the theoretical case is emerging for social learning as adaptation, there is limited empirical evidence of how these processes play out as local governments engage in urban adaptation planning. This paper starts to address this gap by examining social learning processes in two cities in India. We show how the social learning processes interact with complex governance contexts in the two cities and how evidence of outcomes is emerging across individuals, networks, and systems. We go on to argue that there are several areas of social learning that need further theorisation to support its application in the urban context. First, theories of social learning need to allow for unequal power relationships to continue to shape learning processes and take into account structural and historical dynamics as well as relational forms of power. Second, the way that scale is understood needs to be reopened as a point of analysis to understand how scalar concepts are used by actors to frame and locate problems and solutions rather than being understood as fixed and immutable. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1002/eet.1851 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 29 IS - 3 LA - en SN - 1756-9338 ST - Urban climate change adaptation as social learning UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.1851 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:55:15 KW - Climate change KW - India KW - Social learning KW - governance KW - urban planning ER - TY - JOUR TI - The usability of climate information in sub-national planning in India, Kenya and Uganda: the role of social learning and intermediary organisations AU - Fisher, Susannah AU - Dodman, David AU - Epp, Marissa Van AU - Garside, Ben T2 - Climatic Change AB - Abstract Research on using climate information has often focused on the interaction between users and producers and the technical fit of information for real decision-making. However, due to resource and capacity constraints within both user and producer communities, this approach will not always be feasible or indeed necessary depending on the decisions at hand. These contexts have been relatively under-explored by scholars, and this paper provides an original empirical contribution using three case studies of sub-national governments in India, Kenya and Uganda. In the paper, we analyse how social learning supports changing the usability of climate information and the role of intermediary organisations in these processes. Firstly, the paper shows that intermediaries often choose to build the commitment to project aims rather than using climate information as an entry point to working on climate change, and this allows them to instigate challenging learning processes. Secondly, there are barriers to iterative processes and critical reflection with government stakeholders but these processes can gain traction when built into institutional practices such as formal M&E processes. Lastly, social learning can broaden the framing of climate change from a single sector issue to a multi-sectoral one. We conclude by arguing that bringing together scholarship on social learning with that on the usability of climate information can deepen understanding of the dynamic context in which the information becomes usable. The evidence from the case studies shows that learning processes can alter this context across scales. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10584-018-2291-2 DP - ideas.repec.org VL - 151 IS - 2 SP - 219 EP - 245 LA - en ST - The usability of climate information in sub-national planning in India, Kenya and Uganda UR - https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/climat/v151y2018i2d10.1007_s10584-018-2291-2.html Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:27:33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gendered voices for climate action AU - Fisher, Susannah AU - Shakya, Clare T2 - iied Working Paper AB - Including local women and men who have experienced the impacts of climate change in decision-making forums is key to developing a just process hearing local voices and experiences. The Paris Agreement signs up the international community to delivering countrydriven, gender-responsive climate action. Including local women and men will be critical to this transition and to achieving the scale and pace of change needed through both procedural and distributional justice. However, there is scarce evidence on how these voices and experiences can impact on and strengthen climate responses, or how best to enable and facilitate this participation. DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 25 LA - en UR - https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10193IIED.pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - A Better Approach to After-Action Reviews AU - Fletcher, Angus AU - Cline, Preston B. AU - Hoffman, Matthew T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - In the decades since the Army created the After Action Review (AAR), businesses have embraced the practice as a way of learning from both failure and success. But all too often the practice gets reduced to nothing more than a pro forma exercise. The authors of this article describe the history and philosophy of the original AAR, debunk three myths about the practice that impede its proper use, and finally suggest three improvements that can help business leaders make the most of it. DA - 2023/01/12/T13:15:17Z PY - 2023 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2023/01/a-better-approach-to-after-action-reviews Y2 - 2024/01/12/15:42:52 KW - Collaboration and teams KW - Crisis management KW - Project management ER - TY - RPRT TI - Addressing gender in impact evaluation: What should be considered? AU - Fletcher, Gillian AB - Gender and sexuality are intimately entwined; we must not lose sight of the ways in which gender affects non-heterosexual people, transgender people and people who do not identify as either male or female. • Gender and gender-related injustice is a feature of all interventions, whatever the focus, be it agriculture, capacity building, disaster management, education, health, peace building, water, sanitation and hygiene, or other. • Showing an increase in the number of women participants in an intervention is not the same as demonstrating gender impact. An ‘add women and stir’ approach is not good enough. • A good intervention design will identify critical inequalities and conduct a needs assessment that clearly identifies gender-related issues. If this needs assessment feeds directly into the programme theory, it will facilitate assessment of the intervention’s gender-related impact and will be more likely it is to have positive gender-related impact. DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015 SP - 24 PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9934.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research AU - Flyvbjerg, Bent T2 - Qualitative Inquiry AB - This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies. DA - 2006/04// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1177/1077800405284363 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 219 EP - 245 J2 - Qualitative Inquiry LA - en SN - 1077-8004, 1552-7565 UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077800405284363 Y2 - 2023/01/17/09:26:48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of the unfittest: why the worst infrastructure gets built—and what we can do about it AU - Flyvbjerg, Bent T2 - Oxford Review of Economic Policy DA - 2009/10/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1093/oxrep/grp024 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 344 EP - 367 J2 - Oxf Rev Econ Policy SN - 0266-903X ST - Survival of the unfittest UR - https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-abstract/25/3/344/424009/Survival-of-the-unfittest-why-the-worst Y2 - 2017/06/15/17:30:47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Fallacy of Beneficial Ignorance: A Test of Hirschman's Hiding Hand AU - Flyvbjerg, Bent T2 - World Development AB - Albert O. Hirschman's principle of the Hiding Hand stands stronger and more celebrated today than ever. The principle states that ignorance is good in planning, DA - 2016/04/21/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.012 DP - papers.ssrn.com VL - 84 SP - 176 EP - 89 ST - The Fallacy of Beneficial Ignorance UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2767128 Y2 - 2017/04/13/17:35:23 KW - Behavioral economics KW - Development KW - Hiding hand KW - Ignorance KW - Management ER - TY - MGZN TI - Why your IT project may be riskier than you think AU - Flyvbjerg, Bent AU - Budzier, Alexander T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - New research shows surprisingly high numbers of out-of-control tech projects—ones that can sink entire companies and careers. DA - 2011/09/01/ PY - 2011 UR - https://hbr.org/2011/09/why-your-it-project-may-be-riskier-than-you-think Y2 - 2017/02/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors Behind Every Successful Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration AU - Flyvbjerg, Bent AU - Gardner, Dan AB - World expert Bent Flyvbjerg and bestselling author Dan Gardner reveal the secrets to successfully planning and delivering ambitious projects on any scale.Nothing is more inspiring than a big vision that becomes a triumphant new reality. Think of how Apple’s iPod went from a project with a single employee to an enormously successful product launch in eleven months. But such successes are the exception. Consider how London’s Crossrail project delivered five years late and billions over budget. More modest endeavours, whether launching a small business, organizing a conference, or just finishing a work project on time, also commonly fail. Why?Understanding what distinguishes the triumphs from the failures has been the life’s work of Oxford professor Bent Flyvbjerg. In How Big Things Get Done, he identifies the errors that lead projects to fail, and the research-based principles that will make yours succeed:- Understand your odds. If you don’t know them, you won’t win.- Plan slow, act fast. Getting to the action quick feels right. But it’s wrong.- Think right to left. Start with your goal, then identify the steps to get there.- Find your Lego. Big is best built from small.- Master the unknown unknowns. Most think they can’t, so they fail. Flyvbjerg shows how you can.Full of vivid examples ranging from the building of the Sydney Opera House to the making of the latest Pixar blockbusters, How Big Things Get Done reveals how to get any ambitious project done – on time and on budget. DA - 2023/02/16/ PY - 2023 DP - Amazon SP - 304 LA - English PB - Macmillan SN - 978-1-03-501893-2 ST - How Big Things Get Done ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Principle of the Malevolent Hiding Hand; or, the Planning Fallacy Writ Large AU - Flyvbjerg, Bent AU - Sunstein, Cass R. T2 - Soocial Research AB - We identify and document a new principle of economic behavior: the principle of the Malevolent Hiding Hand. In a famous discussion, Albert Hirschman celebrated the Hiding Hand, which he saw as a benevolent mechanism by which unrealistically optimistic planners embark on unexpectedly challenging plans, only to be rescued by human ingenuity, which they could not anticipate, but which ultimately led to success, principally in the form of unexpectedly high net benefits. Studying eleven projects, Hirschman suggested that the Hiding Hand is a general phenomenon. But the Benevolent Hiding Hand has an evil twin, the Malevolent Hiding Hand, which blinds excessively optimistic planners not only to unexpectedly high costs but also to unexpectedly low net benefits. Studying a much larger sample than Hirschman did, we find that the Malevolent Hiding Hand is common and that the phenomenon that Hirschman identified is rare. This sobering finding suggests that Hirschman’s phenomenon is a special case; it attests to the pervasiveness of the planning fallacy, writ very large. One implication involves the continuing need to de-bias decisions and decision support tools like cost-benefit analysis; another is that accountability for decision makers, planners, and forecasters is required for such de-biasing to be effective and lasting. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - papers.ssrn.com VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 979 EP - 1004 LA - en UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2654423 Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:26:38 KW - Behavioral economics KW - Cost-benefit analysis KW - Hiding hand KW - Planning fallacy ER - TY - BLOG TI - Designing & Facilitating Collaborative Learning Networks. A toolkit AU - Folsom, Amanda T2 - Results for Development AB - Collaborative Learning — an approach which brings together people who face common challenges to share knowledge and jointly problem-solve — is a powerful way to support locally-led development and achieve impact. It provides a structured process in which change agents determine priorities, set the learning agenda, work together to identify strategies to address complex challenges, and provide ongoing implementation support to one another. Collaborative Learning — unlike traditional approaches to technical assistance — centers the expertise of local change agents and captures the valuable tacit knowledge of practitioners to advance systems change. This toolkit synthesizes lessons, tips, and tools accumulated from more than a decade of experience designing and facilitating over 20 Collaborative Learning Networks. The lead author was Amanda Folsom, Senior Program Director and Collaborative Learning Practice Lead, Results for Development (R4D). The toolkit benefited from the contributions of many R4D colleagues, including Katie Bowman, Cheryl Cashin, Tanya Jones, Gina Lagomarsino, Agnes Munyua, Maria Jose Pastor, and Abeba Taddese. R4D has not done this alone. The lessons and examples are drawn from our work with many network partners from the Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage (JLN), Linked Immunisation Action Network (Linked), Health Systems Strengthening Accelerator, Strategic Purchasing Africa Resource Center (SPARC), the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI), the Partnership for Evidence and Equity in Responsive Social Systems (PEERSS), and the School Action Learning Exchange (SALEX), to name a few. We are grateful for the thought partnership and support of our partners and funders, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Gavi, Hewlett Foundation, Jacobs Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, USAID, and World Bank. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en-US UR - https://r4d.org/collaborativelearningtoolkit/ Y2 - 2023/10/02/10:19:51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving our legacy: Incorporation of adaptive management into state wildlife action plans AU - Fontaine, Joseph J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - The loss of biodiversity is a mounting concern, but despite numerous attempts there are few large scale conservation efforts that have proven successful in reversing current declines. Given the challenge of biodiversity conservation, there is a need to develop strategic conservation plans that address species declines even with the inherent uncertainty in managing multiple species in complex environments. In 2002, the State Wildlife Grant program was initiated to fulfill this need, and while not explicitly outlined by Congress follows the fundamental premise of adaptive management, ‘Learning by doing’. When action is necessary, but basic biological information and an understanding of appropriate management strategies are lacking, adaptive management enables managers to be proactive in spite of uncertainty. However, regardless of the strengths of adaptive management, the development of an effective adaptive management framework is challenging. In a review of 53 State Wildlife Action Plans, I found a keen awareness by planners that adaptive management was an effective method for addressing biodiversity conservation, but the development and incorporation of explicit adaptive management approaches within each plan remained elusive. Only w25% of the plans included a framework for how adaptive management would be implemented at the project level within their state. There was, however, considerable support across plans for further development and implementation of adaptive management. By furthering the incorporation of adaptive management principles in conservation plans and explicitly outlining the decision making process, states will be poised to meet the pending challenges to biodiversity conservation. DA - 2011/05// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.015 DP - Crossref VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 1403 EP - 1408 LA - en SN - 03014797 ST - Improving our legacy UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479710003440 Y2 - 2019/02/25/14:07:52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conceptualizing community resilience to natural hazards – the emBRACE framework AU - Forrester, John Martin AU - Kruse, Sylvia AU - Abeling, Thomas AU - Deeming, Hugh AU - Fordham, Maureen AU - Forrester, John AU - Jülich, Sebastian AU - Karanci, A. Nuray AU - Kuhlicke, Christian AU - Pelling, Mark AU - Pedoth, Lydia AU - Schneiderbauer, Stefan T2 - Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences AB -

Abstract. The level of community is considered to be vital for building disaster resilience. Yet, community resilience as a scientific concept often remains vaguely defined and lacks the guiding characteristics necessary for analysing and enhancing resilience on the ground. The emBRACE framework of community resilience presented in this paper provides a heuristic analytical tool for understanding, explaining and measuring community resilience to natural hazards. It was developed in an iterative process building on existing scholarly debates, on empirical case study work in five countries and on participatory consultation with community stakeholders where the framework was applied and ground-tested in different contexts and for different hazard types. The framework conceptualizes resilience across three core domains: (i) resources and capacities, (ii) actions and (iii) learning. These three domains are conceptualized as intrinsically conjoined within a whole. Community resilience is influenced by these integral elements as well as by extra-community forces comprising disaster risk governance and thus laws, policies and responsibilities on the one hand and on the other, the general societal context, natural and human-made disturbances and system change over time. The framework is a graphically rendered heuristic, which through application can assist in guiding the assessment of community resilience in a systematic way and identifying key drivers and barriers of resilience that affect any particular hazard-exposed community.

DA - 2017/12/19/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.5194/nhess-17-2321-2017 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 2321 EP - 2333 LA - en SN - 1684-9981 UR - https://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/17/2321/2017/ Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:23:54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agency in the face of path dependence: how organizations can regain scope for maneuver AU - Fortwengel, Johann AU - Keller, Arne T2 - Business Research AB - This paper tackles a key problem in path dependence research: how can locked-in organizations regain their scope for maneuver? Leveraging insights from two surprising and thus revelatory cases of organizations that have successfully escaped from path dependence, we develop the theoretical argument that regaining scope for maneuver can be achieved by interrupting the logic of a path’s underlying self-reinforcing mechanisms. More specifically, we argue that, through a targeted interruption of the working of these mechanisms, hyper-stable patterns inscribed in an organization can be gradually rewound—and alternative futures become possible. We position our paper within larger debates around the role of agency in path dependence theorizing, and we outline research frontiers to better understand the necessary antecedents of and exact relationship between mechanisms interruption and pattern unwinding. DA - 2020/11/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s40685-020-00118-w DP - Springer Link VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 1169 EP - 1201 J2 - Bus Res LA - en SN - 2198-2627 ST - Agency in the face of path dependence UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00118-w Y2 - 2023/12/20/13:51:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Designing Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches for Learning An FOS How-To Guide AU - FOS DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 PB - FOS UR - http://www.fosonline.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FOS-ME-Design-How-to-Guide-v.-2019-02.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/25/15:41:52 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lasting Roots: Naatal Mbay and the Integrated Finance Model in Senegal AU - Fowler, Ben AU - Courbois, Laura T2 - MSP Ex-Post Study AB - This report addresses the well-recognized evidence gap1 on the longer-term impacts created by marketdriven programming; specifically, programming influenced by market systems development (MSD) principles. It does so by presenting the findings of an ex-post study conducted three and a half years after the close of USAID’s Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay Activity (hereafter Naatal Mbay) in 2019. It examines the scale and sustainability of changes resulting from Naatal Mbay’s introduction of an integrated finance model (IFM) – described in Error! Reference source not found. below – in the domestic rice sector. This study is one in a series of ex-post evaluations that are being conducted between 2023-2026 on USAID-funded MSD interventions around the world. This study focused on four questions, noted below in Figure 1. These were addressed using a mix of desk research, 122 key informant interviews with market actors and other stakeholders remotely and in Senegal, focus group discussions with 26 rice producers networks in Senegal, and a validation workshop with USAID/Senegal, implementing partner staff and market actors. Findings were analyzed leveraging the Disrupting System Dynamics (DSD) framework (see Figure 4 in the body of the report) as an analytical tool for understanding systems change. CY - Washington DC DA - 2023/08// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID UR - https://agrilinks.org/post/lasting-roots-ex-post-study-senegal-naatal-mbay-and-integrated-finance-model Y2 - 2023/10/02/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scaling accountability through vertically integrated civil society policy monitoring and advocacy AU - Fox, Jonathan T2 - MAVC Working Paper AB - This working paper argues that the growing field of transparency, participation and accountability (TPA) needs a conceptual reboot, to address the limited traction gained so far on the path to accountability. To inform more strategic approaches and to identify the drivers of more sustainable institutional change, fresh analytical work is needed. This paper makes the case for one among several possible strategic approaches by distinguishing between “scaling up” and “taking scale into account”. This proposition grounds an explanation of the vertical integration strategy, which involves multi-level coordination by civil society organisations of policy monitoring and advocacy, grounded in broad pro-accountability constituencies. To spell out how this strategy can empower pro-accountability actors, the paper contrasts varied terms of engagement between state and society, proposing a focus on collaborative coalitions as an alternative to the conventional dichotomy between confrontation and constructive engagement. The paper grounds this discussion by reviewing the rich empirical terrain of existing multi-level approaches, summarizing nine cases – three each in three countries – to demonstrate what can be revealed when TPA initiatives are seen through the lens of scale. It concludes with a set of broad analytical questions for discussion, followed by testable hypotheses proposed to inform future research agendas CY - Brighton DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12683 Y2 - 2017/02/17/18:26:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Taking scale into account in transparency and accountability initiatives AU - Fox, Jonathan T2 - MAVC Research Summary AB - We know that gaining access to information and raising citizen voices are not the same as achieving accountability. It is important to look beyond the symptoms of accountability failure, and consider how to tackle the causes. This short research summary discusses different understandings of scale, one important aspect of making transparency and accountability initiatives more strategic. Scale shapes both the causes of accountability failure and the tactics and strategies needed to address it. CY - Brighton DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12684 Y2 - 2017/01/04/12:21:09 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social Accountability: What Does the Evidence Really Say? AU - Fox, Jonathan A. T2 - World Development AB - Summary Empirical evidence of tangible impacts of social accountability initiatives is mixed. This meta-analysis reinterprets evaluations through a new lens: the distinction between tactical and strategic approaches to the promotion of citizen voice to contribute to improved public sector performance. Field experiments study bounded, tactical interventions based on optimistic assumptions about the power of information alone, both to motivate collective action and to influence the state. Enabling environments for collective action combined with bolstered state capacity to respond to citizen voice are more promising. Sandwich strategies can help ‘voice’ and ‘teeth’ to become mutually empowering, through state–society synergy. DA - 2015/08/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 72 SP - 346 EP - 361 J2 - World Development SN - 0305-750X ST - Social Accountability UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15000704 Y2 - 2018/07/26/14:55:18 KW - public information access KW - social accountability KW - state–society synergy KW - transparency KW - voice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Connecting the Dots for Accountability: Civil Society Policy Monitoring and Advocacy Strategies AU - Fox, Jonathan AU - Halloran, Brendan CY - London DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - DataCite PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative ST - Connecting the Dots for Accountability UR - http://www.internationalbudget.org/publications/connecting-dots-accountability Y2 - 2016/04/05/15:05:24 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidelines for designing and monitoring social accountability interventions AU - Franco, Erika Lopez AU - Shankland, Alex CY - Brighton DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 26 LA - en PB - IDS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Using Adaptive Management to Meet Conservation Goals AU - Franklin, Thomas M AU - Helinski, Ronald AU - Manale, Andrew T2 - Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices AB - Natural resource professionals should know whether or not they are doing an effective job of managing natural resources. Their decision-making process should produce the kind of results desired by the public, elected officials, and their agencies’ leadership. With billions of dollars spent each year on managing natural resources, accountability is more important than ever. Producing results is the key to success. Managers must have the necessary data to make enlightened decisions during program implementation—not just at the conclusion of a program. Adaptive management is described as an adapt-and-learn methodology as it pertains to implementing Farm Bill conservation practices. Four regional case studies describe how adaptive management is being applied by practicing fish and wildlife managers. Indicators were identified to monitor and evaluate contributions to fish and wildlife habitat for each of the case studies. Data collected at each stage of the studies were used to make mid-course adjustments that enabled leadership to improve or enhance ongoing management actions. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Zotero SP - 11 LA - en PB - The Wildlife Society UR - https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/ceap/blr/?cid=nrcs143_014147 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Transforming M&E for Uncertain and Complex Contexts: The UNDP’s Innovation Sandbox Approach AU - Fraser, Dugan AU - Haldrup, Søren T2 - Powered by Evidence Podcast AB - How can we transform monitoring and evaluation (M&E) into a more adaptive, emergent process to address uncertainty and complexity in todays’ world? How do we move from compliance and accountability to learning – to support better, more timely, decisions? Join GEI Program Manager, Dugan Fraser, as he discusses these questions and others with Special Guest, Søren Haldrup, from UNDP's Strategic Innovation Unit where he manages UNDP's innovation facility and leads a new initiative called the M&E Sandbox. DA - 2022/11/03/ PY - 2022 LA - en ST - Transforming M&E for Uncertain and Complex Contexts UR - https://www.globalevaluationinitiative.org/podcast/transforming-me-uncertain-and-complex-contexts-undps-innovation-sandbox-approach Y2 - 2023/01/03/12:40:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Art of Scaling Deep - Research in Summary AU - Fraser, Tatiana AB - Over the last 15 years the concept of scale has become a foundational part of the apparatus of the social and environmental change sector. A business mindset of growth has been seamlessly transferred to the social and environmental problems we are collectively trying to shift in the world. Scaling up, (influencing policy) has been considered the strategic pathway to systems change. Scaling out (spreading new models) is seen as a pathway to success. The allure of these scaling theories lies, in part, in their tangibility, and the easy way in which they can be measured. However this focus on growth has shifted our attention away from a series of messy truths. Sometimes bigger isn't better. Endless growth is not sustainable and our urgency to try to fix the problem and seek solutions may be part of the crisis we are in. One unintended consequence of this has been that another type of scale has been devalued and as a result, under-resourced. It’s a scale that values the slow steady work of deepening relationships. It recognizes the significance of context, building connections that bridge diverse communities and it prioritizes inner work and healing as integral components of the scaling process. We call this type of scale ‘Scaling Deep’ and we believe that adequately supporting it, and funding it, holds the greatest potential for long lasting systemic change. The purpose of this research has been to delve deeper into the art and craft of Scaling Deep. Ultimately, our goal is for it to become firmly ingrained within the recognized realm of social change, alongside the well-established concepts of scaling up and scaling out. We want practitioners who are Scaling Deep to be able to harness the wisdom and power of this work and to talk about it openly, with confidence and credibility. We want understanding of this approach to flourish and evolve and for it to be appropriately celebrated and supported. We want decision-makers to be informed and inspired by the principles and practices of scaling deep. For it to be embedded in theories of change as an essential component of decision-making processes within the wider change discourse. Importantly we want leaders who are Scaling Deep to have access to sufficient resources and to receive the care from the field that they need to thrive. We would like to see organisations that have the power to invest, to align their efforts with the profound impact that scaling deep aspires to cultivate in the world. Before we begin, let us be crystal clear. We are not opposed to scaling up and out as strategies for change. Innovation and scaling what is working is part of how we evolve as humanity. As social entrepreneurs ourselves, we have both done this twice over. We value it and we know it’s important. We recognize these are strategies for creating widespread impact and effecting positive change. Our intention here is not to dismiss or undermine the value of scaling up and out, but rather to encourage a broader and more holistic perspective that includes other dimensions of scale. There is a need to understand how the different scaling approaches can work together, rather than seeing them as hierarchical and disconnected. Our ultimate goal is to equip the change sector with a more inclusive, expansive, and powerful approach to tackling the myriad challenges we face, by exploring the potential of Scaling Deep as a transformational strategy for systems change. DA - 2023/09// PY - 2023 PB - The Systems Sanctuary UR - https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0b2bbb80bd5e8ae706c73c/t/650e01c6fba1ac5ee2d1ae74/1695416781894/The+Art+of+Scaling+Deep+September+2023.pdf Y2 - 2024/02/28/14:50:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrated Governance: Achieving Governance Results and Contributing to Sector Outcomes AU - Frazer, Sarah AU - Granius, Mark AU - Brinkerhoff, Derick W. AU - McGregor, Lisa T2 - RTI Press Publication AB - Achieving broad-based socio-economic development requires interventions that bridge disciplines, strategies, and stakeholders. Effective sustained progress requires more than simply an accumulation of sector projects, and poverty reduction, individual wellbeing, community development, and societal advancement do not fall neatly into sectoral categories. However, researchers and practitioners recognize key operational challenges to achieving effective integration that stem from the structures and processes associated with the current practice of international development. Integration calls for the intentional linking of intervention designs, implementation, and evaluation across sectors and disciplines to achieve mutually reinforcing outcomes. In this report, we summarize the results of a study we conducted to explore the challenges facing governance programs that integrate with sector interventions to achieve governance outcomes and contribute to sector outcomes. Through a review of policy documents and project reports from recent integrated governance programs and interviews with donor and practitioner staff, we found three integrated governance programming variants, an emphasis on citizen and government collaboration to improve service delivery, interventions that serve as the glue between sectors, and a balancing act for indicators to measure contribution to sectoral outcomes. Our analysis identified four key success factors: contextual readiness, the application of learning and adapting approaches, donor support, and recognition of the limitations of integrated governance. We then discuss recommendations and implications and for answering the challenge of integrating governance and sector programming to achieve development outcomes. CY - Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 2022/05/19/ PY - 2022 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - RTI Press SN - RR-0046-2205 ST - Integrated Governance UR - https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/integrated-governance Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:09:30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can’t See the Wood For the Logframe: Integrating Logframes and Theories of Change in Development Evaluation AU - Freer, Gordon AU - Lemire, Sebastian T2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - There are numerous ways in which to model the underlying theory of programs. In the context of international development evaluation, the most ubiquitous are likely “logframes” and to some extent “theories of change,” both of which may serve to guide program development and management, monitoring, and evaluation. While logframes and theories of change are often developed in parallel, they are rarely fully integrated in their practical application. Drawing on lessons from a recent theory-based evaluation, this article argues that fully integrating the program theory of change within the program logframe provides for a stronger and more holistic understanding of program progress. DA - 2019/03/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.3138/cjpe.53007 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 33 IS - 3 J2 - CJPE LA - en SN - 1496-7308, 0834-1516 ST - Can’t See the Wood For the Logframe UR - https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cjpe/article/view/53007 Y2 - 2019/08/12/22:03:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Foreign policy and complex adaptive systems: Exploring new paradigms for analysis and action AU - Frej, William AU - Ramalingam, Ben DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar M3 - SFI Working Paper PB - Santa Fe Institute SN - 2011-22 ST - Foreign policy and complex adaptive systems UR - www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/11-06-022.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/20/16:50:08 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Re-imagining Inclusive Urban Futures for Transformation AU - Friend, Richard M AU - Anwar, Nausheen H AU - Dixit, Ajaya AU - Hutanuwatr, Khanin AU - Jayaraman, Thiagarajan AU - McGregor, J Allister AU - Menon, Meena R AU - Moench, Marcus AU - Pelling, Mark AU - Roberts, Debra T2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.cosust.2016.06.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 20 SP - 67 EP - 72 LA - en SN - 18773435 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343516300409 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:11:23 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Doing Development Differently: Understanding the Landscape and Implications of New Approaches to Governance and Public-sector Reforms AU - Fritz, Verena T2 - Transformation, Politics and Implementation A2 - Kirsch, Renate A2 - Siehl, Elke A2 - Stockmayer, Albrecht T3 - Smart Implementation in Governance Programs AB - Seeking to accelerate development, the agencies and individuals involved have regularly advanced new ideas of how external support can function better, deliver more, and achieve greater impact. There has been a particular flourishing of new ideas within the broad field of governance and public-sector reforms in the 2000s. This chapter starts off with a review of the “landscape of new ideas,” focusing on five proposed approaches in particular: political economy analysis (PEA), Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA), Doing Development Differently (DDD), Thinking and Working Politically (TWP), and the “science of delivery.” It sets out the “problem-diagnostic” that underpins each of these DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - JSTOR ET - 1 SP - 75 EP - 98 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH SN - 978-3-8487-3738-3 ST - Doing Development Differently UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941tdt.8 Y2 - 2020/12/11/11:55:35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The relationship between adaptive management of social-ecological systems and law: a systematic review AU - Frohlich, Miguel F. AU - Jacobson, Chris AU - Fidelman, Pedro AU - Smith, Timothy F. T2 - Ecology and Society AB - Adaptive management has been considered a valuable approach for managing social-ecological systems involving high levels of complexity and uncertainty. However, many obstacles still hamper its implementation. Law is often seen as a barrier for moving adaptive management beyond theory, although there has been no synthesis on the challenges of legal constraints or how to overcome them. We contribute to filling this knowledge gap by providing a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on the relationship between adaptive management and law in relation to social-ecological systems. We analyze how the scholarship defines the concept of adaptive management, identifies the legal barriers to adaptive management, and the legal strategies suggested for enabling this approach. Research efforts in this domain are still highly geographically concentrated in the United States of America, unveiling gaps concerning the analysis of other legal jurisdictions. Overall, our results show that more flexible legal frameworks can allow for adaptive management without undermining the role of law in providing stability to social interactions. Achieving this balance will likely require the reform of existing laws, regulations, and other legal instruments. Legal reforms can facilitate the emergence of adaptive governance, with the potential to support not only adaptive management implementation but also to make law itself more adaptive. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.5751/ES-10060-230223 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 23 IS - 2 J2 - E&S LA - en SN - 1708-3087 ST - The relationship between adaptive management of social-ecological systems and law UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss2/art23/ Y2 - 2019/11/08/09:14:19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory adaptive management leads to environmental learning outcomes extending beyond the sphere of science AU - Fujitani, Marie AU - McFall, Andrew AU - Randler, Christoph AU - Arlinghaus, Robert T2 - Science Advances AB - Resolving uncertainties in managed social-ecological systems requires adaptive experimentation at whole-ecosystem levels. However, whether participatory adaptive management fosters ecological understanding among stakeholders beyond the sphere of science is unknown. We experimentally involved members of German angling clubs (n = 181 in workshops, n = 2483 in total) engaged in self-governance of freshwater fisheries resources in a large-scale ecological experiment of active adaptive management of fish stocking, which constitutes a controversial management practice for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning when conducted inappropriately. The collaborative ecological experiments spanned several years and manipulated fish densities in 24 lakes with two species. In parallel, we experimentally compared changes in ecological knowledge and antecedents of proenvironmental behavior in stakeholders and managers who were members of a participatory adaptive management treatment group, with those receiving only a standard lecture, relative to placebo controls. Using a within-subjects pretest-posttest control design, changes in ecological knowledge, environmental beliefs, attitudes, norms, and behavioral intentions were evaluated. Participants in adaptive management retained more knowledge of ecological topics after a period of 8 months compared to those receiving a standard lecture, both relative to controls. Involvement in adaptive management was also the only treatment that altered personal norms and beliefs related to stocking. Critically, only the stakeholders who participated in adaptive management reduced their behavioral intentions to engage in fish stocking in the future. Adaptive management is essential for robust ecological knowledge, and we show that involving stakeholders in adaptive management experiments is a powerful tool to enhance ecological literacy and build environmental capacity to move toward sustainability. Participatory active adaptive management leads to far-reaching environmental learning outcomes in stakeholders. Participatory active adaptive management leads to far-reaching environmental learning outcomes in stakeholders. DA - 2017/06/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1126/sciadv.1602516 DP - advances.sciencemag.org VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - e1602516 LA - en SN - 2375-2548 UR - https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/6/e1602516 Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:45:46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marine Conservation Outcomes are More Likely when Fishers Participate as Citizen Scientists: Case Studies from the Mexican Mesoamerican Reef AU - Fulton, Stuart AU - Caamal-Madrigal, Jacobo AU - Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso AU - Bourillón, Luis AU - Heyman, William D. T2 - Citizen Science: Theory and Practice AB - Small-scale fishers on Caribbean coral reefs have exploited fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) for generations, but intense fishing has led to the loss of traditional aggregation sites. In many areas, the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of fishers has contributed greatly to the characterization of spawning aggregations and implementation of local conservation initiatives. TEK has identified more than 40 potential FSA sites along the coast of the Mexican Mesoamerican Reef. These sites have been characterised and scientifically validated, in some cases with traditional western science and in others, with a participatory citizen-science approach. The objective of this work is to compare the science and conservation outcomes at these FSA sites. We report that those FSA sites where scientific surveys were conducted without community participation remain unprotected. By contrast, the FSAs where local fishers were engaged in characterization and subsequent monitoring are now protected at the behest of the fishers themselves. Conservation initiatives to protect FSAs can be more effective through a combination of TEK, western science, and participatory citizen science involving local fishers. DA - 2018/06/05/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5334/cstp.118 DP - theoryandpractice.citizenscienceassociation.org VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 7 LA - eng SN - 2057-4991 ST - Marine Conservation Outcomes are More Likely when Fishers Participate as Citizen Scientists UR - http://theoryandpractice.citizenscienceassociation.org/articles/10.5334/cstp.118/ Y2 - 2019/05/04/03:22:08 KW - Citizen science KW - Fishers KW - Spawning Aggregation KW - Traditional Ecological Knowledge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond the tools: supporting adaptation when organisational resources and capacities are in short supply AU - Fünfgeld, Hartmut AU - Lonsdale, Kate AU - Bosomworth, Karyn T2 - Climatic Change AB - Climate change adaptation is increasingly concerned with how organisations develop capacity to adapt to uncertain futures. A participatory action research project conducted in Victoria, Australia, examined how health and social service organisations developed their organisational adaptive capacity through the use of adaptation decision-support tools. It can be challenging for any organisation to select and apply a decision-support tool, but this is particularly the case where resources and capacities are limited. For most organisations, climate change is only one of a complex set of dynamic stressors they must consider in meeting organisational goals. This paper shows that while decision-support tools can help co-generate knowledge and facilitate customised organisational adaptation processes, for them to be practically helpful for organisations with limited resources and capacities, intensive collaborative and discursive processes are needed to adjust such tools to fit specific organisational contexts and needs. Facilitators and participatory approaches that enable co-inquiry can play a critical role in supplementing scarce resources and initiating adaptation processes that go well beyond the scope and purpose of the decision-support tool used. Organisations working effectively with decision-support tools to adapt to climate change will need to feel ownership of them and have confidence in modifying them to suit their particular adaptation needs and organisational goals. DA - 2018/07/03/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10584-018-2238-7 DP - Springer Link J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 1573-1480 ST - Beyond the tools UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2238-7 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:33:20 KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Climate change KW - Community services KW - Decision-support tools KW - Facilitation KW - Health and social services KW - Organizational change ER - TY - CHAP TI - Citizen Participation in Representative Democracy AU - Fung, Archon T2 - Post Party Politics. Can participation reconnect people and government? A2 - Scott, Faye AB - ENTRADA CREADA PARA PODER CITAR EL CAPÍTULO CY - London DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 PB - The Involve Foundation UR - http://www.involve.org.uk/assets/Uploads/Post-Party-Politics.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Minipublics: Designing Institutions for Effective Deliberation and Accountability AU - Fung, Archon T2 - Accountability through public opinion : from inertia to public action A2 - Odugbemi, Sina A2 - Lee, Taeku AB - “Accountability” has become a buzzword in international development. Development actors appear to delight in announcing their intention to “promote accountability”—but it is often unclear what accountability is and how it can be promoted. This book addresses some questions that are crucial to understanding accountability and for understanding why accountability is important to improve the effectiveness of development aid. We ask: What does it mean to make governments accountable to their citizens? How do you do that? How do you create genuine demand for accountability among citizens, how do you move citizens from inertia to public action? The main argument of this book is that accountability is a matter of public opinion. Governments will only be accountable if there are incentives for them to do so—and only an active and critical public will change the incentives of government officials to make them responsive to citizens’ demands. Accountability without public opinion is a technocratic, but not an effective solution. In this book, more than 30 accountability practitioners and thinkers discuss the concept and its structural conditions; the relationship between accountability, information, and the media; the role of deliberation to promote accountability; and mechanisms and tools to mobilize public opinion. A number of case studies from around the world illustrate the main argument of the book: Public opinion matters and an active and critical public is the surest means to achieve accountability that will benefit the citizens in developing countries. This book is designed for policy-makers and governance specialists working within the international development community, national governments, grassroots organizations, activists, and scholars engaged in understanding the interaction between accountability and public opinion and their role for increasing the impact of international development interventions. CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat PB - The World Bank SN - 978-0-8213-8505-0 UR - http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGOVACC/Resources/Accountabilitybookweb.pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - Recipes for Public Spheres: Eight Institutional Design Choices and Their Consequences AU - Fung, Archon T2 - Journal of Political Philosophy DA - 2003/09// PY - 2003 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 338 EP - 67 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance AU - Fung, Archon T2 - Public Administration Review AB - The multifaceted challenges of contemporary governance demand a complex account of the ways in which those who are subject to laws and policies should participate in making them. This article develops a framework for understanding the range of institutional possibilities for public participation. Mechanisms of participation vary along three important dimensions: who participates, how participants communicate with one another and make decisions together, and how discussions are linked with policy or public action. These three dimensions constitute a space in which any particular mechanism of participation can be located. Different regions of this institutional design space are more and less suited to addressing important problems of democratic governance such as legitimacy, justice, and effective administration. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x VL - 66 SP - 66 EP - 75 UR - file://D:\pedro\Mis Documentos\Dropbox\Dropy-Documentos\EndNote\bibliografia-ePart.EndNoteX.Data\PDF\FungVarietiesPAR2006Final-0446200588/FungVarietiesPAR2006Final.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Technology for Democracy in Development: Lessons from Seven Case Studies AU - Fung, Archon AU - Gilman, Hollie Russon AU - Shkabatur, Jennifer T2 - Deliberation and Development: Rethinking the Role of Voice and Collective Action in Unequal Societies A2 - Heller, Patrick A2 - Rao, Vijayendra DA - 2015/07/13/ PY - 2015 DP - CrossRef SP - 229 EP - 236 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - 978-1-4648-0501-1 ST - Technology for Democracy in Development UR - http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-0501-1_ch11 Y2 - 2016/05/03/15:18:27 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance AU - Fung, Archon AU - Wright, Erik Olin AB - ENTRADA CREADA PARA PODER CITAR EL CAPÍTULO CY - London DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 PB - Verso UR - file://D:\pedro\Mis Documentos\Dropbox\Dropy-Documentos\EndNote\bibliografia-ePart.EndNoteX.Data\PDF\DD-TOC-1554637840/DD-TOC.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Purposeful Program Theory: Effective Use of Theories of Change and Logic Models AU - Funnell, Sue C. AU - Rogers, Patricia J. AB - Program Theory in Evaluation Practice is a ground-breaking reference that teaches how to develop an explicit causal model that links an intervention (project, program or policy) with its intended or observed impacts and using this to guide monitoring and evaluation. Peerless in its explanation of why and how to use and develop program theory, the book is rich with examples and alternative approaches. The book is an invaluable resource to faculty and students as well as professionals in professional development programs, education, social work, and counseling. DA - 2011/02// PY - 2011 LA - en-au PB - Wiley ST - Purposeful Program Theory UR - https://www.wiley.com/en-au/Purposeful+Program+Theory%3A+Effective+Use+of+Theories+of+Change+and+Logic+Models-p-9780470478578 Y2 - 2023/01/12/11:17:09 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Purposeful Program Theory: Effective Use of Theories of Change and Logic Models AU - Funnell, Sue C. AU - Rogers, Patricia J. AB - Between good intentions and great results lies a program theory—not just a list of tasks but a vision of what needs to happen, and how. Now widely used in government and not-for-profit organizations, program theory provides a coherent picture of how change occurs and how to improve performance. Purposeful Program Theory shows how to develop, represent, and use program theory thoughtfully and strategically to suit your particular situation, drawing on the fifty-year history of program theory and the authors' experiences over more than twenty-five years."From needs assessment to intervention design, from implementation to outcomes evaluation, from policy formulation to policy execution and evaluation, program theory is paramount. But until now no book has examined these multiple uses of program theory in a comprehensive, understandable, and integrated way. This promises to be a breakthrough book, valuable to practitioners, program designers, evaluators, policy analysts, funders, and scholars who care about understanding why an intervention works or doesn't work." —Michael Quinn Patton, author, Utilization-Focused Evaluation"Finally, the definitive guide to evaluation using program theory! Far from the narrow 'one true way' approaches to program theory, this book provides numerous practical options for applying program theory to fulfill different purposes and constraints, and guides the reader through the sound critical thinking required to select from among the options. The tour de force of the history and use of program theory is a truly global view, with examples from around the world and across the full range of content domains. A must-have for any serious evaluator." —E. Jane Davidson, PhD, Real Evaluation Ltd.Companion Web site: josseybass.com/go/funnellrogers DA - 2011/02/09/ PY - 2011 SP - 582 LA - Inglés ST - Purposeful Program Theory ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Whistler principles to accelerate innovation for development impact AU - G7 AB - The Whistler principles to accelerate innovation for development impact : 2018 G7 Summit – Canada 2018 G7 Presidency – Charlevoix, Quebec CY - G7 Summit 2018 DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 LA - en-US PB - G7 UR - http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/dev/180602-innovation.html Y2 - 2018/11/13/12:09:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy AU - GAC CY - Ottawa DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Global Affairs Canada UR - https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/assets/pdfs/iap2-eng.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/31/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global Affairs Canada: an approach to development innovation AU - GAC AB - For Global Affairs Canada, development innovation includes new or improved business models, policy practices, approaches, technologies, behavioral insights or ways of delivering products and services that benefit and empower the poorest and most vulnerable people in developing countries. CY - Ottawa DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 LA - eng PB - Global Affairs Canada UR - https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/priorities-priorites Y2 - 2019/05/19/11:54:56 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Our priorities in international assistance AU - GAC T2 - GAC AB - For Global Affairs Canada, development innovation includes new or improved business models, policy practices, approaches, technologies, behavioral insights or ways of delivering products and services that benefit and empower the poorest and most vulnerable people in developing countries. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - eng UR - https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/priorities-priorites Y2 - 2019/05/31/10:55:52 ER - TY - RPRT TI - New communication technologies and citizen-led governance in Africa AU - Gagliardone, Iginio AU - Srinivasan, Sharath AU - Brisset-Foucault, Florence T2 - Discussion Paper DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Google Scholar SN - 1 UR - https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245112 Y2 - 2016/09/12/15:01:33 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Reframing Complexity: A Four-Dimensional Approach to Organizational Diagnosis, Development and Change AU - Gallos, Joan V. T2 - Organization Development: A Jossey-Bass Reader A2 - Gallos, Joan V. A2 - Schein, Edgar H. AB - This is the third book in the Jossey–Bass Reader series, Organization Development: A Jossey–Bass Reader. This collection will introduce the key thinkers and contributors in organization development including Ed Lawler, Peter Senge, Chris Argyris, Richard Hackman, Jay Galbraith, Cooperrider, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Bolman & Deal, Kouzes & Posner, and Ed Schein, among others. "Without reservations I recommend this volume to those students of organizational behavior who want an encyclopedia of OD to gain a perspective on the past, present, and future...." Jonathan D. Springer of the American Psychological Association. CY - San Francisco DA - 2006/09/08/ PY - 2006 DP - Amazon LA - English PB - John Wiley & Sons SN - 978-0-7879-8426-7 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A developmental Evaluation Primer AU - Gamble, Jamie A.A. CY - Montreal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - J.W. McConnell Family Foundation UR - https://mcconnellfoundation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/A-Developmental-Evaluation-Primer-EN.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the Demand for a Global Evidence Network. Mapping Existing Initiatives and Understanding Network Lessons and Opportunities AU - Gandolfo, Ari AU - Taddese, Abeba CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Results for all UR - https://results4america.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Results-for-All-Network-Mapping-Report-1-3.pdf Y2 - 2020/08/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Plans Are Worthless but Planning Is Everything: A Theoretical Explanation of Eisenhower’s Observation AU - Garcia Contreras, Angel F. AU - Ceberio, Martine AU - Kreinovich, Vladik T2 - Decision Making under Constraints A2 - Ceberio, Martine A2 - Kreinovich, Vladik T3 - Studies in Systems, Decision and Control AB - The 1953–1961 US President Dwight D. Eisenhower emphasized that his experience as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during the Second World War taught him that “plans are worthless, but planning is everything”. This sound contradictory: if plans are worthless, why bother with planning at all? In this paper, we show that Eisenhower’s observation has a meaning: while directly following the original plan in constantly changing circumstances is often not a good idea, the existence of a pre-computed original plan enables us to produce an almost-optimal strategy—a strategy that would have been computationally difficult to produce on a short notice without the pre-existing plan. CY - Cham DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Springer Link SP - 93 EP - 98 LA - en PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-030-40814-5 ST - Plans Are Worthless but Planning Is Everything UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40814-5_11 Y2 - 2024/02/02/15:23:50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Management in the Face of Climate Change and Endangered Species Protection AU - Gardner, Emily T2 - Ecology Law Quarterly DA - 2013/01/03/ PY - 2013 DP - Zotero VL - 40 SP - 44 LA - en ER - TY - MGZN TI - Scaling Science AU - Gargani, John AU - McLean, Robert T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 IS - Fall LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/scaling_science Y2 - 2019/02/15/09:42:21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building a Learning Organization AU - Garvin, David A. T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Beyond high philosophy and grand themes lie the gritty details of practice. DA - 1993/07/01/T04:00:00Z PY - 1993 UR - https://hbr.org/1993/07/building-a-learning-organization Y2 - 2018/04/05/09:08:19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the ‘logical framework approach’ towards learning-oriented development evaluation AU - Gasper, Des T2 - Public Administration and Development AB - The logical framework approach has spread enormously, including increasingly to stages of review and evaluation. Yet it has had little systematic evaluation itself. Survey of available materials indicates several recurrent failings, some less easily countered than others. In particular: focus on achievement of intended effects by intended routes makes logframes a very limiting tool in evaluation; an assumption of consensual project objectives often becomes problematic in public and inter-organizational projects; and automatic choice of an audit form of accountability as the priority in evaluations can be at the expense of evaluation as learning. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1002/1099-162X(200002)20:1<17::AID-PAD89>3.0.CO;2-5 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 17 EP - 28 LA - en SN - 1099-162X UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1099-162X%28200002%2920%3A1%3C17%3A%3AAID-PAD89%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5 Y2 - 2022/12/05/22:10:23 ER - TY - BLOG TI - 5 Emerging Lessons from new research into Empowerment and Accountability in Messy Places AU - Gaventa, John T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Research guru John Gaventa summarizes the emerging lessons from a new research programme on 'action for empowerment and accountability' in messy places DA - 2019/03/15/T07:00:42+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/5-emerging-lessons-from-new-research-into-empowerment-and-accountability-in-messy-places/ Y2 - 2019/03/15/08:42:21 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Applying Power Analysis: Using the ‘Powercube’ to explore forms, levels and spaces AU - Gaventa, John T2 - Power, Empowerment and Social Change A2 - McGee, Rosie A2 - Pettit, Jethro AB - In a complex, globalised and rapidly changing world, power dynamics are multidimensional, constantly evolving, and full of complexity. The ‘powercube’ (Gaventa, 2006) is an approach to power analysis which can be used to examine the multiple forms, levels and spaces of power, and their interactions. Building on earlier work on power, and elaborated and popularised in collaboration with other colleagues through the web site powercube.net and numerous other resources, the powercube has been widely used around the world for analysis of power, education and awareness building, context analysis, programme and strategy development, and monitoring and evaluation. This article briefly outlines the evolution of the powercube, and provides examples of the issue areas in which it has been used, and for what purposes. Drawing on these, we then offer eight lessons of how to apply the powercube framework for analysing and transforming power relations. CY - London ; New York DA - 2019/11/08/ PY - 2019 LA - Inglés SN - 978-1-138-57531-8 UR - https://www.routledge.com/Power-Empowerment-and-Social-Change-1st-Edition/McGee-Pettit/p/book/9781138575318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Finding the Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis AU - Gaventa, John T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2006.tb00320.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 23 EP - 33 LA - en SN - 02655012, 17595436 ST - Finding the Spaces for Change UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2006.tb00320.x Y2 - 2020/11/17/11:16:38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking the prepositions: using power analysis to inform strategies for social action AU - Gaventa, John T2 - Journal of Political Power AB - This article reviews longstanding debates about the relationship between power over and power to – often posed as the tension between domination and emancipation. It then turns to several frameworks which integrate these approaches to inform strategies for social action. In particular, it focuses on recent empirical studies which apply one such framework, the ‘powercube’, to glean insights into how social actors navigate across multiple forms, spaces and levels of power. In so doing, we gain clues into how relatively powerless groups develop the capacities for agency and action which challenge domination and in turn give new possibilities for emancipation. DA - 2021/02/10/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1080/2158379X.2021.1878409 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 0 IS - 0 SP - 1 EP - 22 SN - 2158-379X ST - Linking the prepositions UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1878409 Y2 - 2021/02/15/14:53:01 KW - Lukes KW - Power KW - agency KW - collective action KW - empowerment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participation Makes A Difference: But Not Always How And Where We Might Expect AU - Gaventa, John T2 - Development Outreach DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1596/1020-797X_13_1_70 DP - CrossRef VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 70 EP - 76 LA - en SN - 1020-797X ST - Participation Makes A Difference UR - http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1020-797X_13_1_70 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:14:01 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping the Outcomes of Citizen Engagement AU - Gaventa, John AU - Barrett, Gregory T2 - World Development AB - Summary Despite the normative beliefs that underpin the concept of participation, its impact on improved democratic, and developmental outcomes has proven difficult to assess. Using a meta-case study analysis of a sample of 100 cases, we inductively create a typology of four democratic and developmental outcomes, including (a) the construction of citizenship, (b) the strengthening of practices of participation, (c) the strengthening of responsive and accountable states, and (d) the development of inclusive and cohesive societies. We find that citizen participation produces positive effects across these outcome types, though in each category there are also important types of negative outcomes as well. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.014 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 40 IS - 12 SP - 2399 EP - 2410 J2 - World Development SN - 0305-750X UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X12001246 Y2 - 2016/04/21/10:17:01 KW - Citizen engagement KW - Citizenship KW - Development outcomes KW - Participation KW - democratic outcomes KW - meta-analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenging the Boundaries of the Possible: Participation, Knowledge and Power AU - Gaventa, John AU - Cornwall, Andrea T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2006.tb00329.x DP - CrossRef VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 122 EP - 128 LA - en SN - 02655012, 17595436 ST - Challenging the Boundaries of the Possible UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2006.tb00329.x Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:22:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction: Making change happen–citizen action and national policy reform AU - Gaventa, John AU - McGee, Rosemary T2 - Citizen Action and National Policy Reform. London: Zed Books DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Google Scholar SP - 1 EP - 43 ST - Introduction UR - http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/pdf/outputs/centreoncitizenship/1052734655-gaventa_etal.2010-making.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/29/13:57:16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives AU - Gaventa, John AU - McGee, Rosemary T2 - Development Policy Review DA - 2013/07// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/dpr.12017 DP - CrossRef VL - 31 SP - s3 EP - s28 LA - en SN - 09506764 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dpr.12017 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:17:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Empowerment and Accountability in difficult settings: What are we learning? AU - Gaventa, John AU - Oswald, Katy T2 - Key messages emerging from theAction for Empowerment and Accountability Programme AB - Empowerment and Accountability in Difficult Settings: What Are We Learning? Key Messages Emerging from the Action for Empowerment and Accountability Programme Empowerment and accountability have long been part of the international development vocabulary and a core part of governance, social development and civil society programmes. Yet, much of what has been learnt about these approaches has been drawn from studies in somewhat stable, open and middle-income places around the world. Less is known about how empowerment and accountability are achieved through social and political action in more difficult settings – those faced by institutional fragility, conflict, violence, and closing civic space. This document highlights key messages emerging from the work of the Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme (A4EA), and the implications for how donors, policy makers and practitioners support strategies for empowerment and accountability in fragile, conflict and violence affected settings (FCVAS). Our eight key messages have strong implications for the theories of change used for effective programming in the field. CY - Brighton DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Empowerment and Accountability in Difficult Settings UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/14756 Y2 - 2019/12/19/10:25:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Everyday patterns for shifting systems AU - GCSI DA - 2022/10/25/ PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - GCSI UR - https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/1867002/Right-Scaling_Patterns_TSI-and-GCSI.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Everyday patterns for shifting systems - Right scaling AU - GCSI DA - 2022/10/25/ PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - GCSI UR - https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/1867002/Right-Scaling_Patterns_TSI-and-GCSI.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global Delivery at the World Bank Group AU - GDI DA - 2014/03// PY - 2014 PB - Global Delivery Initiative UR - http://www.worldbank.org/reference/GDI/ Y2 - 2016/08/05/15:49:01 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways AU - Geels, Frank W. AU - Schot, Johan T2 - Research Policy AB - Contributing to debates about transitions and system changes, this article has two aims. First, it uses criticisms on the multi-level perspective as stepping stones for further conceptual refinements. Second, it develops a typology of four transition pathways: transformation, reconfiguration, technological substitution, and de-alignment and re-alignment. These pathways differ in combinations of timing and nature of multi-level interactions. They are illustrated with historical examples. DA - 2007/04// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003 DP - Crossref VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 399 EP - 417 LA - en SN - 00487333 UR - http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733307000248 Y2 - 2018/09/28/08:59:59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advancing urban adaptation where it counts: reshaping unequal knowledge and resource diffusion in networked Indonesian cities AU - Geldin, Samuel T2 - Environment and Urbanization AB - Climate adaptation literature vocalizes the need for transnational municipal networks (TMNs) to expand activities in vulnerable medium-sized cities, but little work has examined the granular extent of city participation and processes constraining TMN growth. This study explores the effectiveness of TMNs in reaching adaptation outcomes and how financial, material, and knowledge exchanges of TMNs tend to exclude adaptation in high-priority intermediary cities. Nearly 40 semi-structured interviews with Indonesian city actors and a preliminary catalogue of cities participating in TMNs reveal that risk-averse selection criteria, insufficient impact assessments, and duplicative institutional efforts reinforce disparities between primary and intermediary cities. To effectively build adaptive capacity in the most vulnerable regions, TMNs should remove participation barriers for intermediary cities, improve incentives for institutional collaboration, and adopt more rigorous evaluative metrics. These results directly inform the governance, resource allocation, and operational goals of TMN stakeholders to advance distributive climate justice. DA - 2019/04/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1177/0956247818776532 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 13 EP - 32 J2 - Environment and Urbanization LA - en SN - 0956-2478 ST - Advancing urban adaptation where it counts UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247818776532 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:47:52 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Social Realities of Knowledge for Development A3 - Georgalakis, James A3 - Jessani, Nasreen A3 - Oronje, Rose A3 - Ramalingam, Ben AB - This edited collection of peer-reviewed papers explores critical challenges faced by organisations and individuals involved in evidence-informed development through a diverse set of case studies and t... CY - Brighton DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - IDS ST - The Social Realities of Knowledge for Development UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/the-social-realities-of-knowledge-for-development-sharing-lessons-of-improving-development-processes-with-evidence Y2 - 2017/04/22/19:42:56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coping with Complexity AU - Gerard Seijts AU - Niels Billou AU - Mary Crossan T2 - Ivey Business Journal DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 IS - May/June UR - https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/coping-with-complexity/ Y2 - 2017/11/12/23:51:22 ER - TY - NEWS TI - Meant to Keep Malaria Out, Mosquito Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In AU - Gettleman, Jeffrey T2 - The New York Times AB - Nets like his are widely considered a magic bullet against malaria — one of the cheapest and most effective ways to stop a disease that kills at least half a million Africans each year. But Mr. Ndefi and countless others are not using their mosquito nets as global health experts have intended. Nobody in his hut, including his seven children, sleeps under a net at night. Instead, Mr. Ndefi has taken his family’s supply of anti-malaria nets and sewn them together into a gigantic sieve that he uses to drag the bottom of the swamp ponds, sweeping up all sorts of life: baby catfish, banded tilapia, tiny mouthbrooders, orange fish eggs, water bugs and the occasional green frog CY - BANGWEULU WETLANDS, Zambia DA - 2015/01/24/ PY - 2015 SE - AFRICA UR - https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/africa/mosquito-nets-for-malaria-spawn-new-epidemic-overfishing.html?_r=1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Producer-led value chain analysis: The missing link in value chain development AU - Ghore, Yogesh AB - Introduction and rationale The concept of a value chain is increasingly being applied in the design and implementation of development programs aimed at poverty reduction. As an analytical tool, it provides a useful framework for understanding key activities, relationships, and mechanisms that allow producers, processors, buyers, sellers, and consumers—separated by time and space—to gradually add value to products and services as they pass from one link of the chain to another, making it a “value chain” (UNIDO, 2009). While it has been popular in the private sector ever since it was conceptualized by Michael Porter in the 1980s, more recently various donors and governments have shown interest in its use and have applied it to a range of development interventions, particularly in the area of sector development, livelihoods promotion, small and medium enterprise (SME) development, and rural and economic development. Academics and development organizations have designed numerous instruments for value chain analysis (VCA) and implementation. Beginning in the early 2000s, international organizations and donor agencies have sponsored the development of these tools, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the International Labour Organization (ILO). These guides and tools have been used in many development programs to address organizational, donor and local and regional priorities for development. While VCA guides and tools are important in understanding markets and relationships among key stakeholders, a recent comparative review of popularly used guides by Donovan et al. (2013) suggests that most of these guides are designed to be implemented independently of the local context and do not sufficiently focus on mutual learning, whether related to tool design or to the outcomes and impacts of the designed project activities. VCA is often conducted by external experts and the knowledge generated in the process is often confined to reports. Without the capacity building and effective participation of women and men producers—smallholder farmers who hold critical knowledge about the local context—an important link is missing in the entire process of VCA. The insufficient attention to the human, social, and other contextual factors undermines the full potential of the value chain systems approach, not only for economic outcomes, but for the long term sustainability of the intended benefits. So what are the ways to effectively engage producers in the community in the VCA? The producer-led process described here tries to address this basic question. It introduces simplified tools and an approach that ensures farmer participation in data collection, analysis, and identification of opportunities and constraints, and design of value chain interventions. This participation requires: a) an environment in which they feel comfortable to share their knowledge and insights, which is often not the case when extractive surveys and questionnaires are administered to collect information; and b) the use of simple and participatory tools that will allow them to provide inputs into the process of VCA and also help them to understand complex value chain systems and use this understanding for making livelihood decisions. The key steps and tools described are aimed at empowering the women and men farmers to make informed decisions about their own enterprises and how they relate to the value chain, thereby directly contributing to, and influencing, the overall process of value chain development. The process of VCA involving these steps and tools was developed at Coady Institute and first tested with Oxfam Canada and its local partners in Ethiopia in August 2012. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Coady ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid AU - Gibson, Clark C. AU - Andersson, Krister AU - Ostrom, Elinor AU - Shivakumar, Sujai AB - What's wrong with foreign aid? Many policymakers, aid practitioners, and scholars have called into question its ability to increase economic growth, alleviate poverty, or promote social development. At the macro level, only tenuous links between development aid and improved living conditions have been found. At the micro level, only a few programs outlast donor support and even fewer appear to achieve lasting improvements. The authors of this book argue that much of aid's failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the main actors in the aid delivery system and often generate a series of perverse incentives that promote inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. In their analysis, the authors apply the theoretical insights of the new institutional economics to several settings. First, they investigate the institutions of Sida, the Swedish aid agency, to analyze how that aid agency's institutions can produce incentives inimical to desired outcomes, contrary to the desires of its own staff. Second, the authors use cases from India, a country with low aid dependence, and Zambia, a country with high aid dependence, to explore how institutions on the ground in recipient countries also mediate the effectiveness of aid. Throughout the book, the authors offer suggestions about how to improve aid's effectiveness. These suggestions include how to structure evaluations in order to improve outcomes, how to employ agency staff to gain from their on-the-ground experience, and how to engage stakeholders as "owners" in the design, resource mobilization, learning, and evaluation processes of development assistance programs. CY - New York DA - 2005/11/03/ PY - 2005 DP - Amazon SP - 286 LA - English PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-927885-5 ST - The Samaritan's Dilemma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary Delivery Versus the "Waterfall Model" AU - Gilb, Tom T2 - SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes AB - The conventional wisdom of planning software engineering projects, using the widely cited "waterfall model" is not the only useful software development process model. In fact, the "waterfall model" may be unrealistic, and dangerous to the primary objectives of any software project.The alternative model, which I choose to call "evolutionary delivery" is not widely taught or practiced yet. But there is already more than a decade of practical experience in using it. In various forms. It is quite clear from these experiences that evolutionary delivery is a powerful general tool for both software development and associated systems development.Almost all experienced software developers do make use of some of the ideas in evolutionary development at one time or another. But, this is often unplanned, informal and it is an incomplete exploitation of this powerful method. This paper will try to expose the theoretical and practical aspects of the method in a fuller perspective. We need to learn the theory fully, so that we can apply and learn it completely. DA - 1985/07// PY - 1985 DO - 10.1145/1012483.1012490 DP - ACM Digital Library VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 49 EP - 61 SN - 0163-5948 UR - http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1012483.1012490 Y2 - 2016/08/10/11:05:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - One step to a thousand miles: building accountability in Liberia AU - Gilberds, Heather AB - Lessons for enabling accountability and integrity in Liberia DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Accountability Lab Liberia ST - One step to a thousand miles UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/one-step-thousand-miles-building-accountability-liberia Y2 - 2017/05/12/14:06:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exploring the potential for interactive radio to improve accountability and responsiveness to small-scale farmers in Tanzania AU - Gilberds, Heather AU - Handforth, Calum AU - Leclair, Mark AB - What are the possibilities of using new digital technologies alongside radio to help ensure that agricultural development projects are farmer-centred, and meet the needs of the rural citizens they intend to serve? This research assesses Farm Radio International’s Listening Post – a model that combines radio and digital technologies with the aim of collecting and aggregating farmer feedback to aid decision-making and adaptive project implementation. The research shows that linking a mobile-based crowd-sourcing tool with radio is effective at ensuring engagement from a large number of farmers, who felt it was a useful way of raising their questions and concerns to NGOs, policy-makers and experts. The model has clear potential to strengthen the chain of relationships between citizens, extension services suppliers, projects and policymakers. It has also demonstrated its potential to collect real-time feedback from farmers that could be used to aid decision-making and improve accountability in agricultural development initiatives, helping to ensure they are more responsive to farmers. However, it also concludes that ‘closing the feedback loop’ – ensuring that farmer’s comments, questions and concerns are responded to – is a challenge for the Listening Post. Sometimes, the interactive radio programmes close the loop by disseminating answers to questions or concerns raised by farmers, or by connecting farmers to extension services – but only when a solid and systematic process had been developed for this to happen. Therefore is critical to identify and incentivise actors who are capable of responding during the design phase of a Listening Post, and to ensure that they are involved in every stage of the process. It also important that project partners who are interested in beneficiary feedback identify the flexible or actionable points in their project frameworks from the outset, rather than collecting data that they are not able to use to adapt their programmes CY - Brighton DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12770 Y2 - 2017/02/16/12:40:13 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Capacity WORKS AU - GIZ AB - One of GIZ’s core competencies is understanding how cooperation works in societies, and supporting that process. The kind of process we mean is cooperation between state, civil society and private-sector actors who wish to jointly shape societal changes. GIZ has systematised its knowledge on how to achieve this, and made it available in the Capacity WORKS management model. The model describes how to manage cooperation systems. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://www.giz.de/expertise/html/4619.html Y2 - 2019/01/29/13:54:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Capacity Works - online training AU - GIZ DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - GIZ UR - https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/usr/wbt/gc21/public/wbt_capacity_works_en/uk/index.htm Y2 - 2019/05/17/10:43:31 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cooperation Management for Practitioners: Managing Social Change With Capacity Works A3 - GIZ DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Springer Gabler SN - 978-3-658-07904-8 UR - https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783658079048 ER - TY - RPRT TI - GIZ's Evaluation Policy: Principles, guidelines and requirements of our evaluation practice AU - GIZ CY - Bonn DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 16 PB - GIZ UR - https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GIZ_EVAL_EN_evaluation%20policy.pdf ER - TY - ELEC TI - Toolkit Digitalisation: Tools to Support Strategic Planning and Implementation AU - GIZ DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://www.giz.de/expertise/html/22701.html Y2 - 2017/05/25/14:15:52 ER - TY - RPRT TI - GIZ’s evaluation system AU - GIZ Evaluation Unit AB - This provides a general description of GIZ’s new evaluation system, which is designed to implement our new policy and to achieve the objectives of evaluation reform. This general description is accompanied by two other documents that provide supplementary details of GIZ’s key evaluation instruments: project evaluations for BMZ business and corporate strategic evaluations. They are geared in particular to GIZ staff members who commission, implement or support evaluations and to evaluators who conduct evaluations on behalf of GIZ as well as repre-sentatives of commissioning parties, clients and cooperation partners. The current versions are very much a ‘work in progress’ in many regards. We are well aware that we will only be able to meet our own high expectations of our evaluations if we continue to develop their quality in dialogue with project staff, our commissioning parties, clients and partners and with evaluation practitioners and experts from the academic, scientific and research community. We look forward to taking on this task and to sharing our experience with all interested parties. CY - Bonn DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - GIZ GmbH UR - https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GIZ_EVAL_EN_general%20description.pdf Y2 - 2023/03/28/09:51:55 ER - TY - RPRT TI - GLAM Monitoring and Learning Strategy (internal document) AU - GLAM CY - London DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - ODI ER - TY - BLOG TI - Making All Voices Count: A Slam Dunk? AU - Global Integrity T2 - Global Integrity AB - Yesterday, I had the chance to attend the public launch of a new government transparency and accountability funding mechanism – Making All Voices Count. Held at USAID headquarters, the discussion featured a veritable who’s who of open government and transparency practitioners in the Washington area; probably 250 people were packed into the room. (Announcing a … DA - 2012/12/06/T16:02:56+00:00 PY - 2012 LA - en-US ST - Making All Voices Count UR - https://www.globalintegrity.org/2012/12/06/mavc-slam-dunk/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:18:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing Innovation Potential for Social Impact: Overview for Social Sector Leaders AU - Global Knowledge Initiative DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 26 UR - http://globalknowledgeinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/AIIP-Toolset-Overview-With-Tools_GKI-FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Overview for Social Sector Leaders: Assessing Innovation Potential for Social Impact AU - Global Knowledge Initiative AB - We aim to provide decision makers with greater insight and confidence into the process of assessing innovation impact potential. Rather than considering the role innovation plays after an investment is made, or based on historic evaluations of how innovation has or has not delivered solutions to a problem, this approach is forward-looking. This customizable toolset assesses the future impact that innovation can deliver in a system to tackle particularly complex problems DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 SP - 30 UR - http://globalknowledgeinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/AIIP-Toolset-Overview-With-Tools_GKI-FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Appreciative Inquiry: Three decades of generative impact AU - Godwin, Lindsey N. T2 - AI Practitioner DA - 2016/02/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.12781/978-1-907549-26-7-3 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 24 EP - 29 J2 - AIP SN - 17418224 ST - Appreciative Inquiry UR - https://aipractitioner.com/product/appreciative-inquiry-three-decades-of-generative-impact/ Y2 - 2023/10/17/11:03:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - NGO-IDEAs Impact Toolbox - Participatory Monitoring of Outcome and Impact AU - Gohl, Eberhard AU - Causemann, Bernward AB - NGO-IDEAs (NGO – Impact on Development, Empowerment and Actions) NGO-IDEAs is a cooperation of about 40 non-govermental organisations (NGOs) from South Asia, East Africa and the Philippines and 14 German NGOs working in the field of development cooperation. It identifies and develops jointly with all partners, concepts and tools for NGOs in the areas of Outcome and Impact Assessment and Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E). NGO-IDEAs is further being supported by VENRO, the umbrella organisation of development non-governmental organisations in Germany as well as PARITÄT, the legal holder of the project. The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) has cofinanced the project. NGO-IDEAs is not just another study evaluating the impact of NGOs’ work – it combines research & development, knowledge management, learning & training as well as advice & coaching to initiate a collective learning process for all partners involved. Additionally, NGOIDEAs intends to create a valuable resource base for use by NGOs. NGO-IDEAs aims at: • Empowering community based organisations or groups and the poor among the rural communities to use and practice impact monitoring for project management • Empowering NGOs to further improve the effectiveness, impact and sustainability of their efforts • Making social changes more visible for implementing and funding NGOs, thus improving development practice • Improving public recognition of NGOs and CBOs and their contribution to development. The NGO-IDEAs “Impact Toolbox” is to enable NGOs and grassroots organisations to monitor projects together with the so called target groups involved, in a manner that will enhance positive outcomes and impacts, and reduce negative ones. It focuses on joint setting of goals, on monitoring them and finally on taking joint decisions about the further design and direction of interventions. The instruments of the NGO-IDEAs “Impact Toolbox” are simple and participatory. Simple means: setting out from people’s knowledge and know-how, therefore, easy to understand and apply. Application can easily be fitted into the “normal” activities of the NGOs or grassroots organisations. The participatory character emerges through democratic elements promoting a “Culture of Learning” that the people can assimilate CY - Stuttgart DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Impact+ UR - http://www.ngo-ideas.net/tiny_tools/index.html Y2 - 2023/07/14/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Evaluation: A Complexity-based approach to Systematic Learning for Innovation and Scaling in Development AU - Gokhale, Siddhant AU - Walton, Michael T2 - CID Faculty Working Paper AB - Nearly all challenges in international development tend to be complex because they depend on constantly evolving human behaviour, systems, and contexts, involving multiple actors, entities, and processes. As a result, both the discovery and scaling of innovations to address challenges in development often involve changes in system behaviour or even system-level transformation. This is rarely a linear process over time and can result in unexpected outcomes. Existing evaluation techniques commonly used in international development, including Randomized Control Trials (RCT) and quasi-experimental methods, are good at assessing specific effects of interventions but are not designed for the change processes inherent to innovation and scaling within a system. There is a need to reconstruct how we use existing measurement tools, techniques, and methodologies so that they capture the complexity of the environment in which an intervention or change occurs. We introduce Adaptive Evaluation, designed to learn at various levels of complexity while supporting the transformation needed to foster sustainable change. An Adaptive Evaluation uses three main approaches to work with complex questions—systems diagnosis, theorybased assessment of change processes, and iterative designs. An Adaptive Evaluation typically builds hypotheses from field-based interactions, emphasizes learning over testing, advocates open-mindedness with techniques, and appreciates the value of dialogue and participation in navigating complex processes. It can use RCT or similar techniques to analyse specific processes within a system or a development cycle, but these are embedded in a broader approach to assessment and interpretation. It is designed to be flexible and adjust to shifting contexts. Finally, an Adaptive Evaluation can be applied at any stage in a complex intervention's lifecycle, from the interpretation of the system and change processes to rapid experimentation, prototyping, and testing of select interventions, and then adaptation to different settings for impact at scale. This paper provides the theoretical basis for an Adaptive Evaluation—the main approaches, core ideology, process, and applications. CY - Boston DA - 2023/03// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Center for International Development, Harvard University SN - 428 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Theory of Constraints AU - Goldratt, Eliyahu M. AB - Theory of Constraints walks you through the crucial stages of a continuous program: the five steps of focusing; the process of change; how to prove effect-cause-effect; and how to invent simple solutions to complex problems. Equally important, the author reveals the devastating impact that an organization's psychology can have on the process of improvements. Theory of Constraints is a crucial document for understanding what it takes to achieve manufacturing breakthroughs. CY - Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999 DP - Amazon SP - 160 LA - English PB - North River Pr SN - 978-0-88427-166-6 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement AU - Goldratt, Eliyahu M. AU - Cox, Jeff AB - Over 2 million copies sold! Used by thousands of companies and hundreds of business schools! Required reading for anyone interested in the Theory of Constraints. This book, which introduces the Theory of Constraints, is changing how America does business. The Goal is a gripping, fast-paced business novel about overcoming the barriers to making money. You will learn the fundamentals of identifying and solving the problems created by constraints. From the moment you finish the book you will be able to start successfully addressing chronic productivity and quality problems. CY - Great Barrington, MA DA - 1992/01// PY - 1992 DP - Amazon SP - 384 LA - English PB - North River Press SN - 978-0-88427-061-4 ST - The Goal ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Innovative Power of Positive Deviance AU - Goldstein, Jeffrey AU - Hazy, James AU - Lichtenstein, Benyamin B. T2 - Complexity and the Nexus of Leadership A2 - Goldstein, Jeffrey CY - New York DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 LA - en PB - Palgrave Macmillan UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304595566_The_Innovative_Power_of_Positive_Deviance Y2 - 2018/06/17/15:17:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and Evaluating Conflict Sensitivity: Methodological Challenges and Practical Solutions AU - Goldwyn, Rachel AU - Chigas, Diana CY - London DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - Monitoring and Evaluating Conflict Sensitivity UR - https://www.cdacollaborative.org/publication/monitoring-and-evaluating-conflict-sensitivity-methodological-challenges-and-practical-solutions/ Y2 - 2019/03/06/16:41:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrating Livelihood and Conservation Goals: A retrospective Analysis of World Bank Projects AU - Gómez, Andrés AU - Price, Claire T2 - Measuring Impact AB - Using a database of World Bank project evaluations, E3/FAB’s new study called “Integrating Livelihood and Conservation Goals: A Retrospective Analysis of World Bank Projects” aims to contribute to building the evidence base around the integration of biodiversity conservation and livelihood goals. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - Operationalizing the Science of Delivery Agenda to Enhance Development Results AU - Gonzalez Asis, Maria AU - Woolcock, Michael AB - The clear development gains achieved in recent decades should not deflect attention from the scale and type of challenges that remain. The strategies largely responsible for these initial gains have been technical reforms promoting economic growth and logistical systems supplying basic inputs. Today, strategies are needed that focus on enhancing the quality of implementation— for example, ensuring learning and not just building schools and enrolling students. This concern now spans numerous domains of professional practice (especially health) and has entered World Bank discussions framed as the “science of delivery.” At the World Bank, the Global Delivery Initiative (GDI) is an operational manifestation and extension of these ideas. To date, the GDI has prepared a number of different case studies across numerous sectors on ways in which innovative teams solve particular problems during project implementation. On the basis of the initial case studies, the authors outline five key principles of how high-quality implementation occurs and invite others to add to this growing storehouse of knowledge. Specifically, task teams are encouraged to develop “live” case studies by and for their staff, documenting how, in real time, implementation challenges are being met. Projects must “learn” more rapidly and systematically how to solve the myriad range of complex implementation challenges they inevitably encounter, since most of these (by definition) cannot be anticipated ex ante. Delivery challenges of this kind will only intensify in the coming years as citizens demand effective responses to ever-more complex—and contentious—policy domains, such as justice, regulation, and taxation. DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015 DP - openknowledge.worldbank.org LA - en_US M3 - Working Paper PB - Washington, DC: World Bank UR - https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23226 Y2 - 2016/08/05/15:59:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Opportunities for Using Complexity-Aware Approaches to Theory of Change AU - Goodier, Sarah AU - Apgar, Marina T2 - SDC-IDS Briefing Note 8 AB - The purpose of this briefing note is to review opportunities for using complexity aware approaches to Theory of Change (ToC) to inform the SDC approach. It provides an overview of complexity-aware approaches and then focuses on demonstrating how complexity thinking can support programming by building on the frameworks currently being used in the project/programme cycle management (PCM) processes. It is aimed at SDC staff, in particular Programme Officers and staff of partner organisations involved in the management of SDC interventions. CY - Brighton DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14040 Y2 - 2019/03/06/11:07:33 ER - TY - RPRT TI - State of the Art on Use of Theory of Change in the Development Sector AU - Goodier, Sarah AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Clark, Louise T2 - SDC-IDS Briefing Note 7 AB - The purpose of this briefing note is to add to SDC’s understanding of Theory of Change (ToC), drawing on the literature and practice to sketch out the current state of the art approach. This involves expanding on ToC beyond SDC’s current practice of using Impact Hypotheses (IH) to bridge it to operational practice and use ToC more explicitly in the project/programme cycle management (PCM) processes. Sharing the state of the art on use of ToC in the development sector, this briefing note outlines what a ToC is, what it is used for and why it is needed in the development sector. It discusses ToC as both a process and a product, providing step by step guidance on how to facilitate a ToC process. The differences between a ToC and a logframe are highlighted. Some key criteria for recognising when you have a ‘good’ ToC are also included. This brief is aimed at SDC staff, in particular Programme Officers, and staff of partner organisations involved in the management of SDC interventions. CY - Brighton DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14039 Y2 - 2019/03/06/12:10:50 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Fostering Systems Change AU - Gopal, Srik AU - Kania, John AB - Five simple rules for foundations seeking to create lasting social change. DA - 2015/11/20/ PY - 2015 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/fostering_systems_change ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reflection methods: Tools to make learning more meaningful AU - Gordijn, Femke AU - Eernstman, Natalia AU - Helder, Jan AU - Brouwer, Herman AB - This handbook summarises methods that can be used to facilitate the process of reflection on the knowledge and experiences people acquire during a capacity development trajectory or training event. We believe that by explicitly integrating reflection in the learning process the learning will become clearer and better articulated and will contribute more strongly to meaningful change. Therefore we advise facilitators to deliberately include reflective learning sessions in their process design and implementation. This handbook can inspire you to do so and provides many methods which help to facilitate this. CY - Wageningen DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation ST - Reflection methods UR - https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/b03d4b46-36ad-4d89-a7cf-2669f0b43319 Y2 - 2023/02/09/12:00:14 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Agile vs Lean vs Design Thinking AU - Gothelf, Jeff T2 - Medium AB - There’s an unforgettable scene in my favorite movie, Goodfellas, where Joe Pesci, Robert DeNiro and Ray Liotta pay a late night visit to… DA - 2016/10/11/T15:17:56.844Z PY - 2016 UR - https://medium.com/@jboogie/agile-vs-lean-vs-design-thinking-2329df8ab53c#.8kcsajoul Y2 - 2016/11/14/12:14:23 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Lean vs Agile vs Design Thinking: What you really need to know to build high-performing digital product teams AU - Gothelf, Jeff AB - As companies evolve to adopt, integrate and leverage software as the defining element of their success in the 21st century, a rash of processes and methodologies are vying for their product teams' attention. In the worst of cases, each discipline on these teams -- product management, design and software engineering -- learn a different model. This short, tactical book reconciles the perceived differences in Lean Startup, Design Thinking and Agile software development by focusing not on rituals and practices but on the values that underpin all 3 methods. DA - 2017/01/24/ PY - 2017 DP - Amazon SP - 64 LA - English PB - CreateSpace SN - 978-1-5411-4003-5 ST - Lean vs Agile vs Design Thinking ER - TY - BOOK TI - Sense and Respond: How Successful Organizations Listen to Customers and Create New Products Continuously AU - Gothelf, Jeff AU - Seiden, Josh AB - The End of Assembly Line ManagementWe’re in the midst of a revolution. Quantum leaps in technology are enabling organizations to observe and measure people’s behavior in real time, communicate internally at extraordinary speed, and innovate continuously. These new, software-driven technologies are transforming the way companies interact with their customers, employees, and other stakeholders.This is no mere tech issue. The transformation requires a complete rethinking of the way we organize and manage work. And, as software becomes ever more integrated into every product and service, making this big shift is quickly becoming the key operational challenge for businesses of all kinds. We need a management model that doesn’t merely account for, but actually embraces, continuous change. Yet the truth is, most organizations continue to rely on outmoded, industrial-era operational models. They structure their teams, manage their people, and evolve their organizational cultures the way they always have.Now, organizations are emerging, and thriving, based on their capacity to sense and respond instantly to customer and employee behaviors. In Sense and Respond, Jeff Gothelf and Josh Seiden, leading tech experts and founders of the global Lean UX movement, vividly show how these companies operate, highlighting the new mindset and skills needed to lead and manage them—and to continuously innovate within them.In illuminating and instructive business examples, you’ll see organizations with distinctively new operating principles: shifting from managing outputs to what the authors call “outcome-focused management”; forming self-guided teams that can read and react to a fast-changing environment; creating a learning-all-the-time culture that can understand and respond to new customer behaviors and the data they generate; and finally, developing in everyone at the company the new universal skills of customer listening, assessment, and response.This engaging and practical book provides the crucial new operational and management model to help you and your organization win in a world of continuous change. CY - Boston DA - 2017/02/07/ PY - 2017 DP - Amazon SP - 256 LA - English PB - Harvard Business Review Press SN - 978-1-63369-188-9 ST - Sense and Respond ER - TY - ELEC TI - Open Policy Making toolkit AU - gov.uk AB - This manual includes information about Open Policy Making as well as the tools and techniques policy makers can use to create more open and user led policy. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-policy-making-toolkit Y2 - 2016/05/11/11:05:10 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Open Policy Making toolkit - Low cost tools AU - GOV.UK DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-policy-making-toolkit/low-cost-tools Y2 - 2016/04/17/15:06:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building a team culture for Adaptive Management in MSD: 5 Strategies MEL Managers Say Work AU - Gover, Dun AU - Nasution, Zulka AU - Okutu, David AU - Bolder, Meghan AU - Henao, Lina T2 - MSD in MEL Brief DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID SN - 2 UR - https://agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/media/file/MSD%20in%20MEL%20Brief%202_Building%20Culture_508.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/02/09:38:55 KW - Bolder Meghan KW - Gover Dun KW - Henao Lina KW - Nasution Zulka KW - Okutu David ER - TY - RPRT TI - Enhancing partner and system-level learning: 8 Tips from MEL Managers AU - Gover, Dun AU - Nasution, Zulka AU - Okutu, David AU - Bolder, Meghan AU - Henao, Lina T2 - MSD in MEL Brief AB - Effective learning is a key driver of market systems change, with the potential to enhance system competitiveness, resilience, and inclusiveness. Shifting the Locus of Learning: Catalyzing Private Sector Learning to Drive Systemic Change recently outlined a rationale for enhancing the scale and quality of learning in a system and identifying 10 strategies programs can contextualize to catalyze learning. These strategies are also backed with robust examples from 13 programs doing this work across 11 countries. To deepen insights on what MSD Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Managers have experienced in putting several of those strategies into practice, the Feed the Future Market Systems and Partnerships (MSP) Activity convened a series of peer discussions as part of a larger initiative (see Figure 1). This brief shares the collective learning and experience on this topic of three senior MEL Managers who were interested in and had experience with this topic. The group represented full-time, program-based MEL Leads working on MSD programs funded by USAID and DFAT, based in Fiji, Albania, and Kosovo working for Adam Smith International, SwissContact, and DT Global, respectively. From those discussions, this paper synthesizes eight tips from MEL Managers for practically enhancing partner and system-level learning: 1. Identify the right decision-maker(s) at potential partners. 2. Use a co-creation process to identify learning opportunities. 3. Use diagnostics and assessments to strengthen partner and system capacity for actionable learning. 4. Use a phased capacity strengthening process tied to behavior change. 5. Measure partners’ continued investment in and use of learning—not the continuation of specific learning activities. 6. Work with sector-level institutions for scale but be aware of risks. 7. Leverage informal communities of practice to share learning. 8. Use the right terminology to talk about partner and system-focused learning. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID SN - 3 UR - https://agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/media/file/MSD%20in%20MEL%20Brief%203_PS%20Learning_508.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/02/09:38:55 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Practioners Guide to Assessing Systems Change AU - Gover, Dun AU - Nasution, Zulka AU - Okutu, David AU - Bolder, Meghan AU - Henao, Lina T2 - MSD in MEL Brief DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 PB - USAID SN - 1 UR - https://agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/media/file/MSD%20in%20MEL%20Brief%201_Practioners%20Guide%20to%20Assessing%20Systems%20Change_06.14.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/02/09:38:55 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Practitioners Guidance to Assessing Systems Change: Co-Authors Preview AU - Gover, Dun AU - Nasution, Zulka AU - Okutu, David AU - Bolder, Meghan AU - Henao, Lina AB - Check out this video to see what’s inside our new resource: Practitioners' Guidance to Assessing Systems Change, developed by MEL Managers for MEL Managers. (Check out the Guidance here https://bit.ly/MSPMELClinics.) Hear from the authors about which parts they love the most and how this guide challenges MEL managers to assess systems change as an ongoing aspect of implementation, generating feedback that teams need to better understand and catalyze change, for more impact. DA - 2023/07// PY - 2023 PB - USAID UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_szw6nIwbA Y2 - 2023/10/02/09:38:55 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Evaluating with the Success Case Method AU - Gram, Tom T2 - Performance X Design AB - The method was developed by Robert Brinkerhoff as an alternative (or supplement) to the Kirkpatrick approach and its derivatives. It is very simple and fast (which is part of it’s appeal) and goes something like this: Step 1. Identify targeted business goals and impact expectations Step 2. Survey a large representative sample of all participants in a program to identify high impact and low impact cases Step 3. Analyze the survey data to identify: a small group of successful participants a small group unsuccessful participants Step 4. Conduct in-depth interviews with the two selected groups to: document the nature and business value of their application of learning identify the performance factors that supported learning application and obstacles that prevented it. Step 5. Document and disseminate the story report impact applaud successes use data to educate managers and organization The process produces two key outputs In-depth stories of documented business effect that can be disseminated to a variety of audiences Knowledge of factors that enhance or impede the effect of training on business results. Factors that are associated with successful application of new skills are compared and contrasted with those that impede training. It answers practical and common questions we have about training and other initiatives: What is really happening? Who’s using what, and how well? Who’s not using things as planned? What’s getting used, and what isn’t? Which people and how many are having success? Which people and how many are not? What results are being achieved? What value, if any, is being realized? What goals are being met? What goals are not? Is the intervention delivering the promised and hoped for results? What unintended results are happening? What is the value of the results? What sort of dollar or other value can be placed on the results? Does the program appear to be worthwhile? Is it producing results worth more than its costs? What is its return on investment? How much more value could it produce if it were working better? How can it be improved? What’s helping? What’s getting in the way? What could be done to get more people to use it? How can everyone be more like those few who are most successful? DA - 2011/02/24/ PY - 2011 UR - https://performancexdesign.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/evaluating-with-the-success-case-method/ Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Opening the black box: the contextual drivers of social accountability AU - Grandvoinnet, Helene AU - Aslam, Ghazia AU - Raha, Shomikho T2 - New frontiers of social policy CY - Washington, DC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 317 LA - eng PB - World Bank Group SN - 978-1-4648-0481-6 978-1-4648-0482-3 ST - Opening the black box KW - Social accounting ER - TY - BOOK TI - Hidden Potential: The Science of Achieving Greater Things AU - Grant, Adam AB - #1 New York Times bestseller "This brilliant book will shatter your assumptions about what it takes to improve and succeed. I wish I could go back in time and gift it to my younger self. It would've helped me find a more joyful path to progress."-Serena Williams, 23-time Grand Slam singles tennis championThe #1 New York Times bestselling author of Think Again illuminates how we can elevate ourselves and others to unexpected heights.We live in a world that’s obsessed with talent. We celebrate gifted students in school, natural athletes in sports, and child prodigies in music. But admiring people who start out with innate advantages leads us to overlook the distances we ourselves can travel. We can all improve at improving. And when opportunity doesn’t knock, there are ways to build a door.Hidden Potential offers a new framework for raising aspirations and exceeding expectations. Adam Grant weaves together groundbreaking evidence, surprising insights, and vivid story­telling that takes us from the classroom to the boardroom, the playground to the Olympics, and underground to outer space. He shows that progress depends less on how hard you work than how well you learn. Growth is not about the genius you possess – it’s about the character you develop. Grant explores how to build the charac­ter skills and motivational structures to realize our own potential, and how to design systems that create opportunities for those who have been underrated and overlooked.This book reveals how anyone can rise to achieve greater things. The true measure of your potential is not the height of the peak you’ve reached, but how far you’ve climbed to get there. DA - 2023/10/26/ PY - 2023 DP - Amazon SP - 304 LA - English PB - WH Allen SN - 978-0-7535-6004-4 ST - Hidden Potential UR - https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/157095669-hidden-potential ER - TY - CHAP TI - Innovation lifecycle and the missing middle AU - Gray, Ian AU - McClure, Dan T2 - Managing Humanitarian Innovation - The cutting edge of aid A2 - James, Eric A2 - Taylor, Abigail DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DP - DataCite SP - 51 EP - 60 PB - Practical Action Publishing UR - https://practicalactionpublishing.com/book/1325/managing-humanitarian-innovation Y2 - 2018/04/26/14:48:07 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Calibrating adaptive programming across multi-country, multi-partner programs AU - Gray, Stephen AU - Carl, Andy T2 - Adapt Peacebuilding AB - This past week Andy Carl and I joined the international NGO Christian Aid Ireland team in Dublin to reflect on progress in a key feature of their work - adaptive programming. This post presents what Andy Carl and I learned in reflecting this week with the international NGO Christian Aid Ireland r DA - 2019/07/08/ PY - 2019 LA - en-US UR - https://adaptpeacebuilding.org/blog/calibrating-adaptive-programming-across-multi-country-multi-partner-programs Y2 - 2019/08/08/23:39:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Difference Learning Makes - Factors that enable and inhibit adaptive programming AU - Gray, Stephen AU - Carl, Andy AB - Executive Summary When Christian Aid (CA) Ireland devised its multi-country and multi-year Irish Aid funded Programme Grant II (2017-2022), they opted to move away from a linear programme management approach and to explore an adaptive one. Across seven countries: Angola, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe, CA and partner organisations support marginalised communities to realise their rights, reduce violence and address gender inequality. Since 2019, Adapt Peacebuilding has accompanied CA Ireland, CA country teams and partner organisations as they experimented with using a deliberate adaptive approach. The authors were also asked to follow up on an initial study by CA Ireland and Overseas Development Institute in 2018, which described the rationale for adopting this new approach and included early lessons from its first year of implementation. The aim of this study is to help deepen CA Ireland, CA country teams’ and partners’ understanding of (a) whether their application of adaptive programming has resulted in better development outcomes, and (b) how they can better understand the factors that enabled or inhibited the effectiveness of using this approach. Over the past three years, this study has found evidence and multiple examples that show adaptive programming contributed to better development outcomes. The main reasons cited were that these were made possible both from improvements to programming strategies based on proactive reflection and learning, as well as those that stem from the reactive capacity of adaptive programmes to change course in response to unanticipated changes in operating conditions. This study found that adaptive programming has enabled better development practice where organisations are enhancing their skills to better respond and be flexible to contextual challenges. 72% of partners surveyed described adaptive programming as the most useful approach to programme management that they have used. The programme approach has meant that CA and partner staff were better able to explore the significance of change in the context and their contributions to them. It also enabled spaces for meaningful engagement with communities in learning and programme planning processes and encouraged opportunities for experimentation in programming. The study also found that adaptive programming has supported flexible delivery. This led to better outcomes that would not have been possible were the programme not able to make flexible adjustments. The main focus has been the analysis of nine factors that can determine the effectiveness and impact (or otherwise) of using an adaptive approach, flagging important issues for understanding. These factors are identified as: 1) Leadership; 2) Organisational culture; 3) Conceptual understanding; 4) Staff capacities; 5) Partnership approaches; 6) Participation; 7) Methods and tools; 8) Administrative procedures; and 9) The operating context. Together these can provide an analytical framework for assessing an organisation’s ‘adaptive scope’, which can be used as a tool for better understanding an organisation’s potential to generate improved development outcomes via adaptive programming and how to strengthen them. The study concludes with several recommendations for CA Ireland, all of which have relevance for a broader community of donors and implementing organisations interested in the potential of adaptive programming. CY - London DA - 2022/02// PY - 2022 PB - Christian Aid UR - https://www.christianaid.ie/sites/default/files/2022-12/the-difference-learning-makes-factors-that-enable-and-inhibit-adaptive-programming.pdf Y2 - 2024/01/29/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - A top Toolkit on Adaptive Management. But is that a good idea? – FP2P AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power DA - 2021/04/20/ PY - 2021 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/a-top-toolkit-on-adaptive-management-but-is-that-a-good-idea/ Y2 - 2021/08/09/14:33:22 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive Management looks like it’s here to stay. Here’s why that matters. AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - First installment of reflections on my US trip. This is on the rise of adaptive management approaches in USAID, and some of the questions it raises DA - 2016/12/08/ PY - 2016 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/adaptive-management-looks-like-its-hear-to-stay-heres-why-that-matters/ Y2 - 2016/12/09/14:31:25 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Book Review: ‘Thinking and Working Politically in Development’ AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Review of a new book that explores the 'secret sauce' of Coalitions for Change - an unusually successful governance programme in the Philippines DA - 2020/09/04/T06:30:30+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB ST - Book Review UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/book-review-thinking-and-working-politically-in-development/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:49:14 ER - TY - BOOK TI - From poverty to power: how active citizens and effective states can change the world AU - Green, Duncan AB - From Poverty to Power From Poverty to Power argues that a radical redistribution of power, opportunities, and assets rather than traditional models of charitable or government aid is required to break the cycle of poverty and inequality. The forces driving this transformation are active citizens and effective states. Published in association with Oxfam GB. Full description DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN ET - Second edition SP - 470 LA - eng SN - 978-1-85339-740-0 978-1-85339-741-7 ST - From poverty to power ER - TY - BOOK TI - How Change Happens AU - Green, Duncan AB - Human society is full of would-be 'change agents', a restless mix of campaigners, lobbyists, and officials, both individuals and organizations, set on transforming the world. They want to improve public services, reform laws and regulations, guarantee human rights, get a fairer deal for those on the sharp end, achieve greater recognition for any number of issues, or simply be treated with respect. Striking then, that not many universities have a Department of Change Studies, to which social activists can turn for advice and inspiration. Instead, scholarly discussions of change are fragmented with few conversations crossing disciplinary boundaries, rarely making it onto the radars of those actively seeking change. This book bridges the gap between academia and practice, bringing together the best research from a range of academic disciplines and the evolving practical understanding of activists to explore the topic of social and political change. Drawing on many first-hand examples from the global experience of Oxfam, one of the world's largest social justice NGOs, as well as the author's insights from studying and working on international development, it tests ideas on How Change Happens and offers the latest thinking on what works to achieve progressive change. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is available as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. CY - New York DA - 2016/10/27/ PY - 2016 DP - Amazon SP - 288 LA - English PB - OUP Oxford SN - 978-0-19-878539-2 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How to do Adaptive Management in 15 easy steps – from a top new toolkit – FP2P AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power DA - 2021/04/21/ PY - 2021 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/how-to-do-adaptive-management-in-15-easy-steps-from-a-top-new-toolkit/ Y2 - 2021/08/09/14:33:28 ER - TY - BLOG TI - NGOs Doing Development Differently AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Report back from a meeting of international NGOs to set up a research and practice network on 'Doing Development Differently' that can complement other actors DA - 2017/08/04/ PY - 2017 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/looks-like-the-ngos-are-stepping-up-on-doing-development-differently-good/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Old Wine in New Bottles? 6 ways to tell if a programme is really ‘doing development differently’ AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Some top adaptive management exponents give their top tips on how to distinguish spin from reality, when looking at an avowedly AM programme DA - 2018/11/13/T07:30:53+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-GB ST - Old Wine in New Bottles? UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/old-wine-in-new-bottles-6-ways-to-tell-if-a-programme-is-really-doing-development-differently/ Y2 - 2018/11/13/11:49:11 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Rules of Thumb – good idea or double-edged sword? AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - A recent conversation with a good governance programme in Myanmar tried to identify its underlying rules of thumb. Was that a good idea? DA - 2020/10/01/T06:30:11+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/rules-of-thumb-good-idea-or-double-edged-sword/ Y2 - 2020/10/01/10:20:41 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Second (and Third) Thoughts on Adaptive Management and Thinking and Working Politically AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Self-Critical reflections on AM and TWP. Linking it with The Hype Cycle - "it feels like we are heading downward to the ‘trough of disillusionment’ form the initial peak of ‘inflated expectations’, but we will bounce back to something more sustained, that becomes a permanent feature of the aid landscape". DA - 2022/04/06/ PY - 2022 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/second-and-third-thoughts-on-adaptive-management-and-thinking-and-working-politically/ Y2 - 2022/04/06/10:20:58 ER - TY - BLOG TI - The context v intervention 2x2 | From Poverty to Power AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Lots of discussion on my US trip around the strengths/weaknesses of the context v intervention 2x2 that suggests particular theories of change acc to situation DA - 2016/12/09/ PY - 2016 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/how-do-we-chose-the-most-promising-theory-of-change-building-on-the-context-intervention-2x2/ Y2 - 2016/12/09/16:42:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Hidden Life of Theories of Change AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - A smart new report explores how a good idea - theories of change - is distorted by the way it is implemented in the aid sector DA - 2020/09/17/T06:30:22+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/the-hidden-life-of-theories-of-change/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:04:05 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The NGO-Academia Interface: Realising the shared potential AU - Green, Duncan T2 - The Social Realities of Knowledge for Development A2 - Georgalakis, James A2 - Jessani, Nasreen A2 - Oronje, Rose A2 - Ramalingam, Ben AB - This edited collection of peer-reviewed papers explores critical challenges faced by organisations and individuals involved in evidence-informed development through a diverse set of case studies and t... CY - Brighton DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - IDS UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/the-social-realities-of-knowledge-for-development-sharing-lessons-of-improving-development-processes-with-evidence Y2 - 2017/04/22/19:42:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theories of Change for Promoting Empowerment and Accountability in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings AU - Green, Duncan T2 - IDS Working Paper AB - This paper explores the current state of thinking among a range of aid actors (multilaterals, bilateral, applied scholars and international non-governmental organisations) on how to promote empowerment and accountability in fragile, conflict and violence affected settings. It seeks to identify trends, gaps and weaknesses in that thinking, and propose research questions and hypotheses to test. Three underlying sources of confusion are identified that are hindering progress on both understanding empowerment and accountability in fragile, conflict and violence affected settings, and taking helpful action to promote it. They are: Theory of endogenous change (e.g. on how empowerment and accountability arise in situ) versus the theory of action of an external intervention; Fragility versus conflict: there is no clear justification for combining these different aspects into a single category; and Empowerment versus accountability: donor analysis and practice has been overwhelmingly weighted towards accountability, exhibiting limited understanding or interest in the nature of power. CY - Brighton DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 LA - en PB - IDS SN - 499 UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/theories-of-change-for-promoting-empowerment-and-accountability-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings Y2 - 2018/08/02/09:26:28 KW - A4EA KW - External actors KW - Participation ER - TY - BLOG TI - Thinking and working politically: What have we learned since 2013? – FP2P AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - It’s always a red letter day when a new paper from Graham Teskey drops. His most recent is Thinking and working politically: What have we learned since 2013? For those that don’t know him, Graham is a consummate insider-outsider within the aid sector – long stints at DFID (UK), DFAT (Australia) and now Abt (Management Consultants). From this vantage point he has been one of the leading proponents of ‘thinking and working politically’, always ready to call out the hand-wavey academics and demand some practical lessons, please. This paper is part biography of an idea, setting out the timeline, moments and key documents and policy wins in the evolution of TWP (which seems to have involved a lot of seminars that I missed due to Oxfam’s meagre travel budget). The other part is, to be honest, a bit of a lament – a study in ‘Why Change Hasn’t Happened’, because TWP has ‘got lost in the maelstrom’ of the wider, largely negative, changes in the aid sector. Overall, it’s a brilliant summary, and one I’ll be recommending to my increasingly long-suffering activism students…. DA - 2022/02/01/ PY - 2022 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/thinking-and-working-politically-what-have-we-learned-since-2013/ Y2 - 2022/02/01/11:37:29 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What are the Simple Rules that guide our Strategies? AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - A management treatise on 'simplre rules' for companies facing unpredictable situations could provide useful guidance to aid organizations DA - 2019/11/21/T07:00:41+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/what-are-the-simple-rules-that-guide-our-strategies/ Y2 - 2020/10/01/10:27:20 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What is different about how INGOs do Adaptive Management/Doing Development Differently? AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power DA - 2019/02/08/ PY - 2019 UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/some-great-new-research-on-adaptive-management-doing-development-differently-by-ingos/ Y2 - 2019/11/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Where have we got to on Thinking and Working Politically? Update and a Mildly Heretical Thought. – FP2P AU - Green, Duncan T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Headed off recently to discuss the state of Thinking and Working Politically within the aid sector. This is a loose network of aid wonks that came together to try and move aid from a pure focus on technical issues, towards taking account of power and politics and why they can facilitate/frustrate attempts to make change happen in any given context. It was great to be in a room with others (50/50 in person and online) – the neurons fire in a way that just doesn’t happen online (but I also need to brush up on my meeting skills, as when I accidentally clicked on a random video in my timeline and it started playing at full volume. Super awkward). On to the content (Chatham House rule, so no names or institutions). Some observations about the evolution of a movement I’ve been connected with for over a decade. I got a lot of pushback from participants on an earlier draft and have made quite a few changes, but they should definitely feel free to set me straight in comments! DA - 2022/07/14/ PY - 2022 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/where-have-we-got-to-on-thinking-and-working-politically-update-and-a-mildly-heretical-thought/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email Y2 - 2022/07/26/13:41:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Programming in Fragile, Conflict and Violence-Affected Settings, What Works and Under What Conditions?: The Case of Institutions for Inclusive Development, Tanzania AU - Green, Duncan AU - Guijt, Irene T2 - Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme AB - Adaptive Management involves a dynamic interaction between three elements: delivery, programming and governance. This case study focuses on a large DfID governance project, the Institutions for Inclusive Development (I4ID), a five-year initiative in Tanzania. The study forms part of a research project to examine whether and how adaptive approaches can strengthen aid projects promoting empowerment and accountability in fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings (FCVAS). The research examines some of the assertions around the adaptive management approach and explores if and how adaptive approaches, including rapid learning and planning responses (fast feedback loops and agile programming) are particularly relevant and useful for citizen empowerment and government accountability (E&A) in FCVAS. CY - Brighton DA - 2019/07/01/ PY - 2019 LA - en PB - Itad, Oxfam and IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14562 Y2 - 2018/08/02/09:48:28 KW - A4EA KW - Adaptive Development KW - Economy KW - Fishery ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summer School Course - Adaptive Management - Working Effectively in the Complexity of International Development (weekplan) AU - Green, Duncan AU - Guijt, Irene CY - Bologna DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Oxfam UR - http://www.cid-bo.org/2018/Summer%20school/Adaptive-management_2018.html ER - TY - VIDEO TI - From Thinking Politically To Working Politically: Are We Really Doing Development Any Differently? AB - In June it will be seven years since the Center for Global Development published the Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) paper. Few academic papers have had such an impact on development thinking. The question is whether the paper – and subsequent debate and experimentation - have had a demonstrable and beneficial impact on development practice. Experience to date suggests thinking politically is easier than working politically. Practitioners in development agencies, governments and contractors find that convincing theoretical literature can be tricky to operationalize in a fractious environment. Still, a growing number of programs have set out to be politically informed in design and politically savvy in implementation. Engaging the reality of politics creates the potential to promote change. To consider these issues, Abt Associates is hosting a workshop for international development practitioners in Washington, DC, on June 18th, 2019, to discuss the successes and failures in operationalizing this agenda. The session will allow practitioners to discuss experiences in TWP and propose solutions or approaches. Please join us in this Innovations in Governance series finale where four internationally renowned thinkers and doers will join us to offer their perspectives. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/06/18/ PY - 2019 LA - en ST - From Thinking Politically To Working Politically UR - https://www.abtassociates.com/insights/events/from-thinking-politically-to-working-politically-are-we-really-doing-development Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:59:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Radical How AU - Greenway, Andrew AU - Loosemore, Tom AB - Any mission-focused government should be well equipped to define, from day one, what outcomes it wants to bring about. But radically changing what the government does is only part of the challenge. We also need to change how government does things. The usual methods, we argue in this paper, are too prone to failure and delay. There’s a different approach to public service organisation, one based on multidisciplinary teams, starting with citizen needs, and scaling iteratively by testing assumptions. We’ve been arguing in favour of it for years now, and the more it gets used, the more we see success and timely delivery. We think taking a new approach makes it possible to shift government from an organisation of programmes and projects, to one of missions and services. It offers even constrained administrations an opportunity to improve their chances of delivering outcomes, reducing risk, saving money, and rebuilding public trust. The Radical How in a nutshell The struggles and shortcomings of delivering in government are well rehearsed. Many of the root causes that make it tough have been restated several times over several decades. But what to do? We believe the government can and should change how it delivers, by: organising around multidisciplinary teams embracing incremental, feedback-driven iteration focusing more on outcomes. The Radical How is a change of mindset as much as a change in organisation. It promotes methods and processes that have been shown to work, multiple times, at scale. They are the default ways of working for many of the world’s most successful companies. However, the occasions where they have been deployed are rare in government. These occasions have come about thanks to exceptional leaders, exceptional circumstances, or both. We think they’d make a big difference if they became the norm, rather than the exception. We also think that without them, mission oriented government will not become a reality. New policy ideas will remain just that, rather than translating into profound improvements to society. Central to this approach is the widespread adoption of internet-era ways of working. This paper explains both those and our thinking in more detail, with reference to real examples. CY - London DA - 2024/03// PY - 2024 PB - Nesta and Public Digital UR - https://options2040.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-Radical-How.pdf Y2 - 2024/03/15/09:38:01 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deconstructing Adaptive Management: Criteria for Applications to Environmental Management AU - Gregory, R. AU - Ohlson, D. AU - Arvai, J. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - [The concept of adaptive management has, for many ecologists, become a foundation of effective environmental management for initiatives characterized by high levels of ecological uncertainty. Yet problems associated with its application are legendary, and many of the initiatives promoted as examples of adaptive management appear to lack essential characteristics of the approach. In this paper we propose explicit criteria for helping managers and decision makers to determine the appropriateness of either passive or active adaptive-management strategies as a response to ecological uncertainty in environmental management. Four categories of criteria--dealing with spatial and temporal scale, dimensions of uncertainty, the evaluation of costs and benefits, and institutional and stakeholder support--are defined and applied using hypothetical yet realistic case-study scenarios that illustrate a range of environmental management problems. We conclude that many of the issues facing adaptive management may have less to do with the approach itself than with the indiscriminate choice of contexts within which it is now applied.] DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2411:DAMCFA]2.0.CO;2 DP - JSTOR VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 2411 EP - 2425 SN - 1051-0761 ST - Deconstructing Adaptive Management UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061968 DB - JSTOR Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:34:06 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Good Enough Governance Revisited AU - Grindle, Merilee S. T2 - Development Policy Review AB - The concept of good enough governance provides a platform for questioning the long menu of institutional changes and capacity-building initiatives currently deemed important (or essential) for development. Nevertheless, it falls short of being a tool to explore what, specifically, needs to be done in any real world context. Thus, as argued by the author in 2004, given the limited resources of money, time, knowledge, and human and organisational capacities, practitioners are correct in searching for the best ways to move towards better governance in a particular country context. This article suggests that the feasibility of particular interventions can be assessed by analysing the context for change and the implications of the content of the intervention being considered. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1111/j.1467-7679.2007.00385.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 533 EP - 574 LA - en SN - 1467-7679 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2007.00385.x Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:17:16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citizens’ Use of New Media in Authoritarian Regimes: A Case Study of Uganda AU - Grönlund, Åke AU - Wakabi, Wairagala T2 - The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries AB - By subsidizing the costs of civic participation, the use of the Internet use is believed to stimulate participation but there are fears that intensive Internet use causes withdrawal from public life. This paper investigates the connection between the way individuals participate online and offline in authoritarian, low-income regimes, and the nature of eParticipation among citizens in authoritarian regimes such as Uganda. Based on personal interviews with 116 Internet users, the study found that common drivers of eParticipation, such as low cost, security and anonymity are hard to transplant into the offline world for citizens of authoritarian states such as Uganda. Perceived risks of retribution and intimidation for expressing a particular opinion or supporting a political cause mean that citizen-to-citizen participation is the predominant form but still at low levels, while citizen-to-government participation is negligible. DA - 2015/02/07/ PY - 2015 DP - www.ejisdc.org VL - 67 IS - 0 LA - en SN - 16814835 ST - Citizens’ Use of New Media in Authoritarian Regimes UR - http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1437 Y2 - 2016/07/27/15:01:20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information Technology and Political Engagement: Mixed Evidence from Uganda AU - Grossman, Guy DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 ST - Information Technology and Political Engagement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can SMS-Mobilization Increase Citizen Reporting of Public Service Deficiencies to Politicians? AU - Grossman, Guy AU - Michelitch, Kristin AU - Santamaria, Marta DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Google Scholar UR - https://sites.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/ggros/files/gmm_v12.pdf Y2 - 2016/04/27/09:12:36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond the log frame: a new tool for examining health and peacebuilding initiatives AU - Grove, Natalie J. AU - Zwi, Anthony B. T2 - Development in Practice AB - How do we move from identifying ethical principles to enhancing development practice? How can donors and NGOs move beyond the reporting of technical outputs to explore less tangible aspects of their health projects: contributions to rebuilding trust, promoting social cohesion, and enhancing good governance at community level? This article considers these questions in relation to health and peace-building activities in conflicted settings. It describes difficulties facing practitioners and donors seeking to undertake health and peace work, in particular focusing on the lack of appropriate tools for screening, monitoring, and evaluating projects. It critiques the logical framework, a tool commonly used in project planning, monitoring, and evaluation, and considers it alongside a new tool, the Health and Peace Building Filter, which has been designed to reflect on health programming in fragile or conflicted settings. The authors argue that such tools can help to move us beyond focusing on inputs and outputs to examining processes, relationships, and the indirect consequences of aid programmes. DA - 2008/02/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1080/09614520701778850 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 66 EP - 81 SN - 0961-4524 ST - Beyond the log frame UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701778850 Y2 - 2023/01/12/11:01:39 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scaling Up Development Impact AU - Guerrero, Isabel AU - Gokhale, Siddhant AU - Fahsbender, Jossie AB - Today, nearly one billion people lack electricity, over three billion lack clean water, and 750 million lack basic literacy skills. Many of these challenges could be solved with existing solutions, and technology enables us to reach the last mile like never before. Yet, few solutions attain the necessary scale to match the size of these challenges. Scaling Up Development Impact offers an analytical framework, a set of practical tools, and adaptive evaluation techniques to accompany the scaling process. It presents rich organizational experiences that showcase real-world journeys toward increased impact. From the people from IMAGOgg.org DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023 PB - Bowker UR - https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Isabel-Guerrero/dp/B0CNWS7W64/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_es_US=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&keywords=Scaling+Up+Development+Impact&qid=1707861783&sr=8-1 Y2 - 2024/02/13/22:06:44 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive Management Across Project Cycles: Look into Coherence in Time AU - Guerzovich, Florencia T2 - Medium AB - This is a series about Monitoring, Evaluating and Learning (MEL) whether sets of interventions/portfolios are adding more together than each one would produce on their own. In post 1, I pointed to coherence, the new OECD-DAC evaluation criteria as a way to bridge the ambition of bringing bigger change with the MEL world. In post 2, I shared 3 of 4 practical lessons I’ve learned in experimenting with MEL systems and exercises that focus explicitly on interactions of interventions/portfolios. In the third post, I bring Paul Pierson’s groundbreaking argument for social science to MEL. Paraphrasing, most contemporary MEL takes a “snapshot” view of interventions and portfolios, distorting their effects and meaning by ripping them from their temporal context. Instead, we should place in time interventions/portfolios with the ambition to add more than the sum of the part by constructing MEL systems looking at “moving pictures” rather than taking snapshots. ... DA - 2023/08/08/T10:27:08.510Z PY - 2023 LA - en ST - Adaptive Management Across Project Cycles UR - https://medium.com/@florcig/adaptive-management-across-project-cycles-look-into-coherence-in-time-ab99caa3a9e5 Y2 - 2023/08/10/09:00:46 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Addressing the evaluation-of-sustainability-paradox: A relational rubric for evidencing… AU - Guerzovich, Florencia T2 - Medium AB - Florencia Guerzovich and Alix Wadeson DA - 2024/02/13/T12:15:56.628Z PY - 2024 LA - en ST - Addressing the evaluation-of-sustainability-paradox UR - https://medium.com/@florcig/addressing-the-evaluation-of-sustainability-paradox-a-relational-rubric-for-evidencing-001683a36398 Y2 - 2024/02/13/13:07:44 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Does the whole add more than the SUM of its parts? AU - Guerzovich, Florencia T2 - Medium AB - This is a series about Monitoring, Evaluating and Learning (MEL) whether sets of interventions/portfolios are adding more together than each one would produce on their own. In post 1, I pointed to coherence, the new OECD-DAC evaluation criteria as a way to bridge the ambition of bringing bigger change with the MEL world. In post 2, I shared 3 of 4 practical lessons I’ve learned in experimenting with MEL systems and exercises that focus explicitly on interactions of interventions/portfolios. In the third post, I bring Paul Pierson’s groundbreaking argument for social science to MEL. Paraphrasing, most contemporary MEL takes a “snapshot” view of interventions and portfolios, distorting their effects and meaning by ripping them from their temporal context. Instead, we should place in time interventions/portfolios with the ambition to add more than the sum of the part by constructing MEL systems looking at “moving pictures” rather than taking snapshots. DA - 2023/07/25/T13:20:42.641Z PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@florcig/does-the-whole-add-more-than-the-sum-of-its-parts-8b9eb352bb67 Y2 - 2023/08/10/09:00:51 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Storytelling and Evaluation: Can Pathways be the Theory Missing in Explanatory Narratives? AU - Guerzovich, Florencia T2 - Medium AB - Florencia Guerzovich DA - 2023/10/18/T10:30:01.863Z PY - 2023 LA - en ST - Storytelling and Evaluation UR - https://medium.com/@florcig/storytelling-and-evaluation-can-pathways-be-the-theory-missing-in-explanatory-narratives-0625a63adfc6 Y2 - 2023/11/14/23:11:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Three out of Four Practical Lessons about right fitting MEL for Additive Effects AU - Guerzovich, Florencia T2 - Medium AB - This is a series about Monitoring, Evaluating and Learning (MEL) whether sets of interventions/portfolios are adding more together than each one would produce on their own. In post 1, I pointed to coherence, the new OECD-DAC evaluation criteria as a way to bridge the ambition of bringing bigger change with the MEL world. In post 2, I shared 3 of 4 practical lessons I’ve learned in experimenting with MEL systems and exercises that focus explicitly on interactions of interventions/portfolios. In the third post, I bring Paul Pierson’s groundbreaking argument for social science to MEL. Paraphrasing, most contemporary MEL takes a “snapshot” view of interventions and portfolios, distorting their effects and meaning by ripping them from their temporal context. Instead, we should place in time interventions/portfolios with the ambition to add more than the sum of the part by constructing MEL systems looking at “moving pictures” rather than taking snapshots. DA - 2023/08/01/T10:15:56.957Z PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@florcig/three-out-of-four-practical-lessons-about-right-fitting-mel-for-additive-effects-2e31de67fc71 Y2 - 2023/08/10/09:00:53 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Learning AU - Guerzovich, Florencia AU - Poli, Maria T2 - GPSA Note 5 DA - 2014/08// PY - 2014 PB - Global Partnership for Social Accountability UR - http://gpsaknowledge.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/NOTE_march.pdf Y2 - 2017/06/09/14:06:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scaling up Social Accountability in Complex Governance Systems: A Relational Approach for Evidencing Sustainability AU - Guerzovich, Florencia AU - Wadeson, Alix AB - When social accountability interventions scale up and their sustainability depends on the interactions of many agents and system components, related results are rarely observable at the end of an intervention. The 2019 OECD Development Assistance Committee’s (OECD DAC) revamped evaluations criteria for assessing sustainability acknowledges that such results are often emergent, and should be monitored and evaluated with this in mind. It therefore emphasizes a turn towards assessing complex processes prospectively. It also asks evaluations to consider how likely it is that these results are evident at the time they are monitored or evaluated. However,the social accountability field continues to have gaps regarding doing this effectively in practice. This paper presents and provides evidence from testing an innovative operational approach that has promising potential to support this aim - a sequential, relational rubric. This approach can support practitioners to monitor, evaluate and learn about the causal processes of scale up of social accountability interventions with an eye towards sustainability i.e., considering prospective sustainability. It is grounded in systems thinking, co-production and social learning theory, as well as links with collective governance and social contract theory for development. Evidence yielded from the authors’ testing of this approach on a sample of diverse projects from the Global Partnership for Social Accountability (GPSA) program revealed that the alleged ‘absence of evidence’ dilemma of social accountability scale up is due to ill-fitting concepts and methods for assessment. It challenges existing assumptions and findings that claim that social accountabilityprocesses do not scale and are unsustainable. The authors propose that by using fit-for-purpose concepts and methods with a focus on social learning and compromise – also called a ‘resonance pathway to scale’ which this paper discusses in detail – it is possible to observe loosely coordinated scale up processes at work in many (but not all) social accountability interventions and identify tangible evidence of prospective sustainability. An important caveat is that these processes, the outcomes they generate, and the corresponding evidence often look qualitatively different than the original intervention design and predictions for scale-up at that point in time. This is because the process of deliberation and compromise inherent to social accountability work in dynamic local systems introduces changes and new conditions for uptake by diverse actors in the public sector, civil society, and donor institutions. The paper concludes that even relatively small-scale localized projects of three to five years with budgets of less than one million USD, across different contexts and sectors can produce processes and outcomes which contribute to many forms of sustainability, including via scaleup.Furthermore, the cross-fertilization of learning and aggregation of results for scale-up across projects within and beyond the GPSA (and other programs) can help monitoring evaluation and learning (MEL) and social accountability practitioners alike to deliver on a program’s mandate. Doing so can also create new knowledge for the wider social accountability field that siloed interventions, lacking suitable concepts and methods for assessing scale-up and prospective sustainability, often fail to produce. The paper ends with recommendations for taking forward this approach and the associated benefits, implications and required investments. CY - Washington DC DA - 2024/01// PY - 2024 PB - World Bank UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099248202082451403/IDU143be23531a0f714f561b91515c596de86102 Y2 - 2024/02/13/13:08:03 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Accountability and Learning: Exploding the Myth of Incompatibility between Accountability and Learning AU - Guijt, Irene T2 - NGO Management - The Earthscan Compendium A2 - Fowler, Alan A2 - Malunga, Chiku AB - When accountability is understood as reporting on pre-deined deliverables, it is often considered to be irreconcilable with learning. This conventional wisdom inhibits an appreciation of their connection. In this chapter, Irene Guijt exposes the laws and traps in reasoning that keep accountability and learning apart. She provides practitioners with principles and basic good ideas that open up prospects for accountability and learning to complement each other. CY - London DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - www.taylorfrancis.com SP - 339 EP - 352 LA - en PB - Routledge SN - 978-1-84977-542-7 UR - https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781849775427-36/accountability-learning-exploding-myth-incompatibility-accountability-learning-irene-guijt Y2 - 2023/01/24/10:09:58 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ALPS in action: a review of the shift in ActionAid towards a new Accountability, Learning and Planning System | Participatory Methods AU - Guijt, Irene DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 UR - http://www.participatorymethods.org/resource/alps-action-review-shift-actionaid-towards-new-accountability-learning-and-planning-system Y2 - 2017/07/17/13:55:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participatory Approaches AU - Guijt, Irene T2 - Methodological Briefs: Impact Evaluation AB - This guide, written by Irene Guijt for UNICEF, looks at the use of participatory approaches in impact evaluation. Using participatory approaches means involving stakeholders, particularly those affected by intervention, in the evaluation process. This includes involvement in the design, data collection, analysis, reporting, and management of the study. Excerpt "By asking the question, ‘Who should be involved, why and how?’ for each step of an impact evaluation, an appropriate and context-specific participatory approach can be developed. Managers of UNICEF evaluations must recognize that being clear about the purpose of participatory approaches in an impact evaluation is an essential first step towards managing expectations and guiding implementation. Is the purpose to ensure that the voices of those whose lives should have been improved by the programme or policy are central to the findings? Is it to ensure a relevant evaluation focus? Is it to hear people’s own versions of change rather than obtain an external evaluator’s set of indicators? Is it to build ownership of the UNICEF programme? These, and other considerations, would lead to different forms of participation by different combinations of stakeholders in the impact evaluation." CY - Florence DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 23 PB - UNICEF SN - 5 UR - https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/brief_5_participatoryapproaches_eng.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation: Learning from change AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Gaventa, John T2 - IDS Policy Briefing AB - Development organisations need to know how effective their efforts have been. But who should make these judgements, and on what basis? Usually it is outside experts who take charge. Participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) is a different approach which involves local people, development agencies, and policy makers deciding together how progress should be measured, and results acted upon. It can reveal valuable lessons and improve accountability. However, it is a challenging process for all concerned since it encourages people to examine their assumptions about what constitutes progress, and to face up to the contradictions and conflicts that can emerge. DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 SP - 6 PB - IDS SN - 12 UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/PB12.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Learning Power of Listening AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Gottret, Maria Veronica AU - Hanchar, Anna AU - Deprez, Steff AU - Muckenhirn, Rita AB - Steff had the pleasure to co-author the first SenseMaker Practitioner Guide with a group of friends and colleagues supported and published by Oxfam and CRS. This practical guide is for those who wish to use SenseMaker to conduct assessments, monitor progress, and undertake evaluations or research. Drawing on more than a decade of experience, the authors share dozens of examples from international development, providing practical tips and ideas for context-specific adaptations. They show how the method can be used to for difficult-to-measure outcomes related to poverty reduction, social justice, peacebuilding, resilience, gender norms, behavior change, governance and environmental management. ​ SenseMaker is a unique participatory method of inquiry that encourages and enables novel insights not obtained from conventional quantitative and quantitative and qualitative methods. It is action-oriented and, therefore, well-suited for people needing data- informed insights for adaptive management. "Writing this guide together with Irene, Veronica, Anna and Rita was an enormous learning process in itself and has further shaped our thinking and practice. We hope it will support first-time and experienced users to enhance their practice and that it will inspire people to explore and innovate further with the method." DA - 2022/06/07/ PY - 2022 DP - practicalactionpublishing.com PB - PRACTICAL ACTION PUBLISHING SN - 978-1-78853-200-6 UR - https://practicalactionpublishing.com/book/2622/the-learning-power-of-listening Y2 - 2022/07/26/11:39:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Inspiring Radically Better Futures - Evidence and Hope for Impact at Scale in a Time of Crisis AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Mayne, Ruth AB - The world faces converging crises of health, climate, gender and racial injustice and extreme economic inequality. The calls are mounting to ‘build back better’ to create more inclusive, caring and environmentally sustainable futures. But what evidence exists that this is possible? The Inspiring Better Futures case study series investigates whether radical change at scale is possible and how it was achieved. This paper synthesises 18 cases which show that people are already successfully building better futures, benefitting millions of people, even against the odds in some of the world’s toughest contexts in lower-income countries. Together they offer hope that transformative change and radically better futures after the pandemic are within reach. CY - London DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 53 LA - en PB - Oxfam ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reforming donors in fragile states: using public management theory more strategically AU - Gulrajani, Nilima AU - Honig, Dan AB - This paper identifies ways in which donors can be more effective in fragile and conflict-affected states by exploiting theories and concepts drawn from public management. CY - London DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 LA - en M3 - Research Report PB - Overseas Development Institute ST - Reforming donors in fragile states UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10479.pdf Y2 - 2018/02/16/08:21:21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Open data: Empowering the empowered or effective data use for everyone? AU - Gurstein, Michael B. T2 - First Monday DA - 2011/01/23/ PY - 2011 DP - firstmonday.org VL - 16 IS - 2 LA - en SN - 13960466 ST - Open data UR - http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3316 Y2 - 2017/06/06/13:07:32 KW - e-Government KW - open access KW - open data ER - TY - RPRT TI - Voice or chatter? Making ICTs work for transformative engagement: research report summary AU - Gurumurthy, Anita AU - Bharthur, Deepti AU - Chami, Nandini T2 - MAVC Research Report AB - What are the conditions in democratic governance that make information and communication technology (ICT)-mediated citizen engagement transformative? While substantial scholarship exists on the role of the Internet and digital technologies in triggering moments of political disruption and cascading upheavals, academic interest in the sort of deep change that transforms institutional cultures of democratic governance, occurring in ‘slow time’, has been relatively muted. This study attempts to fill this gap. It is inspired by the idea of participation in everyday democracy and seeks to explore how ICT-mediated citizen engagement can promote democratic governance and amplify citizen voice. The study involved empirical explorations of citizen engagement initiatives in eight sites – two in Asia (India and Philippines), one in Africa (South Africa), three in South America (Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay) and two in Europe (Netherlands and Spain). CY - Brighton DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Voice or chatter? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13206 Y2 - 2019/06/17/10:17:45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Civil society organizations and managerialism: On the depoliticization of the adaptive management agenda AU - Gutheil, Lena AU - Koch, Dirk-Jan T2 - Development Policy Review AB - Motivation In the last decade, a movement formed around making aid delivery more adaptive, relying on principles such as context sensitivity, flexibility, and ownership. The approaches seem promising for civil society organizations (CSOs) to fulfil their mission of fostering social transformation. While several donor agencies have started engaging with such approaches, the authors hardly see their political implications in practice. Purpose The article aims to provide evidence on an adaptive project and demonstrate how the social transformative and political nature of adaptive development management is rendered technical and depoliticized in practice. Methods and approach We use a case study of a development programme based on a social transformative policy framework that is implemented through CSOs in Uganda and Vietnam. Data were collected by means of interviews, participant observation and document analysis. Findings We find that, in practice, the social transformative policy framework is competing with managerial logics. We compare this process with the depoliticization of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, finding striking similarities. By using practice theory, we show how managerialism remains the dominant paradigm in the civil society aid sector, fuelling the “anti-politics machine.” Policy implications The article shows that policy frameworks do not always work as intended. Donors should therefore not only change policy frameworks, but also start addressing institutional and operational requirements. DA - 2022/01// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1111/dpr.12630 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - n/a IS - n/a LA - en SN - 1467-7679 ST - Civil society organizations and managerialism UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dpr.12630 Y2 - 2022/09/29/10:08:22 ER - TY - BOOK TI - When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations AU - Haas, Ernst B. AB - Do governments seeking to collaborate in such international organizations as the United Nations and the World Bank ever learn to improve the performance of those organizations? Can international organizations be improved by a deliberate institutional design that reflects lessons learned in peacekeeping, the protection of human rights, and environmentally sound economic development? In this incisive work, Ernst Haas examines these and other issues to delineate the conditions under which organizations change their methods for defining problems. Haas contends that international organizations change most effectively when they are able to redefine the causes underlying the problems to be addressed. He shows that such self-reflection is possible when the expert-generated knowledge about the problems can be made to mesh with the interests of hegemonic coalitions of member governments. But usually efforts to change organizations begin as adaptive practices that owe little to a systematic questioning of past behavior. Often organizations adapt and survive without fully satisfying most of their members, as has been the case with the United Nations since 1970. When Knowledge Is Power is a wide-ranging work that will elicit interest from political scientists, organization theorists, bureaucrats, and students of management and international administration. CY - Berkeley, Calif. DA - 1991/04/02/ PY - 1991 SP - 278 LA - English PB - University of California Press SN - 978-0-520-07402-6 ST - When Knowledge is Power ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning to Learn: Improving International Governance AU - Haas, Peter M. AU - Haas, Ernst B. T2 - Global Governance DA - 1995/// PY - 1995 DO - 10.2307/27800115 DP - JSTOR VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 255 EP - 284 SN - 1075-2846 ST - Learning to Learn UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/27800115 Y2 - 2017/08/15/13:38:07 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Governance for Growth in Vanuatu: Review of a decade of thinking and working politically AU - Hadley, Sierd AU - Tilley, Helen DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 SP - 53 M3 - Report PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11702.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Understanding Indicators And Monitoring For Sustainability In The Context Of Complex Social-Ecological Systems AU - Haider, L. Jamila AU - Iribarrem, Alvaro AU - Gardner, Toby AU - Latawiec, Agnieszka E AU - Alves-Pinto, Helena AU - Strassburg, Bernardo CY - Warsaw, Poland DA - 2015/01/31/ PY - 2015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - De Gruyter Open SN - 978-3-11-045050-7 UR - http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110450507/9783110450507/9783110450507.xml Y2 - 2019/05/04/03:33:31 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Reflections on applying iterative and incremental software development methodologies to aid and development work in developing countries AU - Haikin, Matt T2 - MattHaikin.com DA - 2013/03/11/ PY - 2013 UR - https://matthaikin.com/2013/03/11/reflecting-on-agile-approaches-to-developmentict4d Y2 - 2017/09/01/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development is Going Digital: What is the role of INGOs? ICT for Development programmes in the Horn, East and Central Africa AU - Haikin, Matt AU - Flatters, George T2 - Policy & Practice AB - Development is going digital and INGOs like Oxfam have a vital convening role to play. This paper draws on ICT for Development in Oxfam’s programmes in the Horn, East and Central Africa to consider what this role is.  In order to realise the opportunities DA - 2017/02/23/ PY - 2017 DP - policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk ST - Development is Going Digital UR - http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/development-is-going-digital-what-is-the-role-of-ingos-ict-for-development-prog-620193 Y2 - 2017/02/23/11:09:44 ER - TY - BLOG TI - We have experimented with different approaches to systems transformation — here are five insights AU - Haldrup, Søren Vester T2 - UNDP Innovation AB - At UNDP Innovation we are on a journey to shift our approach to innovation to help tackle complex development challenges. In short, we are moving away from single point solutions, and instead we are… DA - 2021/05/17/T15:00:09.927Z PY - 2021 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/we-have-experimented-with-different-approaches-to-systems-transformation-here-are-five-insights-ae545a2339b1 Y2 - 2021/11/09/13:41:24 ER - TY - CONF TI - Accountability ecosystems: directions of accountability and points of engagement AU - Halloran, Brendan AB - Accountability, the obligation of those in power to take responsibility for their actions, is a process involving relationships between different actors (in state and society) and mechanisms, and is influenced by many contextual factors. Using the lens of an accountability ‘ecosystem’ focuses our attention on the complexity of accountability processes. An ‘ecosystem’ perspective suggests that simple ideas about accountability – such as citizen feedback reaching decision-makers ensures more accountability, or that greater transparency equals greater accountability – are often actually much more complex. C1 - Brighton DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Accountability ecosystems UR - http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/11739 Y2 - 2016/07/20/08:39:14 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Getting Strategic about Technology and Accountability: MAVC Learning and Inspiration Event in Manila AU - Halloran, Brendan T2 - Politics, Governance and Development AB - Two years ago, Jonathan Fox released a widely read and well-received paper looking at the evidence for citizen-led accountability.  In it, he noted the proliferation of short-term, isolated interve… DA - 2016/02/16/T11:22:53+00:00 PY - 2016 ST - Getting Strategic about Technology and Accountability UR - https://politicsgovernancedevelopment.wordpress.com/2016/02/16/getting-strategic-about-technology-and-accountability-mavc-learning-and-inspiration-event-in-manila/ Y2 - 2016/04/27/17:17:16 ER - TY - GEN TI - Navigating the Evidence on Transparency, Participation and Accountability: What Insights Have Emerged? What Gaps Remain? - Terms of reference for the Consultant Author(s) AU - Halloran, Brendan AB - Example of Terms of Reference for a Report on TAP. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Opening Governance: What have we learned and how do we translate into better practice? AU - Halloran, Brendan T2 - Politics, Governance and Development AB - In their introductory essay to the recent IDS Bulletin on Opening Governance (the entire issue is open access), Duncan Edwards and Rosie McGee critically appraise developments in the open governmen… DA - 2016/01/25/T08:59:53+00:00 PY - 2016 ST - Opening Governance UR - https://politicsgovernancedevelopment.wordpress.com/2016/01/25/opening-governance-what-have-we-learned-and-how-to-we-translate-to-better-practice/ Y2 - 2016/04/27/17:28:11 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Politics, Political Change and International Development AU - Halloran, Brendan T2 - Politics, Governance and Development AB - As my inaugural post on my new blog, I thought I would re-post a short piece I wrote earlier this year about foreign aid (original here). Thomas Carothers and Diane de Garamont address this issue i… DA - 2013/10/23/T20:16:50+00:00 PY - 2013 UR - https://politicsgovernancedevelopment.wordpress.com/2013/10/23/politics-political-change-and-international-development/ Y2 - 2016/04/28/09:41:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strengthening Accountability Ecosystems: a Discussion Paper AU - Halloran, Brendan T2 - Think Piece DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Learning-Agenda-for-Mobilizing-Accountability.pdf Y2 - 2016/04/05/14:48:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and working politically in the transparency and accountability field AU - Halloran, Brendan DA - 2014/05// PY - 2014 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Thinking-and-Working-Politically.May-2014.pdf Y2 - 2016/04/05/14:48:17 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Why Learning & Adaptation are Central to Making All Voices Count AU - Halloran, Brendan T2 - Making All Voices Count DA - 2014/06/18/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/why-learning-adaptation-are-central-to-making-all-voices-count/ Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:14:22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mobilizing Accountability: Citizens, Movements and the State AU - Halloran, Brendan AU - Flores, Walter DA - 2015/04// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/news/mobilizing-accountability-citizens-movements-and-the-state Y2 - 2016/04/05/14:48:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - System Stewardship. The future of policy making? AU - Hallsworth, Michael AB - This working paper looks at the future of policy making in a world of decentralisation and more complex problems. It argues that policy makers need to see themselves less as sitting on top of a delivery chain, but as stewards of systems with multiple actors and decision makers – whose choices will determine how policy is realised. We are keen to open up a debate on what this means. CY - London DA - 2011/04/18/ PY - 2011 DP - www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk PB - Institute for Government UR - https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/system-stewardship Y2 - 2017/01/17/16:03:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guide to Innovation Partnerships – A United Nations Ghide AU - Halse, Michelle AU - Ginsberg-Fletcher, Gabriella AU - Balbi, Luisa DA - 2023/07// PY - 2023 LA - en-US PB - UN Global Pulse UR - https://www.unglobalpulse.org/document/guide-to-innovation-partnerships/ Y2 - 2023/09/08/13:15:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Democratic governance and evaluation. AU - Hanberger, A. T2 - Sixth EES (European Evaluation Society) conference, Berlin, Germany AB - This paper, presented by Anders Hanberger at the Sixth EES (European Evaluation Society) Conference in Berlin, Germany (September 30-October 2, 2004) argues that governance, democracy and evaluation impact each in different ways. It offers a discussion centred around the evaluation of three general democratic governance models and the implications of leading democratic evaluations. "Since governance and democracy are changing phenomena, and evaluation is embedded in these structures, there is a need to illuminate and discuss the role of evaluation. Evaluation is to most people thought of as a democratic tool, but what do we mean with democratic evaluation? Furthermore, what is the role of evaluation in times when democracy and governance are changing? The many meanings of democracy and the shifting role of evaluation in various democratic governance settings are also a motive for discussing governance and democratic evaluation. Governance issues can be discussed in relation to different political systems. However, in this paper the discussion is confined to democratic governance systems. The premise of this paper is that governance, democracy and evaluation affect one another in different ways. Governance is intertwined with democracy, and democracy and governance can be maintained or strengthened by evaluation, for example. Because different models of governance and democracy presuppose one another, evaluating governance models, or programme processes/outcomes where a specific governance model sets up the context, have implications for the model under scrutiny and subsequently for democracy. Accordingly, the implications of democratic evaluations need to be discussed in various ways. For analytical purpose democracy and governance are sometimes kept apart." (Hanberger, 2004)​ DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004 SP - 24 UR - http://www.edusci.umu.se/digitalAssets/66/66094_hanbergergovernance04.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adapt: Why Success Always Starts with Failure AU - Harford, Tim AB - Everything we know about solving the world's problems is wrong. Out: Plans, experts and above all, leaders. In: Adapting - improvise rather than plan; fail, learn, and try againIn this groundbreaking new book, Tim Harford shows how the world's most complex and important problems - including terrorism, climate change, poverty, innovation, and the financial crisis - can only be solved from the bottom up by rapid experimenting and adapting.From a spaceport in the Mojave Desert to the street battles of Iraq, from a blazing offshore drilling rig to everyday decisions in our business and personal lives, this is a handbook for surviving - and prospering - in our complex and ever-shifting world. CY - London DA - 2012/03/01/ PY - 2012 DP - Amazon SP - 320 LA - English PB - Abacus SN - 978-0-349-12151-2 ST - Adapt UR - https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004XCFJ4S ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Last 10 Per Cent: Why the World Needs a Leaner, More Innovative and Pragmatic Development Sector, Today AU - Harper, Erica AB - Criticism that the development sector has not delivered in terms of eliminating extreme poverty, fast-tracking growth and preventing conflict, is neither new nor surprising. In fact, it may be the one thing that scholars, donors and practitioners agree on. While many of these concerns are valid, this book makes a case that the sector is closer to unlocking the gates to more effective and efficient development outcomes than is popularly believed. Specifically, it argues that by overturning a few myths, making better use of evidence and employing some different rules, practitioners, policy specialists and donors can foster the changes in the development architecture that are needed to reach the 10 percent of the world’s population still living in extreme poverty.Engaging, provocative and clear sighted, the book provides insight into interventions around democratic governance, refugee response, counterterrorism, gender mainstreaming, environmental protection and private sector engagement. It is instructive reading for professionals across the development sector, think tanks and NGOs. CY - New York DA - 2023/03/28/ PY - 2023 DP - Amazon SP - 208 LA - English PB - Routledge India SN - 978-1-03-215278-3 ST - The Last 10 Per Cent UR - https://www.routledge.com/The-Last-10-Per-Cent-Why-the-World-Needs-a-Leaner-More-Innovative-and/Harper/p/book/9781032454344 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Can PDIA become a regular part of how a government works? - Building State Capability AU - Harrington, Peter T2 - Building State Capability AB - Institutional change is part of the theory of change of PDIA – scaling through the diffusion of new ways of thinking and greater problem-solving know-how. And once a community of practice reaches critical mass across an eco-system, a tipping point can happen where the eco-system becomes generally more open to novelty, where success is a more effective route to legitimacy, and where leadership is oriented towards value creation. DA - 2022/05/05/T11:47:46+00:00 PY - 2022 LA - en-US ST - Can PDIA become a regular part of how a government works? UR - https://buildingstatecapability.com/2022/05/05/can-pdia-become-a-regular-part-of-how-a-government-works/ Y2 - 2022/07/15/08:31:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Leather sector reform in Bangladesh AU - Harris, Dan T2 - Working Politically in Practice AB - This paper examines the Asia Foundation’s efforts to support change in Bangladesh’s leather sector. Working closely with local partners, the Asia Foundation team has specifically supported efforts to move tanneries out of a dangerously polluted location to a modern industrial park that will improve compliance with health and environmental protection standards, and potentially lead to growth in the sector. At the time of release, this critical relocation has already begun. This case study lays out the real-time decisions and processes which drove the strategy and implementation of this project, providing useful insights into how politically astute and flexible programs can be successfully implemented. This case has emerged from an action research process, which was led by a researcher from the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) and conducted over the course of almost two years. By capturing and analyzing the experiences of the program team in Bangladesh, the paper intends to provide practical insights for others in the development community aiming to implement similar kinds of programming. This is the seventh paper in the DFAT-TAF Partnership Working Politically in Practice Paper Series released under the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and The Asia Foundation (TAF) Partnership. DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 SN - 7 UR - http://asiafoundation.org/publication/leather-sector-reform-bangladesh/ Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:47:09 ER - TY - BLOG TI - PFM Reform Through PDIA: What Works and When it Works AU - Harris, Jamelia AU - Lawson, Andrew T2 - Public Financial Management Blog - IMF DA - 2022/01/31/ PY - 2022 UR - https://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2022/01/-pfm-reform-through-pdia-what-works-and-when-it-works-.html#_ftnref1 Y2 - 2022/07/01/10:49:31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How ICT4D Research Fails the Poor AU - Harris, Roger W. T2 - Information Technology for Development AB - Research can improve development policies and practices and funders increasingly require evidence of such socioeconomic impact from their investments. This article questions whether information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) research conforms to the requirements for achieving socioeconomic impact. We report on a literature review of the impact of research in international development and a survey of ICT4D researchers who assessed the extent to which they follow practices for achieving socioeconomic impact. The findings suggest that while ICT4D researchers are interested in influencing both practice and policy, they are less inclined toward the activities that would make this happen, especially engaging with users of their research and communicating their findings to a wider audience. Their institutions do not provide incentives for researchers to adopt these practices. ICT4D researchers and their institutions should engage more closely with the users of their research through more and better communications with the public, especially through the use of information and communication technologies. DA - 2016/01/02/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1080/02681102.2015.1018115 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 177 EP - 192 SN - 0268-1102 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2015.1018115 Y2 - 2016/11/03/10:33:44 KW - ICT4D KW - Policy making KW - Practice KW - Research KW - impact ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fostering Learning in Large Programmes and Portfolios: Emerging Lessons from Climate Change and Sustainable Development AU - Harvey, Blane AU - Pasanen, Tiina AU - Pollard, Alison AU - Raybould, Julia T2 - Sustainability AB - In fields like climate and development, where the challenges being addressed can be described as “wicked”, learning is key to successful programming. Useful practical and theoretical work is being undertaken to better understand the role of reflexive learning in bringing together different knowledge to address complex problems like climate change. Through a review of practical cases and learning theories commonly used in the areas of resilience, climate change adaptation and environmental management, this article: (i) reviews the theories that have shaped approaches to reflexive learning in large, highly-distributed climate change and resilience-building programmes for development; and (ii) conducts a comparative learning review of key challenges and lessons emerging from early efforts to promote and integrate reflexive learning processes in programmes of this nature. Using a case study approach, the authors focus on early efforts made in four large, inter-related (or nested) programmes to establish, integrate and sustain learning processes and systems. Eight themes emerged from the review and are considered from the perspective of learning programmes as emergent communities of practice. By investigating how these themes play out in the nested programming, the paper contributes to the limited existing body of evidence on learning in large climate change programmes and identifies areas where future efforts might focus. DA - 2017/02/21/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.3390/su9020315 DP - Crossref VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 315 LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ST - Fostering Learning in Large Programmes and Portfolios UR - http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/315 Y2 - 2019/03/12/14:17:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Salt River Ecosystem Restoration Project - Adaptive Management Plan AU - Harvey, H.T. CY - Eureka DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Zotero SP - 57 LA - en PB - Humboldt County Resource Conservation District ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Dynamics of Team Learning: Harmony and Rhythm in Teamwork Arrangements for Innovation AU - Harvey, Jean-François AU - Cromwell, Johnathan R. AU - Johnson, Kevin J. AU - Edmondson, Amy C. T2 - Administrative Science Quarterly AB - Innovation teams must navigate inherent tensions between different learning activities to produce high levels of performance. Yet, we know little about how teams combine these activities—notably reflexive, experimental, vicarious, and contextual learning—most effectively over time. In this article, we integrate research on teamwork episodes with insights from music theory to develop a new theoretical perspective on team dynamics, which explains how team activities can produce harmony, dissonance, or rhythm in teamwork arrangements that lead to either positive or negative effects on overall performance. We first tested our theory in a field study using longitudinal data from 102 innovation teams at a Fortune Global 500 company; then, we replicated and elaborated our theory in a study of 61 MBA project teams at an elite North American university. Results show that some learning activities can occur within the same teamwork episode to have harmonious positive effects on team performance, while other activities combine to have dissonant negative effects when occurring in the same episode. We argue that dissonant activities must be spread across teamwork episodes to help teams achieve a positive rhythm of team learning over time. Our findings contribute to theory on team dynamics, team learning, and ambidexterity. DA - 2023/09// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1177/00018392231166635 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 601 EP - 647 J2 - Administrative Science Quarterly LA - en SN - 0001-8392, 1930-3815 ST - The Dynamics of Team Learning UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00018392231166635 Y2 - 2024/01/30/15:05:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive management intentions with a reality of evaluation: Getting science back into policy AU - Hasselman, Lyndal T2 - Environmental Science & Policy AB - In Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin water reform has been contentious as government attempts to reconcile historical over allocation of water to irrigation with the use of water for environmental outcomes. However, in many aspects, scientific knowledge of the environment is either imperfect, incomplete or environmental responses are unpredictable, with this uncertainty preventing definitive policy and closure of political arguments. In response to uncertainty and knowledge gaps, adaptive management has been written into the legislation, along with provisions for periodic evaluation. This research ascertains how adaptive management is understood by policy makers, with this indicative of future implementation of adaptive management. The way in which adaptive management is constructed by policy makers is determined through legislation, public speeches, government reports and semi-structured interviews. The findings demonstrate that adaptive management has been subsumed by evaluation. The loss of adaptive management as a distinct concept is seen as a loss of science and discovery from the policy process, with the dominance of evaluation discussed as limiting innovation and reinforcing a ‘muddling through’ of policy. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.08.018 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 78 SP - 9 EP - 17 J2 - Environmental Science & Policy SN - 1462-9011 ST - Adaptive management intentions with a reality of evaluation UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901116307857 Y2 - 2019/10/11/11:32:20 KW - Accountability KW - Adaptive Management KW - Evaluation KW - Science KW - Uncertainty ER - TY - JOUR TI - Digitally-induced change in the public sector: a systematic review and research agenda AU - Haug, Nathalie AU - Dan, Sorin AU - Mergel, Ines T2 - Public Management Review AB - Digital transformation has become a buzzword that is permeating multiple fields, including public administration and management. However, it is unclear what is transformational and how incremental and transformational change processes are linked. Using the PRISMA method, we conduct a systematic literature review to structure this growing body of evidence. We identified 164 studies on digitally-induced change and provide evidence for their drivers, implementation processes, and outcomes. We derive a theoretical framework that shows which incremental changes happen in public administrations that are implementing digital technologies and what their cumulative, transformative effects are on society as a whole. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1080/14719037.2023.2234917 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 0 IS - 0 SP - 1 EP - 25 SN - 1471-9037 ST - Digitally-induced change in the public sector UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2234917 Y2 - 2023/09/26/11:18:05 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strengthening Farmers’ Capacity for Technology Development AU - Haverkort, Bertus AU - Hiemstra, Wim AU - Reijntjes, Coen AU - Essers, Sander T2 - ILEIA Newsletter AB - First Reference to Participatory Technology Development DA - 1988/// PY - 1988 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 3 EP - 7 UR - www.metafro.be/leisa/1988/4-3-3.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Program Logic Foundations: Putting the Logic Back into Program Logic AU - Hawkins, Andrew J. T2 - Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation AB - Abstract Background: Program logic is one of the most used tools by the public policy evaluator. There is, however, little explanation in the evaluation literature about the logical foundations of program logic or discussion of how it may be determined if a program is logical. This paper was born on a long journey that started with program logic and ended with the logic of evaluation. Consistent throughout was the idea that the discipline of program evaluation is a pragmatic one, concerned with applied social science and effective action in complex, adaptive systems. It gradually became the central claim of this paper that evidence-based policy requires sound reasoning more urgently than further development and testing of scientific theory. This was difficult to reconcile with the observation that much evaluation was conducted within a scientific paradigm, concerned with the development and testing of various types of theory. Purpose: This paper demonstrates the benefits of considering the core essence of a program to be a proposition about the value of a course of action. This contrasts with a research-based paradigm in which programs are considered to be a type of theory, and in which experimental and theory-driven evaluations are conducted. Experimental approaches focus on internal validity of knowledge claims about programs and on discovering stable cause and effect relationships—or, colloquially, ‘what works?’. Theory-driven approaches tend to focus on external validity and in the case of the realist approach, the search for transfactual causal mechanisms—extending the ‘what works’ mantra to include ‘for whom and in what circumstances’. On both approaches, evaluation aspires to be a scientific pursuit for obtaining knowledge of general laws of phenomena, or in the case of realists, replicable context-mechanism-outcome configurations. This paper presents and seeks to justify an approach rooted in logic, and that supports anyone to engage in a reasonable and democratic deliberation about the value of a course of action. It is consistent with systems thinking, complexity and the associated limits to certainty for determining the value of a proposed, or actual, course of action in the social world. It suggests that evaluation should learn from the past and have an eye toward the future, but that it would be most beneficial if concerned with evaluating in the present, in addressing the question ‘is this a good idea here and now? Findings: In seeking foundations of program logic, this paper exposes roots that extend far deeper than the post-enlightenment, positivist and post-positivist social science search for stable cause and effect relationships. These roots lie in the 4th century BCE with Aristotle’s ‘enthymeme’. The exploration leads to conclusions about the need for a greater focus on logic and reasoning in the design and evaluation of programs and interventions for the public good. Science and research are shown to play a crucial role in providing reasons or warrants to support a claim about the value of a course of action; however, one subordinate to the alpha-discipline of logical evaluation and decision making that must consider what is feasible given the context, capability and capacity available, not to mention values and ethics. Program Design Logic (PDL) is presented as an accessible and incremental innovation that may be used to determine if a program makes sense ‘on paper’ in the design stage as well as ‘in reality’ during delivery. It is based on a configurationalist theory of causality and the concepts of ‘necessary’ and ‘sufficient’ conditions. It is intended to guide deliberation and decision making across the life cycle of any intervention intended for the public good. DA - 2020/11/19/ PY - 2020 DP - journals.sfu.ca VL - 16 IS - 37 SP - 38 EP - 57 LA - en SN - 1556-8180 ST - Program Logic Foundations UR - https://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/view/657 Y2 - 2021/05/18/14:45:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beneficiary Feedback Mechanisms AU - Hayman, Rachel AB - There is a growing emphasis among NGOs and donors on ensuring that the voices of beneficiaries are heard. A range of beneficiary feedback mechanisms (BFMs) exist which enable beneficiary perspectives and suggestions to be gathered and used within an M&E system. BFMs are tools designed to enable a continuous cycle of interaction between those receiving and those delivering aid-funded interventions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - INTRAC ER - TY - RPRT TI - Digital Principles into practice AU - HDIF CY - Dar es Salaam DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 PB - HDIF UR - http://www.hdif-tz.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/11/HDIF_PDD_Web7.pdf Y2 - 2018/08/09/15:12:16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large language model applications for evaluation: Opportunities and ethical implications AU - Head, Cari Beth AU - Jasper, Paul AU - McConnachie, Matthew AU - Raftree, Linda AU - Higdon, Grace T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Large language models (LLMs) are a type of generative artificial intelligence (AI) designed to produce text-based content. LLMs use deep learning techniques and massively large data sets to understand, summarize, generate, and predict new text. LLMs caught the public eye in early 2023 when ChatGPT (the first consumer facing LLM) was released. LLM technologies are driven by recent advances in deep-learning AI techniques, where language models are trained on extremely large text data from the internet and then re-used for downstream tasks with limited fine-tuning required. They offer exciting opportunities for evaluators to automate and accelerate time-consuming tasks involving text analytics and text generation. We estimate that over two-thirds of evaluation tasks will be affected by LLMs in the next 5 years. Use-case examples include summarizing text data, extracting key information from text, analyzing and classifying text content, writing text, and translation. Despite the advances, the technologies pose significant challenges and risks. Because LLM technologies are generally trained on text from the internet, they tend to perpetuate biases (racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, and more) and exclusion of non-majority languages. Current tools like ChatGPT have not been specifically developed for monitoring, evaluation, research, and learning (MERL) purposes, possibly limiting their accuracy and usefulness for evaluation. In addition, technical limitations and challenges with bias can lead to real world harm. To overcome these technical challenges and ethical risks, the evaluation community will need to work collaboratively with the data science community to co-develop tools and processes and to ensure the application of quality and ethical standards. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1002/ev.20556 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2023 IS - 178-179 SP - 33 EP - 46 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Large language model applications for evaluation UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20556 Y2 - 2023/12/11/09:47:35 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What we’ve learned about adaptive management from our Somalia education programming AU - Heales, Charlotte T2 - Care Insights AB - Adaptive management in its various incarnations has long been a focus of a development community that is more and more frequently bumping up against the barriers of complexity, and looking for ways to overcome its challenges. In a field where we consistently have to deal with multifaceted problems,... DA - 2020/02/28/ PY - 2020 LA - en-gb UR - https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/what-we-ve-learned-about-adaptive-management-from-our-somalia-education-programming?highlight=YTozOntpOjA7czo2OiJsaXN0ZW4iO2k6MTtzOjk6ImNhcmVmdWxseSI7aToyO3M6MTY6Imxpc3RlbiBjYXJlZnVsbHkiO30= Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:23:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What is impact? AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Anne, Buffardi AB - • Impact is a multi-dimensional concept. Some definitions focus on very precise understandings of impact, while others cast a much broader net. • How impact is defined and used has a significant effect on the design, management and evaluation of development programmes. • Development programmes should hold explicit conversations with different stakeholders about how impact is used and understood, in order to come to a shared understanding. • There are six dimensions of impact that may help development programmes be clearer about what they mean. DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10352.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Not everything that connects is a network AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Mendizabal, Enrique AB - In the public policy context, networks have been predominant factors in policy formulation, innovation and global governance. While not a new phenomenon in the development landscape, networks are becoming increasingly prevalent. Donors, for example, are turning to networks to deliver aid interventions, NGOs are working through networks for collective advocacy and researchers collaborate across networks for greater policy influence. But are networks always the most appropriate vehicle? Where they are appropriate, how can we make the best use of them? This Background Note argues for a more rigorous understanding of their nature, particularly their value (and costs), and presents a revised Network Functions Approach as a model for rationalised investment in networks. CY - London DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - en M3 - Background note PB - ODI ER - TY - BOOK TI - Making Outcome Mapping Work - Volume 2 - Innovations in Participatory Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation A3 - Hearn, Simon A3 - Schaeffer, Heidi A3 - van Ongevalle, JAn DA - 2009/09// PY - 2009 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Outcome Mapping Learning Community ER - TY - RPRT TI - Communities of practice: Linking knowledge, policy and practice AU - Hearn, Simon AU - White, Nancy T2 - Working and discussion papers AB - This paper describes the basic characteristics of CoPs and provides a rationale for their growing importance in international development. It also suggests some ways in which CoPs can be supported by development agencies, research institutes and donors to strengthen the linkages between knowledge, policy and practice. CY - London DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 LA - en PB - ODI ST - Communities of practice UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/1129-communities-practice-linking-knowledge-policy-and-practice Y2 - 2019/01/23/10:00:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Failure, Success and Improvisation of Information Systems Projects in Developing Countries AU - Heeks, Richard T2 - Development Informatics Working Paper Series, No.11/2002 AB - Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development CY - Manchester DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - ictlogy.net PB - Institute for Development Policy and Management UR - http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.125.2441&rep=rep1&type=pdf Y2 - 2016/05/09/12:43:14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information Systems and Developing Countries: Failure, Success, and Local Improvisations AU - Heeks, Richard T2 - The Information Society AB - This article presents evidence that–alongside the successes– many information systems in developing countries can be categorized as failing either totally or partially. It then develops a new model that seeks to explain the high rates of failure. The model draws on contingency theory in order to advance the notion of design-actuality gaps: the match or mismatch between IS designs and local user actuality. This helps identify two high-risk archetypes that affect IS in developing countries: country context gaps and hard-soft gaps. The model is also of value in explaining the constraints that exist to local IS improvisations in developing countries. Overall, the article shows how model and theory help understand IS cases in developing countries, and equally, how those cases provide valuable data to help develop IS models and theories. DA - 2002/03/01/ PY - 2002 DO - 10.1080/01972240290075039 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 101 EP - 112 SN - 0197-2243 ST - Information Systems and Developing Countries UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240290075039 Y2 - 2017/02/13/18:07:29 KW - Developing Country KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Information System KW - implementation ER - TY - RPRT TI - Most egovernment-for-development projects fail: how can risks be reduced? AU - Heeks, Richard T2 - Development Informatics Working Paper Series, No.14 AB - Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development CY - Manchester DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DP - ictlogy.net PB - Institute for Development Policy and Management UR - http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.125.2441&rep=rep1&type=pdf Y2 - 2016/05/09/12:43:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Success and Failure in eGovernment Projects AU - Heeks, Richard T2 - eGovernment for Development CY - Manchester DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - Institute for Development Policy and Management UR - http://www.egov4dev.org/success/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Impact assessment of ICT-for-development projects a compendium of approaches AU - Heeks, Richard AU - Molla, Alemayehu CY - Manchester DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - University of Manchester. Institute for development policy and management (IDPM) SN - 978-1-905469-03-1 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Deliberation and Development: Rethinking the Role of Voice and Collective Action in Unequal Societies A3 - Heller, Patrick A3 - Rao, Vijayendra AB - This book marries two fields that rarely converse with one another:deliberative democracy and development studies. The study ofdeliberation―which explores normative and practical questions aroundgroup-based decision making through discussion or debate―has emergedas a critical area of study over the past two decades. Concurrently, the fieldof development has seen a spurt of interest in community-led developmentand participation premised on the ability of groups to arrive at decisionsand manage resources via a process of discussion and debate. Despite thegrowing interest in both fields, they have rarely engaged with one another.This book, which brings together new essays by some of the leading scholarsin the field, deepens our understanding of participatory decision makingin developing countries while initiating a new field of study for scholarsof deliberation. In the process, it sheds light on how to best design andimplement policies to strengthen the role of participation in development. CY - Washington, D.C DA - 2015/07/13/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 258 LA - English PB - World Bank Publications SN - 978-1-4648-0501-1 ST - Deliberation and Development ER - TY - BOOK TI - RAND Program Evaluation Toolkit for Countering Violent Extremism AU - Helmus, Todd AU - Matthews, Miriam AU - Ramchand, Rajeev AU - Beaghley, Sina AU - Stebbins, David AU - Kadlec, Amanda AU - Brown, Michael AU - Kofner, Aaron AU - Acosta, Joie DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - RAND Corporation SN - 978-0-8330-9724-8 UR - http://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL243.html Y2 - 2019/09/17/11:20:09 ER - TY - BLOG TI - HERMES (Highly Extensible Resource for Modeling Event-Driven Supply Chains) AU - HERMES T2 - hermes.psc.edu AB - Systems modeling is a tool for policymakers and program managers to capture all the direct and indirect effects of changes to a supply chain, identify sustainable solutions to the root causes of issues and save time, effort and resources in costly trial and error. Without systems modeling, evaluating the supply chain, identifying gaps, and implementing solutions can be insufficient, unsustainable and costly. Stock2 Vaccine supply chains are complex systems, comprising all the equipment, personnel, policies and processes needed to deliver a vaccine from its point of origin to the population. Understanding how the various components of a vaccine supply chain interact with each other is critical to evaluating supply chain function, identifying the root causes of issues and formulating sustainable solutions. HERMES (Highly Extensible Resource for Modeling Event-Driven Supply Chains) is a software program that allows users to generate a detailed computer simulation model of a supply chain DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - http://hermes.psc.edu/ Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Towards evidence-informed adaptive management AU - Hernandez, Kevin AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Wild, Leni T2 - Working Paper AB - Development and humanitarian organisations seeking to be adaptive have emphasised the need to be transparent about complexity and uncertainty; to be honest about their inability to control what happens; and to design programmes that change over time to become more appropriate and relevant. At their heart, adaptive management approaches emphasise the ability to lean, 'unlearn' and adapt programming accordingly. The cornerstone of effective learning is the creation, gathering, accumulation, interpretation and use of data and evidence. This working paper provides development professionals with tools, strategies and ideas to help them use evidence for adaptive management in practical and evidence-informed ways. Key messages - Evidence is central to effective and rigorous adaptive management. However, despite this central importance, exactly how evidence has been used to inform decisions for adapting development and humanitarian programmes in the past remains unobservable to many. - There is a need to strengthen and document evidence-informed adaptive management. This working paper proposes a roadmap to do this. - Those seeking to use evidence for adaptive management will need to manage trade-offs between ensuring a rigorous, documented (and auditable) trail of evidence-informed actions, being pragmatic about the time and resources allocated to documentation and recognising that it may be necessary to proceed without rigorous evidence when it is unavailable. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - ODI/GLAM SN - 565 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Leaving No One Behind in a Digital World AU - Hernandez, Kevin AU - Roberts, Tony T2 - K4D Emerging Issues Report CY - Brighton, UK DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c178371ed915d0b8a31a404/Emerging_Issues_LNOBDW_final.pdf Y2 - 2023/06/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Are you doing what’s needed to get the state to respond to its citizens? Or are you part of the problem? AU - Herringshaw, Vanessa T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - Three challenges from Making All Voices Count research on responsive governance DA - 2017/10/23/ PY - 2017 ST - Are you doing what’s needed to get the state to respond to its citizens? UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/whats-needed-get-state-respond-citizens-part-problem/ Y2 - 2017/10/24/13:24:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mentoring Programmes: Supporting Effective Technology Use in Transparency and Accountability Organisations AU - Herringshaw, Vanessa AU - Faith, Becky AB - The global movement to hold governments and companies accountable is growing rapidly, and technology can play a vital role. Some actors harness this potential to brilliant effect. But many others waste precious money and staff time on technology that isn’t a good fit for their aims or capacity. Mentorships can be a really effective way … DA - 2015/06// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative ST - Mentoring Programmes UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/reports/mentoring-programmes-supporting-effective-technology-use-in-transparency-and-accountability-organisations Y2 - 2016/03/24/17:31:44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complexity-Aware Monitoring and Evaluation AU - Hertz, Tilman AU - Brattander, Eva AU - Rose, Loretta T2 - Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation AB - Background: Addressing today’s sustainability challenges requires adopting a systemic approach where social and ecological systems are treated as integrated social-ecological systems. Such systems are complex, and the international development sector increasingly recognises the need to account for the complexity of the systems that they seek to transform. Purpose: This paper sketches out the elements of a complexity-aware monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for international development programmes in the area of sustainable development.  Setting: Not applicable. Data Collection and Analysis: The authors draw on existing literature on complexity and evaluation and on their own experience from working in the field of M&E. Findings: An M&E system should not be seen simply as a tool to track compliance against a pre-determined theory of change. Instead, it is most useful as a real-time approach, constantly defining and re-defining narratives for change that help push systems along trajectories of interest. Dealing with complexity involves embracing uncertainty; and this challenges established notions of accountability—something which funders and implementers must begin to redefine together. Keywords: monitoring; evaluation; complexity; social-ecological systems; international development programmes; narratives for change; theory of change DA - 2021/06/21/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.56645/jmde.v17i41.679 DP - journals.sfu.ca VL - 17 IS - 41 SP - 35 EP - 50 LA - en SN - 1556-8180 UR - https://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/view/679 Y2 - 2023/08/06/19:18:08 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Monitoreo ciudadano en México: Participación ciudadana para mejorar la provisión de servicios públicos AU - Hevia, Felipe AB - Existe un amplio consenso sobre la importancia de los sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación para la mejora de políticas, programas y servicios públicos. Sin embargo, en la literatura especializada sorprende el escaso interés por analizar un tipo CY - Ciudad de México DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - www.academia.edu PB - CIDE SN - 978-607-9367-82-4 ST - Libro UR - https://www.academia.edu/27473432/Libro_Monitoreo_ciudadano_en_M%C3%A9xico_Participaci%C3%B3n_ciudadana_para_mejorar_la_provisi%C3%B3n_de_servicios_p%C3%BAblicos Y2 - 2016/08/08/09:41:03 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding Social Accountability: Politics, Power and Building New Social Contracts AU - Hickey, Sam AU - King, Sophie T2 - The Journal of Development Studies AB - Calls to deepen levels of social accountability within social protection interventions need to be informed by the now extensive experience of promoting social accountability in developing countries. Drawing on a systematic review of over 90 social accountability interventions, including some involving social protection, this paper shows that politics and context are critical to shaping their success. We argue that the politics of social protection and of social accountability resonate strongly with the broader project of transforming state-society relations in developing countries. This requires a reconceptualisation of social accountability and social protection in terms of the broader development of ‘social contracts’, and that the current emphasis on promoting bottom-up forms of accountability needs to be balanced by efforts to strengthen and legitimise public authority in developing countries. DA - 2016/08/02/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1080/00220388.2015.1134778 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - 1225 EP - 1240 SN - 0022-0388 ST - Understanding Social Accountability UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1134778 Y2 - 2019/02/17/09:51:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Incorporating Geospatial Analysis into USAID Biodiversity Program Design AU - Higgins, Mark AU - Salafsky, Nick AU - Adeney, Marion AU - Petrova, Silvia T2 - Measuring Impact AB - Incorporating Geospatial Analysis into USAID Biodiversity Program Design is a biodiversity case example that describes the use of geospatial data and analysis for program design, including examples and lessons learned. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 23 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptive Leadership: Accelerating Enterprise Agility AU - Highsmith, Jim DA - 2013/11/01/ PY - 2013 DP - informIT database ET - 1st SP - 124 PB - Addison-Wesley Professional. SN - 978-0-13-359844-5 ST - Adaptive Leadership UR - http://www.informit.com/store/adaptive-leadership-accelerating-enterprise-agility-9780133598445 Y2 - 2016/11/04/16:46:30 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptive Software Development: A Collaborative Approach to Managing Complex Systems AU - Highsmith, Jim AB - In today's turbulent e-business world, software project teams that survive and thrive won't be those that continue their traditions of optimization, efficiency, and control, but those that exhibit adaptability, speed, and collaboration. Adaptive Software Development is targeted at software teams where competition creates extreme pressure on the delivery process. Four goals of the book are * to support an adaptive culture in which change and uncertainty are assumed to be the natural state * to introduce frameworks to guide the iterative process of managing change * to institute collaboration, the interaction of people on interpersonal, cultural, and structural levels * to add rigor and discipline to the RAD approach, making it scalable to the uncertainty and complexity of real-world undertakings. This innovative text, grounded in the science of complex adaptive systems theory, offers a practical, realistic approach to managing the high-speed, high-change projects characteristic of our highly uncertain economy. CY - New York DA - 2000/01/01/ PY - 2000 DP - Amazon SP - 358 LA - English PB - Dorset House Publishing SN - 978-0-932633-40-8 ST - Adaptive Software Development UR - https://www.amazon.com/Adaptive-Software-Development-Collaborative-Approach/dp/0932633404 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agile Project Management: Creating Innovative Products AU - Highsmith, Jim AB - Best practices for managing projects in agile environments―now updated with new techniques for larger projectsToday, the pace of project management moves faster. Project management needs to become more flexible and far more responsive to customers. Using Agile Project Management (APM), project managers can achieve all these goals without compromising value, quality, or business discipline. In Agile Project Management, Second Edition, renowned agile pioneer Jim Highsmith thoroughly updates his classic guide to APM, extending and refining it to support even the largest projects and organizations.  Writing for project leaders, managers, and executives at all levels, Highsmith integrates the best project management, product management, and software development practices into an overall framework designed to support unprecedented speed and mobility. The many topics added in this new edition include incorporating agile values, scaling agile projects, release planning, portfolio governance, and enhancing organizational agility. Project and business leaders will especially appreciate Highsmith’s new coverage of promoting agility through performance measurements based on value, quality, and constraints. This edition’s coverage includes: Understanding the agile revolution’s impact on product development Recognizing when agile methods will work in project management, and when they won’t Setting realistic business objectives for Agile Project Management Promoting agile values and principles across the organizationUtilizing a proven Agile Enterprise Framework that encompasses governance, project and iteration management, and technical practicesOptimizing all five stages of the agile project: Envision, Speculate, Explore, Adapt, and CloseOrganizational and product-related processes for scaling agile to the largest projects and teamsAgile project governance solutions for executives and management  The “Agile Triangle”: measuring performance in ways that encourage agility instead of discouraging itThe changing role of the agile project leader CY - Upper Saddle River, NJ DA - 2009/07/10/ PY - 2009 DP - Amazon SP - 432 LA - English PB - Addison Wesley SN - 978-0-321-65839-5 ST - Agile Project Management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Messy, Exciting, and Anxiety-Ridden: Adaptive Software Development AU - Highsmith, Jim T2 - American Programmer DA - 1997/04// PY - 1997 UR - http://www.adaptivesd.com/articles/messy.htm Y2 - 2016/08/05/16:50:43 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Knowledge Networks: Innovation Through Communities of Practice A3 - Hildreth, Paul A3 - Kimble, Chris AB - Knowledge Networks: Innovations Through Communities of Practice draws on the experience of people who have worked with CoPs in the real world and to present their combined wisdom in a form that is accessible to a wide audience. CoPs are examined from a practical, rather than a purely academic point of view. The book also examines the benefits that CoPs can bring to an organization, provides a number of case studies, lessons learned and sets of guidelines. It also looks at virtual CoPs and to the future by asking 'what next?' This book is a resource for all people who work with CoPs - both in academia and in the real world. CY - Hershey DA - 2003/07/01/ PY - 2003 DP - Amazon SP - 354 LA - English PB - IGI Global SN - 978-1-59140-200-8 ST - Knowledge Networks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensing and Cyberinfrastructure for Smarter Water Management: The Promise and Challenge of Ubiquity AU - Hill David AU - Kerkez Branko AU - Rasekh Amin AU - Ostfeld Avi AU - Minsker Barbara AU - Banks M. Katherine T2 - Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management DA - 2014/07/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000449 DP - ascelibrary.org (Atypon) VL - 140 IS - 7 SP - 01814002 J2 - Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management ST - Sensing and Cyberinfrastructure for Smarter Water Management UR - https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000449 Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:05:04 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? AU - Hill, Austin Bradford T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine DA - 1965/05// PY - 1965 DP - PubMed Central VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 295 EP - 300 J2 - Proc R Soc Med SN - 0035-9157 ST - The Environment and Disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1898525/ Y2 - 2023/09/29/10:40:25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Engaging Farmers in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Assessing Intercropping as a Means to Support Farm Adaptive Capacity AU - Himanen, Sari J. AU - Mäkinen, Hanna AU - Rimhanen, Karoliina AU - Savikko, Riitta T2 - Agriculture AB - Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable and adaptation-prone sources of livelihood facing climate change. Joint adaptation planning by farmers and researchers can help develop practically feasible and environmentally and economically sound adaptation actions as well as encourage the proactive building of farm adaptive capacity. Here, the perceptions of Finnish farmers and rural stakeholders regarding intercropping, the cultivation of two or more crop genotypes together in time and space, as a means to prepare for climate change, were collected in an open workshop. Our aim was to identify the potentials and challenges associated with intercropping, its role as an adaptation strategy, and in farm adaptive capacity. Qualitative analysis revealed better yield security, increased nutrient and protein self-sufficiency, soil conservation and maintenance, reduced pathogen pressure and regulation of water dynamics as the main perceived potentials of intercropping. Potentials relating to the farm economy and environment were also recognized. The main challenges associated with intercropping were related to the lack of information on crop variety performance and optimal yielding in mixtures, industry and policy requirements for seed purity, more complicated crop management and harvesting, and the economic risks associated with experimenting with novel mixtures. Nitrogen-fixing legumes; deep-rooted species, such as lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); special crops, such as herbs in forage mixtures; and autumn-sown winter oilseeds and cereals were highlighted as the most promising intercrops. Because the recognized potentials relate to the safeguarding of field cropping from anticipated climate change and the associated weather variability, we conclude that intercropping can serve as one adaptation strategy to strengthen the adaptive capacity of Finnish farms. However, assuring markets and policies that allow the development of intercropping, performing experiments to assess the benefits and implement options in practice, and providing farmers and farm advisors with more knowledge on the method represent the critical prerequisites for the broader adoption of intercropping. DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 DO - 10.3390/agriculture6030034 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 34 LA - en ST - Engaging Farmers in Climate Change Adaptation Planning UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/6/3/34 Y2 - 2019/05/02/17:58:12 KW - Adaptation planning KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Climate change KW - ecological intensification KW - intercropping KW - yield security ER - TY - BOOK TI - Development Projects Observed AU - Hirschman, Albert O. AB - The experience accumulated in the wake of more than two decades of sustained effort to promote growth and change in the low-income countries presents a rich field for scholarly inquiry and new insights into the development process. The success and failures of such projects, the new skills and attitudes they impart, and the internal tensions they sometimes generate obviously have an important bearing on the next stages of a county's development effort. Yet little has become known about these truly formative experiences which are due to the behavior —and misbehavior —of development projects. In this recent volume, Professor Albert O. Hirschman turns his attention to the ways in which decision making is molded, activated, or hampered by the specific nature of the project that is undertaken; for example, the establishment and operation of a pulp and paper mill in east Pakistan, an irrigation project in Peru, railway expansion in Nigeria, and other development undertakings. In some parts of the present inquiry Hirschman elaborates on his earlier writings in this series; and occasionally, he qualifies or modifies his previous conclusions; the bulk of the study explores new territory. CY - Washington, DC DA - 1967/// PY - 1967 SP - 218 LA - English PB - Brookings Institution SN - 978-0-8157-3651-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The principle of the hiding hand AU - Hirschman, Albert O. T2 - National Observer DA - 1967/// PY - 1967 DP - Amazon IS - 6 (Winter) LA - English ER - TY - RPRT TI - An introduction to the Learning Architecture AU - HLA AB - The Learning Architecture is built on a flexible Learning Methodology and provides principles, technologies and behaviours of Scaffolded Social Learning. CY - London DA - 2017/09// PY - 2017 LA - en-US PB - Humanitarian Leadership Academy UR - https://www.humanitarianleadershipacademy.org/our-learning-approach/social-learning/ Y2 - 2019/01/07/13:18:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management Practice in the UK Government - The MUVA case AU - HLS AB - Case study about the MUVA programme in Mozambique. (Maybe it "misses the point of AP which is not learning for learning. Is learning for impact. The word impact doesn’t even come up once!") Adaptive Management programming within the Foreign & Commonwealth Development Office demonstrates that the UK Government has examples of optimising for learning within its existing management practice. However, currently, the adaptive management practices are unhelpfully framed by an approach which limits both their effectiveness and scope. The programmes use learning as their metastrategy. They succeed in connecting practicebased learning with strategic learning, and make a shift towards reframing accountability as accountability for learning. This learning strategy is enabled by funding and contract management arrangements which prioritise learning. Both at macro-level of programme management and micro level of de-risking experimentation and enabling necessary failure by decoupling people’s job security from potential failure. CY - London DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Human Learning Systems UR - https://www.humanlearning.systems/uploads/7685 CPI - FCDO case study V2- TL proof read version.pdf Y2 - 2024/01/29/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Futures Toolkit: Tools for Futures Thinking and Foresight Across UK Government AU - HM Government DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017 UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/674209/futures-toolkit-edition-1.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Hidden Life of Theories of Change AU - Ho, Wenny AU - Tamas, Peter AU - van Wessel, Margit AB - Theory of Change is thought to be very useful for learning and adaptive management of complex interventions such as advocacy. Nevertheless, the use of Theory of Change is also under critique. One common criticism is that Theory of Change is often used as a framework that fixes agreements rather than as a living, guiding tool that helps reflection and adaptation. However, while such criticism stresses forms of control, little research has looked at the way Theory of Change and advocacy practice relate. This is a pertinent issue considering that formally agreed Theories of Change and realities on the ground can be very different. This raises questions: Do advocates work in ways different from what Theory of Change states, and if so, how, and why? How does the way they strategize relate to formal Theories of Change? With what implications? In this brief, we explore these more hidden aspects of the life of Theories of Change. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Hivos UR - https://www.hivos.org/assets/2020/09/The-Hidden-Life-of-Theories-of-Change.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:05:21 ER - TY - NEWS TI - Stop Trying to Save the World: Big ideas are destroying international development AU - Hobbes, Michael T2 - New Republic AB - Gives some examples of poorly designed interventions (e.g. The play pump) DA - 2014/11/18/ PY - 2014 UR - https://newrepublic.com/article/120178/problem-international-development-and-plan-fix-it ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trapped in a Treadmill: Bureaucratic Constraints on Aid Programs AU - Hoben, Allen T2 - Harvard International Review DA - 1992/// PY - 1992 DP - JSTOR VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 22 EP - 62 SN - 0739-1854 ST - Trapped in a Treadmill UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/42760358 Y2 - 2022/07/11/09:33:10 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Network Weaver Handbook AU - Holley, June CN - 0000 DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Amazon.com PB - Network Weaver ER - TY - BLOG TI - Transformative Networks Are Multiscalar AU - Holley, June T2 - NetworkWeaver AB - This is an excerpt from the Network Weaver Handbook. I’ll be writing an update with my latest research and thinking on the topic in the coming weeks so stay tuned!     June Holley How does tr… DA - 2018/12/18/T17:10:26+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - https://networkweaver.com/transformative-networks-are-multiscalar/ Y2 - 2018/12/19/12:59:19 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptive environmental assessment and management T2 - International series on applied systems analysis A3 - Holling, C. S. CN - TD194.6 .A33 CY - Chichester DA - 1978/// PY - 1978 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 377 M1 - 3 PB - Wiley SN - 978-0-471-99632-3 UR - http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/823/1/XB-78-103.pdf Y2 - 2023/11/07/00:00:00 KW - Ecology KW - Economic development KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental protection ER - TY - CHAP TI - What Barriers? What Bridges? AU - Holling, C.S. T2 - Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions A2 - Gunderson, Lance A2 - Holling, C.S. A2 - Light, Stephen AB - This volume uses a series of case studies to test an emerging theory of complex adaptive systems that forms the basis for explaining the interrelated dynamics of ecosystems, institutions and society. It deals equally with institutional organization and ecosystem structure. CY - New York DA - 1995/05/15/ PY - 1995 DP - Amazon LA - English PB - Columbia University Press SN - 978-0-231-10102-8 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring Up: Evaluating the Impact of P/CVE Programs AU - Holmer, Georgia AU - Bauman, Peter AB - This report considers the various conceptual and practical challenges in measuring the impact and value of programs designed to prevent and counter violent extremism (P/CVE). It examines potential solutions and emphasizes the significance of efforts to assess changes in attitudes, behaviors, and relationships. The report was developed in tandem with “Taking Stock: Analytic Tools for Understanding and Designing P/CVE Programs” and seeks to help advance more rigor and sustainability in P/CVE programming. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - United States Institute of Peace ER - TY - MGZN TI - How AI Fits into Lean Six Sigma AU - Holweg, Matthias AU - Davenport, Thomas H. AU - Snyder, Ken T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - AI already is being used in some areas of process improvement, and the usage of this technology — including generative AI — promises to grow. That’s because it can perform tasks faster and much less expensively than humans alone. But it will never fully replace people — and that poses management challenges. DA - 2023/11/09/T13:35:41Z PY - 2023 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2023/11/how-ai-fits-into-lean-six-sigma Y2 - 2023/11/14/22:24:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Actually Navigating by Judgment: Towards a new paradigm of donor accountability where the current system doesn’t work AU - Honig, Dan AB - This working paper explores how donors can move towards greater Navigation by Judgment, highlighting the actions people inside and outside aid agencies can work to make change—encouraging more Navigation by Judgment on the margin, starting today. CY - Washington DC DA - 2020/02// PY - 2020 LA - en PB - Center for Global Development ST - Actually Navigating by Judgment UR - https://www.cgdev.org/publication/actually-navigating-judgment-towards-new-paradigm-donor-accountability-where-current Y2 - 2020/02/14/10:36:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing Better: What All of Us Can Do to Encourage Aid Success AU - Honig, Dan AB - Management by way of top-down controls and targets sometimes gets in the way of aid donors’ aims, undermining project success. These unhelpful controls often stem from a need to account for performance; legislatures or executive boards induce agencies to exercise tight process controls and orient projects towards what is measurable and reportable. CY - Washington DC DA - 2020/02// PY - 2020 LA - en PB - Center for Global Development ST - Managing Better UR - https://www.cgdev.org/publication/managing-better-what-all-us-can-do-encourage-aid-success Y2 - 2020/02/14/10:36:33 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Navigation by Judgment: Why and when Top Down Management of Foreign Aid Doesn't Work AU - Honig, Dan AB - Foreign aid organizations collectively spend hundreds of billions of dollars annually, with mixed results. Part of the problem in these endeavors lies in their execution. When should foreign aid organizations empower actors on the front lines of delivery to guide aid interventions, and when should distant headquarters lead? In Navigation by Judgment, Dan Honig argues that high-quality implementation of foreign aid programs often requires contextual information that cannot be seen by those in distant headquarters. Tight controls and a focus on reaching pre-set measurable targets often prevent front-line workers from using skill, local knowledge, and creativity to solve problems in ways that maximize the impact of foreign aid. Drawing on a novel database of over 14,000 discrete development projects across nine aid agencies and eight paired case studies of development projects, Honig concludes that aid agencies will often benefit from giving field agents the authority to use their own judgments to guide aid delivery. This "navigation by judgment" is particularly valuable when environments are unpredictable and when accomplishing an aid program's goals is hard to accurately measure. Highlighting a crucial obstacle for effective global aid, Navigation by Judgment shows that the management of aid projects matters for aid effectiveness. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 285 LA - en PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-067245-4 ST - Navigation by Judgment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Making good on donors’ desire to Do Development Differently AU - Honig, Dan AU - Gulrajani, Nilima T2 - Third World Quarterly AB - AbstractForeign aid donors are increasingly focused on changing the way their development agencies function. This discourse has focused on desired qualities, including greater knowledge of local contextual realities, appropriate adaptation to context and greater flexibility to respond to changing circumstances. We argue that more attention needs to be devoted to the achievement of these qualities and turn to contingency theory to identify some under-exploited ways to ?do development differently?. The qualities sought by donors are emergent properties of complex organisational systems and will only be achieved through a micro-level and interlinked focus on the fundamentals of organisation. DA - 2018/01/02/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/01436597.2017.1369030 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 68 EP - 84 J2 - Third World Quarterly SN - 0143-6597 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1369030 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Limits of Accounting-Based Accountability in Education (and Far Beyond): Why More Accounting Will Rarely Solve Accountability Problems AU - Honig, Dan AU - Pritchett, Lant AB - Accountability is rightly at the center of the conversation regarding how to improve governance systems, particularly health and education systems. But efforts to address accountability deficits often focus primarily on improving what can be counted and verified—what we term “accountingbased accountability.” We argue that introducing greater accounting-based accountability will only very rarely be the appropriate solution for addressing accountability problems. We illustrate this by exploring the role of Accountability ICT in (not) improving education system performance. Strengthening “real” accountability is not the same as improving data systems for observation and verification, and often attempts at the latter undermine the former. The development discourse’s frequent semantic misunderstanding of the term “accountability” has pernicious effects on system reform efforts and ultimately global welfare. DA - 2019/05/24/ PY - 2019 SP - 50 LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - Center for Global Development SN - 510 UR - https://www.cgdev.org/publication/limits-accounting-based-accountability-education-and-far-beyond-why-more-accounting-will ER - TY - THES TI - Navigating by Judgment: Organizational Structure, Autonomy, and Country Context in Delivering Foreign Aid AU - Honig, Daniel AB - This dissertation examines when initiatives by International Development Organizations (IDOs) are more, and less, successful. The core argument is that allowing field-level agents to drive initiatives – what I call organizational Navigation by Judgment – will often be the most effective way to deliver aid. This inverts what a classical application of the principal agent model – the workhorse of studies of public management and bureaucracy – would predict, with better performance resulting from less control. In the delivery of foreign aid the costs of monitoring to the principal are often overshadowed by the deleterious effects of the monitoring itself. The core of the argument is that development implementation requires soft information, tacit knowledge, and flexibility that are crowded out by tight controls or an organizational navigation strategy focused on short term measurement and targets. As a result there are increasing returns to Navigation by Judgment in environments that are uncertain or difficult to understand from the outside and tasks where outputs are difficult to observe and/or poorly correlated with long term intervention goals. Insecure political authorizing environments which constrain the autonomy of IDOs prevent these organizations from Navigating by Judgment in situations where this is the best strategy. Empirically, this dissertation examines a cross-IDO dataset of projects (including over 14,000 projects over 50 years over 9 organizations), which I have assembled. It also examines eight cases of development interventions in Liberia and South Africa. These cases are matched pairs comparing the performance and navigation strategies of the US Agency for International Development (a low autonomy IDO) and the UK’s Department for International Development (a higher autonomy IDO) in capacity building and health sector interventions. DA - 2015/05/11/ PY - 2015 DP - dash.harvard.edu LA - en M3 - Doctoral dissertation PB - Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences ST - Navigating by Judgment UR - https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/17467366 Y2 - 2018/02/12/11:18:43 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - When Reporting Undermines Performance: The Costs of Politically Constrained Organizational Autonomy in Foreign Aid Implementation AU - Honig, Daniel T2 - International Organization DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 2019 IS - winter UR - https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/79440b61-e70b-4220-b67f-e5edb0157a24/downloads/1c56piqgv_347672.pdf Y2 - 2018/02/16/08:11:02 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signal Left, Turn Right: Central Rhetoric and Local Reform in China AU - Huang, Haifeng T2 - Political Research Quarterly AB - How have local governments in China been able to break through central policy restrictions in a unitary and authoritarian political system? Why is China's official discourse in the reform era often so conservative and unfavorable to reform? The author argues the two issues are components of a signaling game between China's central government and local officials, in which local officials know that the center may be reformist, but the reformist center imitates the rhetoric of a conservative center to control the pace of local liberalization. The result is a gradualist reform of "signaling left, turning right," with glaring incongruity of speech and actions in the process. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1177/1065912912443874 VL - 66 IS - 2 UR - https://sites.duke.edu/niou/files/2012/04/huanghai-feng-2012-Signal-Left-Turn-Right-SSRN.pdf Y2 - 2018/02/20/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Mind the gaps: What's missing in political economy analysis and why it matters AU - Hudson, David AU - Marquette, Heather T2 - A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook: Alternative Ideas and Approaches A2 - Whaites, Alan A2 - Gonzalez, Eduardo A2 - Fyson, Sara A2 - Teskey, Graham AB - The Governance Practitioner’s Notebook takes an unusual approach for the OECD-DAC Network on Governance (GovNet). It brings together a collection of specially written notes aimed at those who work as governance practitioners within development agencies. It does so, however, without attempting to offer definitive guidance – instead aiming to stimulate thinking and debate. To aid this process the book is centred on a fictional Governance Adviser. The Notebook’s format provides space for experts to speak on today’s governance issues: politics, public sector reform and stakeholder engagement. It encourages debate, charts the evolution of donor thinking, and highlights future challenges in the age of the Sustainable Development Goals. Each section introduces both technical issues and major areas of debate, providing ideas for future development support to institutional reform. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 PB - OECD UR - http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/governance/governance-practitioners-notebook.htm Y2 - 2016/08/11/10:01:26 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Everyday Political Analysis AU - Hudson, David AU - Marquette, Heather AU - Waldock, Sam AB - This short note introduces a stripped-back political analysis framework designed to help frontline development practitioners make quick but politically-informed decisions. It aims to complement more in-depth political analysis by helping programming staff to develop the 'craft' of political thinking in a way that fits their everyday working practices. Everyday Political Analysis involves two steps: Understanding interests: What makes people tick? Understanding change: What space and capacity do people have to effect change? For each step five questions, accompanied by prompts, aim to help staff to conduct quick political analysis. The EPA framework can be used at any stage of the aid management cycle, and can help users to respond rapidly to unexpected change. We are keen to hear back from people on their experience of using EPA to help us adapt the framework. Was it useful (or not)? Do people tend to use just one or both steps? Are there missing statements or prompts that would improve the analysis? Please email us at info [at] dlprog.org. CY - Birmingham DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - Developmental Leadership Program UR - http://publications.dlprog.org/EPA.pdf Y2 - 2017/02/06/11:41:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What works for Social Accountability? Findings from DFID’s Macro Evaluation AU - Hughes, Claire T2 - Policy Briefing CY - Hove DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 PB - Itad UR - https://www.itad.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/SummaryFindings_Briefing_2-v7-high-res.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/01/11:30:59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning and not learning from experience in rural project planning AU - Hulme, David T2 - Public Administration and Development AB - The theme of learning from experience as a means of improving the effectiveness of rural development projects and programmers has been common in recent years. Considerable effort has been put into refining, monitoring and evaluation systems to enhance organizational learning processes. However, an emphasis on normative approaches to evaluation and learning from experience has led to the neglect of research into the actual processes by which rural development agencies utilize experience. The case study presented here points to the shortcomings of such approaches and illustrates the partisan manner in which individuals and organizations treat the lessons of experience. Actively ‘not learning from experience’ is as much a part of organizational processes as learning from experience. This paper examines the implications of this finding and reviews alternative approaches to improving experiential learning in rural development activities. It is found that such a perspective does not generate the innocuous technical prescriptions characteristic of conventional approaches, but a number of useful directions for further research can be identified. DA - 1989/// PY - 1989 DO - 10.1002/pad.4230090102 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 LA - en SN - 1099-162X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pad.4230090102 Y2 - 2023/09/29/09:55:14 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Beyond Logframe: Critique, Variations and Alternatives AU - Hummelbrunner, Richard T2 - Beyond Logframe; Using Systems Concepts in Evaluation A2 - Fujita, Nobuko AB - Over the last decades, the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) has become universally known and has assumed a key role for planning and managing development interventions. LFA, however, is not uncontroversial and the approach has been subject to criticism, concerning both its theoretical foundations and practical use. Despite these criticisms LFA’s position has not been fundamentally weakened and while many donors acknowledge its limits and weaknesses, they maintain (some would say impose) its use as a planning and monitoring tool. This chapter reviews some of the experience gained with LFA and outlines major attempts to develop variations – or move beyond it altogether. The first section briefly describes the LFA concept and summarizes the main points of critique. Section 2 then explores some variations which have been developed in response to this critique and to improve LFA as a management tool. Section 3 proposes a systemic alternative to logframe and Section 4 outlines alternatives to LFA which have recently been introduced in German development aid. CY - Tokyo DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 33 PB - Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development. UR - http://www.perfeval.pol.ulaval.ca/sites/perfeval.pol.ulaval.ca/files/publication_129.pdf#page=8 Y2 - 2022/01/28/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Process Monitoring of Impacts: Towards a new approach to monitor the implementation of Structural Fund Programmes AU - Hummelbrunner, Richard AU - Huber, Wolf AU - Arbter, Roland DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 22 PB - ÖAR Regionalberatung UR - http://archiv.bundeskanzleramt.at/DocView.axd?CobId=14624 Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What can Australia learn from the public service revolution taking hold in Europe? AU - Hurcombe, Sarah T2 - Centre For Public Impact (CPI) AB - Sarah Hurcombe shares what she's learning from the public service revolution building momentum in Europe. DA - 2021/07/21/ PY - 2021 UR - https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/insights/what-can-australia-learn-from-the-public-service-revolution-taking-hold-in-europe Y2 - 2022/08/02/13:51:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Logics of Government Innovation and Reform Management in China AU - Husain, Lewis AB - Since the beginning of reforms in the late 1970s, China has developed rapidly, transforming itself into a middle-income country, raising hundreds of millions out of poverty and, latterly, developing broad-based social protection systems. The country’s approach to reform has been unorthodox, leading many to talk of a specific Chinese model of development. This paper analyses the role of innovation (chuangxin) and experimentation in the Chinese government repertoire and their contribution to management of change during the rapid, complex and interconnected reforms that China is undergoing. ‘Innovation’ is understood as the process of generation, putting into use, and spread, of new ideas. This contemporary focus on innovation is an extension of an older Chinese government attachment to sub-national initiative in policy formulation and development that goes back to the beginnings of the PRC and before. Central government backing for, and endorsement of, proactive agency on the part of sub-national governments responds to a belief that China is too large, and conditions around the country too diverse, to allow adoption of ‘one size fits all’ policy. Sub-national governments are expected to show initiative in adapting policy locally, and creating locally-useable policy solutions within the overall scope of central policy mandates/ paradigms. The paper argues that innovation by sub-national government is systemically embedded: while central government sets the policy agenda, local governments are frontline managers, and develop a range of policy practices. Differences in conditions between localities mean that multiple variant policy practices are often in circulation at any one time. While innovation is not quantifiable in the aggregate, there is much controlled experimentation, freewheeling innovation, and trial and error, all of which are part of a search for new policy fixes and institutional solutions. Many forms of policy transfer and learning are in evidence, including much central learning from sub-national models, as well as sub-national circulation of a range of innovative policy practices. While much government innovation is not ‘original’, and may be ‘inefficient’ or of little systemic usefulness, overall, the churn of government innovation remains valuable in underpinning systemic adaptation and reform. The paper situates the analysis of government innovation within a larger framework on the functioning of Chinese government and international literature on policy transfer, and outlines an agenda for future research on the structural bases of Chinese government innovation and its contribution to adaptive management. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero SP - 39 LA - en PB - STEPS centre ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy experimentation and innovation as a response to complexity in China’s management of health reforms AU - Husain, Lewis T2 - Globalization and Health AB - There are increasing criticisms of dominant models for scaling up health systems in developing countries and a recognition that approaches are needed that better take into account the complexity of health interventions. Since Reform and Opening in the late 1970s, Chinese government has managed complex, rapid and intersecting reforms across many policy areas. As with reforms in other policy areas, reform of the health system has been through a process of trial and error. There is increasing understanding of the importance of policy experimentation and innovation in many of China’s reforms; this article argues that these processes have been important in rebuilding China’s health system. While China’s current system still has many problems, progress is being made in developing a functioning system able to ensure broad population access. The article analyses Chinese thinking on policy experimentation and innovation and their use in management of complex reforms. It argues that China’s management of reform allows space for policy tailoring and innovation by sub-national governments under a broad agreement over the ends of reform, and that shared understandings of policy innovation, alongside informational infrastructures for the systemic propagation and codification of useful practices, provide a framework for managing change in complex environments and under conditions of uncertainty in which ‘what works’ is not knowable in advance. The article situates China’s use of experimentation and innovation in management of health system reform in relation to recent literature which applies complex systems thinking to global health, and concludes that there are lessons to be learnt from China’s approaches to managing complexity in development of health systems for the benefit of the poor. DA - 2017/08/03/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1186/s12992-017-0277-x DP - BioMed Central VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 54 J2 - Globalization and Health SN - 1744-8603 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0277-x Y2 - 2019/03/15/10:31:27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory design with marginalized people in developing countries: Challenges and opportunities experienced in a field study in Cambodia AU - Hussain, Sofia AU - Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N. AU - Steinert, Martin T2 - International Journal of Design DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Google Scholar VL - 6 IS - 2 ST - Participatory design with marginalized people in developing countries UR - http://search.proquest.com/openview/00023536653de469c50068f340e7c1b8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar Y2 - 2016/09/16/14:17:13 ER - TY - BLOG TI - International Public Participation Models 1969-2020 AU - Hussey, Sally T2 - Bang The Table AB - International Public Participation Models 1969 – 2020 provides an essential resource of 60 different models to better map public participation in practice and theory. DA - 2020/08/24/T00:27:47+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://www.bangthetable.com/blog/international-public-participation-models/ Y2 - 2020/09/04/09:06:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Shoulder to Shoulder AU - Hymowitz, Dan T2 - Art of Delivery series DA - 2016/11/22/ PY - 2016 PB - Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative UR - https://institute.global/insight/governance/shoulder-shoulder Y2 - 2017/02/06/11:09:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - "That's how the light gets in": Making Change in Closing Political Environments AU - IBP AB - This collection of learning and reflection essays from the International Budget Partnership's 2016 Annual Report illustrate the multidimensional nature of budget work and democratic engagement. Read more. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 PB - International Budget Partnership UR - http://www.internationalbudget.org/publications/making-change-in-closing-political-environments Y2 - 2017/05/19/09:26:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Achieving value for money through procurement. Part 2: DFID’s approach to value for money through tendering and contract management - A performance review AU - ICAI AB - Summary In 2016-17, the Department for International Development (DFID) spent £1.4 billion, or 14% of its budget, through commercial suppliers on contracts ranging from school construction to family planning services and the delivery of humanitarian aid. The quality of its procurement and contract management – how it engages and manages commercial firms to support the delivery of aid programmes on time, to budget and at the appropriate quality – is a key driver of value for money for UK aid. It is also a subject of considerable Parliamentary and public interest. In recent years, DFID has implemented a range of initiatives to strengthen its procurement practices and embed commercial capability across the department – including its 2017 Supplier Review, undertaken to address concerns about excessive profit-making by DFID suppliers. This review on achieving value for money through procurement (part 2) was published in September 2018. We awarded a green-amber score and made three recommendations to government. The follow-up to this review was published in July 2020, and rated the government’s response as ‘inadequate’, as a result of DFID’s failure to put in place a formal contract management regime, despite the risks this entails for programme results. We will return to this in the next follow-up in summer 2021. Review Our review found an appropriate overall approach to procurement with good performance in most areas of tendering, but significant weaknesses in contract management. We therefore awarded a green-amber score and made three recommendations to government. Findings Since 2015, DFID has progressed towards a more mature procurement approach. DFID’s tender process follows current EU legislation and UK government guidelines and cross-government peer reviews confirm improvements in DFID’s procurement approach. The Supplier Review lent momentum to the reforms but risks having unintended consequences. Poor consultation with suppliers has heightened the risk of unintended consequences. DFID is reviewing its business processes to protect aid recipients from sexual abuse and exploitation. DFID does not always choose the most appropriate procurement process but a new strategic sourcing process has resulted in stronger procurement planning. DFID has built up its commercial capability, but this will need to be an ongoing process. The contract management function in DFID is poorly defined and contracts are frequently amended or extended beyond their advertised length and values. Inception phases are often too short for adequate preparation and planning. Progress on flexible and adaptive programming will require more innovative approaches to tendering and contract management. Recommendations Before the next major revision of its supplier code and contracting terms, or future changes that may materially affect suppliers, DFID should conduct an effective consultation process with its supplier market, to ensure informed decisions and minimise the risks of unintended consequences. DFID should accelerate its timetable for acquiring a suitable management information system for procurement, to ensure that its commercial decisions are informed by data. DFID should instigate a formal contract management regime, underpinned by appropriate training and guidance and supported by a senior official responsible for contract management across the department. The new regime should include appropriate adaptive contract management techniques, to ensure that supplier accountability is balanced with the need for innovation and adaptive management in pursuit of development results. DA - 2018/09// PY - 2018 PB - Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) UR - https://icai.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/ICAI-Achieving-value-for-money-through-procurement-Part-2-.pdf Y2 - 2021/06/04/10:27:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID’s approach to delivering impact AU - ICAI AB - UK aid, at its best, makes a real and positive difference to the lives and livelihoods of poor people around the world. Ensuring the best possible performance across a large and multifaceted aid programme is, however, a complex management challenge. This report reviews ICAI’s previous 44 reports and looks at how well DFID ensures positive, long-term, transformative impact across its work. CY - London DA - 2015/06// PY - 2015 LA - en-GB PB - Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) SN - Report 45 UR - https://icai.independent.gov.uk/report/dfids-approach-to-delivering-impact/ Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:35:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID’s approach to value for money in programme and portfolio management AU - ICAI AB - ICAI published this review on DFID’s approach to value for money in February 2018, and as value for money is both a process and an outcome and cuts across all aspects of DFID’s operations, did not score this review. We made five recommendations and published a follow-up to this review in July 2019. All UK government departments are required to achieve value for money in their use of public funds. In recent years, DFID has been working to build value for money considerations further into its management processes and its relationships with implementers and multilateral partners, establishing itself as a global champion on value for money. Review This review was published in February. Though it was not rated, ICAI made five recommendations, and found that the Department for International Development’s approach to value for money was helping to make UK aid spending go further, but improvements are still needed. Findings This review found that DFID has strengthened its processes and systems for ensuring it gains maximum value for each pound spent, has taken swift remedial action to tackle under-performing programmes, and has become a strong global champion on value for money. The review also found that DFID has been diligent in its efforts to cut waste, detect fraud, and improve efficiency, and that this work is improving the return on the UK investment in aid. However, the review found that DFID’s approach was not adequately reporting and capturing results and value for money at the country portfolio level, or how programmes work together to deliver lasting impact, including reducing future dependency on aid. It also found that weakness in the annual review process could undermine DFID’s approach to value for money. It found that targets were frequently revised, and that there could be pressures for optimistic scoring of programmes. Recommendations Based on this review, we made the following five recommendations to help DFID improve its approach to value for money still further: DFID country offices should articulate cross-cutting value for money objectives at the country portfolio level, and should report periodically on progress at that level. Drawing on its experience with introducing adaptive programming, DFID should encourage programmes to experiment with different ways of delivering results more cost-effectively, particularly for more complex programming. DFID should ensure that principles of development effectiveness – such as ensuring partner country leadership, building national capacity and empowering beneficiaries – are more explicit in its value for money approach. Programmes should reflect these principles in their value for money frameworks, and where appropriate incorporate qualitative indicators of progress at that level. DFID should be more explicit about the assumptions underlying the economic case in its business cases, and ensure that these are taken into account in programme monitoring. Delivery plans should specify points in the programme cycle when the economic case should be fully reassessed. Senior responsible owners should also determine whether a reassessment is needed following material changes in the programme, results targets or context. Annual review scores should include an assessment of whether programmes are likely to achieve their intended outcomes in a cost-effective way. DFID should consider introducing further quality assurance into the setting and adjustment of logframe targets. CY - London DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 LA - en-GB PB - Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) UR - https://icai.independent.gov.uk/report/value-for-money/ Y2 - 2019/03/12/16:53:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DFID’s partnerships with civil society organisations - A performance review AU - ICAI AB - DFID values civil society organisations (CSOs), but its funding and partnership practices do not fully support the long-term health of the civil society sector. CY - London DA - 2019/04// PY - 2019 LA - en-GB PB - Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) UR - https://icai.independent.gov.uk/report/csos/ Y2 - 2019/05/15/12:50:57 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How DFID learns AU - ICAI AB - Excellent learning is essential for UK aid to achieve maximum impact and value for money. We take learning to mean the extent to which DFID uses information and experience to influence its decisions. Each ICAI review assesses how well learning takes place. Our reports to date indicate a mixed performance. This review seeks to identify the way DFID learns and what inhibits it from doing so consistently. We drew on our reviews, assessed data from DFID’s own surveys and carried out interviews inside and outside the department. Review DFID generates considerable volumes of information, much of which, such as funded research, is publicly available. DFID does not clearly or consistently link this investment to how it can deliver better impact. We made five recommendations and gave an amber-red score. Findings DFID does not clearly identify how its investment in learning links to its performance and delivering better impact. DFID has the potential to be excellent at organisational learning if its best practices become common. DFID staff learn well as individuals. They are highly motivated and DFID provides opportunities and resources for them to learn. DFID is not yet, however, managing all the elements that contribute to how it learns as a single, integrated system. DFID does not review the costs, benefits and impact of learning. Insufficient priority is placed on learning during implementation. The emphasis on results can lead to a bias to the positive. Learning from both success and failure should be systematically encouraged. Recommendations DFID needs to focus on consistent and continuous organisational learning based on the experience of DFID, its partners and contractors and the measurement of its impact, in particular during the implementation phase of its activities. All DFID managers should be held accountable for conducting continuous reviews from which lessons are drawn about what works and where impact is actually being achieved for intended beneficiaries. All information commissioned and collected (such as annual reviews and evaluations) should be synthesised so that the relevant lessons are accessible and readily usable across the organisation. The focus must be on practical and easy-to-use information. Knowhow should be valued as much as knowledge. Staff need to be given more time to acquire experience in the field and share lessons about what works and does not work on the ground. DFID needs to continue to encourage a culture of free and full communication about what does and does not work. Staff should be encouraged always to base their decisions on evidence, without any bias to the positive. CY - London DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 PB - Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) SN - Report 34 UR - https://icai.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/How-DFID-Learns-FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2021/06/04/10:19:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building a Learning Community in Liberia Through Partnerships at iCampus AU - iCampus T2 - 2018 CLA Case Competition AB - Accountability Lab Liberia (ALab) and iLab Liberia established iCampus- a shared innovation, co-working and community space for organizations focusing on the intersection of technology, accountability and social change in Liberia. ALab implements DAI’s Learning activities at iCampus, and it is referred to as the Strategic Learning Partner of USAID Liberia Accountability and Voice Initiative (LAVI). LAVI is a five year USAID program with an overarching goal to strengthen multi-stakeholder partnerships to advocate for and monitor policy and accountability reforms. The iCampus CLA case scenario captures joint efforts of Accountability Lab Liberia, iLab Liberia and USAID LAVI, to ensure that learning and methodologies are shared and applied by development actors; address common capacity challenges that particularly hinder civil society from engaging in evidence-based and issues-based advocacy using various approaches, including network-building, creation of a cross-sectoral learning space- through collaboration and learning. In 2017, iCampus conducted a learning mapping survey to understand how organizations are learning in Liberia. The result indicated that frameworks and concepts of organizational learning are not yet well understood or used to guide strategic or programmatic practices, by either Liberian or international organizations. ALab, iLab and USAID LAVI then adopted a set of strategies, that led to the implementation of a CLA, enabling the establishment of the first multi-sectoral learning community in Liberia. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - USAID LEARN UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/building_a_learning_community_in_liberia_through_partnerships_at_icampus.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/11/14:51:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Enabling citizen-driven improvement of public services. Leveraging Technology to Strengthen Accountability in Nigerian Healthcare AU - ICT4SA AB - Effective public service delivery begins with knowing whether the services offered are working as intended. We launched a system to enable citizen input on the delivery of public services. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - World Bank and Reboot UR - https://reboot.org/case-studies/ict-for-accountable-public-service-delivery-nigeria Y2 - 2017/02/23/04:51:39 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How to Apply Agile Principles to International Development M&E AU - ICTworks T2 - ICT Works AB - We all want to be good at our jobs. We want to accomplish the things we set out to do. If we aren’t accomplishing them, we want to figure out why or try new solutions. The trend toward Adaptive M&E is exactly that: a desire to be better at our jobs. Similar trends exist in the software world (agile) and in manufacturing and start-ups (lean). But by any name, this process of seeking to improve is about speeding up decision-making and solution delivery by focusing on incremental, iterative planning and execution. I presented on agile with Monalisa Salib of USAID Learning Lab at MERL Tech 2016. I talked about creating software; she talked about creating evaluation tools for USAID missions, but we were describing the same basic process: Develop, Release, Reflect, and Adapt. You can see our slide deck for more details, but here are the key discussion takeaways that won’t show up there: 1: Eyes on the Prize Any effort should start with a clear definition of what you’re hoping to achieve. DA - 2016/12/05/T00:24:57Z PY - 2016 UR - https://www.ictworks.org/how-to-apply-agile-principles-to-international-development-me/ Y2 - 2022/05/03/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Should the Principles of Digital Development be Agile? AU - ICTworks T2 - ICT Works AB - Recently, Abt Associates endorsed the “Principles of Digital Development.” These nine principles have been widely adopted by international development funders and practitioners to absorb and disseminate technology best practices in the field of international development. More than 50 organizations ranging from various offices in the United Nations and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) down to niche technology providers have endorsed the principles. The principles are aimed at moving the field away from a disconnected series of technology pilots, each of which are largely ad hoc and duplicate many of the same lessons, and toward scalability and sustainability. Ann Mei Chang, the Executive Director of the U.S. Global Development Lab at USAID in her foreword to the recent report “From Principle to Practice: Implementing the Principles for Digital Development”, characterized the problem that these principles are trying to address as follows: “Pilots have failed to move DA - 2016/10/13/T00:24:36Z PY - 2016 UR - http://www.ictworks.org/2016/10/13/should-the-principles-of-digital-development-be-agile/ Y2 - 2016/12/07/11:11:02 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The field guide to human-centered design: design kit AU - IDEO CY - San Francisco DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 189 LA - eng PB - IDEO SN - 978-0-9914063-1-9 ST - The field guide to human-centered design KW - Design KW - IMPORTANT KW - Methode ER - TY - RPRT TI - The International Development Innovation Alliance AU - IDIA AB - Brochure from the International Development Innovation Alliance DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 10 LA - en PB - R4D ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation at IDRC AU - IDRC CY - Ottawa DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 PB - IDRC UR - https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/sp/Documents%20EN/evaluation-at-idrc.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/15/09:44:59 ER - TY - ELEC TI - A ‘real-time’ and anthropological response to the Ebola crisis AU - IDS T2 - IDS AB - Impact Summary The Ebola epidemic that began in the Guinea-Sierra Leone-Liberia border region in December 2013 spread fast through the villages, cities and trade routes of this highly-peopled,... DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 LA - en-GB UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/a-real-time-and-anthropological-response-to-the-ebola-crisis/ Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:37:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - An Upside Down View of Governance AU - IDS AB - Informal institutions and personalised relationships are usually seen as governance problems. However the research presented in this synthesis paper suggests that they can also be part of the solution... CY - Brighton DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Centre for the Future State, IDS UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/idspublication/an-upside-down-view-of-governance Y2 - 2017/05/17/15:08:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Towards excellence: Policy and action research for sustainable development AU - iied CY - London DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SP - 20 PB - The International Institute for Environment and Development UR - https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G03432.pdf Y2 - 2019/06/26/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The road to results: designing and conducting effective development evaluations AU - Imas, Morra AU - G, Linda AU - Rist, Ray C. AB - The analytical, conceptual, and political framework of development is changing dramatically. The new development agenda calls for broader understandings of sectors, countries, development strategies, and policies. It emphasizes learning and continuous feedback at all phases of the development cycle. As the development agenda grows in scope and complexity, development evaluation follows suit. Development evaluator are moving away from traditional implementation and output-focused evaluation models toward results-based evaluation models, as the development community calls for results and embraces the millennium development goals. As the development community shifts its focus away from projects in order to comprehensively address country challenges, development evaluators are seeking methods with which to assess results at the country, sector, theme, policy, and even global levels. As the development community recognizes the importance of not only a comprehensive but also a coordinated approach to developing country challenges and emphasizes partnerships, development evaluators are increasingly engaged in joint evaluations. These joint evaluations, while advantageous in many respects, add to the complexity of development evaluation (OECD 2006). Additionally, development evaluators increasingly face the measurement challenge of determining the performance of an individual development organization in this broader context and of identifying its contribution. This text is intended as a tool for use in building development evaluation capacity. It aims to help development evaluators think about and explore the new evaluation architecture and especially to design and conduct evaluations that focus on results in meeting the challenges of development. DA - 2009/06/01/ PY - 2009 DP - documents.worldbank.org SP - 1 EP - 611 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - 52678 ST - The road to results UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/400101468169742262/The-road-to-results-designing-and-conducting-effective-development-evaluations Y2 - 2018/02/06/09:53:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - QUIP: Understanding clients through in-depth interviews AU - IMP-ACT T2 - IMP-ACT PRACTICE NOTES AB - This Practice Note by Imp-Act gives a step-by-step guide to developing and conducting in-depth interviews using the QUIP approach, and analysing the information and making conclusions based on what you have learned. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 SP - 6 PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 2 UR - https://sptf.info/images/pn2_quip.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - From a last mile century to a first mile revolution: the future is OSLO AU - Indy Johar T2 - Medium AB - The Future is OSLO DA - 2013/08/17/ PY - 2013 ST - from a last mile century to a first mile revolution UR - https://medium.com/field-notes/from-a-last-mile-century-to-a-first-mile-revolution-bf99b2f41248 Y2 - 2016/09/16/13:50:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Locally driven development: Overcoming the obstacles AU - Ingram, George T2 - Working Paper AB - Locally led development is a complex process that the development community, in the U.S. and around the world, has spent several decades trying to get right. Yet, despite all the experience and lessons learned, it feels like we are barely beyond the starting line. This publication aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on locally led development, especially as to how the United States can address the obstacles posed by U.S. law, regulation, policy, and practice. It consists of two parts: • An essay by George Ingram that notes the path that has taken us to this point, identifies key obstacles, and invites a discussion of how to overcome impediments and move forward. • A set of 15 commentaries written by development experts that add a range of perspectives and nuances to the discussion DA - 2022/05// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero SP - 58 LA - en PB - Brookings Institution SN - 173 UR - https://www.brookings.edu/essay/locally-driven-development-overcoming-the-obstacles/ Y2 - 2023/04/27/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Rethinking monitoring and evaluation in complex systems — when learning is a result in itself AU - Innovation, UNDP T2 - Medium AB - By Søren Vester Haldrup, UNDP’s Strategic Innovation Unit DA - 2022/05/20/T12:18:23.460Z PY - 2022 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/rethinking-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-complex-systems-when-learning-is-a-result-in-itself-3d1fc90d22fc Y2 - 2022/06/17/11:30:15 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Introduction to International Futures AU - International Futures at the Pardee Center T2 - International Futures Help System AB - INTERNATIONAL FUTURES HELP SYSTEM Introduction to IFs Purposes Visual Representation of IFs Issues and Modules Quick Survey of IFs Issues and Modules IFs Background IFs Geographic Representation of the World IFs Time Horizon Instructional Use Acknowledgements Feedback Support for IFs Use Development Mode Features DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.du.edu/ifs/help/intro/index.html Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Boda Boda Talk Talk Module AU - Internews T2 - Learning Collection CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 PB - Internews & USAID UR - http://www.internews.org/learning-our-learning Y2 - 2017/04/07/12:59:23 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - ELEC TI - M&E Universe AU - intrac T2 - INTRAC AB - The M&E Universe is a free, online resource developed by INTRAC to support development practitioners involved in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). It consists of a series of short papers (2-6 pages) on different subjects related to M&E. It can be explored through an online platform (intrac.org/universe) that is compatible with most web browsers. The M&E Universe is designed for M&E practitioners with different levels of experience and expertise in M&E, from those new to M&E who want an entry level into the subject to experienced practitioners wanting to broaden their knowledge. Initial contact with the Map will provide people with a starting point for understanding different aspects of M&E and how they link to each other. More experienced practitioners can browse the Map to identify more advanced subjects of interest, such as sampling methods, different forms of evaluation, organisational M&E systems and complex methodologies for data collection and analysis. DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://www.intrac.org/resources/me-universe/ Y2 - 2019/08/12/22:38:49 ER - TY - ELEC TI - The M&E (Monitoring & Evaluation) Universe AU - INTRAC T2 - INTRAC AB - The M&E Universe is a free, online resource developed by INTRAC to support development practitioners involved in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). It consists of a series of short papers (2-6 pages) on different subjects related to M&E. To begin exploring the Universe right away, use the button below. To find out more, read on. DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://www.intrac.org/projects/the-me-universe/ Y2 - 2022/01/28/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - ADAPT: Analysis Driven Agile Programming Techniques AU - IRC T2 - International Rescue Committee (IRC) AB - A growing body of research indicates that aid agencies are most successful when able to operate flexibly, particularly in fragile environments. Yet our systems and tools are often too rigid to effectively address complex problems, and program incentives frequently undermine adaptation instead of supporting it. To drive improvements in impact we need to be better able to analyse the dynamics of a given situation, anticipate how these might evolve, and be sufficiently agile to adapt to changes in context and need. DA - 2016/06/29/T12:24:25-04:00 PY - 2016 ST - ADAPT UR - https://www.rescue.org/adaptcasestudies Y2 - 2016/08/05/15:08:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Social network analysis handbook: connecting the dots in humanitarian programs AU - IRC AB - The following handbook is designed to provide a step by step guide to the application of Social Network Analysis for the IRC. CY - New York USA DA - 2016/07// PY - 2016 PB - International Rescue Committee ST - Social network analysis handbook UR - https://www.rescue.org/resource/social-network-analysis-handbook-connecting-dots-humanitarian-programs Y2 - 2017/01/29/10:54:13 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Stakeholder and Social Network Analysis - Guidance Note AU - IRC AB - Stakeholder Analysis is used to identify the actors and relationships that influence project outcomes. This guidance, from IRC, can help you determine how to work and who to partner, coordinate or engage with in order to best achieve the outcome. It builds on existing stakeholder information and typically will include a participatory internal meeting or workshop. DA - 2019/10/04/T10:36:29-04:00 PY - 2019 LA - en M3 - Text PB - International Rescue Committee UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/stakeholder-and-social-network-analysis-guidance-note Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:24:36 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How should donors manage adaptively? Market Systems Development as a case study. AU - Itad T2 - Itad AB - Itad has recently completed a strategic evaluation for Sida to help them work through how they can best manage programmes that are adaptive and apply systems approaches - the conclusions from the evaluation about what funders need to do to manage adaptively are of broader relevance. DA - 2018/12/20/T10:52:27+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US ST - How should donors manage adaptively? UR - https://www.itad.com/how-should-donors-manage-adaptively-market-systems-development-as-a-case-study/ Y2 - 2019/01/08/12:25:21 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Redesigning Field Papers’ User Interface AU - Jacks, Lindsey T2 - Cadasta AB - For the past three months, I've been working with Cadasta and Stamen on the atlas creation pages of the Field Papers map annotation tool. The end result is now live on the Field Papers website. We took the four step “wizard” process for creating an atlas, combined it all into a single-page, and... DA - 2016/03/22/ PY - 2016 UR - http://cadasta.org/redesigning-field-papers-ui/ Y2 - 2016/09/29/09:09:38 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Facilitating collaborative problem solving with human-centred design: the Making All Voices Count governance programme in 12 countries of Africa and Asia AU - Jackson, Carl T2 - Knowledge Management for Development Journal DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 106 UR - http://journal.km4dev.org/index.php/km4dj/article/view/197 Y2 - 2016/09/26/11:57:54 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three Approaches to Monitoring: Feedback Systems, Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and Logical Frameworks AU - Jacobs, Alex AU - Barnett, Chris AU - Ponsford, Richard T2 - IDS Bulletin AB - This article compares key attributes, strengths and weaknesses of three different approaches to monitoring development interventions: the logical framework approach, participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) and feedback systems. Academic and practitioner literature describes how logframes meet the needs of senior decision-makers to summarise, organise and compare projects. PM&E meets the needs of field staff to work sensitively with intended beneficiaries and support their learning and empowerment. Feedback systems appear to link the two, providing performance data for managers and creating incentives for implementing staff to focus on their intended beneficiaries. Feedback systems build on the rich heritage of PM&E and are compatible with logframes. They may help provide a manageable and effective approach to accountability that links the means and the ends of development interventions. Feedback systems are at an early stage of development. There is a lot to learn about how and where they work best. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00180.x DP - Zotero VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 9 LA - en ER - TY - RPRT TI - An Adaptive Capacity Guide Book: assessing, building and evaluating the capacity of communities to adapt in a changing climate AU - Jacobs, B. AU - Nelson, R. AU - Kuruppu, N. AU - Leith, P. AB - A capacity to adapt to change is essential for managing Australia’s natural resources. The individuals, communities and organisations who manage our natural resources all have an innate capacity to adapt to change. Changes in climate, markets and technology have shaped the way we adapt the management of natural resources in urban, rural and coastal landscapes. Some of these changes are predictable and easy to manage. Others are expected, but their timing and magnitude are uncertain. Whatever the future holds, this guide can be used to build our capacity to meet future change with confidence. DA - 2015/06/11/ PY - 2015 DP - opus.lib.uts.edu.au M3 - Report PB - University of Technology and University of Tasmania ST - An Adaptive Capacity Guide Book UR - https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/36221 Y2 - 2019/05/04/03:10:14 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Advancing Work with the Grain at USAID AU - Jacobstein, David T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - In December 2017, I wrote a blog about some of the insights gained during a workshop on Context-Driven Adaptation, where many of our sharpest field officers shared the ways that they assessed and adapted to shifts in context to keep programming relevant and effective. DA - 2018/10/18/T07:46:20-04:00 PY - 2018 LA - en M3 - Text UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/advancing-work-grain-usaid Y2 - 2018/10/26/09:17:38 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Context-Driven Adaptation (Overview) AU - Jacobstein, David T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - CONTEXT-DRIVEN ADAPTATION COLLECTION DA - 2018/06/05/T17:34:09-04:00 PY - 2018 LA - en M3 - Text UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/context-driven-adaptation-overview Y2 - 2021/01/04/11:52:33 ER - TY - ICOMM TI - DRG Center practical tips to implement more context-adaptive programming AU - Jacobstein, David T2 - #AdaptDev AB - Hi #adaptdevers, The cross-sectoral programs team in the DRG Center have been working in support of ways that programming can be made more aware of, and responsive to, context considerations that have to do with incentives and relationships between different actors - often called power dynamics or political economy. Following several discussions with field folks, we were asked to come up with simple and practical tips that could help staff to implement more context-adaptive programming, or to better Work Politically to use TWP jargon. With assistance from many of our field staff and partners, we've put together three documents (to start) that have now been cleared to share publicly: • Tips on Making Your Solicitations Invite Context-Driven Adaptive Programming - suggestions spanning most sections of a typical solicitation to better weave in Thinking and Working Politically. I'm particularly excited that this document contains embedded links to excerpts from a set of solicitations that model good practice. You can also find a summary of all the excerpts from real solicitations, and links onward to the public posting of those solicitations on Fed Biz Ops or Grants.gov, here. • Tips on Power Dynamics and Theories of Change - suggestions relevant to those working on project designs and logic models. • Tips for Better Use of Advisory Councils - suggestions to set up better advisory bodies that help you to incorporate political economy more automatically into your programmatic adjustments. I hope that you'll find these practical and helpful! Feedback is always welcome. Best, David DA - 2018/02/27/ PY - 2018 UR - https://groups.google.com/forum/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer#!msg/adaptdev/TVvijW_iUx8/a5-0xdsIDgAJ ER - TY - ELEC TI - Tips for Finding Unusual Allies and Building Innovative Alliances AU - Jacobstein, David T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - One of the truisms of thinking and working politically (TWP) is that it requires looking differently at how stakeholders relate to a given development challenge or process, and building coalitions of the “right actors at the right time” who can drive forward progress while working with the grain of the context. While it’s easy to call for coalitions for change and diverse stakeholder engagement, identifying allies beyond those already seized with an issue, and finding ways to collaborate with stakeholders who may have different reasons for joining a coalition, is a challenging task. These are some suggested tips to improve working in that fashion. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/tips-finding-unusual-allies-and-building-innovative-alliances ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating programming that thinks and works politically: Challenges and emerging practice AU - Jacobstein, David AU - Swift, Sarah T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Issues of power are not new to program evaluation. What is new is a consideration of how programming uses insights into incentives that shape and adapt implementation. How should one evaluate in a way that explicitly assesses the ways in which a program considers power? One of the innovative topics deriving from the democracy and governance space is the approach of thinking and working politically (TWP) which is seeing increased use in development programming. TWP suggests different mental models and practical approaches to achieving development objectives in ways that are more contextually grounded and informed by power dynamics. This article describes several of the core challenges to evaluation of TWP and also a rubric of considerations for more effective evaluation practices in this emerging field. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1002/ev.20527 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2022 IS - 176 SP - 69 EP - 78 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Evaluating programming that thinks and works politically UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20527 Y2 - 2023/04/13/09:06:47 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Managing Humanitarian Innovation: The cutting edge of aid A3 - James, Eric A3 - Taylor, Abigail AB - The challenges facing humanitarian logistics are huge. Refugee camps present enormously challenging environments in which sudden spikes in demand, difficult to access locations, disruptions due to conflict or disasters, as well as normal supply chain problems are commonplace. This means that orders for medical and other supplies can take weeks and sometimes months to fulfil, severely impeding humanitarian operations. There is also a lack of or slow adoption of technology routinely used elsewhere. In addition, humanitarian logistics are also expensive. When customs clearance, transportation, storage, middlemen and administration are added in, the costs of basic items are often exorbitant. Managing Humanitarian Innovation presents a new approach that is beginning to transform the way humanitarian logistics are conducted. Innovation in logistics includes disrupting and improving supply chains through the use of technology, especially 3D printers, and engaging people to manage this approach. The book discusses what innovation is, and strategies for supporting it; it describes practical innovations and how they have been applied; and it outlines how innovation labs can be run. Finally it covers how to fund innovation and it suggests how humanitarian innovation might develop in the future. This book brings together the real experience of practitioners who have made innovation work. It is a collaborative work written by and for the community of people involved in humanitarian innovation, in particular in the making and manufacturing of humanitarian supplies. The book is full of practical and actionable points of value to the humanitarian community. Managing Humanitarian Innovation is essential reading for humanitarian practitioners as well as volunteers and others involved in humanitarian supplies provision. It is equally helpful to thought leaders, policy makers and educators. DA - 2018/03/15/ PY - 2018 DP - Amazon SP - 172 LA - English PB - Practical Action Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-954-1 ST - Managing Humanitarian Innovation ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding Strategic Capacity in Constituency-Based Organizations AU - Jane Booth-Tobin AU - Kal Munis AU - Lynsy Smithson-Stanley AU - Hahrie Han AB - Movement organizations work in inherently uncertain political environments. Whether an organization is advocating for a new minimum wage, working to close a private prison, or seeking to influence an election, the terrain they are operating on shifts nearly every day. That is increasingly true as political uncertainty rises in the 21st century, particularly for historically race-class subjugated communities. Any movement-based organization seeking to build, exercise, and win political power must have sophisticated strategic capacities to be able to navigate these uncertain, dynamic, and constantly shifting political environments. Yet, our knowledge of how movements can nurture the kind of strategic capacities that allows them to build constituencies and leadership that can operate in the flexible ways needed for these dynamic circumstances is limited. This report seeks to synthesize what is currently known about organizations that successfully build and wield strategic capacity, with a particular eye toward how it might apply to constituency-based organizations. The report concludes with an assessment and facilitated conversation guide to support movements and movement organizations in understanding how developed (or not) their strategic capacities are. CY - Baltimore DA - 2021/05// PY - 2021 PB - The P3 Lab, Johns Hopkins University UR - https://www.p3researchlab.org/strategic_capacity_blog Y2 - 2021/12/15/14:17:13 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Why are effective feedback mechanisms in cash transfers so important? AU - Jannat, Mahiratul T2 - CLARISSA AB - The CLARISSA Social Protection Intervention was set us as an innovative social policy intervention for tackling social ills, with a... DA - 2023/09/28/T14:53:21+00:00 PY - 2023 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/why-are-effective-feedback-mechanisms-in-cash-transfers-so-important/ Y2 - 2023/10/17/09:09:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Failing Forward: How CARE is focusing on what goes wrong to improve impact AU - Janoch, Emily T2 - 2019 CLA Case Competition AB - CARE's Failing Forward initiative is sparking opportunities to showcase the ideas that don't work so we can spend more time implementing the ones that do. It's changing the conversation inside the organization, and leading to changes in the way we design and implement programs. It's also allowing us to make connections across a global portfolio of more than 900 projects, and with new and different partners to learn from their experience. DA - 2019/08/07/ PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 5 LA - en PB - USAID LEARN UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/resources/failing-forward-how-care-focusing-what-goes-wrong-improve-impact ER - TY - RPRT TI - Failing Forward: How CARE is Focusing on What Goes Wrong to Improve Impact AU - Janoch, Emily T2 - CLA Case Competition AB - CARE's Failing Forward initiative is sparking opportunities to showcase the ideas that don't work so we can spend more time implementing the ones that do. It's changing the conversation inside the organization, and leading to changes in the way we design and implement programs. DA - 2019/08/07/ PY - 2019 LA - en M3 - Text PB - CARE ST - Failing Forward UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/failing-forward-how-care-focusing-what-goes-wrong-improve-impact Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:30:01 ER - TY - THES TI - Examining the results and adaptation ideas in foreign aid AU - Janus, Heiner AB - This thesis applies ideational and institutional theories to analyse how two specific ideas, results and adaptation, have changed the theory and practice of development cooperation. The thesis addresses the question of why the results and adaptation ideas are often treated as binaries and how this debate has evolved historically. In a first theoretical paper, the evolution of results and adaptation is conceptualised as a combination of institutional layering and diffusion within development organisations. The second theoretical paper applies ideational theory, in particular, the coalition magnet framework, to China as a donor country. The empirical papers apply ideational and institutional theories to study aid projects funded by the World Bank and China in the Rwandan agriculture sector. The third paper analyses through which mechanism, results-based principal-agent relationships or problem-driven iterative adaptation, the World Bank’s Program for Results in the agriculture sector in Rwanda has led to increased agricultural productivity. The paper combines causal process tracing and contribution analysis to investigate two underlying theories of change of the Program for Results. The fourth paper applies the same framework and methodology to the Chinese Agricultural Technology Demonstration Center in Rwanda. The fifth paper compares both projects, the World Bank project and the Chinese project. The thesis finds that the ideas of results and adaptation are often presented as mutually exclusive mainly at the general level of public philosophies or paradigms, but show overlap and potential for integration on the level of framing policy problems and policy solutions. The thesis also demonstrates that there is unexplored potential for convergence between China and Development Assistance Committee donors around “coalition magnet” ideas. The empirical part of the thesis reveals how results-based and adaptive causal mechanisms co-exist within given aid interventions by the World Bank and China, how these interact and how they ultimately contribute to achieving development outcomes. The key finding is that the broader political context of the Rwandan agricultural sector is the main factor for determining development outcomes, which neither the World Bank project nor the Chinese projects take into account. The comparison of the World Bank’s and China’s interventions finds that donor organisations need to address how results-based ideas in combination adaptive development ideas can be better tailored to fit into the specific context of the Rwandan agriculture sector. CY - Manchester DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en M3 - PhD Thesis PB - University of Manchester UR - https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/examining-the-results-and-adaptation-ideas-in-foreign-aid(33eb1913-0918-4147-8080-f36f3f444c18).html Y2 - 2022/03/30/14:26:31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social Design and Neocolonialism AU - Janzer, Cinnamon L. AU - Weinstein, Lauren S. T2 - Design and Culture AB - This article examines the current field of social design: its claims, practices, and methodologies. Findings discovered through qualitative research illuminate the current application of social design practices and offer critique around their use in the social sphere. This article argues that designers must be sensitive to a variety of complex social and cultural cues and structures or they risk contributing to, or practicing, design neocolonialism. The article offers two key theoretical suggestions to further the emerging field's progress. First, social design must shift its focus from one that is human-centered to one that is situation-centered. Second, it is imperative that social design develops a shared framework for understanding, executing, and evaluating its initiatives and interventions. Additionally, this article introduces a matrix to serve as an early iteration of a shared framework. DA - 2014/11/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.2752/175613114X14105155617429 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 327 EP - 343 SN - 1754-7075 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175613114X14105155617429 Y2 - 2017/02/19/16:56:39 KW - Design Methodology KW - Design Thinking KW - Framework KW - Human-centered design KW - IMPORTANT KW - social design ER - TY - CHAP TI - Co-Creating Digital Public Services AU - Jarke, Juliane T2 - Co-creating Digital Public Services for an Ageing Society: Evidence for User-centric Design A2 - Jarke, Juliane T3 - Public Administration and Information Technology AB - This chapter reviews key literature and concepts relating to the co-creation of digital public services. For this task, it is firstly important to consider what kind of digital public services may be suitable for co-creation. In order to do so, the first section of this chapter defines what a digital public service is (e.g. with respect to different types of service providers, different types of services and service delivery) and considers what kind of digital public services allow for meaningful citizen participation. To better conceptualise different degrees of participation, the subsequent section reviews Arnstein’s (1969) “ladder of citizen participation” and related work. This allows distinguishing between different degrees of non-participation, (consultative) participation and beyond. Thirdly, the chapter reviews traditional participatory approaches that provide the basis to co-creating of digital public services: (1) co-production of public services, (2) co-design and (3) civic open data use. The chapter summarises and compares the different rationales for participation in these approaches, and reviews how they understand the sharing of control, the sharing of knowledge and the enabling of change. CY - Cham DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - Springer Link SP - 15 EP - 52 LA - en PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-030-52873-7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52873-7_3 Y2 - 2020/09/23/08:30:20 KW - Civic Tech KW - Co-creation KW - Co-design KW - Co-production KW - Digital public services KW - Open data KW - Open government KW - Participation KW - Participatory design KW - User-centric services KW - e-services ER - TY - BOOK TI - Co-creating Digital Public Services for an Ageing Society: Evidence for User-centric Design AU - Jarke, Juliane T2 - Public Administration and Information Technology AB - This open access book attends to the co-creation of digital public services for ageing societies. Increasingly public services are provided in digital form; their uptake however remains well below expectations. In particular, amongst older adults the need for public services is high, while at the same time the uptake of digital services is lower than the population average. One of the reasons is that many digital public services (or e-services) do not respond well to the life worlds, use contexts and use practices of its target audiences. This book argues that when older adults are involved in the process of identifying, conceptualising, and designing digital public services, these services become more relevant and meaningful.The book describes and compares three co-creation projects that were conducted in two European cities, Bremen and Zaragoza, as part of a larger EU-funded innovation project. The first part of the book traces the origins of co-creation to three distinct domains, in which co-creation has become an equally important approach with different understandings of what it is and entails: (1) the co-production of public services, (2) the co-design of information systems and (3) the civic use of open data. The second part of the book analyses how decisions about a co-creation project’s governance structure, its scope of action, its choice of methods, its alignment with strategic policies and its embedding in existing public information infrastructures impact on the process and its results. The final part of the book identifies key challenges to co-creation and provides a more general assessment of what co-creation may achieve, where the most promising areas of application may be and where it probably does not match with the contingent requirements of digital public services. Contributing to current discourses on digital citizenship in ageing societies and user-centric design, this book is useful for researchers and practitioners interested in co-creation, public sector innovation, open government, ageing and digital technologies, citizen engagement and civic participation in socio-technical innovation. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - www.springer.com LA - en PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-030-52872-0 ST - Co-creating Digital Public Services for an Ageing Society UR - https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030528720 Y2 - 2020/09/23/08:30:33 ER - TY - RPRT TI - We Rise - Movement Building Reimagined AU - JASS AB - In our virtual toolkit, We Rise: Movement Building Reimagined, we describe in detail four interconnected cycles of movement building – Rising Up, Building Up, Standing Up, and Shaking Up. At the heart of these cycles lies an analysis of how to challenge and transform power. Each cycle features key ideas, relevant tools, and practical tips from our work and activists in our network that movement builders around the world can learn from and adapt in their own work. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Just Associates UR - https://werise-toolkit.org/en Y2 - 2022/10/03/08:39:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Future is a Choice: The Oxfam Framework and Guidance for Resilient Development AU - Jeans, Helen AU - Thomas, Sebastien AU - Castillo, Gina T2 - Policy & Practice AB - This guide provides a framework for Oxfam staff to design programmes and campaigns that contribute to resilient development. Oxfam defines resilience as ‘the ability of women and men to realize their rights and improve their well-being despite shocks, stresses DA - 2016/04/12/ PY - 2016 DP - policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk ST - The Future is a Choice UR - http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-future-is-a-choice-the-oxfam-framework-and-guidance-for-resilient-developme-604990 Y2 - 2016/04/27/18:10:07 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Adaptive Management AU - Jenal, Marcus AU - Cunningham, Shawn T2 - Annual Reflection 2019 DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 PB - Mesopartner UR - https://www.mesopartner.com/fileadmin/media_center/Annual_Reflections/AR2019-ENG-Art3.pdf Y2 - 2019/09/20/14:48:54 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Causality and attribution in market systems development AU - Jenal, Marcus AU - Liesner, Mollie AB - Resources that contain evidence of market systems interventions. Recently updated. CY - London DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - BEAM UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/950/ Y2 - 2017/04/25/04:56:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Human trafficking in South Asia: Assessing the effectiveness of interventions AU - Jensen, Charity AU - Oosterhoff, P. AU - Pocock, N. AB - This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) examines current evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to combat human trafficking in four South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). This REA is being carried out as part of a wider assignment for the UK Department for International Development (DFID), with the overall objective of synthesising evidence on the effectiveness of interventions that tackle modern slavery in South Asia. Two REAs were conducted on different types of modern slavery, one on human trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation, and another on child labour (Idris et al., 2020). The research question for this REA is: ‘What has been the effect of interventions to combat and/or reduce sexual and labour exploitation in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Nepal?’ Trafficking in persons is a form of ‘modern slavery’, which is an umbrella term for the variety of situations in which someone is forcibly controlled by an individual or group for the purpose of exploitation. The Global Slavery Index estimated that, on any given day in 2016, 40.3 million people were victims of modern slavery, including 24.9 million people in forced labour and 15.4 million people in forced marriage. Of the estimated almost 25 million people in modern slavery in Asia, 66% were exploited for labour (Global Slavery Index, 2018). CY - London DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DP - Google Scholar PB - FCDO ST - Human trafficking in South Asia UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f61d9c1e90e072bc30fa04b/REA_-Trafficking_Mar_2020_FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:15:10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Critical friends - real time insights for shaping strategy AU - Johnson, Debbie AU - Nathan, Geeta AU - Rahman, Syahirah Abdul T2 - Chapters AB - This chapter focuses on facilitation given by the Innovation Caucus to provide expert academic critique to inform Innovate UK's strategy for UK business innovation. As Innovate UK's strategy developed, it became evident that several policy domains needed critical insights and evidence. An academic critical friend provided the latest academic insights, evidence and wider perspective of the actors in the UK Innovation system, insights of which policy makers often lack. The chapter gave case studies of Innovation Caucus' work with Innovate UK in facilitating extensive research expertise and helping policy makers to open dialogue. It also describes 'The Innovators' Breakfast Club', a webinar series organised by Innovation Caucus, co-developed with Innovate UK, which created live face-to-face dialogue between academic experts and Innovate UK strategy/policy leads. This example showed how critical friends are important in facilitating the initial dialogues needed to build evidence for policy making. The dialogue builds the foundation for a virtuous cycle of learning. The approach provides an opportunity for academic experts to gain insights into the priorities and dilemmas facing policy makers, to shape future academic research and refine the skill set needed to become critical friends. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DP - ideas.repec.org SP - 104 EP - 112 LA - en UR - https://ideas.repec.org//h/elg/eechap/20351_10.html Y2 - 2023/12/14/21:26:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrating Local Knowledge in Development Programming AU - Johnson, Madelyn AU - Maunder, Ishan AU - Pinga, Andie AB - The objective of this report, Integrating Local Knowledge in Development Programming is to share knowledge of how development donors and implementing organizations leverage local knowledge to inform programming. In a recent speech at Georgetown University, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Administrator Samantha Power said, “As Americans with a fraught history living up to our own values, we’ve got to approach this work with intention and humility. But the entire development community needs to interrogate the traditional power dynamics of donor-driven development and look for ways to amplify the local voices of those who too often have been left out of the conversation.” To that end, USAID’s Agency Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning (KMOL) function facilitated conversations with multilateral and bilateral donors and local organizations to understand how organizations define, utilize, and incorporate local knowledge into their programmatic and operational activities. Using qualitative tools to gather data for this report, the research team explored five overarching themes: 1. Local Knowledge Nomenclature and Definitions 2. Best Practices 3. Outcomes 4. Ethics and Power Dynamics 5. Challenges CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/07// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Adaptive Management System for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area — Linking Management Planning with Effectiveness Evaluation AU - Jones, Glenys T2 - Adaptive Environmental Management A2 - Allan, Catherine A2 - Stankey, George H. AB - This paper provides a 30 year retrospective on the development of the adaptive management system for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (Australia). It describes the historical background, key influences and stages that paved the way to establishment of adaptive management. It outlines how effectiveness monitoring, evaluation and reporting are integrated with the management plan for the Area to establish an ongoing adaptive management cycle. The chapter presents figures and tools for adaptive management, including 5 useful questions for guiding the integration of effectiveness monitoring, evaluation and reporting into management plans and programs. Strengths and weaknesses of the adaptive management system are discussed. Key lessons and insights distilled from this experience are offered, including the importance of planned monitoring of management effectiveness; the role of stakeholder assessments; and the factors that can assist in sustaining longterm strategic programs despite ongoing institutional change. The chapter concludes with suggestions for fostering an enabling environment for adaptive management. CY - Dordrecht DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Crossref SP - 227 EP - 258 LA - en PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 978-90-481-2710-8 978-1-4020-9632-7 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-9632-7_13 Y2 - 2019/02/25/14:40:00 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Management Intent KW - Reserve Management KW - World Heritage ER - TY - RPRT TI - A guide to monitoring and evaluating policy influence AU - Jones, Harry DA - 2011/02// PY - 2011 SP - 12 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6453.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Making Outcome Mapping Work - Evolving experiences from around the World A3 - Jones, Harry CY - Ottawa DA - 2007/03// PY - 2007 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Outcome Mapping Learning Community UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/3639-making-outcome-mapping-work-evolving-experiences-around-world Y2 - 2020/10/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Taking responsibility for complexity: how implementation can achieve results in the face of complex problems AU - Jones, Harry CY - London DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Open WorldCat LA - en PB - ODI SN - 978-1-907288-39-5 ST - Taking responsibility for complexity UR - http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/5275.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/12/16:55:22 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Doing Urban Development Differently AU - Jones, Harry AU - Adhikari, Bishnu T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Guest post from Harry Jones and Bishnu Adhikari, both of Palladium on what urban aid and development can learn from the Doing Development Differently movement DA - 2017/06/23/ PY - 2017 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/ditching-the-masterplan-how-can-urban-development-become-politically-smart-locally-led/ Y2 - 2017/06/25/17:45:51 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Adaptive environmental assessment and management: a new approach to environmental impact assessment AU - Jones, Michael L. AU - Greig, Lorne A. T2 - New directions in environmental impact assessment in Canada A2 - MacLaren, V A2 - Whitney, J. CY - Toronto DA - 1985/// PY - 1985 LA - en PB - Methuen ST - (21) (PDF) Adaptive environmental assessment and management UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235746085_Adaptive_environmental_assessment_and_management_a_new_approach_to_environmental_impact_assessment Y2 - 2019/03/28/10:38:14 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Systemic Design Principles for Complex Social Systems AU - Jones, Peter H. T2 - Social Systems and Design A2 - Metcalf, Gary S. CY - Tokyo DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - CrossRef SP - 91 EP - 128 PB - Springer Japan SN - 978-4-431-54477-7 978-4-431-54478-4 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Don’t Build It: A Guide For Practitioners In Civic Tech / Tech For Development AU - Jordan, Luke AB - If you just remember these... If you can avoid building it, don’t build it; if you have to build it, hire a CTO, ship early, and mature long; and no matter what, draw on a trusted crew, build lean and fast, and get close to and build with your users as soon as possible. --- This guide aims to help you avoid bad projects, structure the team right, ship and learn quicker, and mature longer. The guide starts with project selection, including why the best project to select is no project at all. It moves on to team structure, and the extreme importance of a full-time senior tech lead (or chief technology officer (CTO), understood as an excellent engineering manager). It then covers timelines, emphasizing shipping early but having enormous patience getting to maturity, above all in finding product-use-fit, and avoiding vanity metrics. The guide then goes into some detail on hiring, covering the CTO role, senior contractors, designers and young engineers. The longest section, by some distance, is that on hiring. Hiring is the one thing considered critical in every piece of the lore, by founders and investors and managers alike, across all sectors. It is also the field in which I think I got it mostly right, and for reasons I can explain in ways that I believe will be helpful. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Grassroot and MIT Governance Lab UR - https://mitgovlab.org/resources/dont-build-it-a-guide-for-practitioners-in-civic-tech Y2 - 2021/04/29/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Doing Anti-corruption Differently AU - Jorge T2 - www.globalintegrity.org AB - By Alan Hudson, Executive Director Corruption and how to tackle it is center-stage in London this week, with the spotlight brighter than ever as a result of the Panama Papers. This is welcome news. The Anti-Corruption Summit, hosted by the... DA - 2016/05/10/T19:03:29-04:00 PY - 2016 UR - http://www.globalintegrity.org/2016/05/anti-corruption-differently/ Y2 - 2016/05/11/09:57:29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reading the Local Context: A Causal Chain Approach to Social Accountability AU - Joshi, Anuradha T2 - IDS Bulletin AB - There is a general consensus that ‘context’ matters for development outcomes, yet we have little understanding of how exactly ‘context’ affects outcomes. This article focuses on the question of ‘context’ in social accountability (SA) initiatives by separating macro- and micro-contextual factors. On the macro side (country level), accountability processes need to take into account broad factors such as national histories of citizen–state engagement. On the micro side, local factors can drive the extent to which SA initiatives are successful, even within otherwise broadly similar national contexts. The article outlines the basic components of accountability and proposes a ‘causal chain'strategy to better understand the micro-context. This would allow existing evidence to be reorganised to assess the promise of existing and new initiatives by deconstructing the various mini-causal pathways (i.e. in the micro-context) and understanding the contextual conditions that make them work. DA - 2014/09/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12101 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 23 EP - 35 J2 - IDS Bulletin LA - en SN - 1759-5436 ST - Reading the Local Context UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-5436.12101/abstract Y2 - 2016/09/15/16:28:40 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction - Localising Governance: An Outlook on Research and Policy AU - Joshi, Anuradha AU - Schultze-Kraft, Markus T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12099 DP - CrossRef VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 8 LA - en SN - 02655012 ST - Introduction - Localising Governance UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1759-5436.12099 Y2 - 2016/04/21/11:32:50 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Watering the Grassroots: A Strategy for Social Movement Support AU - Joyce, Mary AB - In this third and final think piece exploring the role of grassroots organizations and movements for state accountability (find the previous pieces here and here), the author Mary Joyce, proposes new thinking about how funders and other external organizations can best support social movements. Funding and other support for popular organizations and movements is not straightforward, and there are potential risks and distortions involved. Interested supporters need to clearly identify and articulate these obstacles in their discussions with movement activists before pursuing and funding or other support activities. This think piece outlines several potential avenues of support: small, flexible grants; funding intermediary organizations; providing external consultants or researchers to work with movements; and other options as well. These suggestions provide ideas for funders and other organizations seeking to move beyond projects to supporting robust accountability ecosystems, in which grassroots organizations and movements play a critical role. DA - 2015/07// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/think-pieces/watering-the-grassroots-a-strategy-for-social-movement-support Y2 - 2016/04/05/14:48:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mobilizing Accountability: A Learning Agenda for Grassroots Organizations and Social Movements Addressing State Accountability AU - Joyce, Mary AU - Halloran, Brendan DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Learning-Agenda-for-Mobilizing-Accountability.pdf Y2 - 2016/04/05/14:48:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Movements Perspective on Transparency and Accountability AU - Joyce, Mary AU - Walker, Tom AB - This Think Piece describes social movements pursuing government accountability and the challenges and opportunities to supporting them. DA - 2015/07// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/think-pieces/a-movements-perspective-on-transparency-and-accountability Y2 - 2016/03/24/17:12:01 ER - TY - BOOK TI - A Treatise on Efficacy: Between Western and Chinese Thinking AU - Jullien, Francois A4 - Lloyd, Janet AB - In this highly insightful analysis of Western and Chinese concepts of efficacy, Francois Jullien subtly delves into the metaphysical preconceptions of the two civilizations to account for diverging patterns of action in warfare, politics, and diplomacy. He shows how Western and Chinese stategies work in several domains (the battle-field, for example) and analyzes two resulting acts of war. The Chinese strategist manipulates his own troops and the enemy to win a battle without waging war and to bring about victory effortlessly. Efficacity in China is thus conceived of in terms of transformation (as opposed to action) and manipulation, making it closer to what is understood as efficacy in the West. Jullien's brilliant interpretations of an array of recondite texts are key to understanding our own conceptions of action, time, and reality in this foray into the world of Chinese thought. In its clear and penetrating characterization of two contrasting views of reality from a heretofore unexplored perspective, Treatise on Efficacy will be of central importance in the intellectual debate between East and West. CY - Honolulu DA - 2004/07/31/ PY - 2004 DP - Amazon SP - 200 LA - English PB - University of Hawaii Press SN - 978-0-8248-2830-1 ST - A Treatise on Efficacy UR - https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/francois-jullien-treatise-on-efficacy-between-western-and-chinese-thinking.pdf Y2 - 2018/01/29/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design in the Organization: Parts and Wholes AU - Junginger, Sabine T2 - Research Design Journal AB - Inroduces the stages of adoption of Design in organizations, with a visual tool. DA - 2009/02// PY - 2009 DP - Architecture, Design and Conservation - Danish Portal for Artistic and Scientific Research SP - 23 EP - 29 SN - 2000-639X ST - Design in the Organization ER - TY - BOOK TI - Don't Lead Alone: Think Like a System, Act Like a Network, Lead Like a Movement! AU - Justis, Cleveland AU - Student, Daniel AB - Think. Act. Lead.It seems simple enough. But understanding your desired impact and how it fits into a larger picture, connecting your work to others and finding new collaborators, and bringing those collaborators together and moving them in a unified direction is never easy.Governments, businesses, and nonprofits all have unique approaches and ideas that many of us learn through our work. Yet, we rarely consider the skills needed to create and maintain the partnerships between them. Most of us learn those skills through trial, error, and often, failure. Worse, we typically stay in our self-reinforcing silos, sharing perspectives and frustrations with like-minded people, limiting our vision of what our work can become. By partnering with other sectors, we combine and adapt approaches to solve complex problems, and leaders in any industry can create large-scale change.Cleveland Justis and Daniel Student share a road map for effective partnerships that increase impact and profitability. Using real-life examples and practice exercises, the authors teach how to acquire and use skills to solve complex problems and propel your organization forward by combining a multitude of perspectives, split into three sections:Think Like a SystemAct Like a NetworkLead Like a MovementIt’s time to get out of our silos. Don’t lead alone. DA - 2023/02/13/ PY - 2023 DP - Amazon SP - 254 LA - Inglés PB - Fast Company Press SN - 978-1-63908-040-3 ST - Don't Lead Alone ER - TY - MGZN TI - Leading Effectively in a VUCA Environment: A is for Ambiguity AU - Kail, Col Eric G. T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - This is the last in a series on the four aspects of VUCA, a framework used by the U.S. military to describe the environment in terms of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. Diversity and global reach introduce ambiguity to the environment; therefore opportunities and challenges must be appreciated from multiple aspects, not just our own […] DA - 2011/01/06/T13:30:22Z PY - 2011 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 ST - Leading Effectively in a VUCA Environment UR - https://hbr.org/2011/01/leading-effectively-in-a-vuca-1 Y2 - 2019/06/23/21:34:38 KW - Leadership KW - Leading teams ER - TY - MGZN TI - Leading Effectively in a VUCA Environment: C is for Complexity AU - Kail, Col Eric G. T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - This is the third in a series on the four aspects of VUCA, a framework used by the U.S. military to describe the environment in terms of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. Our complex environment demands a perspective that goes beyond viewing threats and opportunities as collective; we must see them as interactive. Leading through […] DA - 2010/12/03/T17:06:55Z PY - 2010 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 ST - Leading Effectively in a VUCA Environment UR - https://hbr.org/2010/12/leading-effectively-in-a-vuca Y2 - 2019/06/23/21:34:49 KW - Leadership KW - Leadership development ER - TY - MGZN TI - Leading in a VUCA Environment: U is for Uncertainty AU - Kail, Col Eric G. T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - This post is part of an HBR Spotlight examining leadership lessons from the military. It’s the second in a series on the four aspects of VUCA, a framework used by the U.S. military to describe the environment in terms of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. The frenetic pace of our environment, brought on by volatility, […] DA - 2010/11/10/T21:34:23Z PY - 2010 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 ST - Leading in a VUCA Environment UR - https://hbr.org/2010/11/leading-in-a-vuca-environment-1 Y2 - 2019/06/23/21:34:44 KW - Leadership ER - TY - MGZN TI - Leading in a VUCA Environment: V Is for Volatility AU - Kail, Col Eric G. T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - This post is part of an HBR Spotlight examining leadership lessons from the military This is the first in a series on the four aspects of VUCA, a framework used by the U.S. military to describe the environment in terms of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. Do challenges and opportunities that once took days or […] DA - 2010/11/03/T20:42:13Z PY - 2010 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 ST - Leading in a VUCA Environment UR - https://hbr.org/2010/11/leading-in-a-vuca-environment Y2 - 2019/06/23/21:34:15 KW - Leadership ER - TY - BOOK TI - Linking Assessment to Instruction: Using Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills in an Outcomes-Driven Model AU - Kaminski, Ruth AU - Cummings, Kelli AB - As educators increasingly are held responsible for student achievement, school personnel struggle to find ways to effectively document student responsiveness to interventions and track progress toward important outcomes. While many educators focus on high-stakes tests as a means of documenting student achievement of important outcomes, other assessment approaches may be better suited to assessing student progress. Assessment that can be used to adapt teaching to meet student needs is called formative assessment. Because the primary purpose of formative assessment is to support student learning, it may arguably be considered the most important assessment practice in which educators engage. This paper will focus on linking assessment to instruction to improve student outcomes through the use of Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) within an Outcomes-Driven Model. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 7 PB - Dynamic Measurement Group UR - https://dibels.org/papers/PM_BDA_032708.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Facilitator's Guide to Participatory Decision-Making AU - Kaner, Sam AB - Unleash the transformative power of face to face groups The third edition of this ground–breaking book continues to advance its mission to support groups to do their best thinking. It demonstrates that meetings can be much more than merely an occasion for solving a problem or creating a plan. Every well–facilitated meeting is also an opportunity to stretch and develop the perspectives of the individual members, thereby building the strength and capacity of the group as a whole. This fully updated edition of The Facilitator′s Guide to Participatory Decision–Making guides readers through the struggle and the satisfaction of putting participatory values into practice, helping them to fulfill the promise of effective group decision–making. With previous editions already embraced by business and community leaders and consulting professionals around the world, this new book is even more insightful and easy to use. New for this edition: 60 pages of brand new skills and tools Many new case examples Major expansion and reorganization of the advanced sections of the book. New chapter: Teaching A Group About Group Dynamics Doubled in size: Classic Facilitator Challenges. Substantially improved: Designing Realistic Agendas now three chapters, with wise, insightful answers to the most vexing questions about meeting design. CY - San Francisco DA - 2014/06/06/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon SP - 432 LA - English PB - John Wiley & Sons SN - 978-1-118-40495-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Collective Impact AU - Kania, John AU - Kramer, Mark T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Large-scale social change requires broad cross-sector coordination, not the isolated intervention of individual organizations. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 IS - Winter UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/collective_impact Y2 - 2017/11/03/17:30:03 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Embracing Emergence: How Collective Impact Addresses Complexity AU - Kania, John AU - Kramer, Mark T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Collective impact is upending conventional wisdom on how we achieve social progress. DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 DO - 10.48558/zjy9-4d87 LA - en-us ST - Embracing Emergence UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/social_progress_through_collective_impact Y2 - 2023/02/24/11:20:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The water of Systems Change AU - Kania, John AU - Kramer, Mark AU - Senge, Peter AB - Foundations involved in systems change can increase their odds for success by focusing on the least explicit but most powerful conditions for change, while also turning the lens on themselves. The Water of Systems Change aims to clarify what it means to shift these conditions. We offer the “inverted triangle” framework as an actionable model for funders and others interested in creating systems change, particularly those who are working to advance equity. Top Takeaways Systems change is about advancing equity by shifting the conditions that hold a problem in place. To fully embrace systems change, funders should be prepared to see how their own ways of thinking and acting must change as well. Shifts in system conditions are more likely to be sustained when working at three different levels of change: explicit, semi-explicit, and implicit. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - FSG UR - https://www.fsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Water-of-Systems-Change_rc.pdf Y2 - 2024/02/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The water of Systems Change: Action learning exercise AU - Kania, John AU - Kramer, Mark AU - Senge, Peter AB - Based on the “inverted triangle” framework presented in The Water of Systems Change, this activity is designed to help individuals think systemically about social change, explore what is happening below the surface on issues they care about, and determine how they and their organizations can pursue large-scale change in a disciplined and holistic manner. The exercise is divided into 3 parts: Part I uses the “inverted pyramid” introduced in The Water of Systems Change to perform an external assessment of opportunities to make progress on the social or environmental issue you are focused on. Part II uses the same framework to consider internal conditions within yourself and your organization that should change in order for you to better support progress on your issue. Part III takes what was developed in Parts I and II and asks “What to do next?” DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - FSG UR - https://www.fsg.org/tools-and-resources/water-systems-change-action-learning-exercise Y2 - 2024/02/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How and Why Practitioners Think and Work Politically - Evidence from Chemonics Programming Across Sectors AU - Kantelberg, Renee AU - Swift-Morgan, Jennifer AU - Watson, Bryce AB - Most development practitioners have long recognized that deep contextual knowledge is crucial to understanding how projects interact with their local systems and, in turn, to navigating these systems. Moreover, this knowledge must complement projects' technical solutions, or they will fall flat and may even undercut project objectives as they clatter down. What, then, explains practitioners' particular interest in TWP as an explicit strategy and more than just "doing good development"? This report responds to that question and to the many calls for a more comprehensive picture of TWP by presenting new evidence of the various forms that TWP may take in practice. The evidence comes from a 2022 study that Chemonics undertook to foster more robust learning about TWP. Specifically, we closely examined Chemonics implemented projects that used or are using various forms of TWP in nine countries: Bangladesh, Iraq, Mozambique, the Philippines, Pakistan, Syria, Timor-Leste, and Tunisia. In conducting the study, we interviewed multiple staff from these projects. We complemented what we learned from these projects with a review of eight additional Chemonics- implemented projects applying TWP that had received dedicated support from Chemonics’ Center for Politically Informed Programming (the Center). We consider these findings alongside those of the recent (2022) USAID-Chemonics study on political economy analysis (PEA) usage to identify and articulate what is different and more effective about PEA processes and TWP practices that have received more support. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Chemonics International UR - https://chemonics.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chemonics_International_How_and_Why_Practitioners_Think_and_Work_Politically_Dec_19_2022.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/03/00:00:00 ER - TY - CONF TI - Design reality gap issues within an ICT4D project: an assessment of Jigawa State Community Computer Center AU - Kanya, Rislana Abdulazeez AU - Good, Alice T2 - Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD2013) AB - This paper evaluates the Jigawa State Government Community Computer centre project using the design reality gap framework. The purpose of this was to analyse the shortfall between design expectations and implementation realities, in order to find out the current situation of the project. Furthermore to analyse whether it would meet the key stakeholder’s expectation. The Majority of Government ICT Projects is classified as either failure or partial failure. Our research will underpin a case study of Jigawa State Community Computer centre project. To support our argument we conducted a qualitative case study in which we conducted two interviews, and a survey to find out the current status of the project. Our findings indicated that the project can be classified as a partial failure because few of the centres, operating in some areas of the community, offered socio-economic advancement. Our results also indicated that the project design reality gap is quite significant. This gap occurred due to poor planning and implementation of the project. Our research reveals several challenges that could impact upon the successfulness of the project provide a foundation for further research and add to existing literature. The challenges associated with the project we identify include poor state of power supply, lack of community engagement during the project planning and implementation, lack of commitment from the Local Government Administration. Our research has potential in adding ICT4D literature, reveals how ICT4D project evaluation can be carried out using design reality gap framework and provides guideline for policy makers. C1 - Cape Town DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - eprints.port.ac.uk ST - Design reality gap issues within an ICT4D project UR - http://eprints.port.ac.uk/15321/ Y2 - 2016/05/09/13:20:37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calibrating conservation: new tools for measuring success AU - Kapos, Valerie AU - Balmford, Andrew AU - Aveling, Rosalind AU - Bubb, Philip AU - Carey, Peter AU - Entwistle, Abigail AU - Hopkins, John AU - Mulliken, Teresa AU - Safford, Roger AU - Stattersfield, Alison AU - Walpole, Matt AU - Manica, Andrea T2 - Conservation Letters AB - Conservation practitioners, policy makers, and donors agree that there is an urgent need to identify which conservation approaches are most likely to succeed in order to use more effectively the limited resources available for conservation. While recently developed standards of good practice in conservation are helpful, a framework for evaluation is needed that supports systematic analysis of conservation effectiveness. A conceptual framework and scorecard developed by the Cambridge Conservation Forum help to address common constraints to evaluating conservation success: unclear objectives, ineffective information management, the long time frames of conservation outcomes, scarcity of resources for evaluation, and lack of incentives for such evaluation. For seven major categories of conservation activity, the CCF tools help clarify conservation objectives and provide a standardized framework that is a useful basis for managing information about project outcomes and existing conservation experience. By identifying key outcomes that can predict conservation success and can be assessed in relatively short time frames, they help to make more efficient use of scarce monitoring and evaluation resources. With wide application, the CCF framework and evaluation tool can provide a powerful platform for drawing on the experience of past and ongoing conservation projects to identify quantitatively factors that contribute to conservation success. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00025.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 155 EP - 164 LA - en SN - 1755-263X ST - Calibrating conservation UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00025.x Y2 - 2019/02/25/15:44:38 KW - Conservation effect KW - Conservation outcomes KW - Evaluation KW - Evidence-based conservation KW - Monitoring KW - conservation impact KW - framework KW - indicators KW - scorecard ER - TY - VIDEO TI - How to make a multilayer pie chart in Excel AU - Karina Adcock AB - Create a multilevel donut chart in excel -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #exceltips #exceltutorials #excelcharts SUBSCRIBE: https://goo.gl/c46YPs Microsoft Office 365, Beta Channel, Version 2104 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IF YOU LIKED THIS VIDEO YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: - Recreating a pie chart from a newspaper in PowerPoint    • How to make a pie... DA - 2021/04/14/ PY - 2021 DP - YouTube UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaAGX3MiU6c Y2 - 2023/04/27/13:59:13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning from Life Story Collection and Analysis With Children Who Work in the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Nepal AU - Karki, Shanta AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Sharma, Ranjana T2 - CLARISSA Learning Note AB - The CLARISSA Nepal team collected and analysed 400 life stories of children and young people engaged in or affected by the worst forms of child labour (WFCL), particularly in the “Adult Entertainment” sector in Nepal, which includes children working in Dohoris (restaurants playing folk music), dance bars, spa-massage parlours, khaja ghars (tea/snack shop) and guest houses. Stories were also collected from children in CLARISSA’s focus neighbourhoods, children in this category include street connected children and those working in transportation, party palaces, domestic labour and construction sites. Of the 400 stories collected, 350 were collected by adult researchers and 50 were collected by children themselves. CY - Brighton DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 2 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17740 Y2 - 2023/10/16/13:41:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Applying the River of Life Method to Support Reflection and Learning in Terre des hommes Nepal AU - Karki, Shanta AU - Giri, Roju AU - Neupane, Sudarshan AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Apgar, Marina T2 - CLARISSA Learning Note AB - The RoL method is a visual narrative method that helps people tell stories of the past, present, and future. Individuals can use this method to introduce themselves in a fun and descriptive way. A group can use it to understand and reflect on the past and imagine the future of a project. Besides, it can also be used to build a shared view of a process over time while acknowledging different and perhaps contradictory perspectives. The method uses drawings rather than text, making it useful in groups that do not share a common language. Metaphors from a river are used to explore aspects of a story – such as whirlpools depicting challenges or lakes suggesting a sense of calm etc. When used in a group, it is an active method, engaging people in the process of storytelling and listening through visualising their experiences and using metaphors to explore in depth. In CLARISSA, we adapted the RoL method to document our collective understanding of the story of implementation of the programme as part of the programme’s monitoring, evaluation and learning component. The purpose was to surface the details of our process of the systemic Action Research that we are undertaking with children in the worst forms of child labour and business owners. We used the same river metaphors as is often applied when the method is used with individuals. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/09// PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 4 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18112 Y2 - 2023/10/05/09:07:58 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Why is it so hard for non-state actors to be heard? Inside Tanzania's education policies AU - Katera, Lucas AB - Lessons from policy in Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania CY - Brighton DA - 2015/06/15/ PY - 2015 PB - MAVC UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/when-does-state-listen/ Y2 - 2016/07/14/10:58:57 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Obliquity: Why Our Goals Are Best Achieved Indirectly AU - Kay, John AB - "John Kay tells a fast-paced detective story as he searches for the surprising secret to success...Brilliant." -Tim Harford, author of The Logic of Life In this revolutionary book, economist John Kay proves a notion that feels at once paradoxical and deeply commonsensical: the best way to achieve any complex or broadly defined goal, from happiness to preventing forest fires, is the indirect way. We can learn how to achieve our objectives only through a gradual process of risk taking and discovery-what Kay calls obliquity. The author traces this seemingly counterintuitive path to success as it manifests itself in nearly every aspect of life, including business, politics, sports, and more. CY - New York DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Amazon SP - 240 LA - English PB - Penguin Books ST - Obliquity ER - TY - RPRT TI - Diseño transformacional de proyectos AU - Kehrer, Daniel AB - There are many definitions of the term ‘transformation’ or ‘transformational change’. The first section of the report develops a basic understanding of transformations or transitions (used synonymously) viewed from various perspectives. In this, transformations are defined as processes that use disruptive innovations to change systems into fundamentally new systems that subsequently form the new mainstream. Section two describes existing approaches to environmental and climate finance in international cooperation and discusses them in light of the proposed definition. All of the approaches have the potential to be further refined and in that process often to increase the precision of what is understood by each type of transformation. The definitions already state which criteria and indicators are referred to and how relevant they are. There is wide diversity in the type of criteria and indicators used by the various organisations, and how they are classified, but certain common features can be identified and with the aid of the literature on transformations they can be combined to form a comprehensive framework. With this in mind, the derivation of quality criteria for transformative interventions is explained in section 3.1. Transformational change at one and the same time calls for big decisions and innumerable projects in a particular field of transformation; the projects cannot be planned on the drawing board but still should be coordinated with each other. Section 3.2 offers guidance on this. Section 3.3 argues in favour of focusing more closely on the ‘process promise’ and employing a more iterative and more adaptable commissioning procedure. Finally, section 3.4 introduces two types of indicators under the various criteria: design indicators, which measure the quality of interventions that are aimed at influencing transformations (process orientation), and outcome indicators, which measure the process and/or progress of a transformation itself. CY - Bonn DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020 PB - GIZ UR - https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/GIZ-BMU_2020_Transformative%20Project%20Design_EN.pdf Y2 - 2021/03/31/08:49:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Transformative project design AU - Kehrer, Daniel AB - There are many definitions of the term ‘transformation’ or ‘transformational change’. The first section of the report develops a basic understanding of transformations or transitions (used synonymously) viewed from various perspectives. In this, transformations are defined as processes that use disruptive innovations to change systems into fundamentally new systems that subsequently form the new mainstream. Section two describes existing approaches to environmental and climate finance in international cooperation and discusses them in light of the proposed definition. All of the approaches have the potential to be further refined and in that process often to increase the precision of what is understood by each type of transformation. The definitions already state which criteria and indicators are referred to and how relevant they are. There is wide diversity in the type of criteria and indicators used by the various organisations, and how they are classified, but certain common features can be identified and with the aid of the literature on transformations they can be combined to form a comprehensive framework. With this in mind, the derivation of quality criteria for transformative interventions is explained in section 3.1. Transformational change at one and the same time calls for big decisions and innumerable projects in a particular field of transformation; the projects cannot be planned on the drawing board but still should be coordinated with each other. Section 3.2 offers guidance on this. Section 3.3 argues in favour of focusing more closely on the ‘process promise’ and employing a more iterative and more adaptable commissioning procedure. Finally, section 3.4 introduces two types of indicators under the various criteria: design indicators, which measure the quality of interventions that are aimed at influencing transformations (process orientation), and outcome indicators, which measure the process and/or progress of a transformation itself. CY - Bonn DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020 PB - GIZ UR - https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/GIZ-BMU_2020_Transformative%20Project%20Design_EN.pdf Y2 - 2021/03/31/08:49:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Transforming our work: Getting ready for transformational projects AU - Kehrer, Daniel AU - Flossmann-Kraus, Ursula AU - Ronco Alarcon, Sabrina Valeria AU - Albers, Vivien AU - Aschmann, Gwendolin CY - Bonn DA - 2020/02// PY - 2020 PB - GIZ UR - https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/Transfomation%20Guidance_GIZ_02%202020.pdf Y2 - 2021/03/31/08:49:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Seeking balanced ownership in changing development cooperation relationships AU - Keijzer, Niels AU - Klingebiel, Stephan AU - Örnemark, Charlotte AU - Scholtes, Fabian T2 - Rapport 2018:08 AB - According to the Paris Declaration and the 2030 Agenda, ownership is a prerequisite for effective development cooperation. How can the principle of ownership be promoted in today’s complex development cooperation, in which the numbers of actors have increased? This is the subject of the Expert Group for Aid Studies report Seeking balanced ownership in changing development cooperation relationships. The report contains two country case studies – on Liberia and Rwanda – as well as interviews with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and studies on documents concerning ownership in a Swedish development cooperation context. The authors note that ownership remains relevant as a guiding principle in international development cooperation. The trend from country-to-country cooperation to various forms of support through UN bodies and specialised global funds has created new conditions and competing interests for ownership. An understanding of ownership and how it can be promoted in the complex reality of today needs to be thoroughly re-examined. The study recommends the following: 1. Starting a discussion within the OECD-DAC on effective development cooperation that has global ownership right up to the end of the process. 2. Establishing an international code of conduct in accordance with agreed ownership principles concerning development cooperation funding to and via UN bodies and global funds. 3. Sweden should formulate an explicit policy and approach for how to promote ownership in development cooperation that includes numerous partners. CY - Stockholm DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 207 LA - en PB - Expert Group for Aid Studies UR - https://eba.se/en/rapporter/seeking-balanced-ownership-in-changing-development-cooperation-relationships/9267/ ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Navigating with Action Inquiry (Collective Leadership Animations) AU - Keira Oliver AB - "Have you ever wondered if there might be a better way to work together? Perhaps you would like to find ways to avoid habits, or patterns of behaviour, that whilst you say you don’t like them, you seem unable to escape." Written & narrated by Cathy Sharp (Research for Real) and animated by Keira Oliver (Collective Leadership for Scotland) and her son (10yr) in an animation-sprint style (created quickly, but with care), this film summarises the ideas and practices of action inquiry. It introduces a set of statements designed to stretch, challenge and encourage us to talk about these ideas to find better ways to work together. DA - 2020/05/19/ PY - 2020 DP - YouTube UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX2MF6bW6GQ Y2 - 2023/05/22/13:42:41 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Inclusion in Making All Voices Count AU - Kelbert, Alexandra T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - Part of a sequenced learning process for MAVC's Research and Evidence Component, the summary of a thematic discussion led by researcher Evangelia Berdou. DA - 2014/01/29/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/inclusion-in-making-all-voices-count/ Y2 - 2017/06/21/15:43:53 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and working with political settlements AU - Kelsall, Tim AB - • In recent years, Political Settlements Analysis (PSA) has become increasingly influential in academic and policy circles • Despite its intuitive appeal, it seems difficult to use in practice • PSA has a natural affinity with Adaptive Development, Thinking and Working Politically, and Doing Development Differently approaches • By answering the simple diagnostic questions supplied here, development partners can identify the types of political settlements in which they work, and draw some broad operational implications DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 SP - 8 M3 - Briefing PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10185.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - John F. Kennedy Address at Rice University on the Space Effort AU - Kennedy, John F. T2 - Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States CY - Washington DC DA - 1962/09/12/ PY - 1962 VL - v. 1, 1962 SP - 669 EP - 670 PB - U.S. Government UR - https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PPP-1962-book1 ER - TY - BLOG TI - A market system by any other name would smell as sweet AU - Kessler, Adam AU - Conroy, Kevin T2 - BEAM Exchange AB - How does Doing Development Differently (DDD) and Problem Driven Iterative Adaption (PDIA) connect to core principles of the MSD approach? DA - 2019/07/02/ PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://beamexchange.org/community/blogs/2019/7/2/market-system-any-other-name-smell-sweet/ Y2 - 2019/07/11/16:43:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Constituent Voice: Technical Note 1 AU - Keystone Accountability DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 PB - Keystone Accountability UR - http://keystoneaccountability.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Technical-Note-1.pdf Y2 - 2019/07/16/21:16:15 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Teams that Do Development Differently AU - Khan, Jehanzeb AU - Fisher, Annette T2 - Global Policy Journal DA - 2017/05/22/ PY - 2017 UR - http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/22/05/2017/teams-do-development-differently Y2 - 2017/05/22/14:58:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and Result Measurement for Adaptive Programming - How to Use Data to Manage a MSD Program: Lessons from PRISMA AU - Khan, Khaled AU - Seely, Kevin AU - Ridwan, Mustika AU - Mulya, Bodhiya AB - Using monitoring data to improve interventions is harder than it seems. Decision-makers are often busy implementing activities, unclear about their roles in data collection and analysis, and uncertain what data matters most or when. PRISMA, an AUD77 million agricultural Market Systems Development (MSD) programme funded by DFAT Australia, has encountered these challenges. With the programme completing its first five year phase, this case study shares ten key lessons divided into three sections: shaping the culture, developing systems, and top management decisions. These lessons aim to help program, sector and intervention managers make better use of monitoring data to improve interventions. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - PRISMA UR - https://aip-prisma.or.id/data/public/uploaded_file/05_Monitoring%20and%20Result%20Measurement%20for%20Adaptive%20Programming%20-%20How%20to%20Use%20Data%20to%20Manage%20a%20MSD%20Program%20-%20Lessons%20from%20PRISMA.pdf Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:40:55 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making politics work for development: harnessing transparency and citizen engagement AU - Khemani, Stuti AU - Ferraz, Claudio AU - Finan, Frederico S. AU - Johnson, Stephenson AU - Louise, Corinne AU - Abrahams, Scott David AU - Odugbemi, Adesinaola Michael AU - Dal Bó, Ernesto AU - Thapa, Dikshya T2 - Policy Research Report AB - Too often, government leaders fail to adopt and implement policies that they know are necessary for sustained economic development. They are encumbered by adverse political incentives, which prevent them from selecting good policies, and they run the risk of losing office should they try to do the right thing. Even when technically sound policies are selected by leaders, implementation can run into perverse behavioral norms among public officials and citizens, who seek to extract private benefits from the public sector. Such behavior might be supported by widespread beliefs that corruption is the norm. Even countries with low corruption and strong institutions experience problems of political incentives and behavior that prevent the public sector from solving shared problems. Ideological polarization among citizens and capture by special interests can lead to policy gridlock and the failure of the state to provide public goods, even in advanced economies. Even educated citizens can hold ideological beliefs about the role of public policy that lead them to deny technical evidence contrary to these beliefs. Too often, government leaders fail to adopt and implement policies that they know are necessary for sustained economic development. Political constraints can prevent leaders from following sound technical advice, even when leaders have the best of intentions. Making Politics Work for Development: Harnessing Transparency and Citizen Engagement focuses on two forces—citizen engagement and transparency—that hold the key to solving government failures by shaping how political markets function. In today’s participative world, citizens are not only queueing at voting booths, but are also taking to the streets and using modern communication technology to select, sanction, and pressure the leaders who wield power within government. This political engagement can function in highly nuanced ways even within the same formal institutional context and across the political spectrum, from autocracies to democracies. Political engagement becomes unhealthy when leaders are selected and sanctioned on the basis of their provision of private benefits rather than public goods, giving rise to a range of government failures. The solutions to these failures lie in fostering healthy political engagement within any institutional context, and not in circumventing or suppressing it. Transparency—citizen access to publicly available information about the actions of those in government and the consequences of these actions—can play a crucial role by nourishing political engagement. The report distills policy lessons for governments, international development partners, and civil society on how best to target transparency initiatives so that the provision of public goods becomes the focus of political contestation. Even so, unhealthy political engagement may persist. But to build institutions that are capable of tackling public goods problems, politics needs to be addressed and cannot be side-stepped. Targeted transparency is one way to move in the right direction: it complements everything else policy makers do and holds the potential to make politics work for development rather than against it. " This pathbreaking report places politics at the heart of the development dialogue—exactly where it belongs. It provides constructive ideas for harnessing the forces of transparency and citizen engagement in ways that are suited to diverse institutional contexts so that reform leaders can overcome political constraints to their countries’ development goals. " Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Director of Research, Development Research Group, The World Bank "This book not only provides an authoritative statement of what we know about how to align political incentives with the interests of society, but it does so with an eye to making change happen even in the face of political opposition. The World Bank will never be the same again. " James Robinson, University Professor, Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago " A lesson for us at the World Bank also comes out of this research. We can do more…to work with our clients to diminish political constraints to achieving development goals…To do this we have to overcome the fear of talking about politics, and confront it as part of the challenge of development. That is what we are doing through this report. " Kaushik Basu, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, The World Bank DA - 2016/01/01/00:33:02 PY - 2016 DP - documents.worldbank.org SP - 1 EP - 281 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - 106337 ST - Making politics work for development UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/06/26480682/making-politics-work-development-harnessing-transparency-citizen-engagement Y2 - 2016/07/07/10:44:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Introduction to Systems Thinking AU - Kim, Daniel H DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 DP - Zotero SP - 21 LA - en PB - Pegasus Communications ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive management of an environmental watering event to enhance native fish spawning and recruitment AU - King, A. J. AU - Ward, K. A. AU - O’connor, P. AU - Green, D. AU - Tonkin, Z. AU - Mahoney, J. T2 - Freshwater Biology AB - 1. A common goal of many environmental flow regimes is to maintain and/or enhance the river’s native fish community by increasing the occurrence of successful spawning and recruitment events. However, our understanding of the flow requirements of the early life history of fish is often limited, and hence predicting their response to specific managed flow events is difficult. To overcome this uncertainty requires the use of adaptive management principles in the design, implementation, monitoring and adjustment of environmental flow regimes. 2. The Barmah-Millewa Forest, a large river red gum forest on the Murray River floodplain, south-east Australia, contains a wide variety of ephemeral and permanent aquatic habitats suitable for fish. Flow regulation of the Murray River has significantly altered the natural flood regime of the Forest. In an attempt to alleviate some of the effects of river regulation, the Forest’s water regime is highly managed using a variety of flow control structures and also receives targeted Environmental Water Allocations (EWA). In 2005, the largest environmental flow allocated to date in Australia was delivered at the Forest. 3. This study describes the adaptive management approach employed during the delivery of the 2005 EWA, which successfully achieved multiple ecological goals including enhanced native fish spawning and recruitment. Intensive monitoring of fish spawning and recruitment provided invaluable real-time and ongoing management input for optimising the delivery of environmental water to maximise ecological benefits at Barmah-Millewa Forest and other similar wetlands in the Murray-Darling Basin. 4. We discuss possible scenarios for the future application of environmental water and the need for environmental flow events and regimes to be conducted as rigorous, large-scale experiments within an adaptive management framework. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02178.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 17 EP - 31 LA - en SN - 1365-2427 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02178.x Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:59:37 KW - floodplain river KW - regulated flows ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Bradford Hill Criteria for Causal Inference T2 - 2015 ANZEA Conference A2 - King, Julian AB - We think we’re good at determining causality, but we suck at it One of the great challenges in evaluation is determining whether the results we’re seeing are because of the program we’re evaluating, some other influences out there in the big world, or random chance. At one level, this is an everyday, common sense task. As a species we’ve been making judgments about causation for a million years or so. Unfortunately, though, the way we are wired does not predispose us to logical thinking. We are inclined to be led astray by all sorts of biases and heuristics. Over time, the rocket science for dealing with causation has become more sophisticated – a key example being the experimental study design or randomised controlled trial (RCT). And our evidence base about what works has been enriched as a result. But deep down we’re still biased, heuristical beings and not very good at thinking things through. We’ve become so enthusiastic about experimental designs we’re a little inclined to think they are the only way to determine whether A causes B. Such a rigid view is no much use in the real world, where there are all sorts of ethical, conceptual, practical and economic barriers that mean we can’t always conduct RCTs. Even where technically possible, they are not necessarily the best tool for every job. CY - Auckland DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.julianking.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/150602-BHC-jk5-web.pdf Y2 - 2023/09/29/10:41:30 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Different kinds of rubrics AU - King, Julian T2 - Evaluation and Value for Money AB - Generic, analytic, holistic, orbic, asterisc, escalieric, cephalopodic DA - 2023/07/25/ PY - 2023 M3 - Substack newsletter UR - https://juliankingnz.substack.com/p/different-kinds-of-rubrics Y2 - 2023/07/26/08:49:24 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Evaluative reasoning in complexity AU - King, Julian T2 - Evaluation and Value for Investment DA - 2023/06/11/ PY - 2023 UR - https://juliankingnz.substack.com/p/evaluative-reasoning-in-complexity?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email Y2 - 2024/01/04/23:23:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Sense-making with stakeholders and rubrics AU - King, Julian T2 - Evaluation and Value for Investment AB - Principles and processes DA - 2023/09/10/ PY - 2023 M3 - Substack newsletter UR - https://juliankingnz.substack.com/p/sense-making-with-stakeholders-and?publication_id=1205622&utm_campaign=email-post-title&r=qn2r Y2 - 2023/09/29/10:31:41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Value for Investment. A Practical Evaluation Theory AU - King, Julian AB - I am a public policy consultant from Auckland, New Zealand. My practice specializes in evaluation and economic analysis. In this booklet I set out a model for evaluating value for investment (VFI) in social programs. The model defines VFI as an evaluative question about an economic problem. It uses explicit evaluative reasoning to provide a clear answer to the VFI question. Methods are matched to context, to provide the specific mix of evidence (economic and/or other) needed to support a wellreasoned, well-evidenced evaluative judgment. CY - Auckland DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Kinnect Group UR - http://www.julianking.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/160527-VFI-jk8-web.pdf Y2 - 2023/09/28/10:07:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Value for Investment: Application and Insights. Youth Primary Mental Health and Addictions Evaluation AU - King, Julian AU - Crocket, Alicia AU - Field, Adrian AB - What’s in the guide? This new document provides: An overview of the VfI approach, including the conceptual principles and processes underpinning it A worked example of the approach in action: evaluating the Youth Primary Mental Health and Addictions initiative in New Zealand Transferrable learning for others considering the use of the VfI approach. CY - New Zealand DA - 2023/06/22/ PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Dovetail Consulting UR - https://juliankingnz.substack.com/p/new-vfm-guide-for-evaluators ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing Value for Money: the Oxford Policy Management Approach AU - King, Julian AU - Daniel Wate AU - Esther Namukasa AU - Alex Hurrell AU - Frances Hansford AU - Patrick Ward AU - Shiva Faramarzifar AB - This document offers practical guidance for assessing the Value for Money (VfM) of government- and donor-financed programmes and policy interventions. In line with OPM’s focus and mission, it has been predominantly applied in the international development sector, but the approach upon which it is based is also used in the context of domestic public policy and programmes.1 There is increasing scrutiny on VfM in international development, but a lack of appropriate methods to support its assessment. There is a risk of reaching invalid conclusions if VfM evaluation is tied to a narrow set of indicators devoid of any evaluative judgement—for example, by emphasising the most readily quantifiable measures rather than the most important (but harder to quantify) aspects of performance, or by focusing on the quantification of outputs and outcomes at the expense of more nuanced consideration of their quality, value, and importance. The approach presented in this guide combines theory and practice from evaluation and economics to respond to requirements for accountability and good resource allocation, as well as to support reflection, learning, and adaptive management. It involves developing and implementing a framework for: • organising evidence of performance and VfM; • interpreting the evidence on an agreed basis; and • presenting a clear and robust performance story. This guide sets out a framework for making and presenting judgements in a way that opens both the reasoning process and the evidence to scrutiny. The approach is designed to be used in alignment with broader monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) systems—both for efficiency's sake, and to ensure conceptual coherence between VfM evaluation and wider MEL work. The VfM framework achieves these aims by: • using explicit criteria (aspects of performance) and standards (levels of performance) to provide a transparent basis for making sound judgements about performance and VfM; • combining quantitative and qualitative forms of evidence to support a richer and more nuanced understanding than can be gained from the use of indicators alone; • accommodating economic evaluation (where feasible and appropriate) without limiting the analysis to economic methods and metrics alone; and • incorporating and building on an approach to VfM evaluation which is familiar to international aid donors. CY - Oxford DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Oxford Policy Management UR - http://www.opml.co.uk/publications/opm%E2%80%99s-approach-assessing-value-money Y2 - 2018/03/16/09:58:46 ER - TY - CONF TI - Participatory evaluation design and sense-making - making meaning through co-constructed lenses AU - King, Julian AU - Elliott, Kerry AU - Hollingsworth, Hilary T2 - Australian Evaluation Society International Evaluation Conference AB - Based on a presentation at Australian Evaluation Society International Evaluation Conference, Brisbane, 28 September 2023. The importance of participatory approaches to evaluation is well-understood. Involving the right people and balancing voices at the stakeholder table can help to make evaluations more valid, credible, useful, and actually used. Not all evaluations, however, are done in participatory ways. This presentation shares the experience of three evaluators in two recent projects with clients and stakeholders who were unaccustomed to participatory evaluation. In both cases, new ways of working were introduced, requiring participants to come into the evaluation tent, collaborate and learn with us. Engagement processes deliberately focused on incrementally building deep stakeholder input into evaluation design - including key evaluation questions, context analysis, program theory, rubrics, methods of data gathering, and reporting formats. The resulting evaluation frameworks represent an agreed, shared set of lenses for making sense of the evidence. Through this process, relationships and trust were cemented, stakeholders understood the evaluation process and endorsed the resulting frameworks. The client and sector have become more interested, more engaged stakeholders and more savvy evaluation participants and consumers. As the evaluations progress, the evaluation design builds in ongoing stakeholder involvement in reviewing emergent footprints of system change and making evaluative judgements. Participatory approaches are many, varied, and flexible. We will share our reflections and generalisable learning from the participatory approaches we applied in these evaluations. We will invite the audience to reflect on their own practices and experiences, and provoke them to consider whether participatory evaluation is 'just' a methodological option or a foundational element of good evaluation. C1 - Brisbane C3 - Evaluation and Value for Investment DA - 2023/09/28/ PY - 2023 UR - https://juliankingnz.substack.com/p/making-meaning-through-co-constructed?publication_id=1205622&utm_campaign=email-post-title&r=qn2r Y2 - 2023/09/28/10:10:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - OPM’s approach to assessing Value for Money AU - King, Julian AU - OPM AB - This document offers practical guidance for assessing value for money (VfM) in international development programmes. Since 2016, evaluation expert Julian King has been working with OPM to develop and deploy a robust approach to VfM assessment. The approach combines cutting-edge evaluation practice with concepts from economic evaluation to respond to donor requirements for accountability and good resource allocation, as well as to support reflection, learning, and adaptive management. CY - Oxford DA - 2018/02/05/ PY - 2018 LA - en PB - Oxford Policy Management UR - http://www.opml.co.uk/publications/opm%E2%80%99s-approach-assessing-value-money Y2 - 2018/03/16/09:58:46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building Democracy from Below: Lessons from Western Uganda AU - King, Sophie AU - Hickey, Sam T2 - The Journal of Development Studies AB - How to achieve democratisation in the neo-patrimonial and agrarian environments that predominate in sub-Saharan Africa continues to present a challenge for both development theory and practice. Drawing on intensive fieldwork in Western Uganda, this paper argues that Charles Tilly’s ‘democratisation as process’ provides us with the framework required to explain the ways in which particular kinds of association can advance democratisation from below. Moving beyond the current focus on how elite-bargaining and certain associational forms may contribute to liberal forms of democracy, this approach helps identify the intermediate mechanisms involved in building democracy from below, including the significance of challenging categorical inequalities, notably through the role of producer groups, and of building trust networks, cross-class alliances and synergistic relations between civil and political society. The evidence and mode of analysis deployed here help suggest alternative routes for supporting local efforts to build democracy from below in sub-Saharan Africa. DA - 2016/08/31/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1080/00220388.2016.1214719 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 0 IS - 0 SP - 1 EP - 16 SN - 0022-0388 ST - Building Democracy from Below UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1214719 Y2 - 2017/03/24/10:40:48 KW - FRUGAL ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Programming and going with the grain: IMAGINE's new water governance model in Goma, DRC AU - Kirk, Tom AU - Green, Duncan AU - Stys, Patrycja AU - Mosquera, Tom T2 - Development Policy Review AB - Motivation This paper explores adaptive approaches to development programmes that aim at improving service provision in underperforming sectors in fragile and conflict affected states (FCAS). It does this through a case study of the Integrated Maji Infrastructure and Governance Initiative for eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo's (IMAGINE) public-private partnership model for water provision. Purpose The processes and decisions that culminated in IMAGINE's model emphasize the need for programming that is culturally and politically aware, responsive to events, learns in real-time, is entrepreneurial, and works with the grain of local institutions to support change. Detailed case studies of such ways of working are crucial for programmes that seek to challenge and reform the status quo in FCAS. Methods and approach The paper is based on 42 semi-structured interviews conducted in the summers of 2019 and 2020. They reflect the broad spectrum of actors – individuals, public authorities, and organisations – involved in IMAGINE's evolution. Findings The narrative focuses on IMAGINE's attempts to professionalise and commercialise Goma's water sector. It shows how as IMAGINE repeatedly adapted to ground realities, it took on the characteristics of a public authority, thereby, engendering backlashes that threated its longer-term goals. However, by revisiting its initial values and logics it was able to get things done and achieve it aims. Policy implications IMAGINE's story suggests that adaptive programmes should put politically savvy local development professionals in key positions and enable them to carefully construct coalitions of allies across the systems they aim to disrupt. This may also require them to revisit and adapt their initial ideas, guiding principles and values as greater understandings of development problems are gained. A pubic authorities lens, attuned to the logics programmes seek to address and introduce to FCAS, may help analysts to foreground the implications of such adaptations. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1111/dpr.12691 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - n/a IS - n/a LA - en SN - 1467-7679 ST - Adaptive Programming and going with the grain UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dpr.12691 Y2 - 2023/03/24/10:08:12 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidelines for writing a case study on implementation (Book Project: Smart Implementation in Governance) AU - Kirsch, Renate DA - 2015/08// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero SP - 18 LA - en PB - GIZ GmbH ER - TY - BOOK TI - Transformation, politics and implementation: smart implementation in governance programs A3 - Kirsch, Renate A3 - Siehl, Elke A3 - Stockmayer, Albrecht AB - Working in environments characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, uncontrollability and unpredictability, development agents try to organise complex realities into manageable units. What principles influence the decision on adequate approaches and necessary steps? Through theoretical considerations and nine case studies, the GIZ traces implementation processes and identifies underlying guiding principles which provide the flexibility and adaptability that is necessary for acting in complex contexts. Main findings show that an adaptive and reflexive management structure is crucial for successful implementation. Quick iteration and tight feedback loops facilitate adaptation and reorientation. Contextsensitive knowledge and constant monitoring create a space for learning and innovation. A joint vision for the future which is used for orientation purposes and can be modified according to new findings and developments fosters fruitful cooperation. CY - Baden-Baden DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN ET - 1. Auflage SP - 367 LA - eng PB - Nomos SN - 978-3-8452-8051-6 978-3-8487-3738-3 ST - Transformation, politics and implementation UR - http://frankfurter-gruppe.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Smart-Implementation-E-Book.pdf ER - TY - ELEC TI - Time for a Donor Funding Charter? AU - kiwanja.net T2 - Donor's Chapter DA - 2014/08/04/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.donorscharter.org/ Y2 - 2017/06/27/12:48:07 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lessons for Effective resilience programs: a case study of the RAIN program in Ethiopia AU - Kleiman, Shanti AB - The RAIN program experience affirms the importance of multi-year and flexible funding as key program design features if progress in resilience building is to be supported in areas with high levels of structural and temporal vulnerability. These features enable management to respond effectively to changing circumstances in order to better meet the needs of communities and to create the necessary conditions for relief-to-development strategies to take hold. Finally, this study found that deliberate and effective coordination between donor agencies can ensure that development gains achieved during one program period are directly leveraged by subsequent programs, thereby increasing the effectiveness of resilience programs. DA - 2013/08// PY - 2013 DP - Zotero SP - 22 LA - en PB - Mercy Corps ER - TY - RPRT TI - Improving development aid design and evaluation: Plan for sailboats, not trains AU - Kleinfeld, Rachel AB - How do reforms that require political engagement differ from traditional technical reforms? Why is political engagement different, and what are the implications for design and evaluation? How should development programmes that engage politics be designed? And how can those who fund or implement such programmes evaluate whether their efforts are contributing to reform? This report … DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ST - Improving development aid design and evaluation UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/improving-development-aid-design-and-evaluation-plan-for-sailboats-not-trains Y2 - 2016/05/06/13:13:16 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - CONF TI - Agile – where are we at? AU - Kniberg, Henrik T2 - USI C1 - Paris DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 ST - Crisp's Blog » Agile – where are we at? UR - http://blog.crisp.se/2017/09/11/henrikkniberg/agile-where-are-we-at Y2 - 2017/11/08/10:06:28 ER - TY - CONF TI - Alignment at Scale AU - Kniberg, Henrik T2 - Agile Africa C1 - Johannesburg DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 UR - http://blog.crisp.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Agile-Africa-keynote-Alignment-at-Scale.pdf Y2 - 2017/08/15/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Lean from the Trenches: Managing Large-Scale Projects with Kanban AU - Kniberg, Henrik AB - You know the Agile and Lean development buzzwords, you've read the books. But when systems need a serious overhaul, you need to see how it works in real life, with real situations and people. Lean from the Trenches is all about actual practice. Every key point is illustrated with a photo or diagram, and anecdotes bring you inside the project as you discover why and how one organization modernized its workplace in record time.Lean from the Trenches is all about actual practice.Find out how the Swedish police combined XP, Scrum, and Kanban in a 60-person project. From start to finish, you'll see how to deliver a successful product using Lean principles. We start with an organization in desperate need of a new way of doing things and finish with a group of sixty, all working in sync to develop a scalable, complex system. You'll walk through the project step by step, from customer engagement, to the daily "cocktail party," version control, bug tracking, and release. In this honest look at what works--and what doesn't--you'll find out how to:Make quality everyone's business, not just the testers.Keep everyone moving in the same direction without micromanagement.Use simple and powerful metrics to aid in planning and process improvement.Balance between low-level feature focus and high-level system focus.You'll be ready to jump into the trenches and streamline your own development process. CY - Dallas, Tex DA - 2011/12/24/ PY - 2011 DP - Amazon ET - 1 edition SP - 176 LA - English PB - Pragmatic Bookshelf SN - 978-1-934356-85-2 ST - Lean from the Trenches ER - TY - BLOG TI - Scaling Agile @ LEGO and Spotify – my talk at EA träff AU - Kniberg, Henrik T2 - Crisp DA - 2017/10/10/ PY - 2017 UR - http://blog.crisp.se/2017/10/10/henrikkniberg/scaling-agile-lego-and-spotify Y2 - 2017/11/08/10:04:19 ER - TY - CONF TI - Spotify Rhythm - how we get aligned AU - Kniberg, Henrik T2 - Agile Sverige AB - Last month, Henrik Kniberg posted slides from a talk he gave at Agile Sverige on something called Spotify Rhythm - "Spotify’s current approach to getting aligned as a company". While looking through the material, it struck me that what he was describing was a form of Strategy Deployment. This interpretation is based purely on those slides - I haven't had a chance yet to explore this more deeply with Henrik or anyone else from Spotify. I hope I will do some day, but given that caveat, here's how I currently understand the approach in terms of the X-Matrix Model. C1 - Stockholm C3 - AvailAgility DA - 2016/06/01/ PY - 2016 UR - http://availagility.co.uk/2016/07/11/strategy-deployment-and-spotify-rhythm Y2 - 2017/01/10/12:41:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The unofficial SCRUM checklist AU - Kniberg, Henrik CY - Stockholm DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010 PB - CRISP UR - https://dzone.com/articles/agile-metricsthe-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly Y2 - 2017/01/10/12:21:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scaling Agile @ Spotify with Tribes, Squads, Chapters & Guilds AU - Kniberg, Henrik AU - Ivarsson, Anders DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012 PB - Spotify UR - https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/1018963/Articles/SpotifyScaling.pdf Y2 - 2016/10/04/20:34:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Whole New World - Funding and Commissioning in Complexity AU - Knight, Annabel Davidson AU - Lowe, Toby AU - Brossard, Marion AU - Wilson, Julie AB - Collaborate and Newcastle University Business School Publish Research into Complexity-Friendly Funding CY - Newcastle DA - 2017/05/12/ PY - 2017 PB - Collaborate & Newcastle University UR - https://collaboratecic.com/a-whole-new-world-funding-and-commissioning-in-complexity-12b6bdc2abd8 Y2 - 2017/06/15/11:21:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Changing humanitarian action? AU - Knox-Clarke, Paul T2 - ALNAP Working Paper AB - We live in times of profound change. This has had a great impact on humanitarian needs, and the approaches taken to meet these needs. Changes in technology, ecology, politics, economics and demographics have shaped, and will continue to shape, humanitarian action. Many humanitarians and observers of humanitarian action have suggested that change initiatives in the sector have been unambitious and unsuccessful. Indeed, many people think that the humanitarian system is unable, or unwilling, to make the changes that are required to remain effective and relevant in a rapidly changing world. Following the World Humanitarian Summit many stakeholders have made commitments to significant changes. But can the system change? And if so, how? As a network which exists to support change and improvement, it seems appropriate that ALNAP meets to consider how change occurs in the humanitarian system, and how it can be done better. Find out more about the 31st Annual Meeting by reading the concept note, or by visiting alnap.org/31am. CY - London DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - ALNAP/ODI ST - Changing Humanitarian Action? UR - http://www.alnap.org/resource/23591 Y2 - 2017/02/15/16:03:07 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Foreign Aid and Its Unintended Consequences AU - Koch, Dirk-Jan AB - Foreign aid and international development frequently bring with it a range of unintended consequences, both negative and positive. This book delves into these consequences, providing a fresh and comprehensive guide to understanding and addressing them. The book starts by laying out a theoretical framework based on complexity thinking, before going on to explore the ten most prevalent kinds of unintended effects of foreign aid: backlash effects, conflict effects, migration and resettlement effects, price effects, marginalization effects, behavioural effects, negative spillover effects, governance effects, environmental effects, and ripple effects. Each chapter revolves around a set of concrete case studies, analysing the mechanisms underpinning the unintended effects and proposing ways in which policymakers, practitioners, and evaluators can tackle negative side effects and maximize positive side effects. The book also includes personal testimonies, a succinct overview of unintended effects, and suggestions for further reading. Providing a clear overview of what side effects to anticipate when planning, executing, and evaluating aid, this book will be an important resource for students, development practitioners, and policymakers alike. CY - London DA - 2023/09/27/ PY - 2023 SP - 236 PB - Routledge SN - 978-1-00-335685-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Joint Programming in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States AU - Koenig, Sibylle AU - Brusset, Emery AB - On the Joint Programming Practices from the EU in fragile settings CY - Brussels DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 43 LA - en PB - Joint Programming - EU ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beyond the Pioneer: Getting inclusive industries to scale AU - Koh, Harvey AU - Hedge, Nidhi AU - Karamchandani, Ashish DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 DP - Google Scholar PB - Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private Ltd (DTTIPL) UR - http://www.beyondthepioneer.org/wp-content/themes/monitor/Beyond-the-Pioneer-Report.pdf Y2 - 2016/10/10/11:13:56 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development AU - Kolb, David A. AB - Drawing from the intellectual origins of experiential learning in the works of John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget, this comprehensive and systematic book describes the process of experiential learning. The author proposes a model of the underlying structures of the learning process based on research in psychology, philosophy, and physiology, and bases its typology of individual learning styles and corresponding structures of knowledge in different academic disciplines and careers on this structural model. He also applies experiential learning to higher education and lifelong learning, particularly with regard to adult education. DA - 1983/10// PY - 1983 PB - Prentice Hall ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking systemic change in practice - perspectives from NUTEC-MD in northern Uganda AU - Koleros, Andrew AB - Document description This document is currently being finalised and will be published shortly. Please try again soon. Recent research by The BEAM Exchange seeks to understand theoretical perspectives on how market systems approaches can contribute to inclusive economic development through systemic change. It produced three main insights. Economies are evolving systems, building on the mechanisms of variety creation, selection and amplification. Current economic performance, including aspects like the inclusiveness of growth and economic evolution, are shaped by the ability of a society to explore different options for institutional arrangements and adjust them over time. This process of evolution is complex. While some aspects can be designed and managed, others need to be explored through a process of learning and adjustment. This paper responds to these insights by providing a practitioner perspective through the lens of one programme: “Northern Uganda: Transforming the Economy through Climate Smart Agribusiness – Market Development (NUTEC-MD)”, implemented by Palladium Group. It begins with a brief introduction to the programme and key aspects of its design phase. It then provides a summary of the three main research insights, with reflections on their applicability for programme design based on the NUTEC-MD experience. Finally, it provides some conclusions for the wider practitioner community based on this case. CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 M3 - Case Study PB - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/860/ Y2 - 2017/05/17/16:33:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Actor-Based Theories Of Change to Conduct Robust Contribution Analysis in Complex Settings AU - Koleros, Andrew AU - Mayne, John T2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - The use of theories of change (ToCs) is a hallmark of sound evaluation practice. As interventions have become more complex, the development of ToCs that adequately unpack this complexity has become more challenging. Equally important is the development of evaluable ToCs, necessary for conducting robust theory-based evaluation approaches such as contribution analysis (CA). This article explores one approach to tackling these challenges through the use of nested actor-based ToCs using the case of an impact evaluation of a complex police-reform program in the Democratic Republic of Congo, describing how evaluable nested actor-based ToCs were built to structure the evaluation. DA - 2019/03/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.3138/cjpe.52946 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 33 IS - 3 J2 - CJPE LA - en SN - 1496-7308, 0834-1516 UR - https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cjpe/article/view/52946 Y2 - 2019/08/12/22:14:58 KW - Behavioural strategy KW - COM-B ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Actor-Based Change Framework: A Pragmatic Approach to Developing Program Theory for Interventions in Complex Systems AU - Koleros, Andrew AU - Mulkerne, Sean AU - Oldenbeuving, Mark AU - Stein, Danielle T2 - American Journal of Evaluation AB - Despite a wide body of literature on the importance of program theory and the need to tackle complexity to improve international development programming, the use of program theory to underpin interventions aimed at facilitating change in complex systems remains a challenge for many program practitioners. The actor-based change framework offers a pragmatic approach to address these challenges, integrating concepts and frameworks drawn from complexity science and behavioral change literature to develop robust program theory for complex interventions. This article presents the conceptual framework for the approach and describes how it has been applied in practice on an evaluation of a security and justice program in Nepal. It concludes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach in practice and how it can be applied more widely to improve program theory for interventions in complex systems. DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1177/1098214018786462 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 34 EP - 53 J2 - American Journal of Evaluation LA - en SN - 1098-2140, 1557-0878 ST - The Actor-Based Change Framework UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098214018786462 Y2 - 2021/05/06/13:44:47 ER - TY - CONF TI - Approaches for addressing complexity in programme theory: Experiences in applying the Actor-based Change (ABC) Framework to a variety of international development programmes and evaluations AU - Koleros, Andrew AU - Oldenbeuving, Mark T2 - UK Evaluation Society 2018 Annual Evaluation Conference DA - 2018/05/03/ PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 15 LA - en ER - TY - BLOG TI - Thinking and Working Politically in Economic Development Programmes – Some Sprints and Stumbles from a DFID Programme in Kyrgyzstan AU - Koleros, Andrew AU - Rinnert, David T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - A DFID programme in Kyrgyzstan offers useful insights into how the Thinking and Working Politically approach can escape from its governance ghetto DA - 2019/02/06/T07:00:19+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/thinking-and-working-politically-in-economic-development-programmes-some-sprints-and-stumbles-from-a-dfid-programme-in-kyrgyzstan/ Y2 - 2019/02/06/09:37:26 KW - Case Study ER - TY - THES TI - Managing Upward and Downward Accountability in an International Development Project - A Case Study of a World Bank Telecommunications Infrastructure Project in Benin AU - Kolker, Eva AU - Kulldorff, Catharina DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Master's Thesis, Stockholm School of Economics UR - http://arc.hhs.se/download.aspx?MediumId=2093 Y2 - 2017/06/08/17:32:03 KW - Downward accountability KW - Upward accountability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Community Organization and Rural Development: A Learning Process Approach AU - Korten, David C. T2 - Public Administration Review DA - 1980/09// PY - 1980 DO - 10.2307/3110204 DP - CrossRef VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 480 SN - 00333352 ST - Community Organization and Rural Development UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3110204?origin=crossref Y2 - 2017/09/26/13:42:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and Evaluation in the Development Sector AU - KPMG CY - Zurich DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - KPMG International UR - https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2014/09/2014-survey-monitoring-evaluation-v4.pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - Systems Change in a Polarized Country AU - Kramer, Mark R. T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - A growing number of US foundations are adopting practices based on systems change to achieve their goals in the current political environment. DA - 2017/04/11/ PY - 2017 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/systems_change_in_a_polarized_country Y2 - 2017/09/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How adaptive M&E from the peace sector can help demonstrate the value of aid AU - Kratzer, Sebastian AB - Over the last decade, the peace sector has been developing and adapting Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems and tools to fit their contexts and ways of working. This evolution may hold some insights for the aid community in how to go beyond more traditional, backwards-looking M&E to navigate today’s volatile, interest-based world of politics and aid. DA - 2023/10/13/ PY - 2023 UR - https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/how-adaptive-me-from-the-peace-sector-can-help-demonstrate-the-value-of-aid/ Y2 - 2023/08/15/07:57:02 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Theory amidst complexity – using process tracing in ex-post evaluations AU - Krueger, Kate AU - Wright, Molly T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Evaluators who take a complexity-aware approach must consider tradeoffs related to theoretical parsimony, falsifiability, and measurement validity. These tradeoffs may be particularly pronounced with ex-post evaluation designs in which program theory development and monitoring frameworks are often completed before the evaluator is engaged. In this chapter, we argue that theory-based evaluation (TBE) approaches can address unique ex-post evaluation challenges that complexity-aware evaluation (CAE) alone cannot, and that these two sets of approaches are complimentary. We will outline strategies that evaluators may use to conduct rigorous ex-post evaluations of democracy, human rights, and governance (DRG) interventions that merge CAE's inductive approaches with a theory-testing structure. It will illustrate these strategies with two case studies of ex-post evaluation using process tracing (PT). DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1002/ev.20524 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2022 IS - 176 SP - 119 EP - 128 LA - en SN - 1534-875X UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20524 Y2 - 2023/04/13/09:21:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The adoption of innovation in international development organisations: lessons for development co-operation AU - Kumpf, Benjamin AU - Jhunjhunwala, Parnika T2 - OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers AB - Addressing 21st century development challenges requires investments in innovation, including the use of new approaches and technologies. Currently, many development organisations prioritise investments in isolated innovation pilots that leverage a specific approach or technology rather than pursuing a strategic approach to expand the organisation’s toolbox with innovations that have proven their comparative advantage over what is currently used. This Working Paper addresses this challenge of adopting innovations. How can development organisations institutionalise a new way of working, bringing what was once novel to the core of how business is done? Analysing successful adoption efforts across five DAC agencies, the paper lays out a proposed process for the adoption of innovations. The paper features five case-studies and concludes with a set of lessons and recommendations for policy makers on innovation management generally, and adoption of innovation in particular. CY - Paris DA - 2023/05// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - OECD Publishing SN - 112 UR - https://doi.org/10.1787/21f63c69-en Y2 - 2023/09/14/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is technopolitics? A conceptual schema for understanding politics in the digital age Doctoral Student on the Programme on Political Science New School for Social Research AU - Kurban, Can AU - Peña-Lopez, Ismael AU - Haberer, Maria T2 - Revista de Internet, Derecho y Política AB - In this article we seek to revisit what the term ‘technopolitical’ means for democratic politics in our age. We begin by tracing how the term was used and then transformed through various and conflicting adaptations of ICTs (Information and DA - 2017/02// PY - 2017 DP - www.academia.edu IS - 24 ST - What is technopolitics? UR - https://www.academia.edu/33136106/What_is_technopolitics_A_conceptual_schema_for_understanding_politics_in_the_digital_age_Doctoral_Student_on_the_Programme_on_Political_Science_New_School_for_Social_Research Y2 - 2017/05/22/12:14:41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world AU - Kurtz, C.F. AU - Snowden, Dave T2 - IBM Systems Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1147/sj.423.0462 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 462 EP - 483 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - CONF TI - Definitions of Agile Software Development and Agility AU - Laanti, Maarit AU - Similä, Jouni AU - Abrahamsson, Pekka A2 - McCaffery, Fergal A2 - O’Connor, Rory V. A2 - Messnarz, Richard T3 - Communications in Computer and Information Science AB - The Agile Manifesto and Agile Principles are typically referred to as the definitions of "agile" and "agility". However, many other definitions exist in the literature. Thus the different definitions provide interesting source for research. For each definition we examine where their emphasis is and compare that to the emphases found in the Agile Principles. C1 - Berlin, Heidelberg C3 - Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-39179-8_22 DP - Springer Link SP - 247 EP - 258 LA - en PB - Springer SN - 978-3-642-39179-8 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Announcement of CLA Learning Network Launch AU - Lab, Learning T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - USAID’s Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL), together with the Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment’s localworks program, is pleased to announce the launch of a Learning Network focused on building the evidence base for Collaborating, Learning and Adapting (CLA). DA - 2016/09/29/T16:50:27-04:00 PY - 2016 LA - und UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/announcement-cla-learning-network-launch Y2 - 2016/10/07/08:10:31 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive Management Leaders Launch Practical Adaptation Network (PAN) AU - Labs, Feedback T2 - FeedbackLabs AB - Great things can happen at the frontier of theory and practice. When Feedback Labs worked with USAID’s Global Development Lab to bring together leaders in adaptive management at the White House on June 15th, we were pleased that we were able to move past the ongoing conceptual conversations toward discussing what we could do in concrete terms to implement adaptive management in practice. DA - 2016/07/19/T10:16:31+00:00 PY - 2016 UR - http://feedbacklabs.org/adaptive-management-leaders-launch-practical-adaptation-network-pan/ Y2 - 2016/10/05/18:45:27 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Introduction to Project Management - The Case of GIZ Projects AU - Lacroix, Eric J. AB - In this course, we will try to understand the complexity and the structure of the management of a development project implemented by the GIZ for the German Development cooperation. We will first define the frame of management and project to enter in the map of two logics. Then, we will overfly the 5 success factors of Capacity WORKS, with concrete examples in annexe. It will bring us to the monitoring, the standard processes in GIZ cooperation projects, the basic tools for project implementation and the evaluation. The team building will allow us to enter in a specific aspect of project management. CY - Khulna, Bangladesh DA - 2015/02// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero SP - 58 LA - en PB - Khulna University UR - https://ericpublications.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/20150225_project_management_course_notes.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Facilities deserve a place in development AU - Lacy, Jacqui de T2 - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre AB - There are different ways to deliver aid programs, DFAT often uses facilities in its larger relationships, what are the rationales and risks behind this? DA - 2017/11/12/T19:00:42+00:00 PY - 2017 LA - en-US UR - http://www.devpolicy.org/facilities-deserve-a-place-in-development-20171113/ Y2 - 2019/03/28/16:20:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategy Testing: An innovative approach to monitoring highly flexible aid programs AU - Ladner, Debra T2 - Working Politically in Practice AB - The international development community has increasingly embraced the idea that finding durable solutions to complex development problems requires new ways of working that move beyond industry norms. This paper makes an important contribution to the current debate by outlining an innovative monitoring system called Strategy Testing (ST). This is the third paper in the Working Politically in Practice paper series, launched together with the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 PB - The Asia Foundation SN - 3 UR - http://asiafoundation.org/publication/strategy-testing-an-innovative-approach-to-monitoring-highly-flexible-aid-programs/ Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring and Monitoring Adaptive Learning: A Landscape Review AU - LaFond, Anne AU - Adrian, Haley AB - This landscape review on measuring and monitoring adaptive learning highlights the learning from five adaptive programming guidelines and toolkits and one implementation science framework to inform the monitoring and evaluation of adaptive learning. The introduction of adaptive learning processes and skillsets in global health programming is part of an emerging strategy to advance a learning culture within projects and teams to improve health program performance. The monitoring and evaluation of adaptive learning is an emergent field aiming to monitor how adaptive learning processes have been introduced, how they are used, and whether they are having the intended results. Although there is a growing body of literature on adaptive programming more generally, there is a limited knowledge base on the monitoring and evaluation of adaptive learning interventions and their impacts. Unlike other implementation strategies or program management approaches, there are no standard metrics or a monitoring and evaluation framework to track the integration, implementation, and effectiveness of adaptive learning in health programming. CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/05// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID MOMENTUM Knowledge Accelerator UR - https://usaidmomentum.org/resource/adaptive-learning-measures-landscape-review/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scaling the impact of sustainability initiatives: a typology of amplification processes AU - Lam, David P. M. AU - Martín-López, Berta AU - Wiek, Arnim AU - Bennett, Elena M. AU - Frantzeskaki, Niki AU - Horcea-Milcu, Andra I. AU - Lang, Daniel J. T2 - Urban Transformations AB - Amplifying the impact of sustainability initiatives to foster transformations in urban and rural contexts, has received increasing attention in resilience, social innovation, and sustainability transitions research. We review the literature on amplification frameworks and propose an integrative typology of eight processes, which aim to increase the impact of such initiatives. The eight amplification processes are: stabilizing, speeding up, growing, replicating, transferring, spreading, scaling up, and scaling deep. We aggregated these processes into three categories: amplifying within, amplifying out, and amplifying beyond. This integrative typology aims to stimulate the debate on impact amplification from urban and rural sustainability initiatives across research areas to support sustainability transformations. We propose going beyond an understanding of amplification, which focuses only on the increase of numbers of sustainability initiatives, by considering how these initiatives create transformative change. DA - 2020/05/14/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1186/s42854-020-00007-9 DP - Springer Link VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 3 J2 - Urban Transform LA - en SN - 2524-8162 ST - Scaling the impact of sustainability initiatives UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-020-00007-9 Y2 - 2024/02/15/11:38:07 KW - City KW - Rural KW - Scaling KW - Transformation KW - Transition KW - Transition initiative KW - Urban ER - TY - JOUR TI - Community-based monitoring of Indigenous food security in a changing climate: Global trends and future directions AU - Lam, Steven AU - Dodd, Warren AU - Skinner, Kelly AU - Papadopoulos, Andrew AU - Zivot, Chloe AU - Ford, James AU - Garcia, Patricia J. AU - Team, IHACC Research AU - Harper, Sherilee L. T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Climate change is expected to exacerbate existing food security challenges, especially in Indigenous communities worldwide. Community-based monitoring is considered a promising strategy to improve monitoring of, and local adaptation to climatic and environmental change. Yet, it is unclear how this approach can be applied in food security or Indigenous contexts. The objectives of this paper are to: 1) review and synthesize the published literature on community-based monitoring of Indigenous food security; and, 2) identify gaps and trends in these monitoring efforts in the context of climate change. Using a systematic search and screening process, we identified 86 published articles. To be included, articles had to be published in a journal, describe a community-based monitoring system, describe any aspect of food security, and explicitly mention an Indigenous community. Relevant articles were thematically analyzed to characterize elements of community-based monitoring in the context of climate change. Results show that the number of articles published over time was steady and increased more than two-fold within the last five years. The reviewed articles reported on monitoring mainly in North America (37%) and South America (28%). In general, monitoring was either collaborative with local communities (51%) or externally-driven (37%), and focused primarily on tracking wildlife (29%), followed by natural resources (16%), environmental change (15%), fisheries (13%), climate change (9%), or some combination of these topics (18%). This review provides an evidence-base on the uses, characteristics, and opportunities of community-based monitoring, to guide future food security monitoring efforts in the context of climate change. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab13e4 DP - Institute of Physics J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 ST - Community-based monitoring of Indigenous food security in a changing climate UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab13e4 Y2 - 2019/05/04/03:16:57 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Citizens Against Corruption: Report from the Front Line AU - Landell-Mills, Pierre AB - Citizens Against Corruption: Report From The Front Line tells the story of how groups of courageous and dedicated citizens across the globe are taking direct action to root out corruption. It shows how people are no longer prepared to accept the predatory activities of dishonest officials and are challenging their scams. It draws on over 200 unique case studies that describe initiatives undertaken by 130 civil society organisations (CSOs) which engage directly with public agencies to stop the bribery and extortion that damages peoples' lives and obstructs social and economic progress. This book challenges the notion that, at best, civil society can only have a marginal impact on reducing corruption and argues that aid donors need to radically rethink their assistance for governance reform. Part 1 analyses the role citizens can play in fighting corruption and promoting good governance and briefly tells the story of the Partnership for Transparency Fund (PTF). Part 2 presents studies of India, Mongolia, Philippines, and Uganda - each with its unique history and distinctive circumstances - to illustrate activities undertaken by CSOs to root out corruption, including the tools and approaches that are being used to build pressure on corrupt public agencies to become transparent and accountable. Part 3 addresses key themes - strengthening the rule of law, putting in place effective national anti-corruption strategies and institutions, making public buying and selling honest, promoting grassroots monitoring of public expenditures and the provision of public services, mounting media campaigns to expose and defeat corruption, and empowering ordinary citizens to keep watch on what actually happens at the point of delivery of public services. Part 4 is a summary of lessons learnt and explores the potential, as well as the risks and limitations, of civic activism in a world where greed and dishonesty is the norm. Finally, the book explores the opportunities and dangers faced by aid donors in supporting local CSOs and charts a way forward. Citizens Against Corruption: Report From The Front Line will be of interest to staff working in CSOs and aid agencies, policy analysts and researchers concerned about corruption and poor governance. CY - Kibworth Beauchamp DA - 2013/05/01/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon SP - 288 LA - English PB - Matador SN - 978-1-78306-086-3 ST - Citizens Against Corruption UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/citizens-against-corruption-what-works-findings-from-200-projects-in-53-countries/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Science of Using Science: Researching the Use of Research Evidence in Decision-Making AU - Langer, Laurenz AU - Tripney, Janice AU - Gough, David CY - London DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 PB - EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London UR - http://www.alliance4usefulevidence.org/publication/using-evidence-what-works-april-2016/ Y2 - 2016/04/17/14:25:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paradoxes and partnerships: a study of knowledge exploration and exploitation in international development programmes AU - Lannon, John AU - Walsh, John N. T2 - Journal of Knowledge Management AB - Purpose – This paper aims to look at how organisational partnerships balance knowledge exploration and exploitation in contexts that are rife with paradoxes. It draws on paradox theory to examine the partnership’s response to the explore-exploit relationship. DA - 2019/08/28/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1108/JKM-09-2018-0605 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - ahead-of-print IS - ahead-of-print J2 - JKM LA - en SN - 1367-3270, 1367-3270 ST - Paradoxes and partnerships UR - https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JKM-09-2018-0605/full/html Y2 - 2019/09/17/09:41:04 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iterative and incremental developments: A brief history AU - Larman, Craig AU - Basili, Victor R. T2 - Computer AB - Although many view iterative and incremental development as a modern practice, its application dates as far back as the mid-1950s. Prominent software-engineering thought leaders from each succeeding decade supported IID practices, and many large projects used them successfully. These practices may have differed in their details, but all had a common theme-to avoid a single-pass sequential, document-driven, gated-step approach. DA - 2003/06// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1109/MC.2003.1204375 DP - IEEE Xplore VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 47 EP - 56 SN - 0018-9162 KW - Agile methods KW - Application software KW - Feedback KW - Government KW - History KW - Iterative and incremental developments KW - Iterative methods KW - Personnel KW - Programming KW - Radio access networks KW - Terminology KW - Testing KW - iterative enhancement KW - software engineering KW - software system ER - TY - RPRT TI - You Cannot Go it Alone: Learning from Cooperative Relationships in Civil Society Budget Campaigns AU - Larsen, Jillian CY - Washington, DC DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 PB - IBP UR - http://www.internationalbudget.org/publications/learning-from-cooperative-relationships-civil-society-budget-campaigns/ KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monday morning in Kigali: what do you do when you get off the plane? Practical guidance for PDIA practitioners AU - LASER T2 - Synthesis Paper, 1 AB - In order to help enhance the effectiveness of donors and development practitioners on the ground, LASER has produced a range of practical guidance and tools. These are primarily intended for the international development community engaged in designing and implementing investment climate programmes, though can also be used more widely by other stakeholders across sectors. General guidance and tools: Monday morning in Kigali January 2016 - what do you do when you get off the plane? Practical guidance for PDIA practitioners DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://www.laserdev.org/media/1151/monday-morning-in-kigali-updated-january-2016.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/07/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Politically smart approaches to donor investment climate programming. A Guidance Note AU - LASER T2 - Synthesis Paper, 1 AB - In order to help enhance the effectiveness of donors and development practitioners on the ground, LASER has produced a range of practical guidance and tools. These are primarily intended for the international development community engaged in designing and implementing investment climate programmes, though can also be used more widely by other stakeholders across sectors. General guidance and tools: Politically smart approaches to donor investment climate programming (and annexes) Revised February 2016 - sets out practical advice on how to adopt a politically smart (which requires being both ‘politically informed’ and ‘politically astute’) approach to programming. The annexes include a traffic light matrix for initial high level analysis; a problem diary template with examples; and an example of a flexible theory of change for adaptive, large scale programming DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://laserdev.org/resources/practical-guidance-and-tools/ KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - In the goldfish bowl: science and technology policy dialogues in a digital world AU - Latta, Susie AU - Mulcare, Charlotte AU - Zacharzewski, Anthony DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Sciencewise UR - http://www.sciencewise-erc.org.uk/cms/in-the-goldfish-bowl-science-and-technology-policy-dialogues-in-a-digital-world/ Y2 - 2013/06/26/18:28:33 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Measuring Impact: A Learning Approach to Strengthening USAID Biodiversity Programs T2 - Updates from the field: perspectives on Learning from USAID-funded Activites A2 - Lauck, Liz CY - USAID DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/kmrg_061114_ppt.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Laudes Rubrics - Measurement and Learning Approach AU - Laudes Foundation AB - How can we measure and learn when promoting systems change? It’s a challenge that has inspired Laudes Foundation to develop a rubrics-based methodology to help us, our partners and the wider field of philanthropy, understand our contribution to change, while learning and adapting to new and unforeseen circumstances. Change cannot be captured by numbers alone because metrics put the focus on what can be counted, not always what’s most important. Rubrics are a framework that set a standard for what ‘good’ looks like – and create a shared language for describing and assessing it using both quantitative and qualitative evidence. At Laudes Foundation, the rubrics are integrated into our grantmaking processes – from the design phase through to measurement, evaluation and learning. The four Laudes Foundation rubrics categories Laudes Foundation has developed 21 rubrics that work across different levels, from processes to long-term impact. When measuring a specific initiative, a smaller set of relevant rubrics are chosen and assessed on a rating scale from ‘harmful’ to ‘thrivable’. The 21 rubrics are categorised into four groups, with some natural overlap between categories B, C and D. Category A focuses on the process-related aspects of initiatives, including design, implementation, monitoring, communication and learning, and organisation and network effectiveness. Category B focuses on the early and later changes that need to happen to create the right conditions to achieve the 2025 outcomes. Category C captures the 2025 outcomes, focusing on how policymakers, financiers, business leaders, and workers and producers behave. Category D captures the 2030 impacts, describing the new reality created as a result of sustained efforts. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Laudes Foundation UR - https://www.laudesfoundation.org/grants/rubrics Y2 - 2023/06/14/11:03:37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developmental evaluation: Bridging the gaps between proposal, program, and practice , Developmental evaluation: Bridging the gaps between proposal, program, and practice AU - Lawrence, Rachael B. AU - Rallis, Sharon F. AU - Davis, Laura C. AU - Harrington, Karen T2 - Evaluation AB - Developmental evaluation supports grant-funded initiatives seeking innovation and change. Programs born from aspirational grant language and plans often need guidance as they work toward creating workable models for social innovation. This article describes the challenge of designing and implementing complex programs and presents a case that illustrates how a program moves from proposal to practice. The Massachusetts Charter Public School Association Capacity Building Network is a complex intervention, funded by the US federal government, aimed at raising school capacity to serve students with disabilities and English language learners. Developmental evaluation served to bridge the gaps between an aspirational proposal, an ambitious and ambiguous program plan, and emerging practices to serve this population of students. Jointly reviewing our experience in this developmental evaluation, the evaluation team and a program director share important thematic lessons learned about the developmental evaluation approach., Developmental evaluation supports grant-funded initiatives seeking innovation and change. Programs born from aspirational grant language and plans often need guidance as they work toward creating workable models for social innovation. This article describes the challenge of designing and implementing complex programs and presents a case that illustrates how a program moves from proposal to practice. The Massachusetts Charter Public School Association Capacity Building Network is a complex intervention, funded by the US federal government, aimed at raising school capacity to serve students with disabilities and English language learners. Developmental evaluation served to bridge the gaps between an aspirational proposal, an ambitious and ambiguous program plan, and emerging practices to serve this population of students. Jointly reviewing our experience in this developmental evaluation, the evaluation team and a program director share important thematic lessons learned about the developmental evaluation approach. DA - 2018/01/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1177/1356389017749276 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 83 J2 - Evaluation LA - en SN - 1356-3890 ST - Developmental evaluation UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389017749276 Y2 - 2018/07/27/09:42:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mainsreaming gender in an adaptive, politically smart governance programme - Lessons from Institutions for Inclusive Development in Tanzania AU - Laws, Ed AB - • This paper looks at the experience of gender mainstreaming in the Institutions for Inclusive Development (I4ID) programme – an adaptive, politically smart governance programme in Tanzania. • When development programmes try to engage with political stakeholders and align with the priorities of wider coalitions there is a danger that gender equality is de-prioritised. • It is important that formal political economy analysis, as well as other data collection, analysis and consultation exercises, are gender-sensitive. Teams should also look for ways to make gendered political and power analysis part of the everyday routine practice of staff. • Working politically and adaptively to advance gender objectives calls for staff with a specific skillset, as well as links to appropriate networks and political stakeholders. It also implies establishing checks and incentives to hold staff and partners accountable for gender objectives, and strong and consistent messaging from team leaders. CY - London DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/202002_odi_i4id_briefing_note_gender_web.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/18/13:28:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking value for money for adaptive, politically smart programmes - Lessons from Institutions for Inclusive Development in Tanzania AU - Laws, Ed AB - - This short paper draws out lessons for working effectively with and through partners, based on the experience of the Institutions for Inclusive Development (I4ID) programme – an adaptive, politically smart governance programme in Tanzania. • Cultivating effective partnerships can be a key part of delivering locally legitimate projects that have the potential to create sustainable change. Adaptive and politically informed ways of working create specific opportunities and challenges for doing this well. • Flexible and adaptive programmes are deliberately designed to experiment and to make small investments in different areas, to see what will work. While this is often important for making headway on complex challenges, it can also leave partners exposed and can undermine trust. • It can also be challenging to balance the need to meet accountability commitments to donors while allowing local partners to take the lead in pursuing their own objectives. • Co-creating plans, priorities and activities with partners has the potential to resolve some of these tensions. But the time and patience required to do this successfully should not be underestimated, and can be difficult to maintain in the face of pressure from donors to see results within a confined timeframe. CY - London DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 M3 - Briefing note PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/202002_odi_i4id_briefing_note_gender_web.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/18/13:28:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and working politically in Somalia: A case study on the Somalia Stability Fund AU - Laws, Ed DA - 2018/05// PY - 2018 SP - 36 PB - TWP Coommunity of Practice and ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12251.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Working effectively through partnerships - Lessons from Institutions for Inclusive Development in Tanzania AU - Laws, Ed AB - • This paper looks critically at the approach to value for money (VfM) in the Institutions for Inclusive Development (I4ID) programme – an adaptive, politically smart governance programme in Tanzania. • Adaptive, politically smart programmes like I4ID aim to deliver VfM by learning about what will work in complex environments, and quickly incorporating those lessons into delivery. When functioning properly, they can rapidly wind down activities as new information emerges and divert funding to more effective alternatives. • This means that adaptive programmes will achieve their potential to deliver strong VfM when their processes are good – when appraisal of experimental efforts is timely, consistent, knowledgeable and politically astute. As these programmes mature in their implementation phase, VfM evaluation should be focused on checking for a culture of adaptation and learning supported by strong adaptive processes. • While economy is important for adaptive programmes, it is also important that keeping costs low does not deprive teams of the resources, staff, and management and administration time they need to gather information, experiment, learn and adapt. CY - London DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 M3 - Briefing note PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/202002_odi_i4id_briefing_note_gender_web.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/18/13:28:43 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Thinking and working politically: An introduction to key ideas, examples and further reading T2 - TWP Community of Practice A2 - Laws, Ed A2 - Marquette, Heather CY - London DA - 2018/03// PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://twpcommunity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Thinking-and-working-politically-reviewing-the-evidence.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and working politically: Reviewing the evidence on the integration of politics into development practice over the past decade AU - Laws, Ed AU - Marquette, Heather CY - London DA - 2018/03// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - TWP Community of Practice UR - https://twpcommunity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Thinking-and-working-politically-reviewing-the-evidence.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - LearnAdapt: a synthesis of our work on adaptive programming with DFID/FCDO (2017–2020) AU - Laws, Ed AU - Pett, Jamie AU - Proud, Emma AU - Rocha Menocal, Alina T2 - Briefing Note AB - Key takeaways. • Development is not linear or straightforward, but rather complex, uncertain and context-specific. This calls for international development actors to work differently, in ways that are based on deliberate experimentation, learning and adaptation, to inform decisions and drive effective development. • Although it might go by different names, adaptive programming has been used in a variety of areas and fields in both the public and private sectors. Development practitioners have much to learn from and contribute to these different approaches and experiences. • Trust and relationship-building across all relevant stakeholders are among the most critical enabling factors for adaptive management. They are essential to give partners the space, autonomy and authority needed to try, test, reflect, iterate and feed back at the frontline of implementation, and to give donors the confidence that decisions are being made on the basis of evidence and learning to improve effectiveness. • There is an urgent need to rethink how accountability requirements, results frameworks, value for money considerations, performance markers, procurement and contracting mechanisms and other processes are understood and applied so that they are better aligned with and can support adaptive management more effectively. • The role of senior managers leading adaptive programmes from the donor side should be to create a space for experimentation and learning. Funders should hold their partners accountable for learning and how it feeds into effective programming, rather than for delivering on predetermined targets. • While formal guidance is important, leadership, champions, institutional incentives, a supportive management culture and appropriate mindsets are essential to encourage adaptive ways of working. • Adaptive management is resource-intensive. It requires skill, commitment, time for building trust and investments in learning. It is a journey, not an immediate destination – so it calls for patience, open-mindedness and a more nuanced approach to risk. CY - London DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 PB - ODI UR - https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/learnadapt_summary_note_2021.pdf Y2 - 2021/08/05/22:09:03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Value for money and adaptive programming - Approaches, measures and management AU - Laws, Ed AU - Valters, Craig AB - - The United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO)’s standard economy, efficiency, effectiveness/cost-effectiveness and equity (4E) framework is still relevant for approaching, measuring and managing value for money (VfM) for adaptive programmes. • However, this framework needs to be reframed to capture and incentivise flexibility, learning and adaptation. • VfM appraisal and reporting should be done in a way that draws on beneficiary feedback and informs good decision-making, rather than just being a compliance exercise. • If VfM appraisal and reporting cannot be done appropriately for adaptive programmes, it should be avoided or minimised. There is a risk of diverting time and resources from more suitable tools and methods. CY - London DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 M3 - Working Paper PB - ODI UR - https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/odi-ml-rethinkingvfm-wp572-final.pdf Y2 - 2021/06/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is the problem driven iterative adaptation approach (PDIA) a panacea for public financial management reform? Evidence from six African countries AU - Lawson, Andrew AU - Harris, Jamelia T2 - World Development Perspectives AB - This article assesses the application of the problem driven iterative adaptation (PDIA) approach to public financial management reform in six African countries. It draws on primary data collected using a mix of interviews, overt participation observations and a short survey. PDIA responds to shortcomings in orthodox approaches to reform and technical assistance in developing countries. It stresses local solutions to local problems, achieved through experimentation and adaptation. The principles of PDIA are appealing, but its empirical assessment is in its infancy. This study aims to fill part of this gap. Findings show that PDIA delivers results in the short-term, particularly in cases where there is an influential authorising agent and dedicated team. Progress was less forthcoming for reforms that required high level political buy-in from senior officials. The approach does exceptionally well to develop staff capability, transferable skills, and local empowerment to solve local problems, thus potentially benefitting future reforms. DA - 2023/09/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100526 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 31 SP - 100526 J2 - World Development Perspectives SN - 2452-2929 ST - Is the problem driven iterative adaptation approach (PDIA) a panacea for public financial management reform? UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292923000425 Y2 - 2023/11/10/09:31:31 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Being Spherical: Reshaping Our Lives and Our World for the 21st Century AU - Lawson, Phil AU - Lindstrom, Robert L. AB - In this concise, illustrated work exploring the dynamics of living in the 21st century, Phil Lawson and Robert L. Lindstrom show us how we individually and collectively shape the future - a future no longer dominated by traditional hierarchies and concentrated power centers. The authors explain why, in this dawning era of interconnection and interdependency, we require a dramatic transformation in the way we see, think and act. Using mythological imagery in the form of The Sphere and an innovative and adaptive vocabulary, they introduce us to concepts and processes for reshaping our lives, our organizations and our world for the better. In addition, they introduce the Spherical Modeling Tool (SMT), a practical hands-on awareness application. BEING SPHERICAL GUIDES US AS WE LEARN TO: * Prepare for a future we cannot even vaguely predict. * Raise our children well in a climate of moral uncertainty. * Create viable organizations in an era of extreme complexity. * Come to the aid of an abused and ailing planet. AS WE LEARN TO SEE THE SPHERE WE: * Understand why we do what we do and what to do differently. * Discover creative solutions to longstanding problems. * Connect and reconnect within ourselves and with others. * Ready ourselves of quantum leaps in inspiration and awareness. THE GREATER OUR SPHERICAL INTEGRITY THE BETTER WE: * Flex with internal and external pressures. * Adapt to disorienting and accelerating change. * Respond to unpredictable and uncontrollable conditions. * Roll through hard times and bounce forward from adversity. Excerpted from Being Spherical: Reshaping Our Lives and Our World for the 21st Century by Phil Lawson, Robert L. Lindstrom. Copyright 2004. Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/04/15/ PY - 2004 DP - Amazon ET - 1st edition SP - 183 LA - English PB - Sphericity Press SN - 978-0-9761910-0-1 ST - Being Spherical ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agile Project Management For Dummies AU - Layton, Mark C. AB - Be flexible and faster with Agile project management As mobile and web technologies continue to evolve rapidly, there is added pressure to develop and implement software projects in weeks instead of months. Agile Project Management For Dummies can make that happen. This is the first book to provide a simple, step–by–step guide to Agile Project Management approaches, tools, and techniques. With the fast pace of mobile and web technology development, software project development must keep pace; Agile Project Management enables developers to complete and implement projects more quickly and this book shows you how. Offers a practical context for understanding and applying Agile techniques, moving from theory into actual practice Explains when to use Agile and how to avoid common pitfalls Written by experts who know how to apply the principles in real–world situations Agile Project Management For Dummies enables you to understand and apply Agile principles for faster, more accurate development. CY - Hoboken, NJ DA - 2012/04/20/ PY - 2012 DP - Amazon SP - 360 LA - English PB - John Wiley & Sons SN - 978-1-118-02624-3 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scrum For Dummies AU - Layton, Mark C. AB - Practice an agile form of management to stop wasting time and money Scrum For Dummies is an easy to use guide to managing the tricky transition from a traditional project management methodology to the new and most popular agile framework. As the most efficient, successful methodology for team project management, Scrum relies on transparency, flexibility, and fluidity to deliver a final product that fulfills the needs of all stakeholders. Written in easy–to–read Dummies style, this book walks you through the core principles of Scrum and provides a roadmap for tangible implementation. The vast majority of projects go over budget, and billions of dollars are wasted every year on overruns. Put a stop to this wasteful leakage by switching to a management style that keeps all participants informed, up–to–date, and accountable. Authored by a Certified Scrum Trainer, Mark Layton, Scrum For Dummies covers the key ideas and processes behind Scrum methodologies, and presents the inner workings of the plan in an engaging and accessible format. Topics include: The Scrum values, roles, artifacts, and activities that make up the principle of this methodology When and how best to use Scrum The differences between Scrum and other agile methodologies Using Scrum for IT, finance, construction, health care, and more The book also delves into the everyday use of Scrum, and how it can help you achieve your own personal goals outside of work. There′s a reason why scrum is quickly becoming the standard approach to project management it works! If you want to stop wasting time and start producing more effectively, Scrum For Dummies is the guide that will get you there. CY - Hoboken, NJ DA - 2015/05/08/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 408 LA - English PB - John Wiley & Sons SN - 978-1-118-90575-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying social learning where ‘business-as-usual’ solutions no longer work for complex problems and programs AU - Le Borgne, Ewen T2 - CCSL Learning Brief AB - Key messages • Social learning facilitates sharing and learning beyond individuals to networks and systems. Through a facilitated, iterative process of joint work, dialogue and reflection, new shared ways of knowing emerge that lead to changes in practice. • Social learning has real potential to unlock change and transform relationships between actors involved in complex programs and/or dealing with ‘wicked problems’. Adversely it is not advisable to pursue for simple initiatives. • Social learning offers many thematic and pragmatic entry points to be embedded in the CGIAR research programs around partnerships, innovation systems, monitoring and evaluation. DA - 2016/12/15/ PY - 2016 DP - cgspace.cgiar.org VL - 17 LA - en UR - https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/79864 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:10:58 ER - TY - RPRT TI - System Innovation on Purpose AU - Leadbeater, Charles AU - Winhall, Jennie AB - In Building Better Systems, we introduced four keys to unlock system innovation: purpose and power, relationships and resource flows. These four keys make up a set. Systems are often hard to change because power, relationships, and resource flows are locked together in a reinforcing pattern to serve the system’s current purpose. Systems start to change fundamentally when this pattern is disrupted and opened up. Then a new configuration can emerge, serving a new purpose. In this essay series we delve deeper into these four keys and provide practical advice on how they can be put to use. This essay is about the role that purpose plays in orchestrating complex systems and how system innovators can create a new system around a new sense of purpose. CY - København K DA - 2021/11// PY - 2021 LA - en-GB PB - The Rockwool Foundation UR - https://www.systeminnovation.org/article-the-patterns-of-possibility Y2 - 2022/06/17/12:02:20 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How to manage complexity: four lessons for DFID’s new Secretary of State AU - LearnAdapt T2 - Medium AB - Lessons for DFID in addressing complex problems without creating complicated, workload heavy programmes. DA - 2019/05/03/T11:04:46.674Z PY - 2019 ST - How to manage complexity UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/how-to-manage-complexity-four-lessons-for-dfids-new-secretary-of-state-b1bdf06b513c Y2 - 2019/05/15/10:20:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - An analysis of what CLA looks like in Development Programming AU - Learning Lab CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/three-ways-collaborating,-learning,-and-adapting-make-difference-what-weve-learned-our Y2 - 2017/02/09/11:49:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (CLA). Framework and Maturity Matrix Overview AU - Learning Lab CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/collaborating,-learning,-and-adapting-cla-framework-and-maturity-matrix-overview Y2 - 2017/08/14/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting. Framework & Key Concepts AU - Learning Lab CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/keyconcepts_twopager_8.5x11_v7_20160907.pdf Y2 - 2017/02/09/11:49:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evidence Base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting: summary of the literature review (2016.08) AU - Learning Lab AB - LEARN and USAID/PPL are managing an area of work known as Evidence Base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (EB4CLA). The purpose of this work is to answer key learning questions: CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/08/11/T16:51:40-04:00 PY - 2016 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/literature-review-evidence-base-collaborating%2C-learning%2C-and-adapting Y2 - 2016/09/23/13:29:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evidence Base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting: summary of the literature review (2017 update) AU - Learning Lab AB - LEARN and USAID/PPL are managing an area of work known as Evidence Base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (EB4CLA). The purpose of this work is to answer key learning questions: CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 PB - USAID SN - 2017 update UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/literature-review-evidence-base-collaborating%2C-learning%2C-and-adapting Y2 - 2016/09/23/13:29:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evidence base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting: summary of the literature review (2020 update) AU - Learning Lab AB - The LEARN contract and the United States Agency for International Development/Bureau of Policy, Planning, and Learning (USAID/PPL) are managing an area of work known as the Evidence Base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (EB4CLA). The purpose of this work is to answer the following key learning questions: ● Does an intentional, systematic, and resourced approach to collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) contribute to organizational effectiveness and/or development outcomes? ● If so, how? And under what conditions? ● How do we know? How do we measure any contribution that CLA makes to development results? As we began this work, we identified the need to conduct a literature review looking at these questions to understand what is known, what remains unknown, and how others have tried to answer these questions to date. We were primarily interested in answering these questions: ● What evidence is there, if any, that collaborating, learning, and/or adapting contributes to organizational effectiveness, development outcomes, or both? What are the strongest pieces of evidence? ● Does the literature identify any factors critical to CLA that are not currently included in the CLA framework? ● Who else is working on measuring the impact of collaborating, learning and adapting? ● What methods and measures did researchers use to study the effects of collaborating, learning, and adapting? ● Where are there gaps in the research relevant to collaborating, learning, and adapting? ● When taken together, what practical guidance does the evidence for collaborating, learning, and adapting offer to practitioners and policy makers to improve organizational effectiveness and development outcomes? DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/031020_eb4cla_lit_review_update_2d.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/09:52:04 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Landscape Analysis of Learing Agendas: USAID/Washington and beyond AU - Learning Lab AB - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY U.S. government agencies and development organizations around the world are increasingly recognizing and supporting learning activities— often informed by a learning agenda—as important tools for improving organizational effectiveness and efficiency. A learning agenda comprises a set of broad questions directly related to the work that an agency conducts; when answered, they enable the agency to work more effectively and efficiently, particularly pertaining to evaluation, evidence, and decisionmaking. This report surveys the landscape of learning agendas at USAID and beyond to inform the learning agenda initiative planned by the Office of Learning, Evaluation, and Research (LER) in the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL). Reporting on research conducted over a 6-month period (September 2016 to February 2017), this landscape analysis focuses on six documented, office-, bureau-, or initiative-wide learning agendas being used at USAID/Washington. It also considers 11 new or noteworthy learning initiatives at USAID and five learning efforts at other federal agencies. The research team interviewed 60 staff from 20 USAID offices and bureaus, as well as staff from five other federal agencies. (See Annexes 1 through IV for more information.) The team also convened two focus groups: one with staff in USAID/Washington who had recently returned from serving in Missions, and one with PPL staff who discussed that bureau’s learning activities. The report details the interviewees’ remarks on six topics:  Motivations behind their decisions to pursue a learning agenda, such as expectations of accountability, especially in response to leadership demands  The key benefits emerging from their learning agenda efforts, which have included identifying gaps in knowledge and evidence, and supporting other cultural and organizational change processes  The participatory and consultative strategies they used to engage with stakeholders, including engagement with Mission staff and inclusion of academics and outside experts  The learning activities and products related to their initiatives  Challenges and strategies on resources, dissemination, and utilization, including ways to update their learning agenda to ensure that it remains a “living document”  Recommendations they had for PPL and others considering embarking on a learning agenda initiative CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/literature-review-evidence-base-collaborating%2C-learning%2C-and-adapting Y2 - 2016/09/23/13:29:30 ER - TY - RPRT TI - LEARN End of Contract Report AU - Learning Lab AB - In September of 2014, USAID’s Office of Learning, Evaluation & Research (LER) awarded the Learning and Knowledge Management (LEARN) contract to Dexis Consulting Group and subcontractor RTI International.1 This document—the End of Contract Report—captures five and half years of results and reflections for our stakeholders. Our intention is to share the good and the bad, and while this report would not be considered a “tell all,” we think we have a story worth sharing, particularly to USAID CORs and AORs, activity managers, and other implementers of institutional support contracts.2 LEARN’s primary purpose was to support organizational change at USAID. More specifically, the contract was focused on helping USAID staff integrate collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) approaches into the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of programs (what is known at USAID as the Program Cycle). It was clear that most USAID staff, whether they realized it or not, were already integrating CLA into their work to some extent. The focus of our efforts, therefore, was to make those practices more systematic, intentional, resourced, and ultimately more widespread throughout the Agency, which would have a ripple effect on implementing partners and even other stakeholders, such as host country governments. This was based on the theory—later borne out by evidence—that by becoming a better learning organization, USAID could be a more effective development organization. And that theory brought the USAID CLA team within USAID’s Bureau for Policy, Planning & Learning (PPL) and LEARN contractors together, driven by a shared purpose of improving how USAID does business. LEARN was designed based on this belief and, as you might expect from a learning-oriented contract, began with more questions than answers. Primary among those questions was: could an institutional support contract do more than carry out requested services—could it actually accelerate positive organizational change at USAID? And if so, how and under what conditions? DA - 2020/04/05/ PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 92 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - LEARN Monitoring, Evaluation, Research, and Learning Plan AU - Learning Lab AB - LEARN and USAID/PPL are managing an area of work known as Evidence Base for Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (EB4CLA). The purpose of this work is to answer key learning questions: CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/public_learn_merl_plan_update_20160922.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/23/13:29:30 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Learning Lab - Collaborate, Learn and Adapt for better development outcomes AU - Learning Lab T2 - USAID AB - CLA is: a component of several missions' CDCSes. a conceptual framework for some principles and operational processes that can enable USAID to become a more effective learning organization and thereby a more effective development organization. an approach to facilitating local participation and capacity and promoting country-led development. For more information on CLA visit: DA - 2013/01/07/T12:01:49-05:00 PY - 2013 LA - und M3 - Text UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org Y2 - 2016/08/05/14:49:47 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Two Tunes, One Dance: Keeping Programming Agile AU - Learning Lab T2 - USAID Learning Lab DA - 2017/05/22/T17:18:10-04:00 PY - 2017 LA - und ST - Two Tunes, One Dance UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/two-tunes%2C-one-dance-keeping-programming-agile Y2 - 2017/06/02/16:57:58 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What difference does CLA make to development? Key findings from a recent literature review (2020 update) AU - Learning Lab AB - USAID’s Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning and its LEARN support contract are working to integrate systematic, intentional and resourced collaborating, learning and adapting (CLA) throughout program planning and implementation to achieve more effective development programs. As part of this effort, USAID is exploring several approaches to understand whether and how strategic collaboration, continuous learning and adaptive management make a difference to organizational effectiveness and development outcomes. To begin this work, we have undertaken a foundational literature review of academic and gray literature to answer our key learning questions: • Does an intentional, systematic and resourced approach to collaborating, learning and adapting contribute to organizational effectiveness? To development outcomes? • If so, how? And under what circumstances? • How do we measure the contribution? The 13 key findings, mapped to the CLA Framework below, are described in greater detail in the following pages. CY - Washington DC DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/system/files/resource/files/cla_literature_review_update_march_2020_final.pdf Y2 - 2024/01/31/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How useful are RCTs in evaluating transparency and accountability projects? AU - Leavy, Jennifer T2 - MAVC Working Paper CY - Brighton DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 PB - IDS UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/how-useful-are-rcts-in-evaluating-transparency-accountability/ Y2 - 2016/04/22/10:10:35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of social learning in adaptiveness: insights from water management AU - Lebel, Louis AU - Grothmann, Torsten AU - Siebenhüner, Bernd T2 - International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics AB - The article introduces the notion of adaptiveness and discusses the role of social learning in it. Adaptiveness refers to the capacity of a social actor or social–ecological system to adapt in response to, or in anticipation of, changes in the environment. We explore arguments both from a theoretical perspective and through illustrations from case studies of water management in the Alps of Europe and Mekong in southeast Asia. We propose and illustrate that social learning processes are important for building adaptiveness in several ways and at different scales. Social learning can help cope with informational uncertainty; reduce normative uncertainty; build consensus on criteria for monitoring and evaluation; empower stakeholders to take adaptive actions; reduce conflicts and identify synergies between adaptations; and improve fairness of decisions and actions. Findings in the case studies provide some support for these generalizations but often with caveats related to diversity of stakeholder interests, levels of shared understanding versus contested knowledge and scale of coordination. For this reason, we suggest that future work pays greater attention to issues of agency, knowledge and scale: What strategies have individuals and organizations pursued in successful examples of social learning? How are the boundaries and interactions between science, policy and practice managed? How does social learning occur across spatial and temporal scales? DA - 2010/12/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10784-010-9142-6 DP - Springer Link VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 333 EP - 353 J2 - Int Environ Agreements LA - en SN - 1573-1553 ST - The role of social learning in adaptiveness UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-010-9142-6 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:34:32 KW - Adaptation KW - European Alps KW - Fairness KW - Mekong River KW - Social learning KW - Uncertainty KW - Water management ER - TY - BLOG TI - Crisis relief for adults & families everywhere - Featuring the mighty micro-VCoL AU - Lectica T2 - Lectica Live AB - In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic crisis, we're open-sourcing our most effective stress- and crisis-management learning tools. We call these tools micro-VCoLs™. All of the micro-VCoLs shared here can be practiced effectively just by following the instructions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://lecticalive.org/about/vcols-free Y2 - 2023/11/20/11:46:25 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Virtuous cycles of learning (VCoL) and the +7 skills AU - Lectica T2 - Lectica Live AB - VCoL is a cycle of goal setting, information seeking, application, and reflection. Its +7 skills include reflectivity, awareness, seeking and evaluating information, making connections, applying knowledge, seeking and working with feedback, and recognizing and overcoming built-in biases. VCoLing engages the whole learner. By this, we mean that it engages learners emotionally, physically, and intellectually, leveraging both conscious and unconscious mental processes. VCoLing ensures that new knowledge is integrated into existing knowledge in a way that makes it useful and "sticky." When people work with our assessments, they're not only building knowledge, they're also nurturing the dispositions and skills required for a lifetime of learning and development. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://lecticalive.org/about/vcol Y2 - 2023/11/20/11:42:57 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst for Healthcare Associated Infections AU - Lee, Bruce Y. T2 - Grantome AB - Understanding and preventing the spread of both endemic and emerging healthcare-associated infectious diseases throughout hospitals and nursing homes is a national priority. Our work has shown that the many disparate inpatient healthcare facilities in a region can form a complex healthcare ecosystem connected by both direct and indirect patient sharing allowing pathogens in one health care facility to readily spread to other facilities. Our goal is to further develop RHEA (Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst) into a user-friendly software tool that decision makers (e.g., policy makers, funders, product developers and manufacturers, healthcare administrators, infection prevention specialists, researchers, and educators) can readily use to help healthcare ecosystems prevent and control the spread of an endemic pathogen, methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and an emerging pathogen, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). This next generation of RHEA will bring multiple innovations by: 1) further elucidating the interconnectedness of the ecosystem and showcasing the value of cooperation among facilities versus the current individual facility approach to infectious disease control, 2) incorporating new healthcare ecosystem responses for endemic MRSA and emerging CRE, 3) continuing our work integrating economic and operational models into a framework of infectious disease epidemiological models, 4) imbuing virtual patients with characteristics linked to MRSA and CRE transmission and outcome risk, 5) building a comprehensive """"""""virtual laboratory"""""""" to help address many existing and future healthcare ecosystem infectious disease questions, and 6) building a user-friendly modeling tool that decision makers can use. The project will continue our team's longstanding modeling work and developing computational tools for decision makers via three specific aims. First, completing Specific Aim 1 will expand RHEA by adding the following capabilities: i) integrated clinical outcome and economic models, ii) more extensive and detailed patient characteristics linked to changes in infection risk and costs, iii) expanded HAI control measures, and iv) stochastic and adaptive disease parameters to represent emerging and evolving diseases. Next, Specific Aim 2 will use our newly expanded RHEA framework to model a sample endemic pathogen, MRSA, and a sample emerging pathogen, CRE to identify optimal control strategies even when pathogen characteristics are evolving. Finally, Specific Aim 3 will involve developing a user-friendly interface for RHEA and deploying it as a healthcare ecosystem computational modeling tool that various stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, healthcare administrators, infection control specialists, funders, and product manufacturers) can readily use to make decisions regarding the control of healthcare-associated infections. Public Health Relevance Understanding and preventing the spread of healthcare-associated infectious diseases throughout hospitals and nursing homes is a national priority. Simulation models can serve as virtual laboratories to help identify best practice solutions for containing common [such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)] and emerging [e.g., carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)] causes of healthcare associated infections (HAIs). Our goal is to develop our software RHEA (Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst) into a computational modeling tool that can be used directly by decision makers to identify, develop, and evaluate strategies and interventions to reduce HAIs across a large geographic region. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-HS023317-01 Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Appraising Adaptive Management AU - Lee, Kai T2 - Conservation Ecology AB - Lee, K. N. 1999. Appraising adaptive management. Conservation Ecology 3(2): 3. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00131-030203 DA - 1999/09/08/ PY - 1999 DO - 10.5751/ES-00131-030203 DP - www.ecologyandsociety.org VL - 3 IS - 2 LA - en SN - 1195-5449 UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol3/iss2/art3/ Y2 - 2017/07/18/14:05:45 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics in the Environment AU - Lee, Kai N. AB - In this original and far-reaching synthesis, Kai N. Lee explains that together science and politics can lead the waytoward the sustainable management of the world’s resources. Rigorous science can act as our compass, pointingus toward greater and more useful knowledge (adaptive management), and practical politics can serve as our gyroscope, keeping usbalanced between competing interest groups. Unlike some approaches to sustainable development, Compass and Gyroscope is refreshingly grounded in the realworld. Lee explains that sustainability cannot occur overnight, we have neither an adequate base of knowledgenor a reliable means of properly implementing and executing management plans. "Sustainable development is not a goal, not a condition likely to be attained on earth as we know it. Rather it is more like freedom or justice,a direction in which we strive..." Using the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest as a case study, Lee examines the successes andfailures of past and present management. He describes what has been learned, and explains how that experiencecan be applied to environmental management generally. Throughout, the author delves deeply into the theoretical framework behind the real-world experience, exploring how theories of science, politics, and cognitive psychology can be integrated into environmental management. CY - Washington, DC DA - 1993/06/01/ PY - 1993 DP - Amazon SP - 290 LA - English PB - Island Press SN - 978-1-55963-197-6 ST - Compass and Gyroscope ER - TY - JOUR TI - Before the Backlash, Let’s Redefine User-Centered Design AU - Lee, Panthea T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - We must better understand user-centered design’s limitations—not just its strengths—in the context of international development. And we must adapt it from its original uses designing commercial products to solving for social good. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 13 IS - 3 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/before_the_backlash_lets_redefine_user_centered_design Y2 - 2017/02/19/16:50:35 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Moving from Real-Time Data to Real-Time Programs AU - Lee, Panthea T2 - Reboot AB - How can we avoid drowning in data to actually make better decisions? DA - 2016/10/12/T16:45:05+00:00 PY - 2016 ST - #LongReads UR - https://reboot.org/2016/10/12/longreads-moving-real-time-data-real-time-programs/ Y2 - 2017/02/23/03:55:18 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bringing politics back in: Towards a model of the developmental state AU - Leftwich, Adrian T2 - The Journal of Development Studies AB - The few cases of rapid economic growth in the Third World in the last 30 years have occurred in democratic, quasi‐democratic and non‐democratic polities. They are thus clearly not a function of common regime type. I suggest that they are best explained by the special character of their states, understood ‘as developmental states’. This article outlines some common characteristics of these states. However the forms and features of these states are not simply a function of their administrative structures or principles of governance, but of their politics. The article thus also underlines the importance of political analysis in both development theory and policy, from where it has been extruded for too long. DA - 1995/02/01/ PY - 1995 DO - 10.1080/00220389508422370 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 400 EP - 427 SN - 0022-0388 ST - Bringing politics back in UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389508422370 Y2 - 2016/08/19/14:56:11 ER - TY - CONF TI - Thinking and Working Politically: What does it mean, Why is it important and How do you do it? AU - Leftwich, Adrian AB - This paper suggests that working politically in a developmental context means directing attention and support to the agents of reform and development (leaders and organisations). This allows investment in the local processes that will resolve problems – such as problems of collective action – through the work of alliances and coalitions. Hence, it will drive the formation and consolidation of the locally appropriate, feasible and legitimate institutions that are most likely to advance development outcomes. The Developmental Leadership Program defines politics as the pervasive, unavoidable and necessary activities of conflict, negotiation and compromise involved in group decision-making about how resources are to be used, produced and distributed. Thinking politically means understanding that both political and technical dimensions are central to developmental outcomes. It also means: Understanding that ‘agency’ matters. That is, that people have the potential to change things, but always withhin the context of given institutional arrangements, which contain both constraints and opportunities. Leaders, organisations and followers think, strategise and attempt to resolve problems in different ways in the same contexts. Understanding leadership as a political process that mobilises people and resources in support of a goal: leaders seldom work on their own. Realising that overcoming collective action problems is a major challenge of development. Collective action problems occur when people with diverse (often competing) interests struggle to agree on an organisational arrangement from which they would all benefit. Understanding that coalitions (formal or informal) are a crucial political mechanism for the resolution of collective action problems. Paying attention to the detailed inner politics of regimes, sectors or issues (‘micro-politics’). This includes understanding who the players are, where they come from, their organisational affiliations, ideologies and interests and the political dynamics involved. (Many political analysis tools are inadequate for this level of detail.) Recognising that processes are as important as projects in development, and vary from context to context. Working politically in development means supporting, brokering, facilitating and aiding the emergence and practices of (public or private) developmental or reform leaderships, organisations, networks and coalitions at any level, and across all sectors. It means helping them to respond to, and work with, initiatives and requests from local individuals and groups. Working politically can also involve: Investing in the effectiveness of developmental coalitions by enhancing the political capacity of organisations in negotiation, advocacy, communication and the generation of constructive policy options. Rethinking higher educational support programmes so that they supplement a skills focus with strategies that help to build networks, and encourage the understanding of collective action problems and of the importance of providing public goods. Acquiring a deep and detailed knowledge of, and long-term exposure to, the country or issue concerned. Respectful and sensitive understanding of local political dynamics and cultural norms. Employing more social scientists and a well-trained, politically savvy workforce, both local and international, with the capacity to ‘read’ the politics. In particular, coalitions can help drive the endogenous politics of developmental reforms by: 1) achieving a specific policy goal; 2) opening up debate on a previously taboo issue; 3) deepening and strengthening the coalition’s internal organisation and relationships for future purposes; and 4) increasing the capacity of constituent organisations. It is also important to understand that: Developmental leaderships and coalitions often emerge in response to a critical juncture – a threat, challenge or danger – or a new opportunity. What matters is whether leaders have the knowledge, education, vision, prior experience and networks to seize such opportunities. The character and conditionality of funding by donors or supporters can make or break a coalition. Are tight conditions applied? Are funding arrangements transparent? C1 - Frankfurt C3 - Politics, Leadership and Coalitions in Development: Policy Implications of the DLP Research Evidence, Research and Policy Workshop DA - 2011/03// PY - 2011 PB - DLP ST - Thinking and Working Politically UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/thinking-and-working-politically-what-does-it-mean-why-is-it-important-and-how-do-you-do-it/ Y2 - 2016/05/10/11:47:43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scenario-based strategizing: Advancing the applicability in strategists' teams AU - Lehr, Thomas AU - Lorenz, Ullrich AU - Willert, Markus AU - Rohrbeck, René T2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change AB - For over 40years, scenarios have been promoted as a key technique for forming strategies in uncertain environments. However, many challenges remain. In this article, we discuss a novel approach designed to increase the applicability of scenario-based strategizing in top management teams. Drawing on behavioural strategy as a theoretical lens, we design a yardstick to study the impact of scenario-based strategizing. We then describe our approach, which includes developing scenarios and alternative strategies separately and supporting the strategy selection through an integrated assessment of the goal-based efficacy and robustness. To facilitate the collaborative strategizing in teams, we propose a matrix with robustness and efficacy as the two axes, which we call the Parmenides Matrix. We assess the impact of the novel approach by applying it in two cases, at a governmental agency (German Environmental Ministry) and a firm affected by disruptive change (Bosch, leading global supplier of technology and solutions). DA - 2017/11/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.06.026 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 124 SP - 214 EP - 224 J2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change SN - 0040-1625 ST - Scenario-based strategizing UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004016251730848X Y2 - 2018/05/30/09:50:47 KW - Behavioural strategy KW - Scenario-based strategizing KW - Scenarios KW - Strategic foresight KW - Uncertainty ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating megaprojects: From the ‘iron triangle’ to network mapping AU - Lehtonen, Markku T2 - Evaluation AB - Evaluation literature has paid relatively little attention to the specific needs of evaluating large, complex industrial and infrastructure projects, often called ‘megaprojects’. The abundant megaproject governance literature, in turn, has largely focused on the so-called ‘megaproject pathologies’, i.e. the chronic budget overruns, and failure of such projects to keep to timetables and deliver the expected social and economic benefits. This article draws on these two strands of literature, identifies shortcomings, and suggests potential pathways towards an improved evaluation of megaprojects. To counterbalance the current overemphasis on relatively narrowly defined accountability as the main function of megaproject evaluation, and the narrow definition of project success in megaproject evaluation, the article argues that conceptualizing megaprojects as dynamic and evolving networks would provide a useful basis for the design of an evaluation approach better able to promote learning and to address the socio-economic aspects of megaprojects. A modified version of ‘network mapping’ is suggested as a possible framework for megaproject evaluation, with the exploration of the multiple accountability relationships as a central evaluation task, designed to reconcile learning and accountability as the central evaluation functions. The article highlights the role of evaluation as an ‘emergent’ property of spontaneous megaproject ‘governing’, and explores the challenges that this poses to the role of the evaluator. DA - 2014/07/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1177/1356389014539868 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 278 EP - 295 J2 - Evaluation LA - en SN - 1356-3890 ST - Evaluating megaprojects UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1356389014539868 ER - TY - CONF TI - Transforming governance: how can technology help reshape democracy? AU - Leighninger, Matt AB - Around the world, people are asking how we can make democracy work in new and better ways. We are frustrated by political systems in which voting is the only legitimate political act, concerned that many republics don’t have the strength or appeal to withstand authoritarian figures, and disillusioned by the inability of many countries to address the fundamental challenges of health, education and economic development. If we want to create democracies in which citizens have meaningful roles in shaping public decisions and solving public problems, we should be asking a number of questions about civic tech, including: • How can online tools best support new forms of democracy? • What are the examples of how this has happened? • What are some variables to consider in comparing these examples? • How can we learn from each other as we move forward? This background note has been developed to help democratic innovators explore these questions and examine how their work can provide answers. DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies ST - Transforming governance UR - http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/11738 Y2 - 2016/07/20/08:39:23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What Is This Thing Called a Mechanism? Findings From a Review of Realist Evaluations AU - Lemire, Sebastian AU - Kwako, Alexander AU - Nielsen, Steffen B. AU - Christie, Christina A. AU - Donaldson, Stewart I. AU - Leeuw, Frans L. T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Realist evaluation has, over the past two decades, become a widely used approach in evaluation. The cornerstone of realist evaluation is to answer the question: What works, for whom, under what circumstances, and why. This is accomplished by explicating the causal mechanisms that, within a particular context, generate the outcomes of interest. Despite the central role of mechanisms in realist evaluation, systematic knowledge about how the term mechanism is conceptualized and operationalized is limited. The aim of the present chapter is to examine how mechanisms are defined and applied in realist evaluations. Informed by the findings of the review, further conceptual and practical developments for future applications of mechanisms in realist evaluation are considered. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20428 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 73 EP - 86 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - What Is This Thing Called a Mechanism? UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20428 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Narrowing the climate information usability gap AU - Lemos, Maria Carmen AU - Kirchhoff, Christine J. AU - Ramprasad, Vijay T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Climate-change-related risks pose serious threats to the management of a wide range of social, economic and ecological systems. Managing these risks requires knowledge-intensive adaptive management and policy-making actively informed by scientific knowledge, especially climate science1. However, potentially useful climate information often goes unused1,2. This suggests a gap between what scientists understand as useful information and what users recognize as usable in their decision-making. We propose a dynamic conceptual model to address this gap and highlight strategies to move information from useful to usable to reduce climate-related risks. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1614 DP - www-nature-com.ezproxy.sussex.ac.uk VL - 2 IS - 11 SP - 789 EP - 794 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1614 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:36:56 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity's Search for Meaning AU - Lent, Jeremy AB - This fresh perspective on crucial questions of history identifies the root metaphors that cultures have used to construct meaning in their world. It offers a glimpse into the minds of a vast range of different peoples: early hunter-gatherers and farmers, ancient Egyptians, traditional Chinese sages, the founders of Christianity, trail-blazers of the Scientific Revolution, and those who constructed our modern consumer society. Taking the reader on an archaeological exploration of the mind, the author, an entrepreneur and sustainability leader, uses recent findings in cognitive science and systems theory to reveal the hidden layers of values that form today's cultural norms. Uprooting the tired cliches of the science-religion debate, he shows how medieval Christian rationalism acted as an incubator for scientific thought, which in turn shaped our modern vision of the conquest of nature. The author probes our current crisis of unsustainability and argues that it is not an inevitable result of human nature, but is culturally driven: a product of particular mental patterns that could conceivably be reshaped. By shining a light on our possible futures, the book foresees a coming struggle between two contrasting views of humanity: one driving to a technological endgame of artificially enhanced humans, the other enabling a sustainable future arising from our intrinsic connectedness with each other and the natural world. This struggle, it concludes, is one in which each of us will play a role through the meaning we choose to forge from the lives we lead. CY - Amherst, New York DA - 2017/05/23/ PY - 2017 DP - Amazon SP - 540 LA - English PB - Prometheus Books SN - 978-1-63388-293-5 ST - The Patterning Instinct ER - TY - BOOK TI - Smart Risks: How small grants are helping to solve some of the world's biggest problems A3 - Lentfer, Jennifer A3 - Cothran, Tanya AB - As never before, international aid is in the hands of ordinary people. Concerned citizens in wealthy countries are starting philanthropy groups, joining giving circles, and travelling internationally to lend support. Yet, they are torn between the feelings that 'something' must be done about global poverty and that foreign assistance is creating dependency and fueling corruption overseas.A growing community of international small grant-makers know how to find and fund effective grassroots initiatives. Compared to donor-controlled, large-scale, project-based international aid funding, small grant-makers use the concept of 'smart risks' to build upon existing human and social capital and to make a lasting changes in people's lives. Smart Risks brings together the wisdom of experts with wide-ranging experience within the development sector. Their contributions focus on five guiding question, such as 'who is a smart risk?' and 'what is your role in smart risks?' They include case studies, personal stories of lessons learned over time, provocative insights on power and privilege, and practical frameworks for choosing, investing in, and measuring the impact of grassroots organizations and movements. This book is essential reading for all those who wonder how their donations and work can make a difference in developing countries - from aid agency staff and policy makers, to globally engaged individuals. DA - 2017/04/15/ PY - 2017 DP - Amazon SP - 202 LA - English PB - Practical Action Publishing SN - 978-1-85339-930-5 ST - Smart Risks ER - TY - CHAP TI - Steering E-Government Projects from Failure to Success: Using Design-Reality Gap Analysis as a Mid-Implementation Assessment Tool AU - Lessa, Lemma AU - Negash, Solomon AU - Belachew, Mesfin T2 - Emerging Issues and Prospects in African E-Government: A2 - Sodhi, Inderjeet Singh AB - There are many e-government failures in developing countries. Most studies look at these after the event (post hoc), but this chapter takes an original approach to look mid-implementation (durante hoc) in order to provide recommendations for improvement. The authors chose a partial failure/partial success land management information system being implemented in one Ethiopian city. The project has made retrieval of land information quicker and simpler but is only partly implemented, and is still—on occasion—circumvented by public servants for personal gain. They used design-reality gap framework to understand why the project had partly failed. The authors used the design-reality gap analysis to propose an action plan that would help institutionalise the system, steering it from partial failure to success. They demonstrate the value of this framework as a tool for mid-implementation analysis of e-government projects. The authors recommend its usage on other ongoing e-government projects in developing countries. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - CrossRef PB - IGI Global SN - 978-1-4666-6296-4 978-1-4666-6297-1 UR - http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-6296-4 Y2 - 2016/09/27/16:41:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The landscape of innovation approaches AU - Leurs, Bas AB - An overview of innovation methods and approaches we’ve come across in government innovation practice. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en M3 - text/html PB - States of Change UR - https://states-of-change.org/resources/landscape-of-innovation-approaches Y2 - 2021/05/07/14:04:28 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Playbook for innovation learning. 35 diagrams to support talking and thinking about learning for innovation AU - Leurs, Bas AU - Roberts, Isobel CY - London DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 PB - Nesta UR - http://states-of-change.org/assets/downloads/nesta_playbook_for_innovation_learning.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/03/09:15:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How Political Contexts Influence Education Systems: Patterns, Constraints, Entry Points AU - Levy, Brian AB - This paper synthesises the findings of a set of country studies commissioned by the RISE Programme to explore the influence of politics and power on education sector policymaking and implementation. The synthesis groups the countries into three political-institutional contexts: - Dominant contexts, where power is centred around a political leader and a hierarchical governance structure. As the Vietnam case details, top-down leadership potentially can provide a robust platform for improving learning outcomes. However, as the case studies of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Tanzania illustrate, all-too-often dominant leaders’ goals vis-à-vis the education sector can veer in other directions. - In impersonal competitive contexts, a combination of strong formal institutions and effective processes of resolving disagreements can, on occasion, result in a shared commitment among powerful interests to improve learning outcomes—but in none of the case studies is this outcome evident. In Peru, substantial learning gains have been achieved despite messy top-level politics. But the Chilean, Indian, and South African case studies suggest that the all-too-common result of rule-boundedness plus unresolved political contestation over the education sector’s goals is some combination of exaggerated rule compliance and/or performative isomorphic mimicry. - Personalised competitive contexts (Bangladesh, Ghana, and Kenya for example) lack the seeming strengths of either their dominant or their impersonal competitive contexts; there are multiple politically-influential groups and multiple, competing goals—but no credible framework of rules to bring coherence either to political competition or to the education bureaucracy. The case studies show that political and institutional constraints can render ineffective many specialised sectoral interventions intended to improve learning outcomes. But they also point to the possibility that ‘soft governance’ entry points might open up some context-aligned opportunities for improving learning outcomes. In dominant contexts, the focus might usefully be on trying to influence the goals and strategies of top-level leadership. In impersonal competitive contexts, it might be on strengthening alliances between mission-oriented public officials and other developmentally-oriented stakeholders. In personalised competitive contexts, gains are more likely to come from the bottom-up—via a combination of local-level initiatives plus a broader effort to inculcate a shared sense among a country’s citizenry of ‘all for education’. DA - 2022/12/13/ PY - 2022 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) ST - How Political Contexts Influence Education Systems UR - https://riseprogramme.org/publications/how-political-contexts-influence-education-systems-patterns-constraints-entry-points Y2 - 2023/04/13/09:00:09 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers AU - Lewin, Kurt CY - New York DA - 1951/// PY - 1951 DP - Amazon SP - 346 PB - Harper & Brothers ST - Field Theory in Social Science UR - https://www.amazon.com/Field-Theory-Social-Science-Theoretical/dp/B000JJ0WN2 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos AU - Lewin, Roger AB - "Put together one of the world's best science writers with one of the universe's most fascinating subjects and you are bound to produce a wonderful book. . . . The subject of complexity is vital and controversial. This book is important and beautifully done."—Stephen Jay Gould"[Complexity] is that curious mix of complication and organization that we find throughout the natural and human worlds: the workings of a cell, the structure of the brain, the behavior of the stock market, the shifts of political power. . . . It is time science . . . thinks about meaning as well as counting information. . . . This is the core of the complexity manifesto. Read it, think about it . . . but don't ignore it."—Ian Stewart, NatureThis second edition has been brought up to date with an essay entitled "On the Edge in the Business World" and an interview with John Holland, author of Emergence: From Chaos to Order. CY - Chicago DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 DP - Amazon SP - 242 LA - English PB - University of Chicago Press SN - 978-0-226-47655-1 ST - Complexity ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer AU - Liker, Jeffrey K. AB - How to speed up business processes, improve quality, and cut costs in any industryIn factories around the world, Toyota consistently makes the highest-quality cars with the fewest defects of any competing manufacturer, while using fewer man-hours, less on-hand inventory, and half the floor space of its competitors. The Toyota Way is the first book for a general audience that explains the management principles and business philosophy behind Toyota's worldwide reputation for quality and reliability.Complete with profiles of organizations that have successfully adopted Toyota's principles, this book shows managers in every industry how to improve business processes by:Eliminating wasted time and resources Building quality into workplace systems Finding low-cost but reliable alternatives to expensive new technology Producing in small quantities Turning every employee into a quality control inspector CY - New York DA - 2004/01/01/ PY - 2004 DP - Amazon SP - 352 LA - English PB - McGraw-Hill SN - 978-0-07-139231-0 ST - The Toyota Way ER - TY - GEN TI - Reflections on the Utilization-Focused Evaluation (UFE) Process AU - Lim, Yvonne AU - Mizumoto, Ann AB - This presentation from the Strengthening ICTD Research Capacity in Asia (SIRCA) provides an overview of how UFE was used in their SIRCA programme. It was presented at the Evaluation Conclave 2010, New Delhi, India The key objectives of the program are to: Enhance research capacity in Asia through rigorous academic research Create a space for dialogue on ICT4D social science research issues in Asia Create linkages through a mentorship program Disseminate findings in publications and conferences Contents SIRCA Programme SIRCA Key Objectives SIRCA Evaluation UFE Learnings UFE Challenges Evaluation is over…but there’s a lasting outcome... DA - 2010/10/28/ PY - 2010 PB - Strengthening ICTD Research Capacity in Asia (SIRCA) Programme UR - https://evaluationinpractice.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/sirca_conclave-2010-presentation-3_yl.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) the future of wildlife monitoring? A review of accomplishments and challenges AU - Linchant, Julie AU - Lisein, Jonathan AU - Semeki, Jean AU - Lejeune, Philippe AU - Vermeulen, Cédric T2 - Mammal Review AB - Regular monitoring of animal populations must be established to ensure wildlife protection, especially when pressure on animals is high. The recent development of drones or unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) opens new opportunities. UASs have several advantages, including providing data at high spatial and temporal resolution, providing systematic, permanent data, having low operational costs and being low-risk for the operators. However, UASs have some constraints, such as short flight endurance. We reviewed studies in which wildlife populations were monitored by using drones, described accomplishments to date and evaluated the range of possibilities UASs offer to provide new perspectives in future research. We focused on four main topics: 1) the available systems and sensors; 2) the types of survey plan and detection possibilities; 3) contributions towards anti-poaching surveillance; and 4) legislation and ethics. We found that small fixed-wing UASs are most commonly used because these aircraft provide a viable compromise between price, logistics and flight endurance. The sensors are typically electro-optic or infrared cameras, but there is the potential to develop and test new sensors. Despite various flight plan possibilities, mostly classical line transects have been employed, and it would be of great interest to test new methods to adapt to the limitations of UASs. Detection of many species is possible, but statistical approaches are unavailable if valid inventories of large mammals are the purpose. Contributions of UASs to anti-poaching surveillance are not yet well documented in the scientific literature, but initial studies indicate that this approach could make important contributions to conservation in the next few years. Finally, we conclude that one of the main factors impeding the use of UASs is legislation. Restrictions in the use of airspace prevent researchers from testing all possibilities, and adaptations to the relevant legislation will be necessary in future. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/mam.12046 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 239 EP - 252 LA - en SN - 1365-2907 ST - Are unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) the future of wildlife monitoring? UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mam.12046 Y2 - 2019/05/04/03:02:27 KW - detection KW - drone KW - survey KW - wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Science of "Muddling Through" AU - Lindblom, Charles E. T2 - Public Administration Review AB - Short courses, books, and articles exhort administrators to make decisions more methodically, but there has been little analysis of the decision-making process now used by public administrators. The usual process is investigated here-and generally defended against proposals for more "scientific" methods. Decisions of individual administrators, of course, must be integrated with decisions of others to form the mosaic of public policy. This integration of individual decisions has become the major concern of organization theory, and the way individuals make decisions necessarily affects the way those decisions are best meshed with others'. In addition, decision-making method relates to allocation of decision-making responsibility-who should make what decision. More "scientific" decision-making also is discussed in this issue: "Tools for Decision-Making in Resources Planning." DA - 1959/// PY - 1959 DO - 10.2307/973677 DP - JSTOR VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 79 EP - 88 SN - 0033-3352 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/973677 Y2 - 2017/05/17/15:41:49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring AU - Lindenmayer, David B. AU - Likens, Gene E. T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - Long-term research and monitoring can provide important ecological insights and are crucial for the improved management of ecosystems and natural resources. However, many long-term research and monitoring programs are either ineffective or fail completely owing to poor planning and/or lack of focus. Here we propose the paradigm of adaptive monitoring, which aims to resolve many of the problems that have undermined previous attempts to establish long-term research and monitoring. This paradigm is driven by tractable questions, rigorous statistical design at the outset, a conceptual model of the ecosystem or other entity being examined and a human need to know about ecosystem change. An adaptive monitoring framework enables monitoring programs to evolve iteratively as new information emerges and research questions change. DA - 2009/09/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 24 IS - 9 SP - 482 EP - 486 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution SN - 0169-5347 ST - Adaptive monitoring UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534709001219 Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:30:19 ER - TY - BLOG TI - You might not be as agile as you think you are AU - Lindpaintner, Julia AU - Rivera, Stephanie T2 - 18F AB - The mandate to be agile is everywhere. But agile isn’t an on-off switch. It’s a skill and a mindset that is developed over time, through dedicated work, open teams, and lots (and lots) of practice DA - 2019/05/29/ PY - 2019 LA - en ST - 18F UR - https://federalist.18f.gov/2019/05/29/you-might-not-be-as-agile-as-you-think-you-are/ Y2 - 2019/08/08/23:04:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Livelihoods in the Za'atari Camp: Impact evaluation of Oxfam’s Cash for Work activities in the Za’atari camp (Jordan) AU - Lombardini, Simone AU - Mager, Franziska DA - 2019/10/22/ PY - 2019 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - http://hdl.handle.net/10546/620883 ST - Livelihoods in the Za'atari Camp UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10546/620883 Y2 - 2020/02/06/09:09:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Applying Adaptive Management in a Fragile Context – Case Study AU - Lonsdale, Jane AU - Green, Duncan AU - Robertson, Kelly AB - DT Global is proud to introduce our new Guidance Note: Practical Introduction to Adaptive Management There is a growing consensus around adaptive management as an effective (even necessary) approach when programs are tackling complex development problems. While there is no standard definition of adaptive management, there is general agreement that such programs need to routinely engage with and respond to program context; constantly test what works in that context; and adjust approaches, plans, and activities based on continuous learning. However, there remains a more limited body of evidence about what this looks like in practice—the enabling conditions, systems, resourcing, skills, and attitudes to effectively operationalise adaptive management. There is also limited guidance around when adaptive management is required, and to what extent—both critical and often overlooked considerations when planning for successful adaptive management. This Guidance Note draws together lessons and good practice in adaptive management from across DT Global’s diverse portfolio of donor-funded programs. It outlines our conceptual framework for adaptive management, with practical guidance on how it can be applied by our program teams. It is also designed to help our teams distinguish adaptive management from good (non adaptive) project management, consider when adaptive management is most useful on a program, and how adaptive a program (or part of a program) should be. DA - 2023/07// PY - 2023 PB - DT Global UR - https://dt-global.com/assets/files/dt-global-applying-adaptive-management-in-fragile-contexts-case-study.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/24/10:25:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working Politically: Lessons from FOSTER in Nigeria AU - Lopez Lucia, Elisa AU - Buckley, Joanna AU - Marquette, Heather AU - McCulloch, Neil T2 - Research Paper AB - The Facility for Oil Sector Transparency and Reform (FOSTER) was a £14 million programme that has helped Nigeria to transform its governance of the oil and gas industry. FOSTER ran from 2011 to mid-2016, and used an explicit ‘thinking and working politically’ (TWP) approach. It was funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and managed by Oxford Policy Management (OPM). This paper seeks to identify the factors that drove – or constrained – FOSTER’s achievements, and asks what this can tell us about TWP, particularly in challenging political and sectoral contexts. FOSTER sought to help strengthen oversight and accountability in Nigeria’s oil sector. It aimed to support reformers within government institutions that ‘supply’ accountability (those governing how oil and gas revenues are collected and managed), and to support civil society organisations, parliament, the media and the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative to ‘demand’ reform. In addition, FOSTER commissioned a series of studies and provided media training to help broaden understanding of the sector and highlight the need for reform. This paper examines the outcomes from five ‘clusters’ of FOSTER interventions. The FOSTER team viewed the first three of these in the list below as successful, whereas the latter two did not deliver on expectations but offer important opportunities for learning: • Support to the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative • Support to demand-side actors to promote transparency and accountability in the oil sector • Support for the passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill • An oil spill-mapping social media project • Support to the Department of Petroleum Resources The analysis drew on 44 semi-structured interviews conducted during a month of fieldwork in Abuja and Lagos; on reviews of the programme’s monitoring, evaluation and learning frameworks; and on newspaper articles and grey literature on Nigeria’s oil sector.2 DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 PB - DLP Program SN - 48 UR - https://www.dlprog.org/publications/research-papers/thinking-and-working-politically-lessons-from-foster-in-nigeria Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:11:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reciprocity in International Volunteer Cooperation AU - Lough, Benjamin J. CY - Oslo DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Google Scholar PB - Fredskorpset Norway UR - https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benjamin_Lough/publication/296845227_Reciprocity_in_International_Volunteer_Cooperation/links/56efaae708aed17d09f87fd3.pdf Y2 - 2017/06/07/14:19:46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - When Does the State Listen? AU - Loureiro, Miguel AU - Cassim, Aalia AU - Darko, Terence AU - Katera, Lucas AU - Salome, Nyambura T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2016/01/14/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.106 DP - CrossRef VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 67 SN - 02655012 UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/36 Y2 - 2016/07/14/10:49:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Governance Diaries: An Approach to Governance Research from the Ground Up AU - Loureiro, Miguel AU - Joshi, Anuradha AU - Barnes, Katrina AU - Chaimite, Egídio AB - Research on empowerment and accountability tends to focus on collective action and its potential for empowering citizens undertaking the action and on achieving state accountability. In fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings (FCVAS) collective action is rare and risky. So how do citizens, particularly the chronically poor and most marginalised, interact and make claims on the different public authorities that exist in these settings, and how do these interactions contribute to citizens’ sense of empowerment and accountability? Given the current agenda of ‘leave no one behind’, an understanding of how such populations interact with public authorities to meet their governance needs can help identify the constraints to achieving development for all in these challenging settings. We developed ‘governance diaries,’ a cross between a panel survey and multi-sited ethnographies, as an iterative approach to capture their experiences around governance issues over time. We explain here how this approach works, and the challenges and opportunities it offers for research. CY - Brighton DA - 2020/02/14/ PY - 2020 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Governance Diaries UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15119 Y2 - 2020/10/01/11:01:01 ER - TY - CONF TI - Adaptive Management for International Development Programs AU - Loveridge, Donna T2 - Australasian Evaluation Society Conference AB - Capacity development, that is “the process whereby people, organisations and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintain capacity over time” (OECD 2005) has been a key aim of international aid programs. However, capacity development efforts have not met with resounding success despite approximately 25%, or USD15 billion a year, being spent by donors in recent years on technical assistance1 which has predominantly been aimed at developing capacity. A 1998 review by the World Bank (World Bank 1998) found that the success rate for capacity development efforts was between 30 – 40%. The Commission for Africa (2005) noted in 2005 that achievements were below expectations. The OECD (2007) sees capacity development as being one of the areas which are least responsive to development assistance and therefore one of the greatest challenges. This paper proposes that development practitioners and donors could benefit from taking an evaluative inquiry-type of approach to the design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of capacity development programs. An alternative approach, “adaptive management”, is proposed. Adaptive management moves away from a rational linear A + B = C approach to capacity development towards constructing and testing theories of change2 for knowledge generation, adaptation and program improvement. C1 - Melbourne DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 UR - https://www.aes.asn.au/images/images-old/stories/files/conferences/2007/Papers/Donna%20Loveridge.pdf Y2 - 2023/08/18/11:37:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Market systems change rubric AU - Loveridge, Donna AB - This systems change rubric describes different performance levels according to various systems elements, such as policy (formal rules), practices and relationships and connections. Programmes can use the rubric to assess the performance of systems to help decide where and how to intervene, or during and post-implementation to conduct progress assessments, and assess the effectiveness of interventions and type, breadth and depth of systems change. Each performance level description highlights the type of data and information that needs to be collected. One analysis is completed, users can compare this to the performance descriptions to see which level best matches the analysis. This helps programmes draw conclusions about systems changes. The rubric was developed in 2020 and tested in 2021 and builds on systems change thinking and frameworks from two previous FSG publications. It can be used as: pre-intervention to conduct an assessment during an intervention to conduct progress assessments and reflect on the effectiveness of interventions to change systems and inform decision making post intervention to make judgements about whether interventions were valuable given the resources, time and effort spent Useful for: Implementation managers to determine the effectiveness of interventions, as well as by Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) teams to track progress against expected outcomes. CY - Oxford DA - 2022/01// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Oxford Policy Management ER - TY - RPRT TI - Human Learning Systems: A practical guide for the curious AU - Lowe, Toby AU - Padmanabhan, Chandrima AU - McCart, Des AU - McNeill, Karen AU - Brogan, Andy AU - Smith, Mark AB - Our new guide provides practical advice to help any organisation working in public service apply the Human Learning Systems approach to their work. In doing so, they will be better equipped to explore, learn and respond to the unique strengths and needs of each person, family and community they serve. CY - London DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - Centre for Public Impact UR - https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/partnering-for-learning/human-learning-systems/a-practical-guide-for-the-curious48hjg7 Y2 - 2022/08/02/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exploring the new world: practical insights for funding, commissioning and managing in complexity AU - Lowe, Toby AU - Plimmer, Dawn AB - The world is complex. If we want to contribute to creating positive social outcomes, we must learn to embrace this complexity. This is the New World that funders and commissioners are discovering: • People are complex: everyone’s life is different, everyone’s strengths and needs are different. • The issues we care about are complex: issues – like homelessness – are tangled and interdependent. • The systems that respond to these issues are complex: the range of people and organisations involved in creating ‘outcomes’ in the world are beyond the management control of any person or organisation. Building on the findings from our previous report, A Whole New World, we have spent the last 12 months working with a growing movement of funders, public sector commissioners, and organisations working on the ground to begin to explore this New World: to find examples of practice that will help people to navigate it effectively. This report explores the key features of their response: working in a way that is human, prioritises learning and takes a systems approach. CY - Newcastle DA - 2019/06/25/ PY - 2019 LA - en PB - Collaborate & Newcastle University ST - Exploring the new world UR - https://collaboratecic.com/exploring-the-new-world-practical-insights-for-funding-commissioning-and-managing-in-complexity-20a0c53b89aa Y2 - 2019/08/08/22:17:20 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Redefining rigour: using stories to evaluate systems change? AU - Lowther, Keira T2 - Centre For Public Impact (CPI) AB - What might a different way of understanding rigour for work in complex adaptive systems look like? DA - 2022/05/31/ PY - 2022 ST - Redefining rigour UR - https://cpi.production.parallax.dev/insights/redefining-rigour-using-stories-to-evaluate-systems-change Y2 - 2022/07/26/11:30:35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Real Time Monitoring and the New Information Technologies AU - Lucas, Henry AU - Batchelor, Simon AU - Berdou, Evangelia T2 - IDS Bulletin AB - Debates as to the potential role of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in monitoring the wellbeing of vulnerable groups is often bedevilled by the failure of two principal actors – social researchers and technical experts – to address the other’s concerns or even to use language that is comprehensible to the other side. The aim here is to unpick some of the technical language relevant in this context and provide a brief introductory guide to some aspects of the current, rapidly changing and highly diverse ICT environment. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12014 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 31 EP - 39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Review and Critique of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Theory as it Applies to Organizations AU - Lundblad, Jennifer P. T2 - Organization Development Journal DA - 2003///Winter PY - 2003 DP - ProQuest VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 50 EP - 64 LA - English SN - 08896402 UR - https://www.proquest.com/docview/197971687/citation/2162477B3480479BPQ/1 Y2 - 2023/01/13/10:55:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking Rigor - Increasing Credibility and Use AU - Lynn, Jewlya AU - Preskill, Hallie AB - Evaluations of complex systems change strategies or adaptive, innovative programs cannot use the traditional “rigor” yardstick to measure quality. This paper proposes a new definition of rigor, one that applies in any setting, but particularly in complex, adaptive ones. Top Takeaways: 4 criteria for the new definition of rigor: - Quality of thinking - Credible and legitimate claims - Cultural context and responsiveness - Quality and value of the learning process Regardless of its other positive attributes, an evaluation of a complex, adaptive program that fails to take into account systems thinking will not be responsive to the needs of that program. DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - Spark Policy Institute & FSG UR - https://www.fsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/AEARigor_Handout_Logos.pdf Y2 - 2022/04/22/13:41:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to do Process Tracing: A Method for Testing “How Change Happened” in Complex and Dynamic Settings AU - Lynn, Jewlya AU - Stachowiak, Sarah AU - Beyers, Jennifer AB - Process tracing is a causal methodology that can help people understand how a particular large-scale change actually happened within a complex dynamic environment. Much of the existing literature provides important information about the method; we wrote this brief to help more people operationalize the concepts and learn about practical steps for using this method more easily, with quality, and toward a more equitable world. This piece was written based on our experiences implementing process tracing when our experience showed that existing materials on the method had a lot more conceptual than practical information. We’ve approached this as people with some successful (and some unsuccessful) experience with the method itself, alongside deep experience in evaluating initiatives and strategies in complex and dynamic settings. We focus not on the Bayesian side of process tracing but rather on how this can be implemented in a way that’s more participatory and lifts up the experiences and wisdom of those closest to the work and the problems being tackled. We hope this contributes to and helps make more approachable the important work of political scientists and methodologists upon which this work sits. CY - Seattle DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022 PB - ORS Impact UR - https://www.orsimpact.com/directory/how-to-do-process-tracing.htm Y2 - 2024/02/19/09:56:32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lost Causal: Debunking Myths About Causal Analysis in Philanthropy AU - Lynn, Jewlya AU - Stachowiak, Sarah AU - Coffman, Julia T2 - The Foundation Review DA - 2021/09/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.9707/1944-5660.1576 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 3 J2 - The Foundation Review LA - en SN - 1944-5660 ST - Lost Causal UR - https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/tfr/vol13/iss3/6 Y2 - 2023/01/27/15:23:12 ER - TY - ELEC TI - 111 Evaluation Cartoons for Presentations and Blog Posts AU - Lysy, Chris DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://freshspectrum.com/evaluation-cartoons/ Y2 - 2023/09/28/10:52:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards transformative social learning on the path to 1.5 degrees AU - Macintyre, Thomas AU - Lotz-Sisitka, Heila AU - Wals, Arjen AU - Vogel, Coleen AU - Tassone, Valentina T2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.cosust.2017.12.003 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 31 SP - 80 EP - 87 LA - en SN - 18773435 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343517300817 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:16:49 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What is a Theory of Change? Really. AU - Mack, Katelyn T2 - FSG AB - Recently thousands of evaluators came together in Chicago to celebrate the growing field, share exemplary practices, and to push our collective thinking on how evaluation responds to the complexity of social change efforts. DA - 2015/11/24/T16:39:52-05:00 PY - 2015 LA - en ST - What is a Theory of Change? UR - https://www.fsg.org/blog/what-theory-change-really Y2 - 2019/06/21/15:21:53 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Impact evaluation for portfolio programmes on policy influence: Reflections on the Indonesian Poverty Reduction Support Facility AU - Mackenzie, Jessica AU - Hearn, Simon AB - • Donors are increasingly using portfolio-based programmes that embrace ‘good failure’ and adaptive, political programming. • However, measuring the impact of these programmes is challenging, especially for those working on policy influence and building country systems; not only do you need to measure the positive and negative impact of the overall portfolio, but also the different pathways tested. • Programmes, therefore, need a light-touch monitoring and evaluation system that allows it to remain flexible. • Good practice examples of portfolio-based programmes present six strategies to evaluate impact: 1. Develop appropriate logic models 2. Collect observational data throughout implementation 3. Develop stories of change or case studies 4. Understand causal relationships without a counterfactual 5. Purposefully select which activities to study 6. Be explicit about how impact will be valued across the portfolio. • These strategies are only useful if monitoring and evaluation is placed at the centre of programme decision-making. DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 SP - 48 PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10463.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management in Practice: a case study on the Prospects program AU - Maclay, Chris T2 - Prospects practice paper, 1 AB - Recognising that aid and development programming takes place in complex contexts, Mercy Corps is increasingly seeking to understand how best to manage programs which iterate, adapt and respond to the consistently evolving settings in which we work. This brief Practice Paper provides some examples of what adaptive management looks like in practice on the Prospects youth employment program in Liberia. It does not seek to function as a manual or set of guidelines, but simply provides some practical examples and insights into how a youth employment program governed by principles of adaptive management operates. DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 20 LA - en PB - Mercy Corps ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management not models: adaptability, responsiveness, and a few lessons from football AU - Maclay, Christopher T2 - Development in Practice AB - Despite a swathe of critiques of logframes and other blueprint approaches to development over the last 30 years, most aid infrastructure continues to concentrate on the design and subsequent implementation of closed models. This article does not propose an alternative to blueprints, but challenges the inflexibility of their implementation, which is inadequate given the complex nature of social change. It proposes a supplementary management and learning approach which enables implementers to be dynamic, adaptive, and responsive to problems and opportunities. Emphasising the role of donors, the paper presents a case study of one donor-led programme in Bangladesh doing just this. DA - 2015/01/02/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1080/09614524.2015.983460 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 42 EP - 57 SN - 0961-4524 ST - Management not models UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.983460 Y2 - 2022/12/05/21:47:44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Appearance of Accountability: Communication Technologies and Power Asymmetries in Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Recovery AU - Madianou, Mirca AU - Ong, Jonathan Corpus AU - Longboan, Liezel AU - Cornelio, Jayeel S. T2 - Journal of Communication AB - New communication technologies are celebrated for their potential to improve the accountability of humanitarian agencies. The response to Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 represents the most systematic implementation of “accountability to affected people” initiatives. Drawing on a year-long ethnography of the Haiyan recovery and 139 interviews with humanitarian workers and affected people, the article reveals a narrow interpretation of accountability as feedback that is increasingly captured through mobile phones. We observe that the digitized collection of feedback is not fed back to disaster-affected communities, but is directed to donors as evidence of “impact.” Rather than improving accountability to affected people, digitized feedback mechanisms sustained humanitarianism's power asymmetries. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/jcom.12258 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 960 EP - 981 J2 - J Commun LA - en SN - 1460-2466 ST - The Appearance of Accountability UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12258/abstract Y2 - 2017/05/04/07:49:58 KW - Accountability KW - Audit KW - Communication for Development KW - Disasters KW - Ethnography KW - ICT4D KW - Mobile phones KW - Participatory Communication KW - SMS KW - Texting KW - humanitarianism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementation of the first adaptive management plan for a European migratory waterbird population: The case of the Svalbard pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus AU - Madsen, Jesper AU - Williams, James Henty AU - Johnson, Fred A. AU - Tombre, Ingunn M. AU - Dereliev, Sergey AU - Kuijken, Eckhart T2 - Ambio AB - An International Species Management Plan for the Svalbard population of the pink-footed goose was adopted under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds in 2012, the first case of adaptive management of a migratory waterbird population in Europe. An international working group (including statutory agencies, NGO representatives and experts) agreed on objectives and actions to maintain the population in favourable conservation status, while accounting for biodiversity, economic and recreational interests. Agreements include setting a population target to reduce agricultural conflicts and avoid tundra degradation, and using hunting in some range states to maintain stable population size. As part of the adaptive management procedures, adjustment to harvest is made annually subject to population status. This has required streamlining of monitoring and assessment activities. Three years after implementation, indicators suggest the attainment of management results. Dialogue, consensus-building and engagement among stakeholders represent the major process achievements. DA - 2017/03/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s13280-016-0888-0 DP - Springer Link VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 275 EP - 289 J2 - Ambio LA - en SN - 1654-7209 ST - Implementation of the first adaptive management plan for a European migratory waterbird population UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0888-0 Y2 - 2019/02/25/12:22:10 KW - Adaptive harvest management KW - Human–wildlife conflict KW - Population target KW - Stakeholder involvement KW - Structured decision-making KW - Tundra degradation ER - TY - BLOG TI - The good and the ‘not so good’ of our experiences with SenseMaker AU - Mager, Franziska T2 - Oxfam Views & Voices AB - When we purchased a license for the SenseMaker research method in early 2017 (a proprietary data collection and analysis software), the excitement in our more “geeky” teams was palpable. SenseMaker ... Read More DA - 2019/10/29/ PY - 2019 LA - en-GB UR - https://views-voices.oxfam.org.uk/2019/10/the-good-and-the-not-so-good-of-our-experiences-with-sensemaker/ Y2 - 2020/02/06/09:09:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How Decent is Decent Work? Using SenseMaker to understand workers’ experiences AU - Mager, Franziska AU - Smith, Becca AU - Gujit, Irene DA - 2018/05/31/ PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Oxfam ST - How Decent is Decent Work? UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10546/620476 Y2 - 2020/02/06/09:09:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wheeling in the Trojan Mice AU - Mahendra, Jackie T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - One way to make risk-taking more palatable for social change organizations is to run small, light, nimble experiments––tests not built to win wars, but rather to quickly infiltrate new territory, attack new problems, and inform future tactics. DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.48558/G1ZE-5N09 LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/wheeling_in_the_trojan_mice Y2 - 2023/11/17/10:37:05 ER - TY - BOOK TI - From Political Won't to Political Will: Building Support for Participatory Governance AU - Malena, Carmen AB - * Geographically diverse examples of participatory governance in action* Practical case studies show how citizens can participate more fully in the political process Despite a recent wave of democratization around the world, traditional systems of representative democracy seem to be in crisis. Citizens in both the North and the South lack opportunities, rights and access to information and have expressed growing disillusionment with their governments. Ordinary citizens (especially women, poor people and other marginalized groups) are largely excluded from the political processes that directly affect their lives. There is now growing consensus that good governance is participatory governance (PG), but public officials are often reluctant to adopt such an approach. From Political Won’t to Political Will addresses the particular challenge of encouraging these officials to involve citizens in the political process. The book presents contributions by participants from CIVICUS’ 2008 conference on building political will for PG. Representing the perspectives of both civil society and government actors, they propose a number of strategies and lessons such as demonstrating the benefits of PG to governments, complementing formal democratic institutions, building trust, supporting PG champions and using strategic political timing. Their practical and highly original findings will interest anyone eager to see the empowerment of people around the world. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Books SP - 337 LA - en PB - Kumarian Press SN - 978-1-56549-311-7 ST - From Political Won't to Political Will ER - TY - RPRT TI - Improving the Measurement of Civic Space AU - Malena, Carmen AB - ‘Civic space’ – i.e. the freedom and means to speak, access information, associate, organise, and participate in public decision-making – is essential to the healthy functioning and development of any society and a precondition for accountable governance and social justice. When civic space is restricted, human and civil rights are denied, government accountability is jeopardised, … DA - 2015/05// PY - 2015 PB - Transparency & Accountability Initiative ST - Report launch UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/reports/report-launch-improving-the-measurement-of-civic-space Y2 - 2016/03/24/17:29:40 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Getting intentional about M&E: choosing suitable approaches for adaptive programmes AU - Management, Global Learning for Adaptive T2 - GLAM Blog AB - Does the choice of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) approaches and tools matter for adaptive programmes? In short, yes: monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) and adaptive management (AM) are intertwined. While programme monitoring data and evaluation results are not the only sources of evidence that programmes use for learning and iteration, they often are amongst most important ones — or at least they should be. Selecting what type of information to collect and analyse — and how — is critical for any type of programme. However, what AM especially focuses on is intentionally building in opportunities for structured and collective reflection, ongoing and real-time learning, course correction and decision-making in order to improve effectiveness. DA - 2020/02/07/T15:28:36.809Z PY - 2020 LA - en ST - Getting intentional about M&E UR - https://medium.com/glam-blog/getting-intentional-about-m-e-choosing-suitable-approaches-for-adaptive-programmes-f76c6b2790d9 Y2 - 2020/10/14/13:32:21 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Localizing Development : Does Participation Work? AU - Mansuri, Ghazala AU - Rao, Vijayendra AB - The Policy Research Report Localizing Development: Does Participation Work? brings analytical rigor to a field that has been the subject of intense debate and advocacy, and billions of dollars in development aid. It briefly reviews the history of participatory development and argues that its two modalities, community-based development and local decentralization, should be treated under the broader unifying umbrella of local development. It suggests that a distinction between organic participation (endogenous efforts by civic activists to bring about change) and induced participation (large-scale efforts to engineer participation at the local level via projects) is key, and focuses on the challenges of inducing participation. The report provides a conceptual framework for thinking about participatory development and then uses this framework to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature. The framework develops the concept of “civil society failure” and explains its interaction with government and market failures. It argues that participatory development, which is often viewed as a mechanism for bypassing market and government failures by ”harnessing” civic capacity, ought to be seen instead as a mechanism that, if done right, could help to repair important civil society failures. It distills literature from anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science to outline the challenges for effective policy in this area, looking at issues such as the uncertainty of trajectories of change, the importance of context, the role of elite capture and control, the challenge of collective action, and the role of the state. The review of the evidence looks at a variety of issues: the impact of participatory projects on inclusion, civic capacity, and social cohesion; on key development outcomes, such as income, poverty, and inequality; on public service delivery; and on the quality of local public goods. It draws on the evidence to suggest several recommendations for policy, emphasizing the key role of learning-by-doing. It then reviews participatory projects funded by the World Bank and finds the majority lacking in several arenas – particularly in paying attention to context and in creating effective monitoring and evaluation systems that allow for learning. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - openknowledge.worldbank.org LA - en_US PB - Washington, DC: World Bank SN - 978-0-8213-8256-1 ST - Localizing Development UR - https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11859 Y2 - 2016/04/04/09:05:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case study: Embedding reform and exiting: LASER’s application of the hourglass approach to achieve sustainable results AU - Manuel, Clare AB - This case study describes how LASER has gone about enabling systemic change and sustainable uptake of reforms that address complex institutional problems in Kenya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somaliland and Uganda. In each of these countries LASER has designed-in a sustainable approach from the start based on: (i) local ownership and leadership of reforms based on developing country (rather than donor) priorities; (ii) use of country (rather than donor programme) systems; and (iii) an understanding that the role of the donor / development practitioner is to support (rather than buy) reform. The case study uses LASER’s hour glass methodology, illustrated with examples from LASER interventions, to show how these principles guide LASER operations every step of the way. DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://www.laserdev.org/media/1172/laser-case-study-embedding-reform-and-exiting-final.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/07/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Delivering institutional reform at scale: Problem-driven approaches supported by adaptive programming AU - Manuel, Clare T2 - Synthesis Paper, 2 AB - LASER synthesis papers aim to help donors and other stakeholders better understand why and how to approach investment climate reform programming differently. The papers reflect emerging best practice and lessons learnt on what works and what does not work in doing development differently. The papers have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field including senior advisers at DFID, World Bank, IFC and the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (amongst others). Second synthesis paper - Delivering institutional reform at scale: problem-driven approaches supported by adaptive programming February 2016 Drawing on our experience on the ground, this peer-reviewed paper suggests how problem driven approaches, supported by adaptive programme management can be implemented at scale in relation to donor programming aimed at institutional reform and improving state capability. DA - 2016/08/31/ PY - 2016 PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://www.laserdev.org/media/1163/laser-second-synthesis-paper-delivering-institutional-reform-at-scale-final-feb-2016.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/07/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forget the money: De-linking technical assistance AU - Manuel, Clare T2 - Synthesis Paper, 4 DA - 2016/11/30/ PY - 2016 DP - Google Scholar PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://dfidlaser.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fourth-synthesis-paper.pdf Y2 - 2017/09/13/09:27:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Investment Climate Reform: Doing it Differently AU - Manuel, Clare T2 - Synthesis Paper, 1 AB - LASER synthesis papers aim to help donors and other stakeholders better understand why and how to approach investment climate reform programming differently. The papers reflect emerging best practice and lessons learnt on what works and what does not work in doing development differently. The papers have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field including senior advisers at DFID, World Bank, IFC and the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (amongst others). First synthesis paper - Investment climate reform: doing it differently June 2015 Drawing on our experience in taking a problem-focused approach to investment climate reform, we discuss in this peer-reviewed paper emerging lessons and reflections on what works, both in recent literature and in practical experience. DA - 2015/05// PY - 2015 PB - DFID-LASER Programme UR - http://www.laserdev.org/media/1117/laser-first-synthesis-paper-investment-climate-reform-doing-it-differently.pdf Y2 - 2017/08/14/00:00:00 ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of the factors affecting the sustainability of ICT4D initiatives AU - Marais, Mario T2 - ICT for development: people, policy and practice C3 - IDIA2011 Conference Proceedings DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228442343_Analysis_of_the_factors_affecting_the_sustainability_of_ICT4D_initiatives Y2 - 2016/06/23/14:12:01 ER - TY - CHAP TI - ICT4D and Sustainability AU - Marais, Mario T2 - The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society A2 - Mansell, Robin A2 - Ang, Peng Hwa DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Wiley Online Library PB - Wiley Blackwell SN - 978-1-118-76777-1 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118767771 Y2 - 2016/06/23/14:21:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Who is ICT innovation for? Challenges to existing theories of innovation, a Kenyan Case Study AU - Marchant, Eleanor T2 - CGCS Occasional Paper Series CY - Philadelphia DA - 2015/01// PY - 2015 DP - Google Scholar PB - University of Pennsylvania UR - http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/app/uploads/2015/01/Marchant_Who-is-ICT-Innovation-for.pdf Y2 - 2016/09/08/14:55:24 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - What we’re missing by not getting our TWP alphabet straight AU - Marquette, Heather T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Heather Marquette grapples with aid's alphabet soup, and explains why DDD, TWP, PDIA etc are different and why that matters DA - 2019/07/03/T06:00:32+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/what-were-missing-by-not-getting-our-twp-alphabet-straight/ Y2 - 2019/08/16/13:51:40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The power of positive deviance AU - Marsh, David R AU - Schroeder, Dirk G AU - Dearden, Kirk A AU - Sternin, Jerry AU - Sternin, Monique T2 - BMJ : British Medical Journal AB - Identifying individuals with better outcome than their peers (positive deviance) and enabling communities to adopt the behaviours that explain the improved outcome are powerful methods of producing change DA - 2004/11/13/ PY - 2004 DP - PubMed Central VL - 329 IS - 7475 SP - 1177 EP - 1179 J2 - BMJ SN - 0959-8138 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC527707/ Y2 - 2017/05/23/18:14:34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Small-scale farmers in a 1.5°C future: The importance of local social dynamics as an enabling factor for implementation and scaling of climate-smart agriculture AU - Martinez-Baron, Deissy AU - Orjuela, Guillermo AU - Renzoni, Giampiero AU - Loboguerrero Rodríguez, Ana María AU - Prager, Steven D T2 - Sustainability governance and transformation 2018 AB - Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has the potential to help farmers implement both adaptation and mitigation practices. The mitigation aspect of CSA is often not considered by farmers due to a high discount rate and, as such, adaptation is usually the priority concern. This review article offers perspective on this issue and highlights two key gaps in the literature: (i) understanding of factors related to the uptake of adaptation practices with co-benefits for mitigation and, (ii) the role of social networks to better enable rapid, widespread implementation of CSA, the latter being critical to bringing CSA to scale. The systematic review treated literature on synergies between adaptation, mitigation and social networks in the rural sector, as well as case studies illustrating the importance of social networks in climate change interventions when addressing synergies in adaptation and mitigation. We find that additional research is required that explicitly focuses on how social networks and social capital may be harnessed to hasten the adoption and uptake of highly synergistic CSA practices. This will facilitate both adaptation in the near term and contribute to mitigation at scale, allowing small-scale farmers to both benefit from and contribute to a 1.5°C future. DA - 2018/04/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.013 VL - 31 SP - 112 EP - 119 J2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability SN - 1877-3435 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517300830 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Q&A: Complexity-Aware Planning for Stabilization Programming AU - Martins, Christy T2 - DAI - Checkpoint DA - 2018/08/13/ PY - 2018 UR - http://dai-global-checkpoint.com/q-and-a-complexity-aware-planning-for-stabilization-programming.html Y2 - 2018/08/20/11:11:20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The origins, development, and application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis: the first 25 years AU - Marx, Axel AU - Rihoux, Benoît AU - Ragin, Charles T2 - European Political Science Review AB - A quarter century ago, in 1987, Charles C. Ragin published The Comparative Method, introducing a new method to the social sciences called Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). QCA is a comparative case-oriented research approach and collection of techniques based on set theory and Boolean algebra, which aims to combine some of the strengths of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Since its launch in 1987, QCA has been applied extensively in the social sciences. This review essay first sketches the origins of the ideas behind QCA. Next, the main features of the method, as presented in The Comparative Method, are introduced. A third part focuses on the early applications. A fourth part presents early criticisms and subsequent innovations. A fifth part then focuses on an era of further expansion in political science and presents some of the main applications in the discipline. In doing so, this paper seeks to provide insights and references into the origin and development of QCA, a non-technical introduction to its main features, the path travelled so far, and the diversification of applications. DA - 2014/02// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1017/S1755773912000318 DP - Cambridge Journals Online VL - 6 IS - 01 SP - 115 EP - 142 SN - 1755-7747 ST - The origins, development, and application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis UR - http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S1755773912000318 Y2 - 2016/06/05/11:20:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovating for pro-poor services: why politics matter AU - Mason, Nathaniel AU - Doczi, Julian AU - Cummings, Clare AB - This report addresses how politics matter for innovations. How politically smart approaches can help deliver access to services. DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 ST - Innovating for pro-poor services UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10350-innovating-pro-poor-services-why-politics-matter Y2 - 2016/04/25/20:16:38 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Farewell DFID … a personal obituary AU - Mason, Phil T2 - LinkedIn - Phil Mason AB - Reflection on how DFID was created. DA - 2020/06/17/ PY - 2020 UR - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/farewell-dfid-phil-mason-obe/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:16:39 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating complex interventions in international development AU - Masset, Edoardo AU - Shrestha, S. AU - Juden, M. T2 - CEDIL Methods Working Paper 6 AB - This paper reviews promising methods for the evaluation of complex interventions that are new or have been used in a limited way. It offers a taxonomy of complex interventions in international development and draws on literature to discuss several methods that can be used to evaluate these interventions. Complex interventions are those that are characterised by multiple components, multiple stakeholders, or multiple target populations. They may also be interventions that incorporate multiple processes of behavioural change. While such interventions are very common and receive a large proportion of development aid budgets, they are rarely subject to rigorous evaluations. The CEDIL Methods Working Paper, ‘Evaluating Complex Interventions in International Development’, reviews promising methods for the evaluation of complex interventions that are new or have been used in a limited way. It offers a taxonomy of complex interventions in international development and draws on literature to discuss several methods that can be used to evaluate these interventions. The paper focuses its attention on methods that address causality and allow us to state conclusively whether an intervention works or not. It shows that several rigorous methods developed in different disciplines can be adapted and used to evaluate complex interventions in international development. CY - London and Oxford DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021 LA - en-GB PB - CEDIL UR - https://cedilprogramme.org/publications/cedil-methods-working-paper-6/ Y2 - 2022/06/17/12:31:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating complex interventions: What are appropriate methods? AU - Masset, Eduardo AB - In the CEDIL Methods brief, ‘Evaluating complex interventions: What are appropriate methods?’ we identify four types of complex development interventions: long causal chain interventions, multicomponent interventions, portfolio interventions, and system-level interventions. These interventions are characterised by multiple activities, multiple outcomes, multiple components, a high level of interconnectedness, and non-linear outcomes. CY - London and Oxford DA - 2022/05/16/T09:22:06+00:00 PY - 2022 LA - en-GB M3 - CEDIL Methods Brief 7 PB - CEDIL UR - https://cedilprogramme.org/publications/cedil-methods-brief/cedil-methods-brief-7/ Y2 - 2022/06/17/12:30:52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local Empowerment Through Rapid Results AU - Matta, Nadim AU - Morgan, Peter T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Why local ownership and commitment are the exception in most development efforts—and what development professionals can do about this problem. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - Summer IS - 2011 LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/local_empowerment_through_rapid_results Y2 - 2018/01/15/09:04:02 ER - TY - ELEC TI - OutNav - Evaluate outcomes and impact AU - Matter of Focus T2 - Matter of Focus AB - Make better use of your data and information to learn, improve and tell an evidenced story of the difference your organisation is making. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 LA - en-GB UR - https://www.matter-of-focus.com/outnav/ Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:18:40 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Supporting users with the OutNav approash AU - Matter of Focus AB - This report has been generated in OutNav, using the theory-based approach to evaluation pioneered by Matter of Focus. Example of a report from the tool, explaining OutNav approach DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://www.outnav.net/view-live-report/g/nlzyexVgPgXqtvgKvfBf2wJvIjw5syiM#findings-pathway-406-stone-4583 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:20:25 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Learning, Adaptation & Change: the future of Making All Voices Count AU - MAVC T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - Learning, Adaptation & Change: what Making All Voices Count has learned since September 2013 and how the programme will adapt and change in the future. DA - 2014/08/28/ PY - 2014 LA - en-US UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/news/learning-adaptation-change/ Y2 - 2018/07/27/09:09:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Contribution Analysis: An approach to exploring cause and effect AU - Mayne, J. T2 - ILAC Brief AB - Questions of cause and effect are critical to assessing the performance of programmes and projects. When it is not practical to design an experiment to assess performance, contribution analysis can provide credible assessments of cause and effect. Verifying the theory of change that the programme is based on, and paying attention to other factors that may influence the outcomes, provides reasonable evidence about the contribution being made by the programme. DA - 2008/05// PY - 2008 SP - 4 PB - ILAC SN - 15 UR - http://www.pointk.org/resources/files/Contribution_Analysis.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing attribution through contribution analysis: Using performance measures sensibly AU - Mayne, John T2 - The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - The changing culture of public administration involves accountability for results and outcomes. This article suggests that performance measurement can address such attribution questions. Contribution analysis has a major role to play in helping managers, researchers, and policymakers to arrive at conclusions about the contribution their program has made to particular outcomes. The article describes the steps necessary to produce a credible contribution story. Contents Accountability for Outcomes The Problem of Attribution The Case of Performance Measurement Recognizing the Limits of Measurement Two Uses of Performance Measurement: Understanding and Reporting Approaches to Attribution: Contribution Analysis Techniques for Strengthening Your Performance Story DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 24 SN - 0834-1516 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279533461_Addressing_Attribution_Through_Contribution_Analysis_Using_Performance_Measures_Sensibly ER - TY - RPRT TI - Developing and Using Useful ToCs AU - Mayne, John T2 - Evergreen Briefing Note AB - Developing useful theories of change (ToCs) for anintervention, especially complex interventions, is not straightforward nor something done in a couple of hourswith limited effort. Agreement is needed on a number of basic concepts and terms, key challenges need to be addressed, and there are numerous issues that need to be considered.Butthe effort is worth the investment of resources and time.Theory-based evaluation approaches need good ToCs.Some of the ideas here are discussed in the context of agricultural research for nutrition and health interventions by Mayne and Johnson (2015) (10) Developing and Using Useful ToCs. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323868372_Developing_and_Using_Useful_ToCs [accessed Jun 13 2018]. DA - 2018/03// PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323868372_Developing_and_Using_Useful_ToCs Y2 - 2018/06/13/13:33:41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mayne18-Developing Useful ToCs REV3 AU - Mayne, John AB - An update on the previous September 2018 uploaded article DA - 2019/08/04/ PY - 2019 DP - ResearchGate ER - TY - RPRT TI - The COM-B Theory of Change Mode - v.5 AU - Mayne, John AB - ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free. DA - 2019/08// PY - 2019 LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - Palladium UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335404381_The_COMB_ToC_ModelV5 Y2 - 2020/01/15/15:41:50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Theory of Change Analysis: Building Robust Theories of Change AU - Mayne, John T2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - Models for theories of change vary widely as do how they are used. What constitutes a good or robust theory of change has not been discussed much. This article sets out and discusses criteria for robust theories of change. As well, it discusses how these criteria can be used to undertake a vigorous assessment of a theory of change. A solid analysis of a theory of change can be extremely useful, both for designing or assessing the designs of an intervention as well as for the design of monitoring regimes and evaluations. The article concludes with a discussion about carrying out a theory of change analysis and an example. DA - 2017/12/04/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.3138/cjpe.31122 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 32 IS - 2 J2 - CJPE LA - en SN - 1496-7308, 0834-1516 ST - Theory of Change Analysis UR - https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cjpe/article/view/31122 Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:39:20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Useful Theory of Change Models AU - Mayne, John T2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - Although theories of change are frequently discussed in the evaluation literature and there is general agreement on what a theory of change is conceptually, there is actually little agreement beyond the big picture of just what a theory of change comprises, what it shows, how it can be represented, and how it can be used. This article outlines models for theories of change and their development that have proven quite useful for both straightforward and more complex interventions. The models are intuitive, flexible, and well-defined in terms of their components, and they link directly to rigorous models of causality. The models provide a structured framework for developing useful theories of change and analyzing the intervention they represent. DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 DO - 10.3138/cjpe.230 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 119 EP - 142 J2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation LA - en SN - 0834-1516, 1496-7308 UR - https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cjpe.230 Y2 - 2024/02/06/13:35:55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Useful Theory of Change Models AU - Mayne, John T2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - Although theories of change are frequently discussed in the evaluation literature and there is general agreement on what a theory of change is conceptually, there is actually little agreement beyond the big picture of just what a theory of change comprises, what it shows, how it can be represented, and how it can be used. This article outlines models for theories of change and their development that have proven quite useful for both straightforward and more complex interventions. The models are intuitive, flexible, and well-defined in terms of their components, and they link directly to rigorous models of causality. The models provide a structured framework for developing useful theories of change and analyzing the intervention they represent. DA - 2015/08/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.3138/cjpe.230 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 119 EP - 142 J2 - CJPE LA - en SN - 08341516 UR - https://cjpe.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/cjpe/index.php/cjpe/article/view/294/230 Y2 - 2020/02/24/18:04:38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using evidence to influence policy: Oxfam’s experience AU - Mayne, Ruth AU - Green, Duncan AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Walsh, Martin AU - English, Richard AU - Cairney, Paul T2 - Palgrave Communications AB - Policymaking is rarely ‘evidence-based’. Rather, policy can only be strongly evidence-informed if its advocates act effectively. Policy theories suggest that they can do so by learning the rules of political systems, and by forming relationships and networks with key actors to build up enough knowledge of their environment and trust from their audience. This knowledge allows them to craft effective influencing strategies, such as to tell a persuasive and timely story about an urgent policy problem and its most feasible solution. Empirical case studies help explain when, how, and why such strategies work in context. If analysed carefully, they can provide transferable lessons for researchers and advocates that are seeking to inform or influence policymaking. Oxfam Great Britain has become an experienced and effective advocate of evidence-informed policy change, offering lessons for building effective action. In this article, we combine insights from policy studies with specific case studies of Oxfam campaigns to describe four ways to promote the uptake of research evidence in policy: (1) learn how policymaking works, (2) design evidence to maximise its influence on specific audiences, (3) design and use additional influencing strategies such as insider persuasion or outsider pressure, and adapt the presentation of evidence and influencing strategies to the changing context, and (4) embrace trial and error. The supply of evidence is one important but insufficient part of this story. DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1057/s41599-018-0176-7 DP - Crossref VL - 4 IS - 1 LA - en SN - 2055-1045 ST - Using evidence to influence policy UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0176-7 Y2 - 2018/11/28/12:13:58 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Big Con: How the Consulting Industry Weakens our Businesses, Infantilizes our Governments and Warps our Economies AU - Mazzucato, Mariana AU - Collington, Rosie AB - There is an entrenched relationship between the consulting industry and the way business and government are managed today which must change.Mariana Mazzucato and Rosie Collington show that our economies' reliance on companies such as McKinsey, Boston Consulting Group, Bain & Company, PwC, Deloitte, KPMG and EY stunts innovation, obfuscates corporate and political accountability and impedes our collective mission of halting climate breakdown.The 'Big Con' describes the confidence trick the consulting industry performs in contracts with hollowed-out and risk-averse governments and shareholder value-maximizing firms. It grew from the 1980s and 1990s in the wake of reforms by both the neoliberal right and Third Way progressives, and it thrives on the ills of modern capitalism, from financialization and privatization to the climate crisis. It is possible because of the unique power that big consultancies wield through extensive contracts and networks - as advisors, legitimators and outsourcers - and the illusion that they are objective sources of expertise and capacity. To make matters worse, our best and brightest graduates are often redirected away from public service into consulting. In all these ways, the Big Con weakens our businesses, infantilizes our governments and warps our economies.Mazzucato and Collington expertly debunk the myth that consultancies always add value to the economy. With a wealth of original research, they argue brilliantly for investment and collective intelligence within all organizations and communities, and for a new system in which public and private sectors work innovatively for the common good. We must recalibrate the role of consultants and rebuild economies and governments that are fit for purpose. DA - 2023/02/23/ PY - 2023 DP - Amazon SP - 368 LA - English PB - Allen Lane SN - 978-0-241-57308-2 ST - The Big Con ER - TY - JOUR TI - Collaborative geomatics and the Mushkegowuk Cree First Nations: Fostering adaptive capacity for community-based sub-arctic natural resource management AU - McCarthy, Daniel D. P. AU - Whitelaw, Graham S. AU - Anderson, Scott AU - Cowan, Donald AU - McGarry, Fred AU - Robins, Anthony AU - Gardner, Holly L. AU - Barbeau, Christine D. AU - Charania, Nadia A. AU - General, Zachariah AU - Liedtke, Jeff AU - Sutherland, Celine AU - Alencar, Paulo AU - Tsuji, Leonard J. S. T2 - Geoforum T3 - SI - Party Politics, the Poor and the City: reflections from South Africa AB - The remote First Nation (FN) communities of the Mushkegowuk Territory on the west coast of James Bay, Ontario, Canada are currently facing increased development pressures and the imposition of a government land use planning process. The land use planning process is mandated in the Far North Act (received Royal Assent on September 23, 2010). There is a need for capacity enhancement for community-based natural resource planning and management in the Territory. A number of frameworks are emerging for addressing change brought on by resource development and building resilience to such change at the community level. Among these include the concept of adaptive capacity. In collaboration with FN community leaders, we explored the use of “collaborative geomatics” tools to foster adaptive capacity. Our action research suggests that collaborative geomatics technologies should enhance the Mushkegowuk First Nations’ adaptive capacity to address environmental and policy change by allowing them to collect and manage data collaboratively (e.g., traditional environmental knowledge, western science) to create opportunities for innovative community development, including natural resource development and management. DA - 2012/03/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.07.015 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 305 EP - 314 J2 - Geoforum SN - 0016-7185 ST - Collaborative geomatics and the Mushkegowuk Cree First Nations UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718511001503 Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:13:47 KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Collaborative geomatics KW - Community development KW - Cree communities KW - Land use plans ER - TY - BOOK TI - Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World AU - McChrystal, General Stanley AU - Silverman, David AU - Collins, Tantum AU - Fussell, Chris AB - As commander of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), General Stanley McChrystal discarded a century of management wisdom and pivoted from a pursuit of mechanical efficiency to organic adaptability. In this book, he shows how any organization can make the same transition to act like a team of teams - where small groups combine the freedom to experiment with a relentless drive to share their experience.Drawing on a wealth of evidence from his military career and sources as diverse as hospital emergency rooms and NASA's space program, McChrystal frames the existential challenge facing today's organizations, and presents a compelling, effective solution. CY - London DA - 2015/11/26/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 304 LA - English PB - Portfolio Penguin SN - 978-0-241-25083-9 ST - Team of Teams ER - TY - JOUR TI - How to Sharpen a Nonviolent Movement AU - McClennen, Sophia AU - Popovic, Srdja AU - Wright, Joseph T2 - Journal of Democracy AB - In the past three decades nonviolent social protest has become the most reliable path to democracy. However, not all nonviolent mobilization campaigns succeed. To examine why some nonviolent campaigns are more successful than others, we analyze the use of a particular type of activist campaign tactic, the "dilemma action." The dilemma action is a nonviolent civil-disobedience tactic that provokes a "response dilemma" for the target. Collecting original data on dilemma actions during nonviolent activist campaigns, we find that roughly one-third of mass nonviolent campaigns in the past century deploy this strategy. We theorize four mechanisms linking dilemma actions to nonviolent activist campaign success: facilitating group formation, delegitimizing opponents, reducing fear, and generating sympathetic media coverage. Finally, we assess whether dilemma actions increase campaign success rates, finding that dilemma actions are associated with an increase of 11–16 percent in activist-campaign success. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DP - Project MUSE VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 110 EP - 125 SN - 1086-3214 UR - https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/875802 Y2 - 2023/11/14/22:38:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Why Lean Enterprise Transformation is Hard AU - McClure, Dan DA - 2015/10/25/ PY - 2015 PB - ThoughtWorks UR - https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/why-lean-enterprise-transformation-hard Y2 - 2017/03/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Engineering Complex Scaled Up Innovations in the Humanitarian and Development Sector AU - McClure, Dan AU - Gray, Ian DA - 2015/08/04/ PY - 2015 PB - ThoughtWorks UR - https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/engineering-complex-scaled-innovations Y2 - 2016/09/08/16:43:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing the Journey to Scale Up Innovation in the Humanitarian and Development Sector AU - McClure, Dan AU - Gray, Ian DA - 2015/06/28/ PY - 2015 PB - ThoughtWorks UR - https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/managing-journey-scale-innovation Y2 - 2016/09/08/16:43:32 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Scaling Assessment Map: An Evolving Tool Supporting Innovation Scale Up AU - McClure, Dan AU - Gray, Ian T2 - ThoughtWorks AB - Nearly three years ago we wrote about the “Missing Middle” in the innovation lifecycle[i], a gap that kept successful pilot programs from reaching the goal of replication and optimization in multiple contexts. Since then, scaling humanitarian innovation has received a great deal of attention from the sector, with a number of new initiatives specifically focused on the scaling challenge. DA - 2016/11/14/T01:26:19-0600 PY - 2016 ST - Scaling Assessment Map UR - https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/scaling-assessment-map-evolving-tool-supporting-innovation-scale Y2 - 2017/02/15/19:40:13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scaling: Innovations Missing Middle AU - McClure, Dan AU - Gray, Ian DA - 2015/03/13/ PY - 2015 PB - ThoughtWorks UR - https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/scaling-innovations-missing-middle Y2 - 2016/09/08/16:43:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energy Governance in Developing Countries — A New Approach AU - Mcculloch, Neil AB - In 2015, leaders from around the world agreed to 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. The seventh goal (SDG7) is: “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” In the same year, the world’s leaders concluded the Paris Agreement to tackle climate change, which will require a global transition in the energy sector away from the use of fossil fuels. Yet, despite growing investments in clean energy in many developing countries, the transition is happening much more slowly than needed. The central reason for this is poor energy governance. This technical brief shows how poor energy governance damages energy access and efforts to improve the quality and reliability of power. It explains the political reasons why energy governance is so bad in many countries and contrasts this with the current system of procuring technical assistance, which largely ignores the energy governance challenge. It shows that a new approach to tackling energy governance is emerging that is better matched to the nature of the problems faced and provides recommendations on how to implement it. CY - London DA - 2021/06// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 9 LA - en M3 - Briefing PB - The Policy Practice & Chemonics ER - TY - RPRT TI - Why Tackling Energy Governance in Developing Countries Needs a Different Approach AU - McCulloch, Neil AB - Global efforts to improve energy access and quality and to tackle climate change need a different approach to addressing poor energy governance. In 2015, leaders from around the world agreed to 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030.1 The seventh goal (SDG7) is “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” In the same year, the world’s leaders concluded the Paris Agreement to tackle climate change, which will require a global transition of the energy sector away from the use of fossil fuels. Yet, in many developing countries, despite growing investments in clean energy, the transition is happening much more slowly than needed to achieve SDG7 and avert damaging climate change. The central reason for this is poor energy governance. This paper outlines the size and nature of the energy challenge, with a focus on electricity. It describes the investments that are currently being made to improve the quality of power and access to electricity — and the growing evidence that investments often fail due to poor energy governance. The paper then delves more deeply into how bad governance influences the quality of and access to electricity, with specific country examples. It shows the importance of understanding how electricity fits into the political settlement of a country and how this affects the incentives of key actors in the sector. Unfortunately, donor projects designed to widen electricity access or to support reform of the power sector in developing countries often pay too little attention to the problem’s political nature; the same is true of measures to improve energy efficiency or to promote renewables. The paper outlines a new way of thinking about energy governance and shows how interventions can be better matched to the different governance challenges that they face. It concludes with recommendations for donors on how energy programs can be better designed and procured — as well as recommendations for implementors on how to improve the chances of successful implementation by adapting to the political realities of the contexts in which they operate. CY - London DA - 2021/06// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 30 LA - en PB - The Policy Practice & Chemonics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thinking and Working Politically: Learning from practice. Overview to Special Issue AU - McCulloch, Neil AU - Piron, Laure-Hélène T2 - Development Policy Review AB - Over the last 15 years, a set of ideas now referred to as “thinking and working politically” (TWP) has coalesced into a “second orthodoxy” about how to take context into account when implementing development interventions. This approach stresses the importance of obtaining a better understanding of the local context (“thinking politically”) in order to support local actors to bring about sustainable developmental change (“working politically”). However, the evidence base to justify this new approach remains thin, despite a growing number of programmes which purport to be implementing it. Officials in development agencies struggle with putting it into practice and it is unclear how TWP differs—or not—from similar approaches, such as Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) and Doing Development Differently (DDD). This Special Issue sheds light on what TWP means in practice by examining a set of initiatives undertaken by both development partners and government departments in Nigeria, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, China and India. This overview article outlines, in brief, each of the Special Issue's four papers and then draws out five lessons—for funders and for practitioners—from across all the papers. Our five lessons are: (1) the fundamental importance of undertaking political economy analysis (PEA) to adapt programmes to their contexts; (2) the importance of having a realistic level of ambition for interventions; (3) the need to support local ownership—not just “agreement ownership” (between a donor agency and government) or local “management ownership” of the programme, but critically “driver ownership” by generating trust with the key local actors driving change; (4) the need for a more effective set of tools for measuring results in complex programmes that attempt to achieve improvements in long-run governance; and, (5) that although the political economy of donors is often seen as a barrier to applying TWP, the articles show how much can be done with a TWP approach if the analysis takes into account the political economy of donors as well as that of the local context. We conclude with a set of operational recommendations for donors and implementors, as well as suggestions of avenues for further research. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/dpr.12439 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 37 IS - S1 SP - O1 EP - O15 LA - en SN - 1467-7679 ST - Thinking and Working Politically UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dpr.12439 Y2 - 2020/08/13/10:51:06 KW - Adaptation KW - Development programmes KW - Political economy analysis KW - Reform space KW - thinking and working politically ER - TY - RPRT TI - COUNT - Understanding the challenge of government responsiveness AU - McGee, Rosemary T2 - Think Piece CY - Brighton DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 PB - MAVC and IDS UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/government-responsiveness Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:57:32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Power, Violence, Citizenship and Agency AU - McGee, Rosemary T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12102 DP - Google Scholar VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 36 EP - 47 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-5436.12102/full Y2 - 2016/09/29/13:58:29 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Something’s Stopping All Voices From Counting… AU - McGee, Rosemary T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - An outline of Making All Voices Count's Research & Evidence component led by the Institute of Development Studies. DA - 2014/01/21/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/somethings-stopping-voices-counting/ Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:32:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning study on 'the users' in Technology for Transparency and Accountability initiatives: Assumptions and realities AU - McGee, Rosemary AU - Carlitz, Ruth CY - Brighton DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013 PB - IDS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Appropriating technology for accountability: messages from Making All Voices Count AU - McGee, Rosemary AU - Edwards, Duncan AU - Hudson, Hannah AU - Anderson, Colin AU - Feruglio, Francesca AB - Making All Voices Count was a programme designed to solve the ‘grand challenge’ of creating more effective democratic governance and accountability around the world. It used funding from four donors to support the development and spread of innovative ideas for solving governance problems – many of them involving tools and platforms based on mobile phone and web technologies. Between 2013 and 2017, the programme made grants for innovation and scaling projects that aimed to amplify the voices of citizens and enable governments to listen and respond. It also conducted research and issued research grants to explore the roles that technology can play in securing responsive, accountable government and building an evidence base. This synthesis report reviews the Making All Voices Count’s four-and-a-half years of operational experience and learning. It shares 14 key messages on the roles technologies can play in enabling citizen voice and accountable and responsive governance. These messages are presented in four sections: (1) Applying technologies as technical fixes to solve service delivery problems; (2) Applying technologies to broader, systemic governance challenges ; (3) Applying technologies to build the foundations of democratic and accountable governance systems; (4) Applying technologies for the public ‘bad’, when tech can be dangerous for democracy. The tech optimism of the era in which the programme was conceived can now be reappraised from the better-informed vantage point of hindsight. Making All Voices Count’s wealth of diverse and grounded experience and documentation provides an evidence base that should enable a more sober and mature position of tech realism as the field of tech for accountable governance continues to evolve. CY - Brighton DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en M3 - MAVC Research Report PB - IDS ST - Appropriating technology for accountability UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13452 Y2 - 2018/03/23/08:36:04 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Outcome Measurement in Local Governance Programmes: a Power Dimension AU - McGee, Rosemary AU - Pettit, Jethro T2 - WIP Paper CY - Brighton DA - 2013/05// PY - 2013 DP - Google Scholar PB - IDS UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/outcome-measurement-in-local-governance-programmes-a-power-dimension Y2 - 2017/06/28/10:55:37 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Power, Empowerment and Social Change A3 - McGee, Rosemary A3 - Pettit, Jethro AB - This book uncovers how power operates around the world, and how it can be resisted or transformed through empowered collective action and social leadership. The stakes have never been higher. Recent years have seen a rapid escalation of inequalities, the rise of new global powers and corporate interests, increasing impunity of human rights violations, suppression of civil society, and a re-shaping of democratic processes by post-truth, populist and nationalist politics. Rather than looking at power through the lenses of agency or structure alone, this book views power and empowerment as complex and multidimensional societal processes, defined by pervasive social norms, conditions, constraints and opportunities. Bridging theory and practice, the book explores real-world applications using a selection of frameworks, tools, case studies, examples, resources and reflections from experience to support actors to analyse their positioning and align themselves with progressive social forces. Compiled with social change practitioners, students and scholars in mind, Power, Empowerment and Social Change is the perfect volume for anyone involved in politics, international development, sociology, human rights and environmental justice who is looking for fresh insights for transforming power in favour of relatively less powerful people. CY - London ; New York DA - 2019/11/08/ PY - 2019 SP - 276 LA - Inglés SN - 978-1-138-57531-8 UR - https://www.routledge.com/Power-Empowerment-and-Social-Change-1st-Edition/McGee-Pettit/p/book/9781138575318 ER - TY - BLOG TI - From ‘Feedback Loops’ to ‘Responsive Governance’ AU - McGee, Rosie T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - Part of a sequenced learning process for MAVC's Research and Evidence Component, the summary of a thematic discussion led by researcher Rosemary McGee. DA - 2014/01/29/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/feedback-loops/ Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:16:50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction: Opening Governance – Change, Continuity and Conceptual Ambiguity AU - McGee, Rosie AU - Edwards, Duncan T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2016/01/14/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.103 DP - CrossRef VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 21 SN - 02655012 ST - Introduction UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/32 Y2 - 2016/07/14/10:50:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Shifting Power? Assessing the Impact of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives AU - McGee, Rosie AU - Gaventa, John T2 - IDS Working Papers, 383 AB - This paper arises from a review of the impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives which gathered and analysed existing evidence, discussed how it could be improved, and ev... CY - Brighton DA - 2011/11// PY - 2011 PB - IDS ST - Shifting Power? UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/shifting-power-assessing-the-impact-of-transparency-and-accountability-initiatives Y2 - 2016/08/02/10:08:51 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Lessons from a trial of the Success Case Method AU - McGuinness, Liz T2 - Better Evaluation AB - The Success Case Method approach is useful for documenting stories of impact and for understanding the factors that help or hinder impact. It is particularly useful for uncovering the contextual forces that influence impact. Originally designed for evaluating corporate training programs, the Success Case Method is now being applied to other programs including international development interventions. Last year, I provided technical assistance to a pilot of the Success Case Method as part of the USAID-funded Complexity-Aware M&E Trials. DA - 2017/07/28/ PY - 2017 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/blog/lessons_on_SCM Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation Building Blocks: A Guide AU - McKegg, K. AU - Oakden, J. AU - Wehipeihana, N. AU - King, Julian AB - This guide presents the Kinnect Group’s approach to evaluation. Developed through ten years of collaborative work, it has been well tested. While there are many other guides to evaluation and different ways to do it, our approach emphasises the place of evaluative reasoning in evaluation. The guide draws on the work of many evaluation theorists, as well as our practice-based body of knowledge. We hope that using the building blocks as explained in the guide will help you in your endeavour to do credible and useful evaluation. We find this approach works for us. Our clients tell us it gives them meaningful and insightful findings that they can use to take action. Our view to intellectual property is simple. What you read is yours to use. We just ask that you cite the guide when you draw from it. For those of you who engage with this guide and use it in your practice, we look forward to hearing from you. We are particularly interested in feedback where you find aspects of the guide work well for you. In that way we can all continue to build and evolve our practice. CY - Auckland DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Kinnect Group UR - https://www.kinnect.co.nz/site_files/32691/upload_files/blog/evaluationbuildingblocks_a-guide_final_v1.pdf?dl=1 Y2 - 2023/09/29/10:47:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building a culture of learning at scale: learning networks for systems change. AU - McKenzie, Fiona AB - This scoping paper explores the question ‘what would it take to build a culture of learning at scale?’. It focuses on systems-wide learning that can help to inform systems change efforts in complex contexts. To answer this question, literature was reviewed from across diverse disciplines and the realms of education, innovation systems, systems thinking and knowledge management. This inquiry was also supported by in-depth interviews with numerous specialists from the for-purpose sector and the examination of several case studies of learning across systems. The goal was to derive common patterns to inform a ‘learning for systems change’ framework. Learning for systems change is critical when working with complexity. The dynamic nature of complex adaptive systems requires an ability to continually sense and learn from the system and adapt accordingly. This is because the nature of the challenge and ‘what works’ to meet the challenge is continually shifting (Lowe and Plimmer, 2019). This requires an ongoing process of iterative inquiry that draws upon wisdom and insights from across the system. Such learning challenges traditional siloes of expertise and organisational boundaries (Clarke et al., 2019). Learning is not simply a nice to have. It is critical for greater impact and improved outcomes, particularly in mission-driven organisations and initiatives (Price et al., 2019). In this paper, a ‘learning networks’ approach is proposed, one that draws upon individual, group and systems-wide learning to build capacity and resilience for systems change in uncertain environments. This fills a gap in the literature where the focus is largely on learning within organisations. Instead, the focus here is on what is required to support learning to occur across scales and boundaries - from the individual to system-wide. A simple meta-framework for developing learning networks is proposed that includes high level guidance on the enabling conditions - the mindsets, relationships, processes and structures- that would enable learning networks to flourish. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021 PB - Orange Compass & Paul Ramsay Foundation UR - https://www.orangecompass.com.au/images/Scoping_Paper_Culture_of_Learning.pdf Y2 - 2021/10/28/08:11:20 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptability: the art of winning in an age of uncertainty AU - McKeown, Max CN - BF335 .M395 2012 CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Library of Congress ISBN ET - 1st ed SP - 222 PB - Kogan Page SN - 978-0-7494-6524-7 978-0-7494-6460-8 ST - Adaptability KW - Adaptability (Psychology) KW - Success ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive management: Promises and pitfalls AU - McLain, Rebecca J. AU - Lee, Robert G. T2 - Environmental Management AB - Proponents of the scientific adaptive management approach argue that it increases knowledge acquisition rates, enhances information flow among policy actors, and provides opportunities for creating shared understandings. However, evidence from efforts to implement the approach in New Brunswick, British Columbia, Canada, and the Columbia River Basin indicates that these promises have not been met. The data show that scientific adaptive management relies excessively on the use of linear systems models, discounts nonscientific forms of knowledge, and pays inadequate attention to policy processes that promote the development of shared understandings among diverse stakeholders. To be effective, new adaptive management efforts will need to incorporate knowledge from multiple sources, make use of multiple systems models, and support new forms of cooperation among stakeholders. DA - 1996/07/01/ PY - 1996 DO - 10.1007/BF01474647 DP - link.springer.com VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 437 EP - 448 J2 - Environmental Management LA - en SN - 0364-152X, 1432-1009 ST - Adaptive management UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01474647 Y2 - 2017/07/18/14:03:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management: Learning and Action Approaches to Implementing Norms-shifting Interventions AU - McLarnon, Courtney AU - Gayles, Jennifer AU - Deepan, Prabu AB - What Passages has Learned about Adaptive Management: • Be reflective about information that is collected and create a culture of learning. • Be systematic about establishing monitoring and learning systems. • Be strategic about data sources and analysis, prioritizing areas for learning and addressing issues raised. • Be inclusive about information collection: who is collecting what, how, and how is it being used. CY - Washington DC DA - 2021/01// PY - 2021 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - USAID / Passages UR - https://prevention-collaborative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/IRH_2021_Adaptive-Management.pdf Y2 - 2022/10/24/10:08:29 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scaling Impact: Innovation for the Public Good AU - McLean, Robert AU - Gargani, John AB - Scaling Impact introduces a new and practical approach to scaling the positive impacts of research and innovation. Inspired by leading scientific and entrepreneurial innovators from across Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Middle East, this book presents a synthesis of unrivalled diversity and grounded ingenuity. The result is a different perspective on how to achieve impact that matters, and an important challenge to the predominant more-is-better paradigm of scaling. For organisations and individuals working to change the world for the better, scaling impact is a common goal and a well-founded aim. The world is changing rapidly, and seemingly intractable problems like environmental degradation or accelerating inequality press us to do better for each other and our environment as a global community. Challenges like these appear to demand a significant scale of action, and here the authors argue that a more creative and critical approach to scaling is both possible and essential. To encourage uptake and co-development, the authors present actionable principles that can help organisations and innovators design, manage, and evaluate scaling strategies. Scaling Impact is essential reading for development and innovation practitioners and professionals, but also for researchers, students, evaluators, and policymakers with a desire to spark meaningful change. DA - 2019/05/14/ PY - 2019 SP - 286 LA - en PB - Routledge SN - 978-0-429-88638-6 ST - Scaling Impact UR - https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/scaling-impact-innovation-public-good KW - Developing & Emerging Countries ER - TY - RPRT TI - Political economy analysis: Topic Guide AU - Mcloughlin, Claire AB - Political economy analysis (PEA) aims to situate development interventions within an understanding of the prevailing political and economic processes in society – specifically, the incentives, relationships, and distribution and contestation of power between different groups and individuals. Such an analysis can support more politically feasible and therefore more effective development strategies by setting realistic expectations … CY - Birmingham DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - GSDRC, University of Birmingham UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/topic-guides/political-economy-analysis/ Y2 - 2016/07/19/16:41:01 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Complexity, Organizations and Change AU - McMillan, Elizabeth AB - Complexity science has seriously challenged long-held views in the scientific community about how the world works. These ideas, particularly about the living world, also have radical and profound implications for organizations and society as a whole. Available in paperback for the first time, this insightful book describes and considers ideas from complexity science and examines their use in organizations, especially in bringing about major organizational change. Author McMillan explores how organizations, their design, the way they operate and, importantly, the people who co-create them, are thought of.Explaining the history and development of complexity science in an accessible way for the non-scientific reader, this outstanding book describes key concepts and their use in theory and practice. Illustrated with real-life examples from organizations in the UK, Europe and the USA, the book includes an in-depth case study of an organization which used complexity principles as part of a strategic change intervention. From this, useful models for introducing a complexity-based change process are derived.Complexity, Organizations and Change will appeal to academics, researchers and advanced students who are interested in complexity science and what it means for strategy, organization and management theory and organizational change. DA - 2004/07/31/ PY - 2004 DP - Amazon SP - 206 LA - English PB - Routledge ER - TY - BOOK TI - Demanding Good Governance: Lessons from Social Accountability Initiatives in Africa A3 - McNeil, Mary A3 - Malena, Carmen AB - Accountability is the cornerstone of good governance. Unless public officials can be held to account, then critical benefits associated with good governance, such as social justice, poverty reduction and development remain elusive. The impacts of non-responsive and unaccountable governance are perhaps most harshly felt by the citizens of Africa, where corruption and governance failures are broadly acknowledged as a principal obstacle to the achievement Over the past decade, a range of social accountability practices―such as participatory budgeting, independent budget analysis, participatory monitoring of public expenditure and citizen evaluation of public services have been experimented with in many Africa countries. Their outcomes and lessons have, thus far, received little attend and documentation. This volume aims to make a contribution towards filling this gap by describing and analyzing a selection of social accountability initiatives from seven Sub-Saharan countries. CY - Washington, D.C DA - 2010/06/23/ PY - 2010 DP - Amazon SP - 264 LA - English PB - World Bank Publications SN - 978-0-8213-8380-3 ST - Demanding Good Governance ER - TY - BOOK TI - Thinking in Systems: A Primer AU - Meadows, Donella H. A3 - Wright, Diana AB - In the years following her role as the lead author of the international bestseller, Limits to Growth—the first book to show the consequences of unchecked growth on a finite planet— Donella Meadows remained a pioneer of environmental and social analysis until her untimely death in 2001.Thinking in Systems, is a concise and crucial book offering insight for problem solving on scales ranging from the personal to the global. Edited by the Sustainability Institute’s Diana Wright, this essential primer brings systems thinking out of the realm of computers and equations and into the tangible world, showing readers how to develop the systems-thinking skills that thought leaders across the globe consider critical for 21st-century life.Some of the biggest problems facing the world—war, hunger, poverty, and environmental degradation—are essentially system failures. They cannot be solved by fixing one piece in isolation from the others, because even seemingly minor details have enormous power to undermine the best efforts of too-narrow thinking.While readers will learn the conceptual tools and methods of systems thinking, the heart of the book is grander than methodology. Donella Meadows was known as much for nurturing positive outcomes as she was for delving into the science behind global dilemmas. She reminds readers to pay attention to what is important, not just what is quantifiable, to stay humble, and to stay a learner.In a world growing ever more complicated, crowded, and interdependent, Thinking in Systems helps readers avoid confusion and helplessness, the first step toward finding proactive and effective solutions. DA - 2008/12/03/ PY - 2008 DP - Amazon SP - 240 LA - English PB - Chelsea Green Publishing ST - Thinking in Systems ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effect of government responsiveness on future political participation AU - Mellon, Andrew Jonathan AU - Sjoberg, Fredrik Matias AU - Peixoto, Tiago Carneiro AB - What effect does government responsiveness have on political participation? Since the 1940s political scientists have used attitudinal measures of perceived efficacy to explain participation. More recent work has focused on underlying genetic factors that condition citizen engagement. The authors develop a ‘calculus of participation’ that incorporates objective efficacy, the extent to which an individual’s participation actually has an impact, and test the model against behavioral data from FixMyStreet.com (n=399,364). The authors find that a successful first experience using FixMyStreet.com (e.g., reporting a pothole and having it fixed) is associated with a 54 percent increase in the probability of an individual submitting a second report. The authors also show that the experience of government responsiveness to the first report submitted has predictive power over all future report submissions. The findings highlight the importance of government responsiveness for fostering an active citizenry, while demonstrating the value of incidentally collected data to examine participatory behavior at the individual level. DA - 2015/02/26/23:50:02 PY - 2015 DP - documents.worldbank.org SP - 1 EP - 33 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - 99519 UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/09/25051854/effect-government-responsiveness-future-political-participation Y2 - 2016/04/03/11:16:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Haves and the Have Nots: Civic Technologies and the Pathways to Government Responsiveness AU - Mellon, Jonathan AU - Peixoto, Tiago C AU - Sjoberg, Fredrik M T2 - Policy Research Working Paper AB - “Civic tech” broadly refers to the use of digital technologies to support a range of citizen engagement processes. From allowing individuals to report problems to local government to enabling the crowdsourcing of national legislation, civic tech aims to promote better policies and services – while contributing to more inclusive democratic institutions. But could civic tech affect public issues in a way that benefits some and excludes others? Over the decades, the question of who participates in and who is excluded from participation mediated by technology has been the focus of both civic tech critics and proponents. The latter tend to argue that, by enabling citizens to participate without constraints of time and distance, civic tech facilitates the participation of those who usually abstain from engaging with public issues, leading to more inclusive processes. Critics argue that, given the existing digital divide, unequal access to technology will tend to empower the already empowered, further deepening societal differences. Yet both critics and proponents do tend to share an intuitive assumption: the socio-economic profile of who participates is the primary determinant of who benefits from digitally mediated civic participation. For instance, if more men participate, outcomes will favor male preferences, and if more young people participate, outcomes will be more aligned with the concerns of the youth. In a new paper, we show that the link between the demographics of those participating through digital channels, and the beneficiaries of the participation process, is not necessarily as straightforward as commonly assumed. We review four civic tech cases where data allow us to trace the full participatory chain through: the initial digital divide the participant’s demographics the demands made through the process the policy outcomes We examine online voting in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul’s participatory budgeting process, the local problem reporting platform Fix My Street (FMS) in the United Kingdom, Iceland’s online crowdsourced constitution process, and the global petitioning platform Change.org. Counterintuitive findings Change.org has been used by nearly half a billion people around the globe. Using a dataset of 3.9 million signers of online petitions in 132 countries, we examine the number of successful petitions and assess whether petitions created by women have more success than those submitted by men. Our analysis shows that, even if women create fewer online petitions than men, their petitions are more likely to be successful. All else equal, when online petitions have an impact on government policy, the agenda being implemented is much closer to the issues women choose to focus on. In Rio Grande do Sul’s digital participatory budgeting (PB), we show that despite important demographic differences between online and offline voters, these inequalities do not affect which types of projects are selected for funding – a consequence of PB’s unique institutional design, which favors redistributive effects. In fact, of all the cases analyzed, none reflect the standard assumption that inequalities in who participates translate directly into inequalities in who benefits from the policy outcomes. Our results suggest that the socio-economic profile of participants predicts only in part who benefits from civic tech. Just as important to policy outcomes is how the platform translates civic participation into policy demands, and how the government responds to those demands. While civic tech practitioners pay a lot of attention to design from a technological perspective, our findings highlight the importance of considering how civic tech platforms function as political institutions that encourage certain types of behavior while discouraging others. Civic tech, it seems, is not inherently good nor bad for democratic institutions. Instead, its effect is a combination of who participates on digital platforms and the choices of platform designers and governments. CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/09// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero SP - 40 LA - en PB - World Bank ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building effective research policy networks: linking function and form AU - Mendizabal, Enrique AB - This paper looks at the factors that affect the key structural characteristics of research policy networks in an attempt to develop a methodology for studying and understanding what networks do and how. It builds on previous work on the roles and functions that networks carry out and focuses on their structural characteristics. The literature on networks is explored to identify the main and most common factors affecting their structure, and then the paper considers the possible effects of these structural factors on a network's ability to perform one or more of these functions based on some of the lessons learned from a study of seven research policy networks in Peru. The paper provides a menu of factors and characteristics worth considering when intending to build effective networks. CY - London DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006 DP - Open WorldCat LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - ODI SN - 276 ST - Building effective research policy networks UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/146.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Alignment, Interest and Influence Matrix (AIIM) guidance note AU - Mendizabal, Enrique AB - In 2007, on the eve of a workshop to introduce a new version of the RAPID approach to DFID policy teams, Enrique Mendizabal and Ben Ramalingam created the Alignment, Interest and Influence Matrix (AIIM), a stakeholder analysis tool that not only helps to identify key stakeholders, but also suggests a possible course of action towards them. CY - London DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010 LA - en PB - ODI/RAPID UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/5288-alignment-interest-and-influence-matrix-aiim-guidance-note Y2 - 2019/04/07/19:22:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding Networks: The functions of research policy networks AU - Mendizabal, Enrique AB - We are constantly talking about networks. Banks use their networks to offer global services to customers; airlines fly passengers all over the world via their networks of partners; news agencies use media networks to keep us informed every minute of the day; and terrorist networks threaten citizens around the world. The importance of networks extends to the development sector: they organise civil society to advocate for and implement change; they link the local with the global, the private with the public; and they provide spaces for the creation, sharing and dissemination of knowledge. In a way, networks seem to make anything and everything happen. But we have yet to understand what they are and what they can and cannot do. In the development literature, a huge variety of policy and social network concepts and applications exists. This paper attempts to set out a framework to help clarify what research policy networks do. CY - London DA - 2006/06// PY - 2006 LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - ODI SN - 271 ST - Understanding Networks UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/150.pdf Y2 - 2020/08/19/13:34:25 ER - TY - GEN TI - Adaptive Management Self-assessment tool AU - mercy Corps AB - The Adaptive Management self-assessment tool has been designed to help teams assess the extent to which they have a supportive environment for adaptive management within their country program. The self-assessment tool helps you think about five different areas that have been identified as important for supporting adaptive management: 1. Culture & leadership 2. Dynamic teams 3. Appropriate analysis 4. Responsive implementation & operations 5. Enabling environment (for example donor funding and relationships) DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Mercy Corps UR - https://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/ADAPT_Self_Assessment.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management Tools: Concept Notes System AU - Mercy Corps AB - Mercy Corps finds adaptive management is supported by four different but interconnected elements: Culture, People & Skills, Tools & Systems, and Enabling Environment. These elements are discussed in the context of one of Mercy Corps’ complex programmes in pastoral Ethiopia. CY - Edinburgh DA - 2015/09/25/ PY - 2015 PB - Mercy Corps ST - Adaptive Management Tools UR - https://www.mercycorps.org.uk/research-resources/adaptive-management-tools-concept-notes-system Y2 - 2016/11/14/16:38:04 ER - TY - RPRT TI - AdaptScan - Improving your Team's Adaptive Management AU - Mercy Corps DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Mercy Corps UR - https://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/AdaptScan_Module.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:40:43 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Agility and Evolution. How Mercy Corps Adapts at the Organizational Level AU - Mercy Corps AB - How Mercy Corps Adapts at the Organizational Level DA - 2017/07/19/ PY - 2017 UR - https://mercycorps.kumu.io/agility-and-evolution-f8eb7880-144f-4aeb-be44-d9628593825c Y2 - 2017/09/13/09:38:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How can we be more adaptive? AdaptScan identifies critical areas for improvement AU - Mercy Corps DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Mercy Corps & IRC KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing Complexity: Adaptive Management at Mercy Corps AU - Mercy Corps AB - Managing Complexity: Adaptive management at Mercy Corps DA - 2015/06/17/T15:50:25-07:00 PY - 2015 ST - Managing Complexity UR - https://www.mercycorps.org/research-resources/managing-complexity-adaptive-management-mercy-corps Y2 - 2016/08/05/14:52:50 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Webinar: Operationalizing Adaptive Management: What it takes. Why it matters. AU - Mercy Corps AB - Development actors increasingly agree that managing programs adaptively – especially complex interventions – can improve their effectiveness. A growing body of evidence supports this claim. But what does adaptive management look like in practice? What does it require of managers and donors to make happen? How can we reconfigure incentives and success metrics to support adaptation, while remaining compliant? DA - 2015/09/14/ PY - 2015 LA - en M3 - Text PB - Mercy Corps ST - Operationalizing Adaptive Management UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/operationalizing-adaptive-management-what-it-takes-why-it-matters Y2 - 2019/03/28/09:44:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agile: A New Way of Governing AU - Mergel, Ines AU - Ganapati, Sukumar AU - Whitford, Andrew B. T2 - Public Administration Review AB - The evolving concept of “agile” has fundamentally changed core aspects of software design, project management, and business operations. The agile approach could also reshape government, public management, and governance in general. In this Viewpoint essay, the authors introduce the modern agile movement, reflect on how it can benefit public administrators, and describe several challenges that managers will face when they are expected to make their organizations more flexible and responsive. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/puar.13202 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 161 EP - 165 LA - en SN - 1540-6210 ST - Agile UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/puar.13202 Y2 - 2023/07/10/12:21:07 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agile Software Development: Adaptive Systems Principles and Best Practices AU - Meso, Peter AU - Jain, Radhika T2 - Information Systems Management AB - Today's environments of increasing business change require software development methodologies that are more adaptable. This article examines how complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory can be used to increase our understanding of how agile software development practices can be used to develop this capability. A mapping of agile practices to CAS principles and three dimensions (product, process, and people) results in several recommendations for “best practices” in systems development. DA - 2006/06/01/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1201/1078.10580530/46108.23.3.20060601/93704.3 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 19 EP - 30 SN - 1058-0530 ST - Agile Software Development UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/1078.10580530/46108.23.3.20060601/93704.3 Y2 - 2016/11/04/17:02:14 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - GEN TI - Guidance on tasks and deliverables for different evaluation phases AU - Methods Lab AB - This tool describes the five key phases of evaluation, from planning and design, to implementation and communication of results. It provides a list of the main tasks and deliverables for each phase, intended for use by anyone managing an impact evaluation. This tool was developed by Irene Guijt, Simon Hearn, Tiina Pasanen and Patricia Rogers for use in Methods Lab projects. It follows to some extent the BetterEvaluation Rainbow Framework. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10646.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Guiding questions to help narrow the scope of an evaluation AU - Methods Lab AB - Time and budget constraints can mean that programmes are not able to assess all possible evaluation questions; this is especially true for multi-component or multi-site programmes operating in challenging environments. This tool identifies areas of enquiry to help programmes prioritise the number of questions and measurement indicators used. This tool was developed by Anne Buffardi for use in in Methods Lab projects. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10038.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Report template on integrating impact into an existing monitoring and evaluation system AU - Methods Lab AB - Many development programme staff will commission an impact evaluation towards the end of a project or programme, only to find that the monitoring system did not provide adequate data about implementation, context, baselines or interim results. This tool provides a template outline for a report making recommendations on how to integrate a focus on impact into a programme’s existing monitoring and evaluation system, as the programme moves into a new phase. This template was developed by Anne Buffardi and Tiina Pasanen for use in Methods Lab projects. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10037.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Report templates for evaluability assessment AU - Methods Lab AB - An evaluability assessment aims to assess the extent to which, and how best, a project can be evaluated in a reliable and credible fashion. These templates are intended to help anyone conducting an evaluability assessment to structure the final report. This tool was developed by Anne Buffardi and Bronwen McDonald for use in Methods Lab projects. It accompanies The Methods Lab publication ‘Evaluability assessment for impact evaluation: guidance, checklists and decision support’. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10036.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Sample agendas for an evaluability assessment stakeholder workshop AU - Methods Lab AB - An evaluability assessment aims to assess the extent to which, and how best, an intervention can be evaluated in a reliable and credible fashion. These sample agendas are intended for people convening key stakeholders (such as project implementation staff and managers, donors and government officials) to discuss the purpose and scope of an impact evaluation and to identify key evaluation questions. This tool was developed by Bronwen McDonald, Anne Buffardi and Irene Guijt for use in Methods Lab projects. It accompanies the Methods Lab publication ‘Evaluability assessment for impact evaluation: guidance, checklists and decision support’. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10042.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Sample criteria to select case studies for evaluation AU - Methods Lab AB - Time and budget constraints often mean that organisations are unable to evaluate all of their programmes, and large programmes, operating in multiple locations, are unable to evaluate all project sites. This tool introduces two sets of criteria to support evaluators and programme managers to select case studies or programmes for evaluation: i) information about how relevant or feasible evaluation is for individual programmes, and ii) across the overall portfolio, strategic thinking around what types of cases are most important to understand. This tool was developed by Anne Buffardi, Irene Guijt, Simon Hearn and Tiina Pasanen for use in The Methods Lab projects. DA - 2018/11// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10043.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Sample interview questions for evaluability assessment AU - Methods Lab DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10032.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - GEN TI - Template concept note for an impact evaluation AU - Methods Lab DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10040.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sustainability and Value through Improved Decision-making AU - Meyer, Isabel AU - Marais, Mario T2 - Designing and implementing an Information and Communication Technology for Rural Education Development (ICT4RED) initiative in a resource-constrained environment: Nciba school district, Eastern Cape, South Africa A2 - Herselman, M.E. A2 - Botha, A. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014 SP - 205 EP - 236 PB - CSIR UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269522606_Sustainability_and_Value_through_Improved_Decision-making Y2 - 2016/06/23/14:26:32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design for Sustainability: Countering the Drivers of Unsustainability in Development Projects AU - Meyer, Isabel AU - Marais, Mario Alphonso T2 - The Journal of Community Informatics AB - Development projects aim to make a difference in communities. Funders often require that the intervention needs to last, or that it needs to effect change that will last, over an extended period of time. In short, a sustainable difference needs to be made and this is an important measure of success.  However, there are inherent drivers in the combined system of donors and beneficiaries that counter sustainability. This article explores these drivers, and identifies project design elements that need to be in place in order to promote sustainability by countering the drivers. This approach is applied to an education project, and implications for ICT4D projects are developed. DA - 2015/09/16/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.15353/joci.v11i3.2768 DP - ci-journal.net VL - 11 IS - 3 LA - en SN - 1712-4441 ST - Design for Sustainability UR - http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1169 Y2 - 2016/06/23/14:13:52 KW - Development KW - Project design KW - Systems Approaches KW - sustainability ER - TY - BOOK TI - Learning to Plan--and Planning to Learn AU - Michael, Donald N. AB - Don Michael says that, yes, the world can meet future social and organizational challenges - but only if we learn to plan in order-- to live uncertainty-- to learn from mistakes, actually embrace error-- to do goal setting that is future-responsive-- to lower barriers by spanning boundaries-- to improve personal interaction-- to overcome resistance to learning and change.This book treats planning as the way for persons, organizations, and societies to learn their way into the future. It reveals the complex and unavoidable social psychological resistances to learning that must be overcome by competent citizenry in order to plan for the future. A viable ecology, Third World development, new-city building, democratic government in a turbulent society -- all depend on the anticipation of future conditions and on planning to meet these conditions. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 DP - Google Books SP - 403 LA - en PB - Miles River Press SN - 978-0-917917-08-0 KW - Social science ER - TY - JOUR TI - The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions AU - Michie, Susan AU - van Stralen, Maartje M AU - West, Robert T2 - Implementation Science : IS AB - Background Improving the design and implementation of evidence-based practice depends on successful behaviour change interventions. This requires an appropriate method for characterising interventions and linking them to an analysis of the targeted behaviour. There exists a plethora of frameworks of behaviour change interventions, but it is not clear how well they serve this purpose. This paper evaluates these frameworks, and develops and evaluates a new framework aimed at overcoming their limitations. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases and consultation with behaviour change experts were used to identify frameworks of behaviour change interventions. These were evaluated according to three criteria: comprehensiveness, coherence, and a clear link to an overarching model of behaviour. A new framework was developed to meet these criteria. The reliability with which it could be applied was examined in two domains of behaviour change: tobacco control and obesity. Results Nineteen frameworks were identified covering nine intervention functions and seven policy categories that could enable those interventions. None of the frameworks reviewed covered the full range of intervention functions or policies, and only a minority met the criteria of coherence or linkage to a model of behaviour. At the centre of a proposed new framework is a 'behaviour system' involving three essential conditions: capability, opportunity, and motivation (what we term the 'COM-B system'). This forms the hub of a 'behaviour change wheel' (BCW) around which are positioned the nine intervention functions aimed at addressing deficits in one or more of these conditions; around this are placed seven categories of policy that could enable those interventions to occur. The BCW was used reliably to characterise interventions within the English Department of Health's 2010 tobacco control strategy and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's guidance on reducing obesity. Conclusions Interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by means of a BCW comprising: a 'behaviour system' at the hub, encircled by intervention functions and then by policy categories. Research is needed to establish how far the BCW can lead to more efficient design of effective interventions. DA - 2011/04/23/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42 DP - PubMed Central VL - 6 SP - 42 J2 - Implement Sci SN - 1748-5908 ST - The behaviour change wheel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096582/ Y2 - 2019/08/12/22:18:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building a Learning Culture – The case of the Market Development Facility in Fiji AU - Miehlbradt, Alexandra DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 PB - The Donor Committee for Enterprise Development UR - http://www.enterprise-development.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/RMCase_4_Using_Info_in_Samarth.pdf Y2 - 2016/12/13/16:42:22 KW - Case Report ER - TY - VIDEO TI - A pragmatic approach to assessing system change - Webinar AB - Few topics inspire as much confusion and debate as systemic change. What is it? How do you measure it? Does it even matter? Assessing changes in systems might be more doable than you think. This webinar explored a back-to-basics approach to assessing system change. In November 2019, thirty results measurement specialists, managers and consultants got together in Bangkok. They took part in workshops on a back-to-basics approach to assessing system changes, applying it to cases from participants’ programmes. Since then, the insights from the workshop have been further developed into a pragmatic approach to assessing system changes that builds on what programmes are actually doing and learning from practice. It can be: applied by programmes using a variety of different systemic change frameworks applied across a variety of sectors implemented with internal resources using familiar methods for information gathering The speakers walked through the approach using examples from the 2019 workshop, including PRISMA in Indonesia and Skills for Jobs (S4J) in Albania. DA - 2020/04/30/ PY - 2020 LA - en PB - DCED UR - https://beamexchange.org/community/webinar/assessing-system-change/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/08:34:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Pragmatic Approach to Assessing System Change: How to put it into practice AU - Miehlbradt, Alexandra AU - Shah, Rachel AU - Posthumus, Hans AU - Kessler, Adam AB - Planning for and assessing system change is a strategic management issue. It is critical for everything from developing a strategy and designing interventions, to adapting strategy, improving implementation and reporting impact. But many programmes get stuck when it comes to assessing system change. The private sector development field has struggled to agree on an approach that programmes can implement and stakeholders can understand. However some mature programmes are starting to assess system change more effectively. Building on these emerging practices, this paper outlines a process that programmes can use to assess system changes regularly and practically. Two complementary papers: Overview and How to put it into practice The Overview summarises the approach and How to put it into practice provides more detailed implementation guidance, worked examples, and useful tips. The Overview explores how to: develop a system change strategy and intervention plans that lay the groundwork for system change assessment, including how to set system boundaries and how to identify the system changes a programme aims to catalyse assess system changes using both: - an intervention lens focused on changes introduced by specific interventions - a helicopter lens that provides a whole system view By analysing findings from both lenses, programmes can improve their strategy and report on their contribution to system change. How to put it into practice uses two case examples for illustration throughout the paper - PRISMA’s work in the maize system in East Java and Indonesia and S4J’s work in the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system in Albania. It targets practitioners responsible for facilitating and/or assessing system change. The paper explains how to: articulate the system changes that a programme aims to catalyse assess those changes use the results to inform decision making and reporting The approach described in the paper builds on the practices outlined in the DCED Results Measurement Standard. The guidance provided has been designed to be useful to programmes that aim to catalyse system changes whether or not they apply the DCED Standard. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 91 LA - en PB - DCED UR - https://beamexchange.org/community/webinar/assessing-system-change/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Taking Stock of Empowerment Evaluation: An Empirical Review AU - Miller, Robin Lin AU - Campbell, Rebecca T2 - American Journal of Evaluation AB - Empowerment evaluation entered the evaluation lexicon in 1993. Since that time, it has attracted many adherents, as well as vocal detractors. A prominent issue in the debates on empowerment evaluation concerns the extent to which empowerment evaluation can be readily distinguished from other approaches to evaluation that share with it an emphasis on participatory and collaborative processes, capacity development, and evaluation use. A second issue concerns the extent to which empowerment evaluation actually leads to empowered outcomes for those who have participated in the evaluation process and those who are the intended beneficiaries of the social programs that were the objects of evaluation. The authors systematically examined 47 case examples of empowerment evaluation published from 1994 through June 2005. The results suggest wide variation among practitioners in adherence to empowerment evaluation principles and weak emphasis on the attainment of empowered outcomes for program beneficiaries. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. DA - 2006/09/01/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1177/109821400602700303 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 296 EP - 319 J2 - American Journal of Evaluation SN - 1098-2140 UR - https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/236a/2854a6b1a611f835efc2b6fb59d9e773d2c1.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Relational Work of Systems Change AU - Millgan, Katherine AU - Zerda, Juanita AU - Kania, John T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Collective impact efforts must prioritize working together in more relational ways to find systemic solutions to social problems. Sometimes we lose sight of a simple truth about systems: They are made up of people. Despite all of the frameworks and tools at our disposal and all of our learning as a field of practice, purely technical, rational approaches to systems change will not make much of a dent in shifting power or altering our most deeply held beliefs. If most collective impact efforts fall short of supporting people to change in fundamentally consciousness-altering ways, then, the system they are a part of will not significantly change either. However, over the past two decades, the prevailing view among many funders, board members, and institutional leaders has been that only quantifiable and predetermined outcomes can create impact. But if the interrelated, devastating, and deepening crises and divisions over the past two years have taught us anything, it is that complex, adaptive problems defy tidy logic models and reductive technical solutions. It is time to invest our collective energy in more relational and emergent approaches to transforming systems. DA - 2022/01// PY - 2022 DO - 10.48558/MDBH-DA38 LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_relational_work_of_systems_change Y2 - 2023/02/24/12:23:33 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Buzzing Communities: How to build bigger, better, and more active online communities AU - Millington, Richard AB - How to Build Bigger, Better, and More Active Online CommunitiesBuzzing Communities cuts through the fluff to offer a clear process for creating thriving online communities. This book combines a century of proven science, dozens of real-life examples, practical tips, and trusted community-building methods. This step-by-step guide includes a lifecycle for tracking your progress and a framework for managing your organization's community efforts. This Book Will Help You to Understand what the members of your community really want. Dramatically increase the number of newcomers that become regulars. Avoid the mistakes most organizations make when they try to build online communities. Develop a fantastic, user-friendly website for your members. Grow your online community to critical mass and beyond Keep members engaged and active in your community. Measure the community's return on investment and explain the benefits to your organization. DA - 2012/10/27/ PY - 2012 DP - Amazon SP - 294 LA - English PB - Feverbee ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Indispensable Community: Why Some Brand Communities Thrive When Others Perish AU - Millington, Richard AB - How to Build Bigger, Better, and More Active Online CommunitiesBuzzing Communities cuts through the fluff to offer a clear process for creating thriving online communities. This book combines a century of proven science, dozens of real-life examples, practical tips, and trusted community-building methods. This step-by-step guide includes a lifecycle for tracking your progress and a framework for managing your organization's community efforts. This Book Will Help You to Understand what the members of your community really want. Dramatically increase the number of newcomers that become regulars. Avoid the mistakes most organizations make when they try to build online communities. Develop a fantastic, user-friendly website for your members. Grow your online community to critical mass and beyond Keep members engaged and active in your community. Measure the community's return on investment and explain the benefits to your organization. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - English PB - Feverbee ER - TY - JOUR TI - ‘You Have to Raise a Fist!’: Seeing and Speaking to the State in South Africa AU - Mills, Elizabeth T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2016/01/14/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.107 DP - CrossRef VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 81 SN - 02655012 ST - ‘You Have to Raise a Fist!’ UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/37 Y2 - 2016/07/14/10:53:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence to Action: Research to Address Illegal Wildlife Trade AU - Milner-Gulland, E. J. AU - Cugniere, Laure AU - Hinsley, Amy AU - Phelps, Jacob AU - Rolfe, Michael 't Sas AU - Veríssimo, Diogo AB - Tools and expertise to improve the evidence base for national and international Illegal Wildlife Trade policy already exist but are underutilised. Tapping into these resources would produce substantive benefits for wildlife conservation and associated sectors, enabling governments to better meet their obligations under the Sustainable Development Goals and international biodiversity conventions. This can be achieved through enhanced funding support for inter-sectoral research collaborations, engaging researchers in priority setting and programme design, increasing developing country research capacity and engaging researchers and community voices in policy processes. This briefing, addressed to policy makers and practitioners, is part of the 2018 Evidence to Action: Research to Address Illegal Wildlife Trade event programme, organised by five of the UK’s most active IWT research institutions, to support the London 2018 IWT Conference. DA - 2018/09/04/T14:59:21.345Z PY - 2018 DO - 10.31235/osf.io/35ndz DP - osf.io ST - Evidence to Action UR - https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/35ndz/ Y2 - 2019/02/27/09:27:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidance Note for Adaptive Management AU - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark AB - This note explains what adaptive aid management is; why and when it should be considered; and how it should be applied. It covers all Danish development support channels and modalities, including bilateral country assistance, assistance to and through civil society, the private sector and to and through multilateral organisations. This guide has three chapters. Chapter 1 provides an executive overview of what adaptive management is. Chapter 2 goes deeper into five key operational principles of adaptive management. Chapter 3 details the main tenets of adaptive management processes during the programming cycle. CY - Copenhagen DA - 2022/02// PY - 2022 LA - en PB - Government of Denmark UR - https://amg.um.dk/bilateral-cooperation/guidelines-for-country-strategic-frameworks-programmes-and-projects Y2 - 2023/09/29/09:26:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidelines for Country Strategic Frameworks Programmes and Projects AU - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark CY - Copenhagen DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020 LA - en PB - Government of Denmark UR - https://amg.um.dk/tools/guidance-note-for-adaptive-management Y2 - 2023/09/29/09:26:56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - (Mis)communicating climate change? Why online adaptation databases may fail to catalyze adaptation action AU - Mitchell, Carrie L. AU - Burch, Sarah L. AU - Driscoll, Patrick A. T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change AB - Over the last decade a plethora of action-oriented research projects has been conducted in developing countries, exploring how to effectively adapt to the anticipated impacts of climate change. Many intergovernmental agencies and development organizations have chosen to disseminate their research results via online databases. It is unclear, however, whether these databases are useful in terms of actual adaptation planning and implementation. A systematic review of online databases has found at least 64 databases and tools online related to climate change adaptation. Despite the abundance of databases, this analysis reveals that the existing body of online databases generally lack the structure and mechanics to identify, extract, and synthesize both effective and ineffective climate change adaptation practices, projects, programs, and policies. Even relatively basic information, such as identification of projects’ projected versus actual costs is absent, which are crucial decision-making criteria particularly in developing country contexts where resource constraints are significant. In this paper we evaluate these online tools with a focus on identifying features that potentially could contribute to knowledge sharing and successful exchange of climate change adaptation projects and practices within a developing country context. We conclude the paper with recommendations for how to improve efforts to communicate climate change research, such as more nuanced needs assessments of potential users of databases. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:600–613. doi: 10.1002/wcc.401 This article is categorized under: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation Climate and Development > Knowledge and Action in Development Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1002/wcc.401 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 600 EP - 613 LA - en SN - 1757-7799 ST - (Mis)communicating climate change? UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.401 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:08:02 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Using elements of DCED Standards for CLA A2 - Mitra, Bilash A2 - Jalil, Mohammad Muaz AB - Introduction used in the DCED-BEAM seminar in Nairobi CY - Nairobi DA - 2018/02/21/ PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.enterprise-development.org/dced-beam-seminar-2018/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality Flaws: Issues and Challenges in Software Development AU - Mohan, P. AU - Shankar, A. Udaya AU - JayaSriDevi, K. T2 - Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems AB - A statement “Prevention is better than cure” for illnesses in medical sciences also applies to the software development life cycle in terms of software defects. A defect is a deviation from actual functionality of the application in terms of the correctness and completeness of the specification of the customer requirements. Defective software fails to meet its customer requirements leading to the development of applications with poor quality. Quality is a top priority in every enterprise these days. Organizations struggle in a treadmill race to deliver quality software to stay ahead with new technology, deal with accumulated development backlogs, handle customer issues as software teams work as hard as they can make their organizations stay alive and competitive in the market place. Software companies face an immense pressure to virtually release a bug-free product or a software package. The culture of an organization is a critical success factor in the efforts of process improvement. The paper aims at assessing quality as a function for monitoring and measuring the strength of development processes and any successful application development enterprise requires an unambiguous understanding of customer expectation and maximizing participation of customers in the development activities thereby ensuring that people involved in development activities do the right thing and do the thing right for delivering high quality software . Keywords: Software development, process improvement, software defect, bug-free product, software package DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - iiste.org VL - 3 IS - 12 SP - 40 EP - 48 LA - en SN - 2222-2855 ST - Quality Flaws UR - http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CEIS/article/view/3533 Y2 - 2017/02/07/11:39:25 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Building intentional networks that drive impact AU - Mohr, Jeff T2 - In Too Deep AB - These days everyone is familiar with some type of network — whether that’s their professional network on LinkedIn, their social network on… DA - 2016/07/16/T00:33:29.000Z PY - 2016 UR - https://blog.kumu.io/building-intentional-networks-that-drive-impact-part-1-90a7271c7a2a Y2 - 2018/12/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Building intentional networks that drive impact (part 2) AU - Mohr, Jeff T2 - In Too Deep AB - This is part 2 of our series on building intentional networks. Make sure you’ve read part 1 before diving into this article! DA - 2016/07/28/T23:59:23.000Z PY - 2016 UR - https://blog.kumu.io/building-intentional-networks-that-drive-impact-part-2-2f5621c5efbe Y2 - 2018/11/13/11:48:22 ER - TY - BLOG TI - EPE Week: Lee-Anne Molony on Collaborative Outcomes Reporting AU - Molony, L A T2 - AEA365 a Tip-a-day by and for Evaluators AB - This AEA365 blog, written by Lee-Anne Molony a Principal Consultant at Clear Horizon, provides a brief overview on Collaborative Outcomes Reporting (COR). DA - 2013/04/23/ PY - 2013 UR - https://aea365.org/blog/epe-week-lee-anne-molony-on-collaborative-outcomes-reporting/ Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lifestyle politics and the concept of political participation AU - Moor, Joost de T2 - Acta Politica AB - Van Deth’s comprehensive ‘conceptual map of political participation’ has reinstated a lively debate about the concept of political participation, and provides some compelling solutions to it. However, an important question that has been raised is whether van Deth’s map actually achieves its main goal of unambiguously identifying and classifying emerging, complex types of participation, like online political activism – or lifestyle politics. To contribute to this debate, this article aims to evaluate the usefulness of van Deth’s approach for the analysis of lifestyle politics. Such an evaluation requires a clear classification of lifestyle politics. This, however, is still missing from the literature. The second aim of this article, therefore, is to identify and classify different types of lifestyle politics. On the basis of a literature review, this article argues that lifestyle politics are often enacted throughout different private, public and institutional arenas, and that they are often targeted at various social, economic and political actors at once. Applying van Deth’s conceptual map to these empirical realities, then, suggests that it cannot always account for their complexity sufficiently. Therefore, this article proposes a modification of van Deth’s framework that increases its usefulness for analyzing emerging, complex political participation repertoires. DA - 2017/04/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1057/ap.2015.27 DP - link.springer.com VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 197 J2 - Acta Polit LA - en SN - 0001-6810, 1741-1416 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ap.2015.27 Y2 - 2017/11/12/18:15:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Leadership in Development course AU - Moran, Mark AU - Curth-Bibb, Jodie AU - Grice, Tim AU - Glavey, Sarah T2 - edX MOOC DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - University of Queensland UR - https://www.edx.org/course/adaptive-leadership-development-uqx-lgdm3x Y2 - 2017/07/11/08:45:38 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Embracing the Chaotic: Cynefin and Humanitarian Response AU - Morealtitude T2 - WanderLust AB - Note: Many thanks to Dave Snowden for his willingness to comment on this article prior to release Because I’m always a little behind the eight-ball, a friend of mine* recently introduced me to the … DA - 2010/07/08/T01:15:15+00:00 PY - 2010 ST - Embracing the Chaotic UR - https://morealtitude.wordpress.com/2010/07/08/embracing-the-chaotic-cynefin-and-humanitarian-response/ Y2 - 2017/02/02/17:37:35 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Six Simple Rules: How to Manage Complexity without Getting Complicated AU - Morieux, Yves AU - Tollman, Peter AB - New tools for managing complexityDoes your organization manage complexity by making things more complicated? If so, you are not alone.According to The Boston Consulting Group’s fascinating Complexity Index, business complexity has increased sixfold during the past sixty years. And, all the while, organizational complicatedness—that is, the number of structures, processes, committees, decision-making forums, and systems—has increased by a whopping factor of thirty-five. In their attempt to respond to the increasingly complex performance requirements they face, company leaders have created an organizational labyrinth that makes it more and more difficult to improve productivity and to pursue innovation. It also disengages and demotivates the workforce.Clearly it’s time for leaders to stop trying to manage complexity with their traditional tools and instead better leverage employees' intelligence. This book shows you how and explains the implications for designing and leading organizations.The way to manage complexity, the authors argue, is neither with the hard solutions of another era nor with the soft solutions—such as team building and feel-good “people initiatives”—that often follow in their wake. Based on social sciences (notably economics, game theory, and organizational sociology) and The Boston Consulting Group’s work with more than five hundred companies in more than forty countries and in various industries, authors Yves Morieux and Peter Tollman recommend six simple rules to manage complexity without getting complicated.Showing why the rules work and how to put them into practice, Morieux and Tollman give managers a much-needed tool to reinvigorate people in the face of seemingly endless complexity. Included are detailed examples from companies that have achieved a multiplicative effect on performance by using them.It’s time to manage complexity better. Employ these six simple rules to foster autonomy and cooperation and to effectively handle business complexity. As a result, you will improve productivity, innovate more, reengage your workforce, and seize opportunities to create competitive advantage. DA - 2014/03/11/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon SP - 240 LA - English PB - Harvard Business Review Press ST - Six Simple Rules KW - Complexity KW - Design Thinking ER - TY - RPRT TI - Foundations of the After Action Review Process AU - Morrison, John E AU - Meliza, Larry L T2 - Special Report AB - The U.S. Army has adopted the After Action Review AAR as its primary method of providing feedback after unit collective training exercises. The AAR is an interactive discussion in which unit members decide what happened, why it happened, and how to improve or sustain collective performance in future exercises. other services and organizations outside the military are also beginning to employ the AAR as a feedback tool. This report describes the twenty-five year history of AAR research and development and the major behavioral research areas contributing to AAR development and refinement. In addition, this report defines goals for future AAR research. CY - Alexandria, VA DA - 1999/07// PY - 1999 DP - apps.dtic.mil LA - en PB - Army Research Institute SN - 42 UR - https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA368651 Y2 - 2024/01/12/15:35:29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assumption-aware tools and agency; an interrogation of the primary artifacts of the program evaluation and design profession in working with complex evaluands and complex contexts AU - Morrow, Nathan AU - Nkwake, Apollo M. T2 - Evaluation and Program Planning AB - Like artisans in a professional guild, we evaluators create tools to suit our ever evolving practice. The tools we use as evaluators are the primary artifacts of our profession, reflect our practice and embody an amalgamation of paradigms and assumptions. With the increasing shifts in evaluation purposes from judging program worth to understanding how programs work, the evaluator’s role is changing to that of facilitating stakeholders in a learning process. This involves clarifying purposes and choices, as well as unearthing critical assumptions. In such a role, evaluators become major tool-users and begin to innovate with small refinements or produce completely new tools to fit a specific challenge or context. We interrogate the form and function of 12 tools used by evaluators when working with complex evaluands and complex contexts. The form is described in terms of traditional qualitative techniques and particular characteristics of the elements, use and presentation of each tool. Then the function of each tool is analyzed with respect to articulating assumptions and affecting the agency of evaluators and stakeholders in complex contexts. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 59 SP - 141 EP - 153 J2 - Evaluation and Program Planning SN - 0149-7189 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718916301057 Y2 - 2018/02/04/17:23:29 KW - Agency KW - Assumption-aware KW - Complex context KW - Complex programs KW - Participatory approaches KW - Program design KW - Program evaluation KW - Program tools KW - Theory-based ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conclusion: Agency in the face of complexity and the future of assumption-aware evaluation practice AU - Morrow, Nathan AU - Nkwake, Apollo M. T2 - Evaluation and Program Planning AB - This final chapter in the volume pulls together common themes from the diverse set of articles by a group of eight authors in this issue, and presents some reflections on the next steps for improving the ways in which evaluators work with assumptions. Collectively, the authors provide a broad overview of existing and emerging approaches to the articulation and use of assumptions in evaluation theory and practice. The authors reiterate the rationale and key terminology as a common basis for working with assumption in program design and evaluation. They highlight some useful concepts and categorizations to promote more rigorous treatment of assumptions in evaluation. A three-tier framework for fostering agency for assumption-aware evaluation practice is proposed-agency for themselves (evaluators); agency for others (stakeholders); and agency for standards and principles. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.013 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 59 SP - 154 EP - 160 J2 - Evaluation and Program Planning SN - 0149-7189 ST - Conclusion UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718916301033 Y2 - 2018/02/04/17:23:25 KW - Agency KW - Complexity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning to make all voices count: Lessons and reflection on localising the Open Government Partnership AU - Moses, Michael AB - This report reviews the evidence from Learning to Make All Voices Count (L-MAVC), a programme funded by Making All Voices Count and implemented in collaboration with Global Integrity. L-MAVC intended to support six Making All Voices Count grantees, working in five countries, in co-creating and applying a participatory, learning-centred, and adaptive approach to strengthening citizen engagement in governance processes in their contexts, including with respect to the Open Government Partnership (OGP). Two overarching sets of lessons emerge from the experiences of L-MAVC grantees. First, supporting citizen engagement and government accountability in subnational contexts, and localising the OGP in ways that matter to citizens, is not straightforward. Doing so successfully entails engaging with, navigating and shaping political and power dynamics in those contexts, and iteratively adapting to emerging lessons and challenges. Second, the effectiveness of adaptive ways of working depends in part on the extent to which they offer opportunities for cross-context peer learning, support the regular collection and use of data, and are themselves adaptive. These lessons have implications for the broader community of actors working to support governance reform, including the OGP and its partners, donors and multilateral institutions, and practitioners and policy-makers. The evidence from L-MAVC suggests that if these actors are to contribute more effectively to reforms that affect citizens’ lives, substantial changes – with respect to the nature of support provided to domestic stakeholders and to grant-making practices – may be warranted DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en ST - Learning to make all voices count UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13351 Y2 - 2018/03/23/08:36:01 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Rapid experiments with a purpose AU - Moses, Michael T2 - BEAM Exchange AB - New insights, opinions and perspectives on market systems development, from experts and practitioners. DA - 2017/01/05/ PY - 2017 UR - https://beamexchange.org/community/blogs/2017/1/5/experiments-purpose-theories-change-small-bets-support-rapid-learning-and-adaptation/ Y2 - 2017/01/09/16:20:36 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning how to go local: Lessons from six learning journeys for the Open Government Partnership AU - Moses, Michael AU - Soal, Sue AB - This brief reviews the evidence from Learning to Make All Voices Count (L-MAVC), a programme funded by Making All Voices Count, and implemented in collaboration with Global Integrity. L-MAVC intended to support six Making All Voices Count grantees, working in five countries, in co-creating and applying a participatory, learning-centred, and adaptive approach to strengthening citizen engagement in governance processes in their contexts, including with respect to the Open Government Partnership (OGP). The evidence from L-MAVC suggests that supporting citizen engagement with, and use of, OGP, and improving the extent to which OGP commitments are shaped by and matter to citizens in subnational districts, is not straightforward. Findings suggest that efforts to broaden and deepen citizen engagement with OGP, including at subnational levels, may be more effective when combined with support that helps local OGP champions iteratively learn and adapt, and discover and apply localisation models that fit best in their contexts. OGP and its partners may strengthen the impact of the initiative, and indeed, the impact of those working to leverage OGP at and below country level, by making structured learning support more available to local reformers. Targeted advocacy, focused on institutionalising collaborative OGP processes, and on linking subnational action with National Action Plans (NAPs), may also be useful. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en ST - Learning how to go local UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13411 Y2 - 2018/03/23/08:34:19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning to Make All Voices Count: Lessons for OGP, donors, and practitioners AU - Moses, Michael AU - Soal, Sue AB - The Open Government Partnership (OGP), donors and multilaterals, and social accountability practitioners across the world are among various constituencies attempting to harness and actualise emerging insights about the nature of successful governance reform. But each of these groups faces challenges as they do so. This brief reviews the evidence from Learning to Make All Voices Count (L-MAVC), a programme funded by Making All Voices Count, and implemented in collaboration with Global Integrity. L-MAVC intended to support six Making All Voices Count grantees, working in five countries, in co-creating and applying a participatory, learning-centred, and adaptive approach to strengthening citizen engagement in governance processes in their contexts, including with respect to the Open Government Partnership (OGP). Two sets of lessons emerge from the experience of L-MAVC. First, supporting citizen engagement and government accountability in subnational contexts, and localising OGP in ways that matter to citizens, is not straightforward. Doing so successfully entails engaging with, navigating and shaping political and power dynamics in those contexts, and iteratively adapting to emerging lessons and challenges. Second, the effectiveness of adaptive ways of working depends in part on the extent to which they offer opportunities for cross-context peer learning, support the regular collection and use of data, and are themselves adaptive. These lessons have implications for the broader community of actors working to support governance reform, including OGP and its partners, donors and multilateral institutions, and practitioners and policy-makers. If these actors are to contribute more effectively to reforms that affect citizens’ lives, substantial changes – with respect to the nature of support provided to domestic stakeholders, grant-making practices, and practitioner approaches – may be warranted. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en ST - Learning to Make All Voices Count UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13412 Y2 - 2018/03/23/08:34:09 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supporting local learning and adaptation: understanding the effectiveness of adaptive processes AU - Moses, Michael AU - Soal, Sue AB - This brief reviews the evidence from Learning to Make All Voices Count (L-MAVC), a programme funded by Making All Voices Count, and implemented in collaboration with Global Integrity. L-MAVC intended to support six Making All Voices Count grantees, working in five countries, in co-creating and applying a participatory, learning-centred, and adaptive approach to strengthening citizen engagement in governance processes in their contexts, including with respect to the Open Government Partnership (OGP). DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 12 LA - en ER - TY - BLOG TI - Deciding Well in Tumultuous Times AU - Moss, Ian David T2 - Smarter decisions for a better world AB - Practical advice for donors and institutions responding to COVID-19 DA - 2020/04/24/T01:03:44.003Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@iandavidmoss/deciding-well-in-tumultuous-times-512162f40f23 Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:27:58 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Development as Process: Concepts and Methods for Working with Complexity A3 - Mosse, David A3 - Farrington, John A3 - Rew, Alan AB - Process" approaches to economic and social development appear to be more flexible and offer greater prospects of success than traditional "project" methods. Development as Process addresses the questions raised by the different natures of the two approaches. The authors examine development projects through experience in water resources development in India and in organizational learning by a Bangladeshi NGO. Inter-agency contexts are examined in the setting of an aquaculture project in Bangladesh and in the setting of agriculture and natural resources development in Rajisthan, India. Finally, the role of process monitoring is explained in the context of policy reform, with illustrations from forestry in India and land reform in Russia. DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 DP - Google Books SP - 203 LA - en PB - Routledge SN - 978-0-415-18605-6 ST - Development as Process KW - Demography KW - Economic Development KW - Sociology ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supporting the policy environment for economic development (SPEED+) - Strategic Review Report AU - MSI AB - Donor-funded policy reform has a long history in Mozambique, with United States Agency for International Development (USAID) efforts dating to the mid-1990s. Many laws and regulations adopted during the past quarter century are the consequence of these efforts. And yet, even with several years of robust economic growth, Mozambique has not experienced the broad economic transformation that policy reforms can trigger: per capita income in 2017 was $519 and more than 80 percent of the country lived on less than two dollars per day. The country ranks 180 out of 189 on the Human Development Index and 135 out of 180 on the World Bank’s Doing Business Index. Supporting the Policy Environment for Economic Development (SPEED+), a $37 million, four-year, USAID-funded program, represents the latest iteration of USAID’s policy reform efforts. SPEED+ began in August 2016 and is scheduled to run through August 2020. As the program passed the midway point, USAID commissioned Management Systems International (MSI) to conduct a strategic review (SR) of the SPEED+ program, with the objectives of advising on: • how to maximize the impact of SPEED+ during its final 18 months; • what type of follow-on program USAID should consider; and • what broader lessons can be drawn from SPEED+’s experience in Mozambique. DA - 2019/07// PY - 2019 PB - USAID UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TZFX.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:27:51 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Collective intelligence and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals AU - Mulgan, Geoff T2 - nesta AB - Collective intelligence and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals DA - 2018/09/27/ PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/collective-intelligence-and-achieving-sustainable-development-goals/ Y2 - 2018/10/03/07:49:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Systems Innovation - Discussion Paper AU - Mulgan, Geoff AU - Leadbeater, Charlie AB - Introduction Over the past few years there has been growing interest in systemic innovation. We are defining this as an interconnected set of innovations, where each influences the other, with innovation both in the parts of the system and in the ways in which they interconnect. Yet rather than simply theorising, we want to make this practical. We want to explore the potential of systemic innovation to help tackle some of the key challenges the UK currently faces, from supporting an ageing population to tackling unemployment. We would also like to open up the discussion, to engage with the wide and diverse range of experts already working this space to help sharpen up thinking about systemic innovation and influence practical work to advance it. About this paper The two essays contained within this paper are intended to contribute to this debate. The first paper by Geoff Mulgan addresses a number of questions about systemic – or ‘joined–up’ – innovation, asking what it means to truly transform a system, encompassing the means, methods, and actions needed to realise its potential. The second paper from Charlie Leadbeater argues that companies, governments, cities, and entire societies need to move from seeing innovation in products and services as a source of competitive advantage, to focussing on innovation with entire systems. Our next steps: helping make systemic innovation useful and useable This report is just the start. We want to work with academics, practitioners, policymakers, and others in the field, to help realise the great potential of connecting and joining up innovative products, services and processes so that the whole is more than the parts. Over the coming months we will be building upon the rich and diverse literature available (we have start collating this as an annex to this paper), as well as practitioner experience, to ensure we understand systems more rigorously, as well as the skills, capabilities, methods and means needed to help them change for the better. CY - London DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 PB - NESTA UR - https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/systems_innovation_discussion_paper.pdf Y2 - 2021/07/30/08:10:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grounded Theory Method in HCI and CSCW AU - Muller, Michael J AU - Kogan, Sandra CY - Cambridge DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - IBM Center for Social Software UR - http://www.watson.ibm.com/cambridge/Technical_Reports/2010/TR2010.09%20Grounded%20Theory%20Method%20in%20HCI%20and%20CSCW.pdf Y2 - 2016/05/09/14:48:46 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Six things that help grant-makers learn and adapt AU - Murray, Aoife T2 - Itad AB - There’s an emerging body of literature identifying key strategies that can both improve learning and enable adaptive management amongst grant-makers. We recently reviewed a host of publications from eight grant-making organisations. Those organisations have diverse aims and approaches but we’ve identified six common themes that stand out: Strong leadership and facilitation enables successful learning and … DA - 2017/04/27/T09:44:20+00:00 PY - 2017 UR - https://www.itad.com/article/six-things-that-help-grant-makers-learn-and-adapt/ Y2 - 2017/06/09/13:53:21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Promise of Lean Experimentation AU - Murray, Peter AU - Ma, Steve T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - By adopting a model from business, nonprofit organizations can launch, test, and implement new programs and services more efficiently. Includes magazine extras. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 13 IS - 3 UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_promise_of_lean_experimentation Y2 - 2016/09/26/17:11:24 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - The open book of social innovation AU - Murray, Robin AU - Caulier-Grice, Julie AU - Mulgan, Geoff DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Young Foundation & NESTA ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of factors influencing success of ICT4D projects: a case study of the Schools Computerisation Programme in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. AU - Musiyandaka, Donna AU - Ranga, Gideon AU - Kiwa, Jacqueline Fungai T2 - The Journal of Community Informatics DA - 2013/05/12/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.15353/joci.v9i4.3144 DP - ci-journal.net VL - 9 IS - 4 LA - en SN - 1712-4441 ST - An analysis of factors influencing success of ICT4D projects UR - http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1016 Y2 - 2016/06/23/11:18:45 KW - ICT4D programmes KW - success factors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing challenges in communicating adaptation practices to smallholder farmers in Kenya through a radio intervention AU - Mwaniki, Fiona Nyawira AU - Gichuki, Charity AU - Mwangi, Maina AU - Mburia, Pamela AU - Wandago, Benson T2 - Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) DA - 2017/12/21/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.12895/jaeid.20172.589 DP - www.jaeid.it VL - 111 IS - 2 SP - 279 EP - 322 J2 - 1 LA - en SN - 2240-2802 UR - https://www.jaeid.it/index.php/JAEID/article/view/589 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:10:55 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - TICTeC 2018 - The Making All Voices Count programme: new lessons about donor-funded civic tech AU - mySociety DA - 2018/05/10/ PY - 2018 DP - YouTube ST - TICTeC 2018 - The Making All Voices Count programme UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNBUs-CmraI Y2 - 2018/07/27/09:03:36 KW - Accountability KW - Civic Tech KW - IDS KW - TICTeC KW - transparency ER - TY - RPRT TI - How Does the World Bank Build Citizen Engagement Commitments into Project Design? Results from Pilot Assessments in Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, and Pakistan AU - Nadelman, Rachel AU - Le, Ha AU - Sah, Anjali T2 - Working Paper 525 AB - How and to what degree is the World Bank putting its new institutional citizen engagement (CE) commitments into practice? This question guides an independent assessment that the Accountability Research Center (ARC) at American University has undertaken as part of the Institute of Development Studies-led Action for Empowerment and Accountability (A4EA) research programme’s investigation into how external actors can best support local processes of and conditions for empowerment and accountability. This report investigates the World Bank’s incorporation of CE into project design, the critical early stage of donor engagement. To accomplish this, ARC reviewed the World Bank’s fiscal year 2015–17 investment project portfolios for four A4EA priority countries, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, and Pakistan, which covers 57 projects that range from US$19 million to U$600 million. The analysis determines whether projects commit to seeking a strategic approach to CE, which involves combining multiple tactics so that the whole could be greater than the sum of the parts. This assessment of CE commitments is intended to help to inform possible national, civil society organisation strategies to monitor whether and how these commitments are actually implemented in practice. CY - Brighton DA - 2019/04/08/ PY - 2019 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - How Does the World Bank Build Citizen Engagement Commitments into Project Design? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14449 Y2 - 2019/04/17/08:18:27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participation and Power in Climate Change Adaptation Policies: Vulnerability in Food Security Programs in Nepal AU - Nagoda, Sigrid AU - Nightingale, Andrea J. T2 - World Development AB - The article explores the moments wherein participatory approaches in climate change adaptation (CCA) policies contribute to reinforcing, rather than transforming, the underlying causes of vulnerability. Using the case of food insecure households in the district of Humla in northwestern Nepal, the study demonstrates that the same social and power relations that are driving local vulnerability dynamics, such as caste, gender, and access to social and political networks, also play important roles in shaping the impact of CCA policies. By tracing Nepal’s CCA programs, starting with the local level, through district to international-national level dynamics, the study adds insights into the barriers to exclusion that embed power relations all the way through the chain of policy development. The purpose is to better understand how CCA can perpetuate rather than alleviate the conditions that create differential vulnerability patterns at village level. It raises questions about how whether CCA programs are an adequate response to increasing vulnerability for some of the world’s most marginalized people. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.022 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 100 SP - 85 EP - 93 LA - en SN - 0305750X ST - Participation and Power in Climate Change Adaptation Policies UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305750X17302504 Y2 - 2019/05/02/17:52:37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NGO Accountability: A Conceptual Framework AU - Najam, Adil T2 - Development Policy Review DA - 1996/12/01/ PY - 1996 DO - 10.1111/j.1467-7679.1996.tb00112.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 339 EP - 354 LA - en SN - 1467-7679 ST - NGO Accountability UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1996.tb00112.x/abstract ER - TY - RPRT TI - Voices of the poor: can anyone hear us? AU - Naraya, Deepa*Patel AB - This book is the first in a three-part series, about the common patterns that emerged from the poor people's experiences in many different places. Chapter 1 sets out the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 discusses poverty from the perspective of the poor. Chapter 3 examines poor people's experience with the state, and includes case studies of access to health care and education. Chapter 4 addresses the nature and quality of poor people's interactions with civil society. Chapter 5 considers the household as a key social institution, and discusses gender relations within households and how these relations affect and are affected by larger institutions of society. Chapter 6 focuses on social fragmentation, and includes a discussion of social cohesion and social exclusion. Chapter 7 concludes the analysis and proposes some policy recommendations. The analysis leads to these conclusions: 1) poverty is multidimensional; 2) the state has been largely ineffective in reaching the poor; 3) the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the lives of the poor is limited, forcing the poor to depend primarily on their own informal networks; 4) households are crumbling under the stresses of poverty; and 5) the social fabric - poor people's only DA - 2000/03/31/ PY - 2000 DP - documents.worldbank.org SP - 1 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - 20246 ST - Voices of the poor UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/131441468779067441/Voices-of-the-poor-can-anyone-hear-us Y2 - 2017/06/04/18:33:10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technical assistance: a practical account of the challenges in design and implementation AU - Nastase, Alexandra AU - Rajan, Alok AU - French, Ben AU - Bhattacharya, Debarshi T2 - Gates Open Research AB - Technical assistance is provided to country governments as part of international development programmes to support policymaking or strengthen state capability. This article presents the conceptual evolution of ‘technical assistance’ linked to capacity development, starting with programmes aiming exclusively to enhance individual capacity in the 1950s to 1970s and progressing to complex systems approaches in the past ten years. It also presents some of the frequent challenges in designing and implementing technical assistance, drawing from the existing literature and the authors’ experience in international development. The article summarises the latest thinking about delivering more effective development, including the adaptive management practices and the initiatives to strengthen evidence about what works. Finally, we complement this article with a follow-up open letter reflecting on the current policy options and opportunities for change. DA - 2021/11/19/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.12688/gatesopenres.13205.2 DP - PubMed Central VL - 4 SP - 177 J2 - Gates Open Res SN - 2572-4754 ST - Technical assistance UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8920999/ Y2 - 2023/10/20/12:16:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Clash of the Counter-bureaucracy and Development AU - Natsios, Andrew AB - In this essay, Andrew Natsios gives a first-hand account of what he finds most hinders USAID—layers of bureaucracy that misguide and derail development work. CY - Washington DC DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - The Center for Global Development UR - http://www.cgdev.org/publication/clash-counter-bureaucracy-and-development Y2 - 2016/09/22/12:50:13 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 1 Introductory Orientations AU - Needham, Joseph AB - Dr Joseph Needham's account of the Chinese achievement in science and technology will stand as one of the great works of our time. It has been acclaimed by specialists in both East and West and also by readers with wider and more general interests. The text, based on research of a high critical quality, is supported by many hundreds of illustrations and is imbued with a warm appreciation of China. Volume I is an introductory volume, in which Dr Needham prepares his readers for the study of a whole human culture. He begins by examining the structure of the Chinese language; he reviews the geography of China and the long history of its people, and discusses the scientific contacts which have occurred throughout the centuries, between Europe and East Asia. CY - Cambridge DA - 1956/01/01/ PY - 1956 DP - Amazon SP - 352 LA - English PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-521-05799-8 ST - 001 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Designing for Public Services AU - Nesta CY - London DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016 PB - Nesta/IDEO UR - http://www.designforeurope.eu/news-opinion/designing-public-services-practical-guide-nesta-ideo Y2 - 2018/10/03/09:17:10 ER - TY - BOOK TI - DIY - Development Impact and You: Practical Tools to Trigger and Support Social Innovation A3 - Nesta DA - 2014/03// PY - 2014 DP - Amazon ET - 1st edition SP - 168 PB - NESTA SN - 978-1-84875-150-7 ST - DIY - Development Impact and You KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - Skills, atitudes and behaviours that fuel public innovation - a guide to getting the most from Nesta's Competency Framework for Experimenting and Public Problem Solving AU - Nesta CY - London DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 PB - Nesta UR - http://states-of-change.org/assets/downloads/nesta_playbook_for_innovation_learning.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/03/09:15:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - States of Change - Learning programme AU - Nesta CY - London DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Nesta UR - https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/states_of_change_-_scoping_workshop_-_day_2.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/03/09:30:09 ER - TY - BLOG TI - 5 reflections on operationalising CLARISSA to generate evidence AU - Neupane, Sudarshan T2 - CLARISSA AB - As we start a new year, and especially, as 2021 is the International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour, understanding that the Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL) is complex is step one – there are no simple solutions. But we must go deeper than that, we must ensure that the programmes designed to intervene, and shape policy take on that complexity and precariousness. This is where the experience of the Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) programme comes in. It is uniquely set up to generate evidence in innovative ways and to co-develop with our stakeholders’ solutions to the WFCL. This is ambitious, yes, but no one said it was going to be easy. DA - 2021/01/11/ PY - 2021 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/5-reflections-on-operationalising-clarissa-to-generate-evidence/ Y2 - 2024/01/26/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Self Sabotage: Why Doing the Right Thing Results in Failure AU - Newell, Peter T2 - War on the Rocks AB - In January 2010 improvised explosive device (IED) attacks against dismounted infantry squads in Afghanistan numbered in the single digits — with only two DA - 2020/01/07/T08:55:55+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-US ST - Self Sabotage UR - https://warontherocks.com/2020/01/self-sabotage-why-doing-the-right-thing-results-in-failure/ Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:32:16 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Life and death in the App Store AU - Newton, Casey T2 - The Verge AB - As last year began, the app developer Pixite held its company retreat at a converted Old West movie set outside of Palm Springs. They spent a few days dreaming about the future while eating... DA - 2016/03/02/ PY - 2016 UR - https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/2/11140928/app-store-economy-apple-android-pixite-bankruptcy Y2 - 2017/06/28/15:23:18 ER - TY - CHAP TI - 6 Reviewing research evidence AU - NICE T2 - 6. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 LA - eng PB - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ST - 6 Reviewing research evidence | Developing NICE guidelines UR - https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/reviewing-research-evidence Y2 - 2019/06/26/13:38:41 ER - TY - BOOK TI - A guide to Social Return on Investment AU - Nicholls, Jeremy AU - Lawlor, Eilis AU - Neitzert, Eva AU - Goodspeed, Tim AB - There is increasing recognition that we need better ways to account for the social, economic and environmental value that results from our activities. The language varies – ‘impact’, ‘returns’, ‘benefit’, ‘value’ – but the questions around what sort of difference and how much of a difference we are making are the same. Understanding and managing this broader value is becoming increasingly important for the public and private sectors alike. This is true whether it is civil society organisations working to create value, Governments commissioning and investing in activities to create social value, investors seeking to ensure that their investments will make a difference, or private businesses recognising both risk and opportunity in the wider effects of operations. All this means that it is also more important that we have some consistency and a shared language when we talk about value. SROI is the application of a set of principles within a framework that is designed to help bring about that consistency, whilst at the same time recognising that what is of value will be very different for different people in different situations and cultures. The first edition of this guide, which itself built on the work of three earlier SROI guides1, was prepared as part of a three year programme on measuring social value funded in 2008 by the then ‘Office of the Third Sector’ based in the Cabinet Office of the UK Government. This was delivered by a consortium of organisations: the SROI Network, nef (the new economics foundation), Charities Evaluation Services, the National Council for Voluntary Organsations and New Philanthropy Capital. In addition to this programme, the Scottish Government also supported the development of SROI, including a database of indicators to support SROI analysis. The work of the SROI Network now stretches across many different countries and continents, and this second edition of the guide reflects that interest. We have though decided to use only one currency symbol, for reasons of clarity and consistency, and so have continued to use £. However, readers will be able to find examples in various currencies and translations of the Guide on our website. For more information on the developments of SROI, please refer to the SROI Network website: www.thesroinetwork.org DA - 2012/03// PY - 2012 PB - The SROI Network UR - https://socialvalueselfassessmenttool.org/wp-content/uploads/intranet/758/pdf-guide.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The curious case of the realist trial: Methodological oxymoron or unicorn? AU - Nielsen, Steffen Bohni AU - Jaspers, Sofie Østergaard AU - Lemire, Sebastian T2 - Evaluation AB - Realist evaluation and experimental designs are both well-established approaches to evaluation. Over the past 10 years, realist trials—evaluations purposefully combining realist evaluation and experimental designs—have emerged. Informed by a comprehensive review of published realist trials, this article examines to what extent and how realist trials align with quality standards for realist evaluations and randomized controlled trials and to what extent and how the realist and trial aspects of realist trials are integrated. We identified only few examples that met high-quality standards for both experimental and realist studies and that merged the two designs. DA - 2023/09/23/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1177/13563890231200291 DP - SAGE Journals SP - 13563890231200291 LA - en SN - 1356-3890 ST - The curious case of the realist trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890231200291 Y2 - 2023/10/23/10:45:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidance: Rigor and Reproducibility in Grant Applications | grants.nih.gov AU - NIH CY - Bethesda, MA DA - 2018/11// PY - 2018 PB - National Institutes of Health UR - https://grants.nih.gov/policy/reproducibility/guidance.htm Y2 - 2019/03/12/15:46:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supporting accountability in fragile settings: A review for the Somalia Implementation and Analysis in Action of Accountability Programme AU - Nixon, Hamish AU - Buffardi, Anne AU - Wales, Joseph AU - Pasanen, Tiina DA - 2017/08// PY - 2017 SP - 40 M3 - Report PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11711.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - From purposeful to meaningful adaptive programming: how about adaptive operations? AU - Nixon, Nicola T2 - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre AB - Embracing adaptive programming approaches but sticking with rigid, traditional systems-based operations? It's time to take a long hard look at all the boring stuff, says Nicola Nixon. DA - 2019/12/01/T22:35:17+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - en-US ST - From purposeful to meaningful adaptive programming UR - https://devpolicy.org/from-purposeful-to-meaningful-adaptive-programming-how-about-adaptive-operations-20191202/ Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:32:05 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Exploring a new governance agenda: What are the questions that matter? AU - Nixon, Nicola AU - Verhulst, Stefaan AU - Matin, Imran AU - Vermonte, Philips J. T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - The 100 Questions Initiative, pioneered by the GovLab, seeks to overcome the chasm between supply and demand. It begins not by searching for what data is available, but by asking important questions about the biggest challenges societies and countries face, and then seeking more targeted and relevant data solutions. In doing this, it narrows the gap between policy makers and constituents, providing opportunities for improved evidence-based policy and community engagement in developing countries. As part of this initiative, we seek to define the ten most important questions across several domains, including Migration, Gender, Employment, the Future of Work, and—now–Governance. On this occasion, we invited over 100 experts and practitioners in governance and data science –whom we call “bilinguals”– from various organizations, companies, and government agencies to identify what they see as the most pressing governance questions in their respective domains. Over 100 bilinguals were encouraged to prioritize potential impact, novelty, and feasibility in their questioning — moving toward a roadmap for data-driven action and collaboration that is both actionable and ambitious. DA - 2021/09/15/ PY - 2021 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/exploring-a-new-governance-agenda-what-are-the-questions-that-matter/ Y2 - 2021/11/09/14:05:22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - On the Right Tack: Reflections on Coalition-Building Initiatives across The Asia Foundation AU - Nixon, Nicola AU - Yates, Peter AU - Saluja, Sumaya AU - Yi, Su Lae AU - Lucas, Miranda AU - Bain, Katherine AB - Coalitions—groups of organizations and individuals that work together to pursue a common policy goal or reform—are crucial to development. Some of The Asia Foundation’s longest-standing and most successful development programs and portfolios have used coalition-building as an implementation modality. This paper examines successful initiatives in Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Timor-Leste. By delving into each of these, we shed light on this coalition-building modality, sharing insights about how externally supported coalitions emerge and function and contributing ideas about how such support can be adapted to other contexts. We hope that this paper and these case studies contribute to innovations in contemporary development theory and help practitioners use and move beyond some formulaic and technocratic modalities, such as traditional capacity development, knowledge transfer, and technical assistance. People, relationships, and working partnerships can then take center stage, and sustained cooperation will gain primacy over short-term outputs and deliverables. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - The Asia Foundation UR - https://asiafoundation.org/publication/on-the-right-tack-reflections-on-coalition-building-initiatives-across-the-asia-foundation/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theory of change in ten steps AU - Noble, James CY - London DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 28 LA - en PB - NPC ER - TY - MGZN TI - The Knowledge-Creating Company AU - Nonaka, Ikujiro T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Editor’s Note: This 1991 article helped popularize the notion of “tacit” knowledge—the valuable and highly subjective insights and intuitions that are difficult to capture and share because people carry them in their heads. Years later, the piece can still startle a reader with its views of organizations and of the types of knowledge that inform […] DA - 2007/07/01/T04:00:00Z PY - 2007 DP - hbr.org IS - July–August 2007 SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2007/07/the-knowledge-creating-company Y2 - 2018/12/17/10:37:45 KW - Creativity KW - Innovation KW - Product development KW - Research & development ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation AU - Nonaka, Ikujirō AU - Nonaka, Ikujir o AU - Ikujiro, Nonaka AU - Nonaka, Professor of Knowledge Ikujiro AU - Takeuchi, Hirotaka AU - Takeuchi, Both Professors of Management at the Institute of Business Research Hirotaka AB - How have Japanese companies become world leaders in the automotive and electronics industries, among others? What is the secret of their success? Two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi, are the first to tie the success of Japanese companies to their ability to create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. In The Knowledge-Creating Company, Nonaka and Takeuchi provide an inside look at how Japanese companies go about creating this new knowledge organizationally.The authors point out that there are two types of knowledge: explicit knowledge, contained in manuals and procedures, and tacit knowledge, learned only by experience, and communicated only indirectly, through metaphor and analogy. U.S. managers focus on explicit knowledge. The Japanese, on the other hand, focus on tacit knowledge. And this, the authors argue, is the key to their success--the Japanese have learned how to transform tacit into explicit knowledge. To explain how this is done--and illuminate Japanese business practices as they do so--the authors range from Greek philosophy to Zen Buddhism, from classical economists to modern management gurus, illustrating the theory of organizational knowledge creation with case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, Nissan, 3M, GE, and even the U.S. Marines. For instance, using Matsushita's development of the Home Bakery (the world's first fully automated bread-baking machine for home use), they show how tacit knowledge can be converted to explicit knowledge: when the designers couldn't perfect the dough kneading mechanism, a software programmer apprenticed herself with the master baker at Osaka International Hotel, gained a tacit understanding of kneading, and then conveyed this information to the engineers. In addition, the authors show that, to create knowledge, the best management style is neither top-down nor bottom-up, but rather what they call "middle-up-down," in which the middle managers form a bridge between the ideals of top management and the chaotic realities of the frontline.As we make the turn into the 21st century, a new society is emerging. Peter Drucker calls it the "knowledge society," one that is drastically different from the "industrial society," and one in which acquiring and applying knowledge will become key competitive factors. Nonaka and Takeuchi go a step further, arguing that creating knowledge will become the key to sustaining a competitive advantage in the future. Because the competitive environment and customer preferences changes constantly, knowledge perishes quickly. With The Knowledge-Creating Company, managers have at their fingertips years of insight from Japanese firms that reveal how to create knowledge continuously, and how to exploit it to make successful new products, services, and systems. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995 DP - Google Books SP - 320 LA - en PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-509269-1 ST - The Knowledge-creating Company KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Knowledge Capital KW - Leadership ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Design of Everyday Things, revised and expanded edition AU - Norman, Donald A. AB - Even the smartest among us can feel inept as we try to figure out the shower control in a hotel or attempt to navigate an unfamiliar television set or stove. When The Design of Everyday Things was published in 1988, cognitive scientist Don Norman provocatively proposed that the fault lies not in ourselves, but in design that ignores the needs and psychology of people. Fully revised to keep the timeless principles of psychology up to date with ever-changing new technologies, The Design of Everyday Things is a powerful appeal for good design, and a reminder of how -- and why -- some products satisfy while others only disappoint. CY - Cambridge, MA London DA - 2013/12/20/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon ET - 2nd revised and expanded ed edition SP - 368 LA - English PB - MIT Press SN - 978-0-262-52567-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Experiential Learning: Fostering lasting behavioural change AU - Norton, Brittney M. T2 - Prospects practice paper, 4 AB - The term ‘experiential learning’ is often mistakenly used to describe any learning experience that involves participatory activities. This paper presents an overview of what true experiential learning is and how this form of learning allows for real-world application - thus promoting lasting behavioural change. Furthermore, it explains how experiential learning was adopted as the methodological core of the Prospects psychosocial programme in Liberia, which builds ‘pre-employment skills’ in 3,500 vulnerable youth aged 15-24 years. The goal of the paper is to provide other youth and education development practitioners with a resource that can be used to strengthen youth and behaviour change programmes through the incorporation of the experiential learning theory. In addition, this paper explains its application in the Prospects programme, before concluding with key considerations of such a design. 1 DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 20 LA - en PB - Mercy Corps ER - TY - BLOG TI - Working the System: What We’ve Learned About Strengthening Accountability AU - Nugent, Sarah T2 - Chemonics International AB - When designing a new project, how often do we set out to strengthen a particular actor’s or institution’s ability to “hold government to account?” What does that mean exactly? Maybe the better question to ask is: what is the most effective way to strengthen accountability in our development work? And then, what does it look … DA - 2018/12/20/T14:15:09+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US ST - Working the System UR - https://www.chemonics.com/blog/working-the-system-what-weve-learned-about-strengthening-accountability/ Y2 - 2019/04/08/18:57:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using adaptive monitoring, evaluation and learning in programme design AU - Nzegwu, Femi DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 5 LA - en PB - INASP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fractal approaches to scaling transformations to sustainability AU - O’Brien, Karen AU - Carmona, Rosario AU - Gram-Hanssen, Irmelin AU - Hochachka, Gail AU - Sygna, Linda AU - Rosenberg, Milda T2 - Ambio AB - Responses to sustainability challenges are not delivering results at the scale and speed called for by science, international agreements, and concerned citizens. Yet there is a tendency to underestimate the large-scale impacts of small-scale, local, and contextualized actions, and particularly the role of individuals in scaling transformations. Here, we explore a fractal approach to scaling sustainability transformations based on “universal values.” Universal values are proposed as intrinsic characteristics that connect humans and nature in a coherent, acausal way. Drawing on the Three Spheres of Transformation framework, we consider how enacting universal values can generate fractal-like patterns of sustainability that repeat recursively across scales. Fractal approaches shift the focus from scaling through “things” (e.g., technologies, behaviors, projects) to scaling through a quality of agency based on values that apply to all. We discuss practical steps involved in fractal approaches to scaling transformations to sustainability, provide examples, and conclude with questions for future research. DA - 2023/09/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1007/s13280-023-01873-w DP - Springer Link VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - 1448 EP - 1461 J2 - Ambio LA - en SN - 1654-7209 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01873-w Y2 - 2024/02/15/11:36:48 KW - Agency KW - Fractals KW - Relational paradigms KW - Scaling KW - Three Spheres of Transformation KW - Universal values ER - TY - RPRT TI - Developing a Systems Thinking Lens for Collective Leadership AU - O’Donnell, Joan AB - Systems thinking approaches are gaining traction as an effective way of understanding and working with increasing complexity. They are being put forward by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as well as the World Health Organisation as a way to tackle the complex and unpredictable environments we now operate in. As the world has become increasingly interconnected, national or local boundaries cannot isolate and control social problems. The climate emergency, war and political instability have become everyday realities that accompany an ever-widening gap between those who have and control resources, and those who do not have enough to meet basic needs. The usual responses are becoming more and more ineffective; all interventions have unseen consequences or emergent properties that cannot be predicted using an inputoutput outcomes model. Designing interventions therefore requires a fresh lens to manage our way through turbulence and uncertainty. Most complex situations benefit from a complementary mix of a systematic (linear) decisive intervention as much as a systemic (whole-view) understanding of a proposed intervention. In this sense, adopting a systems thinking approach requires both framing the situation using a systems lens, as well as a commitment to take action and learn forward in realtime. When utilised in this way, a systems thinking lens complements rather than replaces traditional management tools. It draws on well-tested concepts and tools and relies on the systems leader to develop their practice, which includes the art of knowing what is needed and when. It is about threading traditional planning methods together with an understanding of the interrelationships, multiple perspectives and boundary judgements that influence the framing of a situation. It is becoming increasingly clear that effective leadership is embedded and invested: objective management science has no place in a world bound by interconnectedness and unintended consequences. Leaders are, as we shall see, an inherent part of both the problem and the proposed intervention. The purpose of this paper is to share some concepts informed by systems thinking to support you, as leaders in your organisations, to bring a systems-informed lens to your work. It puts you as a practitioner-leader at the centre of your own practice and encourages you to reflect critically on your positionality, as well as the lens you use to understand and intervene in complex issues. This paper has been developed on foot of training piloted with public service leaders in Scotland in the summer of 2022, and acts as an introduction to developing your systems literacy skills. While we are all born with a systems sensibility, many of us lose that sense of connectedness and interdependence with the world as we grow up. This paper acts as a prompt to bring a complexity informed approach to your work practice. It also contains some pointers for further resources and tools that may support your learning. CY - Edinburgh DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Collective Leadership for Scotland UR - https://workforcescotland.wpcomstaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/873878_SCT0123759776-001_Collective-Leadership-Brochure_FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2023/05/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive management: What it means for CSOs AU - O’Donnell, Michael CY - London DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 PB - Bond UR - https://www.bond.org.uk/resources/adaptive-management-what-it-means-for-csos Y2 - 2016/09/19/14:53:14 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Is It Time for a New Paradigm for "Citizen Engagement"? The Role of Context and What the Evidence Tells Us AU - O'Meally, Simon T2 - People, Spaces, Deliberation AB - The meteoric rise of "citizen engagement" Almost all development agencies promote some form of citizen engagement and accountability, often framed as 'voice', 'demand-side governance', 'demand for good governance' or 'social accountability'. The current World Bank president, Jim Yong Kim, recently put it that, "citizen voice can be pivotal in providing the demand-side pressure on government, service providers, and organizations such as the World Bank that is needed to encourage full and swift response to citizen needs". There has, in turn, been a mushrooming of useful operational guidance on different "tools" for social accountability - i.e. steps, inputs and methodologies - that guide discrete interventions, ranging from citizen score cards to participatory expenditure tracking. One might, however, be forgiven for thinking that some of the debates on citizen engagement need an injection of realism; especially as contextual factors can make or break a "tool's" implementation. A review of experience to date would be one good place to start. DA - 2013/04/29/T15:57-04:00 PY - 2013 LA - en M3 - Text ST - Is It Time for a New Paradigm for "Citizen Engagement"? UR - http://blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/it-time-new-paradigm-citizen-engagement-role-context-and-what-evidence-tells-us Y2 - 2016/04/21/10:02:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mapping Context for Social Accountability: A resource paper AU - O'Meally, Sion C. CY - Washington, DC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - The World Bank UR - blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/it-time-new-paradigm-citizen-engagement-role-context-and-what-evidence-tells-us Y2 - 2013/08/09/19:09:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using adaptive development to support feminist action AU - O’Neil, Tam AB - This paper looks at how adaptive development is being applied by gender programmes and argues that gender and adaptive development communities have much to offer each other. CY - London DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 PB - ODI UR - http://www.odi.org/publications/10370-using-adaptive-development-support-feminist-action Y2 - 2016/04/20/10:40:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing legal empowerment differently: Learning from pro-poor litigation in Bangladesh AU - O'Neil, Tam AU - Valters, Craig AU - Farid, Cynthia AB - Marginalised groups and their allies can, and do, use the law and justice systems, including public interest litigation, to improve their access to rights, goods and services.  Yet there is no automatic link between legal action and improved outcomes for poor people.  Where some minimum conditions are met – a progressive legal framework, a sympathetic judiciary and legal advocacy organisation – pro-poor litigation is a potential tool in disputes over rights and resources.  But concrete benefits for poor people also requires state action to enforce progressive rulings.  Much depends on whether claimants, legal activists and state reformers cooperate around shared interests, and whether activists can negotiate power and interest structures to motivate government action to implement rulings.  Effective strategies are those that link litigation with grassroots legal action and other forms of political and social activism and advocacy.  Donors need to fund legal advocacy organisations in ways that enable them to select social issues that are locally relevant and political feasible – and allows activists and reformers to work in politically smart and adaptive ways. DA - 2015/03// PY - 2015 M3 - Case Study PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9585.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Key Concepts in Ethnography AU - O'Reilly, Karen CY - London DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - SAGE Publications ER - TY - RPRT TI - Dynamic gridlock: Adaptive Humanitarian Action in the Democratic Republic of Congo AU - Obrecht, Alice T2 - ALNAP Country Study DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 51 PB - ODI/ALNAP UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-2018-adaptiveness-DRC-case-study_1.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making humanitarian response more flexible: Challenges and questions AU - Obrecht, Alice AU - Bourne, S. CY - London DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 M3 - ALNAP Background Paper PB - ALNAP/ODI UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/ALNAPpaper%20Making%20humanitarian%20response%20more%20flexible_1.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/18/12:04:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - More than just luck: Innovation in humanitarian action AU - Obrecht, Alice AU - Warner, Alexandra T. AB - In South Sudan, a new water treatment system that provides a community with more clean water at a lower cost. In Sierra Leone, a poster explaining how to prevent the... CY - London DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Humanitarian Innovation Fund UR - http://www.elrha.org/news/more-than-just-luck/ Y2 - 2016/06/02/16:29:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating Humanitarian Innovation AU - Obrecht, Alice AU - Warner, Alexandra AU - Dillon, Neil T2 - HIF-ALNAP working paper CY - London DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 48 LA - en PB - ALNAP ER - TY - RPRT TI - The process approach to projects AU - ODA CY - London DA - 1989/// PY - 1989 M3 - Technical Note No 4, Aid, Economics and Social Department PB - Overseas Development Administration ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Development Differently: Who we are, What we’re doing, What we’re learning AU - ODI A2 - Wild, Leni A2 - Andrews, Matt A2 - Pett, Jamie A2 - Dempster, Helen AB - In November 2014, the doing development differently community got together in Harvard to discuss what successful development interventions look like. Two years on, our community is broader than aid. It's broader than donors. It's about all organisations delivering change, producing real solutions to real problems that have real impact. It's about building trust, empowering people and promoting sustainability. Over the past two years, the community has been putting these ideas into practice across the world – being honest about what we are learning, including where we are not getting things right. This document aims to be an entry point for anyone interested in doing development differently. It explores the things that could be stopping you including: You are constrained by a disabling environment. You have strict reporting requirements. People aren't sold on the idea. It's easier to do things the way you've always done it. It's difficult to do in practice. If you are facing one, several, or all of these constraints, this document gives you a place to start. Using 43 case studies from practitoners within donors, governments, implementing organisations and NGOs across the globe, we aim to draw out some key lessons learnt, and give some advice for people considering this approach. These case studies are split across five categories: Swimming against the tide. Working in and with government. Feedback loops and data. Organisational change. Diffusion. Finally, if you want to know more, the document concludes with a suggested list of blogs and reports which explain these concepts in more detail. CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10662-doing-development-differently-who-we-are-what-were-doing-and-what-were-learning Y2 - 2017/04/18/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategy Development: Most Signficant Change (MSC) Toolkit AU - ODI AB - The Most Significant Change (MSC) technique is a form of participatory monitoring and evaluation. It is participatory because many project stakeholders are involved both in deciding the sorts of change to be recorded and in analysing the data. It is a form of monitoring because it occurs throughout the programme cycle and provides information to help people manage it. MSC contributes to evaluation because it provides data on impact and outcomes which can be used to help assess the performance of the programme as a whole. Essentially, the process involves the collection of significant change (SC) stories emanating from the field level, and the systematic selection of the most important of these by panels of designated stakeholders or staff. The designated staff and stakeholders are initially involved by ‘searching’ for project impact. Once changes have been captured, various people sit down together, read the stories aloud and have regular and often in-depth discussions about the value of the reported changes. When the technique is successfully implemented, whole teams of people begin to focus their attention on programme impact. MSC has had several names since it was conceived, each emphasising a different aspect. Examples are: ‘Monitoring-without-indicators’ – MSC does not make use of predefined indicators, especially ones which have to be counted and measured; or the ‘story approach’ – the answers to the central question about change are often in the form of stories of who did what, when and why, and the reasons the DA - 2009/01// PY - 2009 SP - 3 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6383.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - The Methods Lab evaluation toolkit AU - ODI AB - The Methods Lab develops and tests flexible approaches to impact evaluation for interventions that are harder to evaluate because of their complexity. This toolkit brings together analysis, guidance and templates for anyone: planning an impact evaluation designing a monitoring and evaluation system working in a consortium or managing a portfolio of projects DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10378-methods-lab-evaluation-toolkit ER - TY - BOOK TI - Applying Evaluation Criteria Thoughtfully AU - OECD AB - Relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability are widely used evaluation criteria, particularly in international development co-operation. They help to determine the merit or worth of various interventions, such as strategies, policies, programmes or projects. This guidance aims to help evaluators and others to better understand those criteria, and improve their use. It starts by describing what they are, and how they are meant to be used. Then the definitions and concepts underpinning each criterion are explained. Finally, examples provide the reader with concrete ideas for using them. The criteria were originally laid out in the early 2000s by the Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Although they have been widely used in evaluation, and beyond, this document is the first to comprehensively explore the concepts in detail, explain their intended use and offer practical guidance. It captures current thinking and best practice in evaluation, drawing on the inputs of internationally renowned evaluation experts from EvalNet and beyond. CY - Paris DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/543e84ed-en ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: Canada AU - OECD DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: New Zealand AU - OECD DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: Sweden AU - OECD DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: Switzerland AU - OECD DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: The Netherlands AU - OECD DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: United Kingdom AU - OECD DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case studies of results-based management by providers: World Bank Group AU - OECD DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Cooperation Policy Papers PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/results-development/results-based-approaches/ Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DAC - Mid-term Peer Review of Switzaerland - 2016 AU - OECD DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/Mid-Term-Review-Switzerland-2016.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/06/13:11:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DAC Peer Review of Switzerland - 2009 AU - OECD DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/dac-peer-review-of-switzerland_journal_dev-10-5km7jvnl3rxs Y2 - 2019/03/06/13:11:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DAC Peer Review of Switzerland - 2013 AU - OECD DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/dac-peer-review-of-switzerland_journal_dev-10-5km7jvnl3rxs Y2 - 2019/03/06/13:11:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DAC Peer Review of Switzerland - 2019 AU - OECD DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/Switzerland-2019-Memorandum.pdf Y2 - 2019/08/20/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Evaluation Feedback for Effective Learning and Accountability AU - OECD T2 - Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness AB - Evaluation is a key tool in improving the quality and effectiveness of development co-operation. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Working Party in Aid Evaluation is the only international forum where bilateral and multilateral evaluation experts meet regularly. Its Members meet to improve evaluation practice and to learn lessons from development co-operation activities and experiences. A series "Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness" was launched to share selected pieces of work with a broader public. This publication is composed of two parts: The Workshop Report, based on the fore-mentioned meeting, highlights the various issues raised, topics of discussion and different feedback systems, and outlines the areas identified by participants as most relevant for improving evaluation feedback. The Background Synthesis Report, intended as a starting point for discussion at the workshop, outlines the main concerns and challenges facing evaluation feedback and the means to address these. The report is based on an analysis of questionnaire results, and a review of previous initiatives in this area. The print version of the above report is available free of charge from the Development Co-operation Directorate; please send an email to dac.contact@oecd.org to get a copy. CY - Paris DA - 2001/12/10/ PY - 2001 DP - Google Books SP - 118 LA - en M1 - 5 PB - OECD SN - 978-92-64-03493-8 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Evaluation of development programmes - OECD AU - OECD AB - Data & research on evaluation of development programmes inc. paris declaration, budget support, multilateral effectiveness, impact evaluation, joint evaluations, governance, aid for trade DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/ Y2 - 2019/11/27/11:59:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based Management AU - OECD CY - Paris DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/2754804.pdf Y2 - 2019/11/27/11:58:30 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Innovation for Development Impact: Lessons from the OECD Development Assistance Committee AU - OECD T2 - The Development Dimension AB - The development co-operation community needs to innovate to meet the global challenges ahead. Although it has an established track record for innovating partnerships, funding instruments and technologies, they are not enough to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals. This report synthesises the lessons emerging from an OECD Development Assistance Committee peer learning exercise on how innovation efforts can be strengthened, individually and collectively, to achieve the 2030 Agenda. The report is organised around three blocks – strategy, management and culture; organisation and collaboration; and, the innovation process – and provides recommendations on how innovation can best benefit poor and vulnerable people around the world. DA - 2020/06/23/ PY - 2020 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - OECD SN - 978-92-64-84945-7 978-92-64-32157-1 978-92-64-41178-4 978-92-64-79893-9 ST - Innovation for Development Impact UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/innovation-for-development-impact_a9be77b3-en Y2 - 2020/08/14/11:27:22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - OECD Development Assistance Committee Peer Review of Canada AU - OECD DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/Memorandum-of-Canada-2018.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/31/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Systems Approaches to Public Sector Challenges: Working with Change AU - OECD DA - 2017/08/11/ PY - 2017 PB - OECD UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264279865-en ER - TY - BOOK TI - Quality standards for development evaluation AU - OECD AU - Development Assistance Committee AB - Based on a broad international consultative process, the DAC Quality Standards for Development Evaluation are a reference guide to good practice in development evaluation. With a view to improving the quality of evaluation processes and products, and facilitating collaboration, this reference guide lays out standards for each phase of a typical evaluation process: from defining purpose, to planning, designing, implementing, reporting, and learning from and using evaluation results. CY - Paris, France DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat LA - en PB - OECD SN - 978-92-64-08390-5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264167100-ar Y2 - 2019/11/27/12:01:45 ER - TY - GEN TI - Minister of International Development and La Francophonie Mandate Letter (November 12, 2015) AU - Office of the Prime Minister AB - Dear Minister:I am honoured that you have agreed to serve Canadians as Minister of International Development and La Francophonie. You will be part of a strong team of ministers led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. DA - 2015/11/12/T15:13:00-05:00 PY - 2015 LA - en UR - https://pm.gc.ca/eng/minister-international-development-and-la-francophonie-mandate-letter Y2 - 2019/05/30/15:04:41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Research AU - Ofir, Zenda AU - Schwandt, Thomas AU - Duggan, Colleen AU - McLean, Robert DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 28 LA - en PB - IDRC UR - https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/sp/Documents%20EN/Research-Quality-Plus-A-Holistic-Approach-to-Evaluating-Research.pdf ER - TY - ELEC TI - Open Governance Research Exchange AU - OGRX T2 - Your hub for quantitative and qualitative research on innovations in governance AB - Your hub for quantitative and qualitative research on innovations in governance. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - http://www.ogrx.org Y2 - 2017/05/05/08:28:43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lessons Learned From the Use of the Most Significant Change Technique for Adaptive Management of Complex Health Interventions AU - Ohkubo, Saori AU - Mwaikambo, Lisa AU - Salem, Ruwaida M. AU - Ajijola, Lekan AU - Nyachae, Paul AU - Sharma, Mukesh Kumar T2 - Global Health: Science and Practice AB - Introduction:The Most Significant Change (MSC) technique is a complex-aware monitoring and evaluation tool, widely recognized for various adaptive management purposes. The documentation of practical examples using the MSC technique for an ongoing monitoring purpose is limited. We aim to fill the current gap by documenting and sharing the experience and lessons learned of The Challenge Initiative (TCI), which is scaling up evidence-based family planning (FP) and adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) interventions in 11 countries in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Methods:The qualitative assessment took place in early 2021 to document TCI’s use and adaptation of MSC and determine its added value in adaptive management, routine monitoring, and cross-learning efforts. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted virtually with staff members involved in collecting and selecting MSC stories. Results:TCI has had a positive experience with using MSC to facilitate adaptive management in multiple countries. The use of MSC has created learning opportunities that have helped diffuse evidence-based FP and AYSRH interventions both within and across countries. The responsive feedback step in the MSC process was viewed as indispensable to learning and collaboration. There are several necessary inputs to successful use of the method, including buy-in about the benefits, training on good interviewing techniques and qualitative research, and dedicated staff to manage the process. Conclusion:Our assessment results suggest that the MSC technique is an effective qualitative data collection tool to strengthen routine monitoring and adaptive management efforts that allows for flexibility in how project stakeholders implement the process. The MSC technique could be an important tool for global health practitioners, policy makers, and researchers working on complex interventions because they continually need to understand stakeholders’ needs and priorities, learn from lessons and evidence-based practices, and be agile about addressing potential challenges. DA - 2022/02/28/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00624 DP - www.ghspjournal.org VL - 10 IS - 1 LA - en SN - 2169-575X UR - https://www.ghspjournal.org/content/10/1/e2100624 Y2 - 2022/05/16/10:09:12 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Instituciones que aprenden - Informe para la XXVII Cumbre Iberoamericana de Jefes y Jefas de Estado y de Gobierno AU - Oliván Cortés, Raúl AB - La pandemia de la Covid-19 ha brotado súbitamente en un momento de transición para las instituciones y organizaciones sociales de medio mundo. Cuando aún no se había superado la crisis de confianza de la última década entre los ciudadanos y los gobiernos, en un momento de gran impulso de las iniciativas de gobierno abierto, planes de innovación y transformación digital, para hacer más democráticas y eficientes las administraciones a través de programas políticos encaminados a configurar un nuevo contrato social, verde y digital en el marco de la Agenda 2030; el coronavirus ha provocado un shock histórico alterando el decurso del siglo XXI y exigiendo una aceleración de todos los procesos en marcha. La complejidad y dimensión de la pandemia ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de arquitecturas institucionales más flexibles, ágiles y resilientes, que sean capaces de incorporar toda la energía civil para aprender de su talento y creatividad, dándole mayor protagonismo a la ciudadanía (activistas, emprendedores, tejido asociativo, academia, makers…) no solo en la toma de decisiones sino también en el diseño e implementación de las estrategias. Conforme se centrifugaba a millones de empleados a teletrabajar desde sus casas, se hacía más poderosa la idea de pensar las organizaciones como flujos más allá de los organigramas estáticos de lugares y personas. Transformar las jerarquías en redes, concebirlas como cuerpos sociales dinámicos, no solo amplía su radio de acción y su conectividad exterior, también reactiva sus fortalezas internas, aflora los liderazgos ocultos, multiplica el valor social producido y maximiza el uso eficiente de los recursos en una época de limitaciones. Los laboratorios de innovación pública, social o ciudadana, o laboratorios de gobierno, junto a otras formas de innovación abierta y diseño social, se reivindican como proyectos inspiradores de un cambio de paradigma: de las instituciones que ordenan a las instituciones que aprenden. Pensar las organizaciones bajo el prisma de la ciencia de redes y la ética de los rizomas –nodos, enlaces, hubs, comunidades…– nos debería permitir una aproximación a la compleja y escurridiza tarea de configurar los ecosistemas de innovación y creatividad en el ámbito de lo público y lo social. Este informe propone un modelo denominado Hexágono de la Innovación Pública (HIP) que promueve un cambio sistémico a través de seis vectores (OPEN_ abierto, TRANS_ transversal, FAST_ ágil, PROTO_ modelado, CO_ colaborativo y TEC_ tecnológico) basados en las propiedades de las redes y en el análisis de 105 metodologías que usan las agencias más innovadoras del mundo. Se incluyen una herramienta de autodiagnóstico y el HIP-SIM, una primera aproximación a un software abierto para visualizar, modelar y simular la creación de ecosistemas innovadores con el que queremos propiciar una comunidad y un debate internacional. CY - Andorra DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020 PB - XXVII Cumbre Iberoamericana UR - https://modelohip.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SEGIB-Instituciones-que-aprenden_ES.pdf Y2 - 2021/05/07/09:17:50 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Instituições que aprendem - Relatório para a XXVII Cimeira Ibero-Americana de Chefes de Estado e de Governo AU - Oliván Cortés, Raúl AB - A pandemia da Covid-19 surgiu de súbito num momento de transição para as instituições e organizações sociais de meio mundo. Antes ainda de se ter ultrapassado a crise de confiança da última década entre os cidadãos e os governos, num momento de grande impulso das iniciativas de governo aberto e de planos de inovação e transformação digital para tornar mais democráticas e eficientes as administrações através de programas políticos encaminhados para configurar um novo contrato social, verde e digital no quadro da Agenda 2030, o coronavírus provocou um choque histórico alterando o curso do século XXI e exigindo uma aceleração de todos os processos em andamento. A complexidade e dimensão da pandemia revelou a necessidade de arquiteturas institucionais mais flexíveis, ágeis e resilientes, capazes de incorporar toda a energia civil para aprenderem com o seu talento e criatividade, dando maior protagonismo à cidadania (ativistas, empreendedores, tecido associativo, academia, makers…) não só na tomada de decisões mas também na configuração e implementação das estratégias. À medida que se afastava do centro a milhões de empregados para teletrabalhar a partir de casa, tornou-se mais poderosa a ideia de pensar nas organizações como fluxos que excedem os organigramas estáticos de lugares e pessoas. Transformar as hierarquias em redes, concebê-las como corpos sociais dinâmicos, não só alarga o seu raio de ação e conectividade externa, mas também reativa as suas forças internas, aflora as lideranças ocultas, multiplica o valor social produzido e maximiza o uso eficiente dos recursos numa época de limitações. Os laboratórios de inovação pública, social ou cidadã, ou laboratórios de governo, a par de outras formas de inovação aberta e configuração social, reivindicam-se como projetos inspiradores de uma mudança de paradigma: de instituições que ordenam para instituições que aprendem. Pensar nas organizações sob a ótica da ciência das redes e da ética dos rizomas – nós, ligações, hubs, comunidades… – deverá permitir-nos uma aproximação à complexa e subtil tarefa de configurar os ecossistemas de inovação e criatividade no âmbito público e social. Este relatório propõe um modelo denominado Hexágono da Inovação Pública (HIP) que promove uma transformação sistémica através de seis vetores (OPEN_ aberto, TRANS_ transversal, FAST_ rápido, PROTO_ modelado, CO_ colaborativo e TEC_ tecnológico) baseados nas propriedades das redes e na análise de 105 metodologias usadas pelas agências mais inovadoras do mundo. Incluem-se uma ferramenta de autodiagnóstico e o HIP-SIM, uma primeira aproximação a um software aberto para visualizar, modelar e simular a criação de ecossistemas inovadores com o qual queremos favorecer a comunidade e o debate internacional. CY - Andorra DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020 PB - XXVII Cimeira Ibero-Americana UR - https://modelohip.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SEGIB-Institui_oes-que-aprendem_PT.pdf Y2 - 2021/05/07/09:17:45 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Modelo HIP - Hexágono de la innovación pública AU - Oliván Cortés, Raúl DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 LA - es UR - https://modelohip.net/ Y2 - 2021/05/07/09:11:32 ER - TY - BLOG TI - The limits of agile - can we apply it to policy making? AU - Ollerhead, Lisa AB - Bringing new policy tools and techniques to the UK Government DA - 2015/01/15/ PY - 2015 M3 - UK.GOV Policy Lab ST - The limits of agile - can we apply it to policy making? UR - https://openpolicy.blog.gov.uk/2015/01/27/towards-a-theory-of-agile-for-policy-making/ Y2 - 2016/11/02/15:28:44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the Design of Behavior Change Interventions: A Case Study of Rhino Horn in Vietnam AU - Olmedo, Alegría AU - Sharif, Vian AU - Milner‐Gulland, E. J. T2 - Conservation Letters AB - Behavioral change interventions are increasingly widely used in conservation. Several projects addressing rhino horn consumption were recently launched in Vietnam. We used key informant interviews, document analysis, and marketing theory to explore their strategies for intervention design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. We developed a framework to evaluate whether they followed best practice and identify implementation challenges. Interventions could make greater use of key project design steps, including basing interventions on robust research to understand the behavior in question, identifying the target audience whose behavior interventions aim to change, and developing measures that can provide reliable evidence of success or not. Challenges include the need for law enforcement to complement campaigns; improving cooperation between NGOs; and clearly defining aims of demand-reduction initiatives. Using best practice from other fields and considering demand reduction within the wider context of wildlife, trade policy will help address these challenges. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/conl.12365 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - e12365 LA - en SN - 1755-263X ST - Evaluating the Design of Behavior Change Interventions UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/conl.12365 Y2 - 2019/05/16/15:18:20 KW - Awareness KW - Ilegal wildlife trade KW - Project design KW - demand reduction KW - social marketing ER - TY - BLOG TI - Locally Led Development: Engaging Local Stakeholders in Building An Evidence Base AU - OLS T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - For two months in the Spring of 2020, the Office of Local Sustainability’s Evidence and Learning Team invited staff from across USAID to join us in exploring how the Agency approaches its generation and use of evidence from the perspective of locally led development. Our seven-part Standards of Evidence for Locally Led Development series brought together eight expert presenters and more than 670 participants to engage in conversations ranging from scientific research to complexity-aware monitoring to ethical considerations when conducting research. This blog post outlines some of our key learnings from the series and introduces the topics covered by each presenter. We encourage you to explore the event resources and share your own takeaways in the comment section below. WHAT DID WE LEARN? Three key themes emerged from the series: - Practitioners should draw on a wide range of evidence to inform locally led development programming. - Local actors can provide important contextual knowledge throughout the life of your research programs. - Prioritize local actors as the end users for your evidence to help them build their own self-reliance and increase sustainability of your program’s outcomes. DA - 2020/09/29/T15:50:35-04:00 PY - 2020 LA - en M3 - Text ST - Locally Led Development UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/locally-led-development-engaging-local-stakeholders-building-evidence-base Y2 - 2024/01/31/00:00:00 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - 20 years of Outcome Mapping AU - OM Learning Community AB - Celebrate 20 years of Outcome Mapping with the OMLC Stewards plus special guests in this 90 minute webinar. - Exclusive celebration video with Outcome Blues soundtrack - Fireside chat with the authors of the OM manual, Sarah Earl, Fred Carden & Terry Smutylo, to hear their views on OM’s evolution since the 2001 publication - Launch of our new paper presenting core concepts of OM and guiding practices for transformative change, with special guests Sonal Zaveri & Julius Nyangaga as discussants DA - 2021/04/29/ PY - 2021 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf01oIUKtZE Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 20 years of Outcome Mapping - Evolving practices for transformative change AU - OM Learning Community AB - To mark 20 years of Outcome Mapping, this paper presents the core principles and concepts that are foundational to using the approach. It also presents a set of guiding practices to support transformative change. The OMLC Stewards presented the paper at a special webinar on 29th April 2021 - see the link below for the recording. CY - OM Resources: Key Community Documents DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 PB - Outcome Mapping Learning Community UR - https://www.outcomemapping.ca/download/en_20%20years%20of%20OM.pdf Y2 - 2022/09/30/11:11:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Systems Practice AU - Omidyar Group CY - Washington, DC DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 M3 - Workbook PB - The Omidyar Group UR - https://docs.kumu.io/content/Workbook-012617.pdf Y2 - 2017/04/18/12:41:32 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production AU - Ōno, Taiichi AU - Bodek, Norman CY - Cambridge, MA DA - 1988/06// PY - 1988 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - eng PB - Productivity Press SN - 978-0-915299-14-0 ST - Toyota production system KW - Lean Production KW - Production management KW - Toyota-Jidōsha-Kōgyō-KK ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Participatory Statistics to Examine the Impact of Interventions to Eradicate Slavery: Lessons from the Field AU - Oosterhoff, P. AU - Bharadwaj, S. AU - Burns, D. AU - Raj, A. M. AU - Nanda, R. B. AU - Narayanan, P. AB - This CDI Practice Paper by Pauline Oosterhoff, Sowmyaa Bharadwaj, Danny Burns, Aruna Mohan Raj, Rituu B. Nanda and Pradeep Narayanan reflects on the use of participatory statistics to assess the impact of interventions to eradicate slavery and bonded labour. It deals with: (1) the challenges of estimating changes in the magnitude of various forms of slavery; (2) the potential of combining participatory approaches with statistical principles to generate robust data for assessing impact of slavery eradication; and (3) the practical and ethical questions in relation to working with people living within a context of modern slavery. The paper draws lessons from the realities of using participatory statistics to support the evaluation of a slavery eradication programme in North India. DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en ST - Using Participatory Statistics to Examine the Impact of Interventions to Eradicate Slavery UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/9582 Y2 - 2020/10/15/14:42:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Modern Slavery Prevention and Responses in South Asia: An Evidence Map AU - Oosterhoff, Pauline AU - Yunus, Raudah AU - Jensen, Charity AU - Somerwell, Francis AU - Pocock, Nicola AB - The Asia Pacific region has the highest numbers of both slavery and child labour victims in the world. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 16.5 million and 8.4 million persons were in situations of forced labour and forced marriage respectively in Asia Pacific, among 40.3 million in modern slavery globally (ILO & Walk Free Foundation 2017). Although there is a growing body of research and evaluations on specific sub-sectors and interest in the worst forms of labour exploitation, there has not yet been a systematic scoping or synthesis of studies that would help policymakers understand ‘what works’ to reduce the prevalence of “Modern Slavery”2(MS) in the countries of interest to DFID (India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan). India alone is estimated to have the largest number of people in modern slavery in the world with nearly 8 million persons living in modern slavery, followed by 3.2 million, 592,000 and 171,000 in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal respectively (Walk Free Foundation 2018). While systematic reviews on interventions to reduce prevalence of trafficking, forced or bonded labour or slavery exist, these have not focused on the target countries of interest to DFID. Previous systematic reviews have focussed on particular types of MS, such as cross border sexual exploitation globally (van der Laan et al. 2011), labour exploitation in Europe (Cockbain et al. 2018) or community based interventions for safer migration programming in low and middle income countries (LMICs) (Zimmerman et al. 2016). Several systematic reviews focus specifically on health needs and post-trafficking care or interventions (Ottisova et al. 2016; Muraya & Fry 2016; Hemmings et al. 2016; Dell et al. 2017), and research methods and tools used in trafficking in persons (TIP) and health research (Cannon et al. 2018; Doherty et al. 2016). A recent global review and evidence map of MS interventions found some interventions in the target countries, but the outcomes were not specified (Bryant & Joudo 2018). In this Evidence Map, we address this gap in evidence for India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan specifically, scoping the range of Modern Slavery interventions and outcomes for specific target populations (survivors, employers, landlords, services providers, criminal justice officials) and at different levels (individual, community, state). This map is foremost targeted to DFID and its partners in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan to inform evidence-based policy making. We hope that it is also useful to academics and practitioners working to address modern slavery, or in intervention areas or locations described. CY - London DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 PB - DFID UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c0e42f7ed915d0c736a1e2e/MS_Evidence_Map_Report__final_.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:07:44 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Adaptive management in wildlife conservation AU - Organ, John AU - Decker, D.J. AU - McDonald, J.E. AU - Riley, Shawn AU - Mahoney, S.P. T2 - The Wildlife Society Techniques Manual A2 - Silvy, Nova AB - Adaptive management in wildlife conservation emerged from the wildlife profession's search for better solutions to increasingly complex conservation challenges. Adaptive management is an effective process for wildlife managers to employ to (1) deal with uncertainty in the management system, (2) learn from their management actions, and (3) achieve desired results. Being adaptable or flexible in your management approach is not the same as managing adaptively or conducting adaptive management. Adaptive management requires adhering to a stepwise process and fully executing each step. A critical step is rigorous monitoring and assessment of management interventions. Without this, wildlife managers cannot achieve the essence of adaptive management, which is the explicit goal of learning more about the management system after each management action. DA - 2012/01/01/ PY - 2012 SP - 43 EP - 54 PB - Johns Hopkins UP SN - 978-1-4214-0159-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - “Shared learning” for building urban climate resilience – experiences from Asian cities AU - Orleans Reed, Sarah AU - Friend, Richard AU - Toan, Vu Canh AU - Thinphanga, Pakamas AU - Sutarto, Ratri AU - Singh, Dilip T2 - Environment and Urbanization AB - This paper considers how resilience thinking and, in particular, its emphasis on learning has been applied in 10 cities in Vietnam, India, Thailand and Indonesia. Applying a “shared learning” approach in the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) has helped to create or strengthen networks, build appreciation for complexity and uncertainty among stakeholders, provide a space for deliberating concepts such as vulnerability and resilience, and build knowledge and capacities for stakeholders to engage and represent their own interests. Shared learning approaches face considerable challenges navigating politicized urban environments, in which the nature and value of existing systems − and therefore the value of building resilience − are contested. This article suggests that deliberate, strategic intervention by facilitators may contribute to more transformative change on behalf of equitable, socially just outcomes – and thus cautions against seeing urban climate vulnerability as a technical challenge, or shared learning as a “toolkit” for building resilience. DA - 2013/10/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1177/0956247813501136 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 393 EP - 412 J2 - Environment and Urbanization LA - en SN - 0956-2478 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247813501136 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:40:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ‘Learning journeys’ for adaptive management – Where does it take us? AU - Ørnemark, Charlotte T2 - GPSA Note 12 DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 PB - Global Partnership for Social Accountability UR - https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/616861606892138029/pdf/Learning-Journeys-for-Adaptive-Management-Where-does-it-Take-Us.pdf Y2 - 2024/02/12/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - What about the results? Lessons from long-term process support to strengthen results-based management (RBM) for Swedish framework NGOs operating in Western Balkans AU - Ørnemark, Charlotte AB - The observations and lessons outlined in this report should be seen as a contribution to the on-going learning and reflections in a wider debate on how to assess and monitor results from support to CSOs involved in complex social change processes (as opposed to those involved in more ‘classical’ service delivery and more linear development assistance). These lessons, though directly emerging from the consultancy to provide long-term RBM support to the FOs and their local CSO partners in Western Balkans, also draws on previous experiences and similar lessons from on-going initiatives. In brief, these lessons call for a certain ‘paradigm shift’ in the way we (as development professionals) regard and support RBM for actors involved in less tangible social change processes in highly contested political spaces. Some of these shifts, outlined in more detail in different sections of this report, are summarised below:  From a linear, aggregated cause-and-effect thinking around RBM to one that is linked to human factors and is embedded in systems,  From pushing the burden of reporting down in the system to a clearer division of labour between donors, recipient governments, intermediary agents like framework NGOs (FOs) and implementing CSOs with each actor using its comparative advantage and appropriate role in the RBM process and for its own learning,  From operating in programming and results frameworks where outcomes and impact are largely assumed to be predictable to setting up systems that deal with uncertainty and that capture emerging result patterns through tracking of gradual changes,  From a project/programme perspective to a focus on institutions and systems as actors and arenas for change, where organisations are enabled to act as change agents towards clearly identified processes of social transformation,  From SMART to REAL results frameworks – although SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound) principles are always good to keep in mind for the formulation of goals and indicators, the danger of coming up with fictive measuring frameworks calls for a more systematic incorporation of ‘real’ concerns, including making RBM processes rights-based, embedded in local realities (and empowering for those involved), aligned to national reform efforts and national and international human rights commitments, and learning-oriented for all different levels of operations. DA - 2012/09// PY - 2012 PB - NCG ER - TY - RPRT TI - Planning & Navigating Social Change - Tools for Pacific voyagers AU - Orr, Douglas Epeli AU - Cavatore, Maria AU - Aston, Tom AB - Those working to advance social change in the Pacific must understand, work with and respond to the complex and changing relationships and dynamics of power that exist within such networks, and situate their work in the context of decolonisation and self-determination. But the approaches typically used by NGOs to plan our projects and programs have failed to give due attention to these dynamics. The result is that our projects fall short of achieving their promise, despite being technically sound and logical. In this guide, we aim to provide a process and tools that prioritise and draw out the rich, often implicit, knowledge that Pacific Islanders have about our contexts to plan and manage social change initiatives in a manner that values and responds to this ocean of relationships. Drawing from these relationship-based and voyaging traditions, we emphasise the need to: • frame change in terms of change in people; e.g. change in the situation of groups of people and change in terms of the actions of people; • identify a course towards a particular ‘change destination’; • identify the signs to read that will help you determine where you are on that course; • be constantly attentive to the context as you make the journey, and • be ready to adjust your course in response to changes in your context. To support this way of working, we have selected a number of tools from approaches that we believe fit. In particular, we have drawn from the following approaches: • Thinking and Working Politically and other ‘politically aware’ approaches that recognise that the success of a development initiative will be determined by the interplay of relationships of power within a particular context, not just by having the right technical solution; • Outcome mapping because of its focus on people and relationships, and on identifying and supporting needed changes in the behaviour of specific actors in relation to others. This is key, because it’s individuals who deliver services, individuals who decide whether to allocate budget and resources to address a problem, and individuals who make the choice to believe whether a service is relevant to solving their issues; • Adaptive management because of its recognition that development initiatives take place within complex and changing systems and need to adjust to these and that this requires ongoing learning and adaptation. CY - Fiji DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Oxfam UR - https://www.pasifikarising.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Navigating-Social-Change_FINAL_web_250919.pdf Y2 - 2020/02/06/09:07:46 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Monitoring and Adaptive Management AU - Ossi, Damien T2 - District of Columbia Wildlife Action Plan - 2015 DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Department of Energy & Environment, Columbia UR - https://doee.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ddoe/service_content/attachments/08%202015%20WildlifeActionPlan%20Ch7%20Monitoring%20and%20Adaptive%20Management.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/25/14:25:33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas AU - Ostrom, E. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2007/09/25/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0702288104 DP - Crossref VL - 104 IS - 39 SP - 15181 EP - 15187 LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0702288104 Y2 - 2019/07/03/15:48:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - VOICES - On speaking, mediation, representation and listening AU - Oswald, Katy T2 - Think Piece CY - Brighton DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 PB - MAVC UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/voices Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:57:46 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Which Voices Are Heard and By Whom? AU - Oswald, Katy T2 - Making All Voices Count DA - 2014/01/29/ PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/voices-heard/ Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:18:05 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Knowledge Management strategies and processes in Agile Software Development: a systematic literature review AU - Ouriques, Raquel Andrade Barros AU - Wnuk, Krzysztof AU - Gorschek, Tony AU - Svensson, Richard Berntsson T2 - CoRR AB - Knowledge-intensive companies that adopt Agile Software Development (ASD) relay on efficient implementation of Knowledge Management (KM) strategies to promotes different Knowledge Processes (KPs) to gain competitive advantage. This study aims to DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero VL - abs/1807.04962 LA - en UR - https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1807/1807.04962.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Outcome Mapping FAQs AU - Outcome Mapping Learning Community T2 - Outcome Mapping AB - FAQ resource produced by IDRC's Evaluation Unit, with contributions from Kaia Ambrose, Sarah, Earl, Jan Van Ongevalle and Julius Nyangaga. We've added it here to answer some of your OM related questions. DA - 2018/10/18/ PY - 2018 UR - https://www.outcomemapping.ca/about/faqs.php ER - TY - ELEC TI - Outcome Harvesting. Understanding social change results in complex circumstances AU - outcomeharvesting.net AB - This website is a source of applications, events and resources to support the development of a community of practitioners of Outcome Harvesting. BetterEvaluation is one of three sister sites of OutcomeHarvesting.net DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - http://outcomeharvesting.net/ ER - TY - VIDEO TI - ‘We have the solutions to our own problems’: supporting civil society in Nigeria AU - Overseas Development Institute AB - Development assistance programmes that start from careful analysis of what works and what does not in country contexts are still remarkably rare. One reason for this is the lack of well documented examples of ‘politically’ smart aid programming. To this end, this film outlines the experience of the State Accountability and Voice Initiative (SAVI), a DFID-funded programme in Nigeria providing support to civil society, media and governmental organisations. CY - London DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DP - YouTube PB - ODI ST - ‘We have the solutions to our own problems’ UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oauywXo7FC0 Y2 - 2019/04/16/09:01:45 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Illegal Wildlife Trade - Frameworks AU - Oxford Martin Programme on the Illegal Wildlife Trade T2 - Oxford Martin Programme on the Illegal Wildlife Trade AB - Our frameworks will enable a better understanding of wildlife product consumer preferences and motivations to effectively influence the system. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en-GB UR - http://www.illegalwildlifetrade.net/research/frameworks-approaches-and-methods/ Y2 - 2019/02/25/15:39:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Applied political economy analysis for human rights programs and campaigns: A guide for practitioners (second edition) AU - Pact AB - This updated guide provides practical guidance to practitioners in the human rights sector and beyond on how to integrate Applied Political Economy Analysis CY - Washington DC DA - 2023/07// PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Pact ST - Applied political economy analysis for human rights programs and campaigns UR - https://www.pactworld.org/library/applied-political-economy-analysis-human-rights-programs-and-campaigns-guide-practitioners Y2 - 2023/10/06/09:27:05 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Organizational Performance Index (OPI) Handbook: A practical guide to the OPI tool for practitioners and development professionals AU - Pact AB - This handbook is intended to help development practitioners understand how to use and what can be achieved by Pact’s Organizational Performance Index (OPI) tool. This document will provide practitioners and managers with information on how the Pact OPI works and how best to incorporate it in their country strategy or program. CY - Washington DC, United States DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Pact UR - http://hkdepo.am/up/docs/OPIhandbook_pact.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Context-sensitive engagement: Lessons learned from Swiss experiences in South Asia for aid effectiveness in fragile scenarios AU - Paffenholz, Thania AU - Jütersonke, Oliver DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - CCDP UR - http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/ccdp/shared/Docs/Publications/CCDP-context%20sensitive%20engagement.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/06/13:04:50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes AU - Pahl-Wostl, Claudia T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Governance failures are at the origin of many resource management problems. In particular climate change and the concomitant increase of extreme weather events has exposed the inability of current governance regimes to deal with present and future challenges. Still our knowledge about resource governance regimes and how they change is quite limited. This paper develops a conceptual framework addressing the dynamics and adaptive capacity of resource governance regimes as multi-level learning processes. The influence of formal and informal institutions, the role of state and non-state actors, the nature of multi-level interactions and the relative importance of bureaucratic hierarchies, markets and networks are identified as major structural characteristics of governance regimes. Change is conceptualized as social and societal learning that proceeds in a stepwise fashion moving from single to double to triple loop learning. Informal networks are considered to play a crucial role in such learning processes. The framework supports flexible and context sensitive analysis without being case study specific. First empirical evidence from water governance supports the assumptions made on the dynamics of governance regimes and the usefulness of the chosen approach. More complex and diverse governance regimes have a higher adaptive capacity. However, it is still an open question how to overcome the state of single-loop learning that seem to characterize many attempts to adapt to climate change. Only further development and application of shared conceptual frameworks taking into account the real complexity of governance regimes can generate the knowledge base needed to advance current understanding to a state that allows giving meaningful policy advice. DA - 2009/08/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 354 EP - 365 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378009000429 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:43:02 KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Adaptive governance KW - Climate change adaptation KW - Complexity KW - Institutions KW - Resource management KW - Social learning ER - TY - RPRT TI - MOTION HANDBOOK - Developing a transformative Theory of Change AU - Palavicino, Carla Alvial AU - Matti, Cristian AU - Witte, Jenny AB - A step-by-step guide on how to develop a Transformative Theory of Change, for innovation projects, programmes and organisations working on systems transformation. The MOTION project was initiated with one key question in mind: how can we help projects and organisations be more transformative, using the framework and concept provided by the multi-level perspective? And what kind of tools, methods and frameworks can we co-design that translate scientific concepts into practises relevant for policy practitioners? This led us into a co-creation journey during which researchers from the Transformative Innovation Policy Consortium (TIPC) and EIT Climate-KIC project partners experimented, reflected and learned from each other in building the approach that we share in this handbook. Through this journey, we gained a deeper understanding of what the portfolio approach means in a transformative system change context and which skills and competences are needed to facilitate processes of co-creation in the science-policy-practice interface. We had the opportunity to configure the key building blocks of our theoretical approach, the Transformative Outcomes, into practical insights and actions that can easily be applied by innovation organisations at many levels. This handbook is the culmination of the journey as it translates key learnings from the MOTION project into practical insights that are relevant to practitioners working on systems transformation. CY - Utrecht DA - 2022/01// PY - 2022 PB - TIPC, Utrecht University UR - https://transitionshub.climate-kic.org/publications/motion-handbook-developing-a-transformative-theory-of-change/ Y2 - 2023/01/24/09:46:49 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participación Digital y mejora democrática - un camino sin regreso AU - Palumbo, Gabriel AB - Tal vez como nunca en la historia, la democracia está siendo desafiada. A los viejos problemas, muchos no resueltos, se les agregan otros, surgidos de la incorporación de tecnología, de la emergencia de nuevos actores sociales y de una conformación de la subjetividad política cada vez más compleja e impredecible. Esta investigación pretende reactualizar algunos de los debates clásicos sobre la democracia y, al mismo tiempo, sentar una base empírica que permita pensar de qué modo la tecnología puede ayudar a mejorar la calidad democrática. Según nuestro estudio, la participación digital está promoviendo modificaciones importantes en la relación entre la ciudadanía y los decisores políticos, ampliando los espacios de proximidad. Esto sucede, fundamentalmente, porque baja las barreras de acceso y de incentivos haciendo más fácil, más efectiva y más mensurable la participación ciudadana. La participación digital aumenta el períodos electorales y fomenta el asociacionismo cívico como posibilidad cierta y concreta de presionar sobre los decisores políticos. Lo digital habilita, además, participación offline y genera espacios de pedagogía cívica. La capacidad de implantación de temas en el debate público que se puede generar a través de ella mejora la conversación pública, impactando a su vez la calidad de la democracia. Desde Luminate entendemos que favorecer los espacios de rendición de cuentas desde la ciudadanía hacia el poder político es una apuesta al robustecimiento de la experiencia democrática y que las formas digitales están abriendo posibilidades que otras opciones no pudieron lograr. Esperamos que esta investigación sea un aporte para poder seguir reflexionando y avanzando en esta dirección. DA - 2020/09// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 26 LA - es PB - Luminate ER - TY - BOOK TI - Guide to Evaluating Participatory Processes - Practical guide AU - Parés, Marc AB - Guide to Evaluating Participatory Processes - Practical guide DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - www.academia.edu UR - http://www.academia.edu/3890167/Guide_to_Evaluating_Participatory_Processes_-_Practical_guide Y2 - 2013/07/20/17:49:30 KW - Academia KW - Biology KW - Computer Science KW - Earth Sciences KW - Geography KW - History KW - Law KW - Math KW - Medicine KW - Philosophy KW - Physics KW - Political science KW - Psychology KW - Religion KW - Research KW - economics KW - universities ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Politics of Evidence: From Evidence-based Policy to the Good Governance of Evidence AU - Parkhurst, Justin AB - The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. There has been an enormous increase in interest in the use of evidence for public policymaking, but the vast majority of work on the subject has failed to engage with the political nature of decision making and how this influences the ways in which evidence will be used (or misused) within political areas. This book provides new insights into the nature of political bias with regards to evidence and critically considers what an ‘improved’ use of evidence would look like from a policymaking perspective. Part I describes the great potential for evidence to help achieve social goals, as well as the challenges raised by the political nature of policymaking. It explores the concern of evidence advocates that political interests drive the misuse or manipulation of evidence, as well as counter-concerns of critical policy scholars about how appeals to ‘evidence-based policy’ can depoliticise political debates. Both concerns reflect forms of bias – the first representing technical bias, whereby evidence use violates principles of scientific best practice, and the second representing issue bias in how appeals to evidence can shift political debates to particular questions or marginalise policy-relevant social concerns. Part II then draws on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology to understand the origins and mechanisms of both forms of bias in relation to political interests and values. It illustrates how such biases are not only common, but can be much more predictable once we recognise their origins and manifestations in policy arenas. Finally, Part III discusses ways to move forward for those seeking to improve the use of evidence in public policymaking. It explores what constitutes ‘good evidence for policy’, as well as the ‘good use of evidence’ within policy processes, and considers how to build evidence-advisory institutions that embed key principles of both scientific good practice and democratic representation. Taken as a whole, the approach promoted is termed the ‘good governance of evidence’ – a concept that represents the use of rigorous, systematic and technically valid pieces of evidence within decision-making processes that are representative of, and accountable to, populations served. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Google Books SP - 197 LA - en PB - Taylor & Francis SN - 978-1-317-38087-0 ST - The Politics of Evidence (Open Access) UR - https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31002 KW - Public policy KW - Social Policy KW - Social Services & Welfare ER - TY - BOOK TI - The politics of evidence: from evidence-based policy to the good governance of evidence AU - Parkhurst, Justin O. T2 - Routledge studies in governance and public policy AB - Introduction -- Evidence-based policymaking : an important first step, and the need to take the next -- Bias and the politics of evidence -- The overt politics of evidence : bias and the pursuit of political interests -- The subtle politics of evidence - the cognitive-political origins of bias -- What is "good evidence for policy"? From hierarchies to appropriate evidence -- What is the "good use of evidence" for policy? -- From evidence-based policy to the good governance of evidence CY - London New York DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 182 LA - en M1 - 28 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group SN - 978-1-138-93940-0 978-1-315-67500-8 ST - The politics of evidence ER - TY - BLOG TI - Are we suffering from obsessive measurement disorder? AU - Pasanen, Tiina T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - ODI’s Tiina Pasanen argues that more data doesn’t necessarily mean we make better decisions, and sets out some ideas for how we count what counts. DA - 2019/08/15/T06:00:36+00:00 PY - 2019 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/are-we-suffering-from-obsessive-measurement-disorder/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:18:09 ER - TY - NEWS TI - Five tips for evaluating your impact in international development AU - Pasanen, Tiina T2 - The Guardian AB - How can impact evaluations actually be helpful? These top tips will save development professionals time, energy and money. International development can be messy – with uncertain, complex settings, and multiple partners with different interests, goals and capacities. At the same time, we are under increasing pressure to demonstrate impact. We have to show that our projects have made a real change in people’s lives and that donor or taxpayer money hasn’t been wasted. But impact evaluations, which are often seen as a solution to this, aren’t always used. And in some cases they are unhelpful. So how can we improve the quality of impact evaluations, so that they produce results that are useful? This is where evaluability assessments come in. By asking whether we should evaluate a project – and if so, when and how – these assessments can improve the quality of impact evaluations. Here are five other reasons to assess evaluability before starting an impact evaluation. DA - 2015/08/28/ PY - 2015 SE - Working in Development UR - https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/aug/28/impact-evaluations-international-development-how-to Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Monitoring and evaluation: five reality checks for adaptive management AU - Pasanen, Tiina T2 - ODI Insight DA - 2017/12/14/ PY - 2017 UR - https://www.odi.org/comment/10588-monitoring-and-evaluation-five-reality-checks-adaptive-management Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring And Evaluation Tools and Approaches to Support Adaptive Management AU - Pasanen, Tiina DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - GLAM ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supporting adaptive management. Monitoring and evaluation tools and approaches AU - Pasanen, Tiina AU - Barnett, Inka AB - Key messages • This working paper introduces a set of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) tools and approaches, discussing their potential usefulness in supporting adaptive management in development and humanitarian programmes. It emphasises adaptive programmes characterised by complex aspects, such as: (1) they are innovative; (2) they have uncertain pathways for change; or (3) they operate in uncertain or unstable environments. • The majority of these tools have been used in international development for many years. However, adaptive management brings additional challenges for monitoring and evaluating programmes, as they require intentional M&E design from the start that is oriented towards both learning and accountability. • All of the tools and approaches introduced in this paper have potential to support learning and adaptation, although in various ways and at different stages of a programme. Some tools can support strategic planning and diagnosing throughout a programme – especially during design and inception – while others can help analyse causal relationships at specific points in a programme. It is important to tailor the approach used for its intended purpose. However, whether learning and adaptation happens depends also on factors other than the choice of M&E methods. • For some of these approaches a considerable body of evidence already exists but, for many, more practical examples and systematic analysis is needed. In addition to building the evidence base concerned with which approaches are suitable for different types of adaptive programmes and why, it is also important to improve understanding of the enabling environmental conditions necessary for the tools and approaches outlined here to facilitate and strengthen evaluative thinking, evidence-informed decision-making and ongoing programme iteration. CY - London DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - ODI SN - 569 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to design a monitoring and evaluation framework for a policy research project AU - Pasanen, Tiina AU - Shaxson, Louise AB - Policy research projects face a number of challenges: policy processes are complex, involve multiple actors and often feature a significant time-lag between research and what may or may not happen as a result of it. To complicate matters further, the scope and scale of policy research projects are increasingly moving away from single research studies towards multi-component, multi-site and multi-sector endeavours. These factors mean that developing an overarching monitoring and evaluation framework can be challenging. But it is not impossible. The guidance note aims to support the first steps in designing and structuring the M&E framework (that is, what aspects or areas of policy research projects to monitor and evaluate, why, when and how). It builds on an M&E framework for policy research projects developed and tested by the Research and Policy in Development (RAPID) programme of the Overseas Development Institute, and draws on case studies of how it has been used by RAPID and other research teams. DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 SP - 40 M3 - Working and Discussion Papers PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10259.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - We created this MEL system for you, now please own it! | From Poverty to Power AU - Pasanen, Tiina AU - Yanguas, Pablo AB - External consultants, learning partners or critical friends -whatever we call them- can seldom change the system or organisational (learning) culture from outside. So, how can Monitoring Evaluation and Learning (MEL) consultants support real change instead of creating tools or processes that are quickly forgotten without any real institutional ownership? Consultants and learning partners can seldom change a learning system or organisational culture – it just does not work like that. What they can do is interrogate existing practices, introduce new ideas, and support change processes already underway to ensure lasting, transformative impact. They are a multiplier for homegrown change initiatives, not a substitute. Don’t hire MEL consultants to sell you tools or tell you what to do. Hire them because you need a critical friend along the path of organisational change. Own, then learn – not the other way round. DA - 2021/07/14/ PY - 2021 UR - https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/we-created-this-mel-system-for-you-now-please-own-it/ Y2 - 2023/12/14/21:36:17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changing the way we change AU - Pascale, R. AU - Millemann, M. AU - Gioja, L. T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - More and more companies struggle with growing competition by introducing improvements into every aspect of performance. But the treadmill keeps moving faster, the companies keep working harder, and results improve slowly or not at all. The problem here is not the improvement programs. The problem is that the whole burden of change typically rests on so few people. Companies achieve real agility only when every function and process--when every person--is able and eager to rise to every challenge. This type and degree of fundamental change, commonly called revitalization or transformation, is what many companies seek but rarely achieve because they have never before identified the factors that produce sustained transformational change. The authors identify three interventions that will restore companies to vital agility and then keep them in good health: incorporating employees fully into the principal business challenges facing the company, leading the organization in a different way in order to sharpen and maintain incorporation and constructive stress, and instilling mental disciplines that will make people behave differently and then help them sustain their new behavior. The authors discovered these basic sources of revitalization by tracking the change efforts of Sears, Roebuck & Company, Royal Dutch Shell, and the United States Army. The organizations used these interventions to alter the way their people experienced their own power and identity, as well as the way they dealt with conflict and learning. As at Sears, Shell, and the U.S. Army, any major shift in those four elements will create a landmark shift in any organization's operating state or culture. DA - 1997/12//Nov- undefined PY - 1997 DP - PubMed VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 126 EP - 139 J2 - Harv Bus Rev LA - eng SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/1997/11/changing-the-way-we-change KW - Commerce KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Decision Making, Organizational KW - Economic Competition KW - Leadership KW - Military Personnel KW - Organizational Culture KW - Organizational Innovation KW - Personnel Management KW - Power KW - Psychology KW - United States ER - TY - MGZN TI - Your Company’s Secret Change Agents AU - Pascale, Richard T. AU - Sternin, Jerry T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Somewhere in your organization, groups of people are already doing things differently and better. To create lasting change, find these areas of positive deviance and fan their flames. DA - 2005/05/01/T04:00:00Z PY - 2005 IS - 2005/05 UR - https://hbr.org/2005/05/your-companys-secret-change-agents Y2 - 2018/06/17/18:54:20 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Power of Positive Deviance AU - Pascale, Richard AU - Sternin, Jerry AU - Sternin, Monique CY - Boston DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Harvard Business Press ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Rapid Evaluation, Action, and Learning (REAL) Approach: A toolkit to measure and refine changes and interventions in health campaigns AU - PATH AB - Evaluative Tools for Improving Campaign Effectiveness Public health campaigns aim to control disease or deliver essential health services and products through time-limited and periodic channels. Many countries use campaigns to augment or replace routine service delivery, to target certain populations, or to accelerate progress towards coverage targets. The Root Cause Analysis and Rapid Evaluation, Action, and Learning toolkits present a systematic but flexible approach to identifying the root causes of campaign bottlenecks and then designing, testing, and refining solutions to optimize potential impact. These toolkits respond to a growing need for “fit-for-purpose” rapid-testing, adaptive learning approaches to evaluation and the need for a culture shift toward iterative adaptation and improvement that integrates measurement and evidence-informed decision-making into daily practice. The comprehensive package of toolkits, in addition to the individual Root Cause Analysis toolkit and Rapid Evaluation, Action, and Learning toolkit are available below. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - PATH UR - https://media.path.org/documents/RapidTestingProtocol_Toolkit02.pdf Y2 - 2023/11/15/10:49:10 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Complexity-Aware Monitoring Discussion Note (Screencast) T2 - USAID A2 - Patsalides, Melissa A2 - Britt, Heather AB - This screencast covers information included in the Complexity-Aware Monitoring Discussion Note. The topic is intended for those seeking cutting-edge solutions to monitoring complex aspects of strategies and projects. Most of the principles and promising approaches discussed here have a significant body of theory and practice behind them, but many have not been used to monitor USAID strategies and projects. We have much to learn about whether and how they can be applied successfully in the Agency. USAID's Office of Learning, Evaluation, and Research in the Bureau of Policy, Planning, and Learning has partnered with different groups through monitoring trials to build a body of evidence regarding which complexity-aware M&E approaches are most effective in the contexts of USAID programming. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 M3 - Screencast UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/complexity-aware-monitoring-discussion-note-screencast ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developmental Evaluation AU - Patton, Michael Quinn T2 - The Nonprofit Quarterly DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 IS - Spring SP - 6 UR - https://www.scribd.com/document/8233067/Michael-Quinn-Patton-Developmental-Evaluation-2006 Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Developmental Evaluation: Applying Complexity Concepts to Enhance Innovation and Use AU - Patton, Michael Quinn AB - Developmental evaluation (DE) offers a powerful approach to monitoring and supporting social innovations by working in partnership with program decision makers. In this book, eminent authority Michael Quinn Patton shows how to conduct evaluations within a DE framework. Patton draws on insights about complex dynamic systems, uncertainty, nonlinearity, and emergence. He illustrates how DE can be used for a range of purposes: ongoing program development, adapting effective principles of practice to local contexts, generating innovations and taking them to scale, and facilitating rapid response in crisis situations. Students and practicing evaluators will appreciate the book's extensive case examples and stories, cartoons, clear writing style, "closer look" sidebars, and summary tables. Provided is essential guidance for making evaluations useful, practical, and credible in support of social change.See also Developmental Evaluation Exemplars, edited by Michael Quinn Patton, Kate McKegg, and Nan Wehipeihana, which presents 12 in-depth case studies. CY - New York DA - 2010/08/13/ PY - 2010 DP - Amazon ET - 1 edition SP - 375 LA - English PB - Guilford Press SN - 978-1-60623-872-1 ST - Developmental Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Organizational effectiveness KW - Project management ER - TY - BOOK TI - Essentials of Utilization-Focused Evaluation AU - Patton, Michael Quinn AB - Based on Michael Quinn Patton's best-selling Utilization-Focused Evaluation, this briefer book provides an overall framework and essential checklist steps for designing and conducting evaluations that actually get used. The new material and innovative graphics present the utilization-focused evaluation process as a complex adaptive system, incorporating current understandings about systems thinking and complexity concepts. The book integrates theory and practice, is based on both research and professional experience, and offers new case examples and cartoons with Patton's signature humor. DA - 2011/08/22/ PY - 2011 DP - Google Books SP - 489 LA - en PB - SAGE Publications SN - 978-1-4833-0697-1 KW - Reference / Research KW - Research ER - TY - BOOK TI - Principles-Focused Evaluation: The GUIDE AU - Patton, Michael Quinn AB - How can programs and organizations ensure they are adhering to core principles--and assess whether doing so is yielding desired results? From evaluation pioneer Michael Quinn Patton, this book introduces the principles-focused evaluation (P-FE) approach and demonstrates its relevance and application in a range of settings. Patton explains why principles matter for program development and evaluation and how they can serve as a rudder to navigate the uncertainties, turbulence, and emergent challenges of complex dynamic environments. In-depth exemplars illustrate how the unique GUIDE framework is used to determine whether principles provide meaningful guidance (G) and are useful (U), inspiring (I), developmentally adaptable (D), and evaluable (E). User-friendly features include rubrics, a P-FE checklist, firsthand reflections and examples from experienced P-FE practitioners, sidebars and summary tables, and end-of-chapter application exercises. CY - New York DA - 2017/10/16/ PY - 2017 ET - 1st edition SP - 435 LA - English PB - Guilford Press SN - 978-1-4625-3182-0 ST - Principles-Focused Evaluation UR - https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-Focused-Evaluation/Michael-Quinn-Patton/9781462531820 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Utilization-Focused Evaluation (U-FE) Checklist AU - Patton, Michael Quinn T2 - Evaluation Checklists Projects AB - Utilization-Focused Evaluation begins with the premise that evaluations should be judged by their utility and actual use; therefore, evaluators should facilitate the evaluation process and design any evaluation with careful consideration of how everything that is done, from beginning to end, will affect use. Use concerns how real people in the real world apply evaluation findings and experience and learn from the evaluation process. The checklist is based on Essentials of Utilization-Focused Evaluation (Patton, 2012, Sage Publications). All references in the checklist to exhibits and menus refer to this book. Step 1 Assess and build program and organizational readiness for utilization-focused evaluation. Step 2 Assess and enhance evaluator readiness and competence to undertake a utilizationfocused evaluation. Step 3 Identify, organize, and engage primary intended users. Step 4 Conduct situation analysis with primary intended users Step 5 Identify primary intended uses by establishing the evaluation’s priority purposes. Step 6 Consider and build in process uses if appropriate. Step 7 Focus priority evaluation questions. Step 8 Check that fundamental areas for evaluation inquiry are being adequately addressed. Step 9 Determine what intervention model or theory of change is being evaluated. Step 10 Negotiate appropriate methods to generate credible findings and support intended use by intended users. Step 11 Make sure intended users understand potential controversies about methods and their implications. Step 12 Simulate use of findings. Step 13 Gather data with ongoing attention to use. Step 14 Organize and present the data for use by primary intended users. Step 15 Prepare an evaluation report to facilitate use and disseminate significant findings to expand influence. Step 16 Follow up with primary intended users to facilitate and enhance use. Step 17 Metaevaluation of use: Be accountable, learn, and improve DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 SP - 19 PB - The Evaluation Center UR - https://www.wmich.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/u350/2014/UFE_checklist_2013.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Utilization-focused evaluation for agricultural innovation AU - Patton, Michael Quinn AU - Horton, D T2 - ILAC Brief AB - Utilization-focused evaluation (UFE) is based on the principle that an evaluation should be judged by its utility. So no matter how technically sound and methodologically elegant, an evaluation is not truly a good evaluation unless the findings are used. UFE is a framework for enhancing the likelihood that evaluation findings will be used and lessons will be learnt from the evaluation process. This Brief, based on the book Utilization-focused evaluation, introduces this approach to evaluation, outlines key steps in the evaluation process, identifies some of the main benefits of UFE, and provides two examples of UFE in the context of programmes aimed at promoting agricultural innovation. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 4 PB - CGIAR SN - 22 UR - https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/70056/ILAC_Brief22_Utilization_Focus_Evaluation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Y2 - 2018/10/22/11:20:10 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Reflections on if and how our partnership is working in Bangladesh AU - Paul, Sukanta AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Apgar, Marina T2 - CLARISSA AB - Effective partnership working is crucial to producing quality results, especially when working with complex problems such as the worst forms... DA - 2020/12/14/T16:03:45+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/reflections-on-if-and-how-our-partnership-is-working-in-bangladesh/ Y2 - 2023/10/12/10:49:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lessons Learned from Applying the Data Powered Positive Deviance AU - Pawelke, Andreas AU - Glücker, Andreas AU - Albanna, Basma AU - Boy, Jeremy AB - This report presents six learnings from four pilot projects conducted by the Data Powered Positive Deviance (DPPD) initiative, a global collaboration between the GIZ Data Lab, the UNDP Accelerator Labs Network, the University of Manchester Center for Digital Development, and UN Global Pulse Lab Jakarta. The pilots seek out grassroots solutions to development challenges that range from the interaction between livestock farming and deforestation to gender-based violence and insecurity in dense urban environments in Ecuador, Mexico, Niger and Somalia. The learnings relate to the early stages of the DPPD method, originally proposed by Albanna & Heeks [1], and focus mainly on the access to, and use of digital data. They are summarized as follows: 1. Remain flexible in the face of data unavailability 2. Leverage existing partnerships for data access 3. Map and fill know-how gaps early 4. Scale with caution 5. Look at deviance over time 6. Look beyond individual or community practices and behavior The report is written for development practitioners, data analysts, domain experts, and more generally anyone interested in using new data sources and technologies to uncover successful local solutions to development challenges. DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021 PB - DPPD ER - TY - RPRT TI - Realist Evaluation AU - Pawson, Ray AU - Tilley, Nick AB - Contents: Introduction 1. The nature of programmes and how they work 2. Basic concepts in the explanation and understanding of programmes 3. Strategies and methods of realist evaluation 4. Realism’s place in the policy cycle: formative, summative and synthetic approaches 5. The nature, presentation and use of findings from realist evaluation 6. Conclusion: strengths, limitations and relationships with other approaches Appendix I – ‘Thinking it through’: an exercise in realist hypothesis making. Appendix II – ‘Varieties of realist evaluation’: pocket illustrations of quantitative, qualitative, formative and synthetic applications. Appendix III – ‘Would it work here?’: a grid to help decide on the feasibility of mounting a programme ‘on your patch’. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 SP - 36 UR - http://www.communitymatters.com.au/RE_chapter.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Logical Framework: a manager's guide to a scientific approach to design and evaluation AU - PCI AB - Developed by Practical Concepts Inc. in 1979. Key document in the development of the logical model/framework DA - 1979/11// PY - 1979 LA - en PB - Practical Concepts Inc. ST - The Logical Framework UR - https://www.scribd.com/document/50064505/The-Logical-Framework-a-manager-s-guide-to-a-scientific-approach-to-design-and-evaluation Y2 - 2019/08/07/22:32:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring Impact. Making Use of the Portfolio: Organizational Learning at USAID AU - Peabody, Shawn T2 - Measuring Impact AB - This technical analysis explores previous and ongoing social learning efforts, best practices, challenges, and lessons in USAID as a foundation for improving the implementation and design of the Agency’s forestry and biodiversity programs. This analysis is particularly relevant as the Bureau of Economic Growth, Education and the Environment’s Office of Forestry and Biodiversity (E3/FAB) begins to develop a Cross-Mission Learning Program under the Measuring Impact initiative, a five-year activity to promote the adoption of best practices in the USAID program cycle among Missions using biodiversity funds. The findings reported in this document can help inform the overall design and structure of the Learning Program and provide insight into possible challenges and best practices. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/05// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero SP - 40 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leveraging Experimental Evaluations for Understanding Causal Mechanisms AU - Peck, Laura R. T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Experimental evaluations—especially when grounded in theory-based impact evaluation—can provide insights into the mechanisms that generate program impacts. This chapter details variants of experimental evaluation designs and also analytic strategies that leverage experimental evaluation data to learn about causal mechanisms. The design variants are poised to illuminate causal mechanisms related to program implementation and the contribution of selected components of multifaceted programs. The analysis strategies lend themselves to illuminating causal mechanisms related to participants’ responses to program components as well as to the contributions of selected program components themselves. The chapter offers an example from one, theory-based impact evaluation, which embedded both design and analytic strategies to examine the extent to which specific program components and participant experiences might be identified as causal mechanisms. The particular value in using this theory-based experimental strategy is that the results are rigorous and potentially highly relevant to policy and practice. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20422 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 145 EP - 160 LA - en SN - 1534-875X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20422 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluability assessment for Impact Evaluation: Guidance, checklists and decision support AU - Peersman, Greet AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Pasanen, Tiina AB - This guidance note focuses on the utility of, and guidance for, evaluability assessment before undertaking an impact evaluation. The primary audience for this guidance note is evaluators conducting an evaluability assessment for impact evaluation. The secondary audience is people commissioning or managing an evaluability assessment for impact evaluation, as well as funders of an impact evaluation. Sections one and two provide an overview of evaluability assessment and how it can be used for impact evaluation. Section three provides guidance for planning to undertake an evaluability assessment for impact evaluation. This is informative for all intended users of the guidance note. Section four includes checklists and decision support for evaluability assessments. The checklist is geared to those conducting the evaluability assessment and can be adapted to suit a particular context or purpose. The decision support provides those conducting an evaluability assessment with evidence-based recommendations for impact evaluation funders and commissioners, about whether, when and how to proceed with the evaluation. Sections five and six provide guidance on what to do after the assessment is concluded, and offer lessons learned from evaluability assessments in practice. DA - 2015/08// PY - 2015 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9802.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - When and how to develop an impact-oriented monitoring and evaluation system AU - Peersman, Greet AU - Rogers, Patricia AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Pasanen, Tiina AU - Buffardi, Anne AB - This guidance note focuses on: • what an impact-oriented monitoring and evaluation system entails • why an organisation may want to establish such a system • when integrating an impact-orientation into an monitoring and evaluation system is most useful • what should be considered in developing the monitoring and evaluation system, or in tweaking an existing system, to become more impact-focused. The primary audience for this guidance note is internal and external monitoring and evaluation advisors involved in designing and implementing, and/or assessing monitoring and evaluation systems to include a focus on impact. It will also be useful for senior management of organisations who need to know how best to plan for a sustainable monitoring and evaluation system that supports impact assessment or to adapt an existing system to incorporate an impact perspective. DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10327.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Crowdsourcing citizen feedback on district development in Ghana using interactive voice response surveys AU - Pegus, Ciana-Marie T2 - Making All Voices Count Practice Paper CY - Brighton DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/12716/VOTOMobile_PracticePaper_Online.pdf KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - When Does ICT-Enabled Citizen Voice Lead to Government Responsiveness? AU - Peixoto, Tiago AU - Fox, Jonathan T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2016/01/14/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.104 DP - CrossRef VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 39 SN - 02655012 UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/34 Y2 - 2016/07/14/10:50:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Citizen engagement: emerging digital technologies create new risks and value AU - Peixoto, Tiago AU - Steinberg, Tom AB - The recent rapid evolution of digital technologies has been changing behaviors and expectations in countries around the world. These shifts make it the right time to pose the key question this paper explores: Will digital technologies, both those that are already widespread and those that are still emerging, have substantial impacts on the way citizens engage and the ways through which power is sought, used, or contested? The authors address this question both to mitigate some of the World Bank’s operational risks, and to initiate a conversation with peers about how those risks might require policy shifts. The overall framing question also is being explored in case theapproaches to citizen engagement advocated by the World Bank are changing and may require different advice for client countries. Despite the lower technology penetration levels in developing countries, their more malleable governance contexts may be more influenced by the effects of emerging technologies than older states with greater rigidity. Digitally influencedcitizen engagement is, in short, one of those “leapfrog” areas in which developing nations may exploit technologies before the wealthier parts of the world. But countries can leapfrog to worse futures, not just better ones. This paper explores what technology might mean for engagement, makespredictions, and offers measures for governments to consider. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019 PB - World Bank UR - https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32495 Y2 - 2019/10/14/08:02:58 ER - TY - BLOG TI - MLE or MEL in adaptive programming? AU - Pellini, Arnaldo T2 - Knowledge counts DA - 2018/06/21/ PY - 2018 UR - https://arnaldopellini.org/2018/06/21/mle-or-mel-in-adaptive-programming/ Y2 - 2018/07/17/10:57:17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Working Politically: A story of Change about the contribution of research evidence to the new Village Law in Indonesia AU - Pellini, Arnaldo AU - Angelina, Maesy AU - Purnawati, Endah AB - On 18 December 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives passed the new Village Law, a vote that was the culmination of a journey that had started in 2007. This Story of Change takes the passing of the Village Law as its starting point and describes the relative influence that research-based evidence, produced by the Institute for Research and Empowerment (IRE), has had at critical junctions of the legislative process. This Story of Change concludes that good quality, research-based evidence is necessary but not sufficient to influence policy-making processes. Researchers and research organisations need to think and work politically to achieve their influencing goals and to adapt to changes in local circumstances. DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 SP - 22 PB - Austrialian Community Development and Civil Society Strenghtening Scheme (ACCESS) UR - http://www.ksi-indonesia.org/files/1419316551$1$8LB545D$.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Doing Development Differently at Scale AU - Pellini, Arnaldo AU - Karetji, Petrarca C. AU - Soekadis, Ade T2 - Knowledge, Politics and Policymaking in Indonesia A2 - Pellini, Arnaldo A2 - Prasetiamartati, Budiati A2 - Nugroho, Kharisma Priyo A2 - Jackson, Elisabeth A2 - Carden, Fred AB - In recent decades there has been an increasing recognition that politics and political institutions matter for development. There is also a much greater interest in contextually grounded approaches. This has stemmed from an acknowledgement that purely technocratic approaches to development often result in failure because they do not take into account the nature of political institutions. Nor do they take account of the context in a particular developing country and the interests and incentives of powerful national actors. Policy processes are embedded in specific social, political and organisational contexts. Approaches that focus on implementing universal best practices in evidence-informed policymaking are unlikely to be successful. Instead, what is needed is an approach that takes the local context as the starting point for understanding what issues are relevant to policymakers and developing contextually appropriate solutions. The authors of this chapter reflect on the management approaches and systems that may be required to enable and support large-scale development programmes to be flexible and adaptive to the local policy context and circumstances. The chapter argues that such programmes struggle to adopt adaptive management principle and that to do that at scale requires some changes in the way such programmes are managed. CY - Singapore DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Springer Link SP - 131 EP - 146 LA - en PB - Springer Singapore SN - 9789811301674 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0167-4_8 Y2 - 2018/09/21/08:57:49 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Doing development differently KW - Evidence-informed policymaking KW - Indonesia KW - Knowledge sector KW - Thinking and working politically ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Political Economy Analysis Framework for EdTech Evidence Uptake AU - Pellini, Arnaldo AU - Nicolai, Susan AU - Magee, Arran AU - Sharp, Sam AU - Wilson, Sam DA - 2021/02/13/ PY - 2021 PB - The EdTech Hub ER - TY - JOUR TI - On understanding software agility: A social complexity point of view AU - Pelrine, Joseph T2 - E:CO AB - Over the last decade, the field of so-called Agile software development has grown to be a major force in the socio-economic arena of delivering quality software on time, on budget, and on spec. The acceleration in changing needs brought on by the rise in popularity of the Internet has helped push Agile practices far beyond their original boundaries, and possibly into domains where their application is not the optimal solution to the problems at hand. The question of where Agile software development practices and techniques make sense, and where are they out of place, is a valid one. It can be addressed by looking at software development as a complex endeavour, and using tools and techniques from the Cynefin method and other models of social complexity. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - 26 EP - 37 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295174037_On_understanding_software_agility_A_social_complexity_point_of_view Y2 - 2016/07/12/13:36:22 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Theory of Change of citizen participation: an update AU - Peña-López, Ismael AB - when it was reduced to a subsidiary internal service lacking all kind of political attributions. The work done in those years had been formidable, but too many things had passed since, especially the 15M Spanish Indignados Movement, the raise of technopolitics… and the raise of populism and fascism all across Europe. We urgently needed a theoretical framework in which to substantiate our political strategy, so I came up with a Theory of Change of citizen participation (see Figure 1) which defined four expected impacts of our political action: 1. Efficiency, efficacy and legitimacy of public decisions improves. 2. Populism has decreased in institutions and the public sphere. 3. Citizens understand the complexity of public decision-making. 4. Citizen participation and political engagement clearly shifts towards a technopolitical paradigm. These impacts were expected to be achieved after some outcomes resulting from some outputs grouped in five programmes: 1. Programme of citizen participation. 2. Programme of internal participation. 3. Programme of collaboration. 4. Programme of intermediaries, facilitators and infomediaries. 5. Programme of e-participation, e-voting and technopolitics. 20 months after, the Theory of Change of Citizen Participation has worked quite well. But it does have some limitations, especially at the operational level-which is what the whole thing was about, to help in putting some order in our daily work. CY - Barcelona DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - www.academia.edu LA - en PB - ICTlogy ST - A Theory of Change of citizen participation UR - https://www.academia.edu/42805069/A_Theory_of_Change_of_citizen_participation_an_update Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:02:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Citizen participation and the rise of the open source city in Spain AU - Peña-López, Ismael AB - Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development CY - Bengaluru DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - ictlogy.net PB - MAVC & IT for Change UR - http://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=3410 Y2 - 2017/06/09/10:31:37 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Gestión de la complejidad para el impacto sistémico: respuestas a entornos VUCA y BANI AU - Peña-López, Ismael T2 - SociedadRed AB - Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development DA - 2023/08/19/T18:21:41+00:00 PY - 2023 LA - es, net ST - SociedadRed » Gestión de la complejidad para el impacto sistémico UR - https://ictlogy.net/sociedadred/20230819-gestion-de-la-complejidad-para-el-impacto-sistemico-respuestas-a-entornos-vuca-y-bani/ Y2 - 2023/09/27/09:21:32 ER - TY - BLOG TI - ICT4D Blog » A citizen participation ecosystem AU - Peña-López, Ismael T2 - ICTlogy AB - Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development DA - 2019/09/18/ PY - 2019 LA - en, net UR - https://ictlogy.net/20190918-a-citizen-participation-ecosystem/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:30:04 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grow - Scale - Impact: How to help inclusive business achieve scale AU - Pérez Castro, Andrea A. AU - Tora, Krisztina CY - Bonn DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 PB - GIZ UR - http://www.gsen.global/scaling-handbook Y2 - 2016/10/10/11:25:27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) or the Highway? An Alternative Road to Investigating the Value for Money of International Development Research AU - Peterson, Heidi T2 - The European Journal of Development Research AB - Research for development (R4D) funding is increasingly expected to demonstrate value for money (VfM). However, the dominance of positivist approaches to evaluating VfM, such as cost-benefit analysis, do not fully account for the complexity of R4D funds and risk undermining efforts to contribute to transformational development. This paper posits an alternative approach to evaluating VfM, using the UK’s Global Challenges Research Fund and the Newton Fund as case studies. Based on a constructivist approach to valuing outcomes, this approach applies a collaboratively developed rubric-based peer review to a sample of projects. This is more appropriate for the complexity of R4D interventions, particularly when considering uncertain and emergent outcomes over a long timeframe. This approach could be adapted to other complex interventions, demonstrating that our options are not merely “CBA or the highway” and there are indeed alternative routes to evaluating VfM. DA - 2023/04/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1057/s41287-022-00565-7 DP - Springer Link VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 260 EP - 280 J2 - Eur J Dev Res LA - en SN - 1743-9728 ST - Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) or the Highway? UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-022-00565-7 Y2 - 2023/04/13/12:38:56 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Discussing Adaptive Approaches for Development Programmes AU - Pett, Jamie T2 - Medium - LearnAdapt AB - What can adaptive approaches from other sectors teach development practitioners about dealing with uncertainty? DA - 2020/11/02/T13:53:21.075Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/discussing-adaptive-approaches-for-development-programmes-858ceb2cce32 Y2 - 2021/06/04/10:41:30 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Four ways development practitioners can borrow from private sector adaptive approaches AU - Pett, Jamie T2 - LearnAdapt AB - Agile, lean startup and human-centred design can be an answer — if you’re asking the right questions DA - 2020/09/28/T15:49:09.590Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/four-ways-development-practitioners-can-borrow-from-private-sector-adaptive-approaches-e5af0689ca78 Y2 - 2020/10/14/09:56:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Navigating adaptive approaches for development programmes AU - Pett, Jamie T2 - Working Paper AB - This working paper compares six of the most prominent adaptive approaches to emerge over the past two decades. Three come from the world of innovation, largely in the private sector (agile, lean startup and human-centred design), and three from the global development sector (thinking and working politically, forms of adaptive management and problem-driven iterative adaptation). While all of these approaches are valuable when used in the right context, practitioners may be perplexed by the multiplicity of methods and jargon. This paper aims to address some of this confusion by mapping where these approaches have come from and showing how they can be applied across the adaptive programme cycle. Armed with this knowledge, practitioners might experiment with different combinations and sequences of adaptive approaches according to the kind of problem and context faced. In turn, this may help us move beyond a siloed view of approaches linked to innovation, adaptive management or more politically smart ways of working. Key messages: • Adaptive approaches have emerged in several sectors, including software development, product and service design, technology startups and international development. • Adaptive approaches can help practitioners counteract misplaced certainty. By talking to potential users, understanding institutions, interests and ideas and investigating the root causes of a problem, practitioners applying these approaches can illuminate the underlying nature of the problem and context. • Rather than building a whole solution straight away, these approaches commonly encourage practitioners to start small and use structured cycles of testing and learning. There is scope to further consider how different approaches can be better brought together and combined. • Adaptive approaches in development provide a wider range of options for what to create and facilitate – not only products or services, but also forms of collective action. There are also alternative ways to think about scale – considering how others might take up an idea and looking for leverage, rather than quantity. CY - London DA - 2020/09// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 31 LA - en PB - ODI SN - 589 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/202009_learnadapt_navigating_adaptive_approaches_wp_3.pdf ER - TY - BLOG TI - The Long and Short of It: Responding to immediate needs while pursuing long-term goals AU - Pett, Jamie T2 - LearnAdapt AB - How can we balance our need to respond to a crisis with our long-term goals for systemic change? DA - 2020/09/07/T14:59:57.018Z PY - 2020 LA - en ST - The Long and Short of It UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/the-long-and-short-of-it-responding-to-immediate-needs-while-pursuing-long-term-goals-b8c4471857b1 Y2 - 2020/10/14/09:54:32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence, hierarchies, and typologies: horses for courses AU - Petticrew, M AU - Roberts, H T2 - Journal of epidemiology and community health AB - Debate is ongoing about the nature and use of evidence in public health decision making, and there seems to be an emerging consensus that the "hierarchy of evidence" may be difficult to apply in other settings. It may be unhelpful however to simply abandon the hierarchy without having a framework or guide to replace it. One such framework is discussed. This is based around a matrix, and emphasises the need to match research questions to specific types of research. This emphasis on methodological appropriateness, and on typologies rather than hierarchies of evidence may be helpful in organising and appraising public health evidence. DA - 2003/07// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1136/jech.57.7.527 VL - 57 IS - 7 SP - 527 EP - 529 J2 - J Epidemiol Community Health LA - eng SN - 0143-005X UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821702 AN - 12821702 DB - PubMed KW - Decision Making KW - Policy making KW - Public Health KW - Public policy ER - TY - RPRT TI - Power Analysis: A Practical Guide AU - Pettit, Jethro DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Zotero SP - 56 LA - en PB - Sida ER - TY - JOUR TI - Power Above and Below the Waterline: Bridging Political Economy and Power Analysis AU - Pettit, Jethro AU - Mejía Acosta, Andrés T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12100 DP - CrossRef VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 9 EP - 22 LA - en SN - 02655012 ST - Power Above and Below the Waterline UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1759-5436.12100 Y2 - 2016/04/21/11:32:24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Barriers and enablers to climate change adaptation in hierarchical governance systems: the case of Vietnam AU - Phuong, Le Thi Hong AU - Biesbroek, G. Robbert AU - Wals, Arjen E. J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning AB - Governments fulfil important roles in increasing the adaptive capacity of local communities to respond to climate change impacts, particularly in developing countries. Existing studies on how governments enable and constrain the ways in which local level communities learn and build their adaptive capacity, however, generally adopt network or market-oriented types of governance. However, the most vulnerable regions to climate change impact in the world are generally governed through hierarchical policy systems. This research aims to understand how the hierarchical policy system in Vietnam creates enables and/or constrains the policy capacity of policy actors to contribute to effective climate change adaptation. We conducted interviews (n = 26) with key actors at multiple levels of government. Our findings show the importance of clear legal institutions, available financing for implementing policies, and the training of governmental staff, particularly at district and commune levels where the policy capacities are generally too low to deal with climate change impacts. We conclude that any efforts to support local actors (i.e. smallholder farmers) should include investments in policy capacity to ensure uptake and upscaling of adaptation actions more broadly. DA - 2018/07/04/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/1523908X.2018.1447366 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 518 EP - 532 LA - en SN - 1523-908X, 1522-7200 ST - Barriers and enablers to climate change adaptation in hierarchical governance systems UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1523908X.2018.1447366 Y2 - 2019/05/02/18:33:39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using a social learning configuration to increase Vietnamese smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity to respond to climate change AU - Phuong, Le Thi Hong AU - Wals, Arjen AU - Sen, Le Thi Hoa AU - Hoa, Nguyen Quoc AU - Lu, Phan Van AU - Biesbroek, Robbert T2 - Local Environment AB - Social learning is crucial for local smallholder farmers in developing countries to improve their adaptive capacity and to adapt to the current and projected impacts of climate change. While it is widely acknowledged that social learning is a necessary condition for adaptation, few studies have systematically investigated under which conditions particular forms of social learning are most successful in improving adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups. This study aims to design, implement and evaluate a social learning configuration in a coastal community in Vietnam. We make use of various methods during four workshop-based interventions with local smallholder farmers: interviews with key farmers and commune leaders, farmer-to-farmer learning, participatory observations and focus group discussions. The methods for evaluation of social learning configuration include in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured survey interviews. Our findings show that the social learning configuration used in this study leads to an increased problem ownership, an enhanced knowledge-base with regard to climate change impacts and production adaptation options, improved ability to see connections and interdependencies and finally, strengthened relationships and social cohesion. The results suggest that increased social learning in the community leads to increase in adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers and improves both their economic and environmental sustainability. We discuss the key lessons for designing learning configurations that can successfully enhance adaptive capacity and smallholder farmers’ agency and responsiveness to the challenges posed by climate change impacts. DA - 2018/08/03/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/13549839.2018.1482859 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 879 EP - 897 SN - 1354-9839 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2018.1482859 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:21:52 KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Social learning KW - Vietnamese smallholder farmers ER - TY - JOUR TI - The interplay between social learning and adaptive capacity in climate change adaptation: A systematic review AU - Phuong, Thi Hong Le AU - Biesbroek, G. Robbert AU - Wals, Arjen E.J. T2 - NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences AB - Successful implementation climate change adaptation depends to a large extent on the capabilities of individuals, organizations, and communities to create and mobilize the adaptive capacity (AC) of their socio-ecological system. Creating and mobilizing AC is a continuous process that requires social learning (SL). Although rich with empirical cases, the literature theorizing and empirically investigating the relationship between AC and SL is highly fragmented. This paper aims to critically examine the peer-reviewed literature that focusses on SL and AC in the context of climate change adaptation (CCA). Special attention is paid to the interplay between the two. Understanding this interplay can help improve our understanding of how CCA takes place in practice and advances theoretical debates on CCA. Systematic review methods are used to analyse 43 papers (1997–2016). Our findings reveal three perspectives that each play an important role in different contexts: an AC-focused perspective, a SL-focused perspective, and a hybrid perspective. These differences in conceptualizations of the relationship between SL and AC may seem trivial at first, but they have consequences for the design of learning-based interventions aimed at helping communities respond to climate change. It appears that such interventions need to be preceded by an analysis of the climate change context in order to decide whether to emphasize AC, SL or both simultaneously. DA - 2017/09/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.njas.2017.05.001 VL - 82 SP - 1 EP - 9 J2 - NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences SN - 1573-5214 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1573521417300064 KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Climate change adaptation KW - Social learning KW - Systematic review ER - TY - RPRT TI - What is democratic evaluation? AU - Picciotto, R. T2 - Evaluation Connections AB - This article from Robert Picciotto provides an overview of democratic evaluation, particularly with reference to its use in the European Union context. "Can evaluation strengthen the democratic process? Specifically can it help fill the democratic deficit (limited transparency; weak bureaucratic accountability, etc.) often ascribed to the European Union? First and foremost, evaluators operating in the European space should be committed to the ethical and democratic values of the European project and the promotion of its social inclusion and cohesion ideals. But two other sets of challenges must also be met: those that relate to evaluation in democracy and those that relate to democracy in evaluation. The former has to do with the macro positioning of evaluation processes in society. The latter has to do with the evaluation approaches and methods used in deliberative democratic decision making processes." (Picciotto, 2013) DA - 2013/06// PY - 2013 UR - http://www.czech-in.org/ees/ees-newsletter-2013-06-june-special.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Context-monitoring for adaptive management AU - Pickwick, Sarah DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - World Vision UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/World-Vision-Context-monitoring-for-adaptive-management-.docx Y2 - 2022/01/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management: Responding to the evolving needs of PRIME's complex systems AU - Picon, Diana AU - Wild, Lorenz DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Mercy Corps UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/PRIME%20-%20Adaptive%20Management.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/21/09:40:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Review of Selected DFAT Facilities: Independent Consultant Report to DFAT, Key Findings AU - Pieper, Lynn AB - For the purposes of this report, a facility is defined as an aid delivery mechanism that provides flexible (adaptive and responsive) services managed in an integrated way. Objectives (or endof-facility outcomes) are specified, but the pathways to deliver them are left unspecified. The facility is a highly relevant model for delivering Australian aid effectively. Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals depends on flexible approaches that work across sectors and that integrate significant cross-cutting themes such as gender equality and social inclusion. Efficient DFAT management of a $4 billion aid program requires a shift to fewer and larger initiatives, to make best use of limited internal management resources while still enabling policy and program choices that can have real impact. Facilities and other flexible delivery mechanisms offer significant potential for better development results. They can: enable collaborative and responsive partnership approaches to gain traction; allow activities to experiment and adapt based on progress, demand and contextual changes; and provide the opportunity for outcome-focused coherence across sectors, enabling the whole to be more than the sum of the parts. Facilities are not new, but they are different today. Facilities have existed since at least the mid-1990s. What is new is that some facilities today are very large; and the flexibility they enable is increasingly and consciously being used to strengthen links between the technical and the political, for more effective development results. This is a positive trend, but it adds enormously to their complexity and visibility, creates new risks, and has resulted in role confusion (especially in early years of implementation) between DFAT and its contractors. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - DFAT UR - https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/independent-facilities-review.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - CONF TI - Decide Madrid: a case study on e-Participation AU - Pina, Vicente AU - Torres, Lourdes AU - Royo, Sonia AU - García-Rayado, Jaime T2 - XX International AECA Congress AB - This paper analyses the award-winning e-participation initiative of the city council of Madrid, Decide Madrid, to discover the critical success factors at contextual, organizational and individual level. This analysis is carried out with desk research and semi-structured interviews. Results show that the most relevant success factors are the socio-economic context, the commitment of the city council, the method used to recruit the workers and the knowledge of senior managers about citizen participation and ICTs. However, the lack of transparency and poor functioning of some of its participation activities are negatively affecting its performance. C1 - Málaga DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en ER - TY - BLOG TI - Local First in practice AU - Pinnington, R T2 - Peace Direct DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - http://www.peacedirect.org/local-first-in-practice Y2 - 2016/04/17/14:09:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Is DFID Getting Real About Politics?A stocktake of how DFID has adopted a politically-informed approach (2010-2015) AU - Piron, Laure-Hélène AU - Baker, Aislin AU - Savage, Laura AU - Wiseman, Katie AB - 1. Background This internal stocktake assesses whether DFID is “getting real about politics” - how it is taking power and politics into account in all its operations. Country Poverty Reduction Diagnostics undertaken by DFID teams identify politics as the most frequent barrier to poverty reduction and growth. The UK 2015 Aid Strategy has committed DFID to spending 50% of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in fragile states. This requires a “patient, long-term approach” to addressing barriers to peace and stability which are fundamentally political, rather than purely financial or technical. The stocktake is based on three DFID offices case studies (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and Malawi) as well as extensive internal and external consultations between June and December 2015. It provides illustrations of how DFID is evolving but does not systematically offer evidence of development impacts or non-country work, as this would have required a different methodology. 2. What does it mean to take politics into account? Politically-informed approaches are based on a large body of evidence that confirms the importance of institutions and politics for sustainable development. External assistance needs to support locally-led change. Success depends on timing, context, political processes and local actors. Desirable outcomes are hard to achieve and difficult to predict. Politically-informed approaches improve development effectiveness through:  The ‘what’: political goals, using development assistance to shift how power is distributed in the economy and society. The two main elements are: aiming for long term transformation of institutions; and supporting locally-led change processes more likely to be sustainable and successful: locallyowned (i.e. with local salience) and locally-negotiated.  The ‘how’: politically-smart methods, with greater realism and feasibility. The three main elements are: understanding power and politics in a specific context in order to identify opportunities and barriers for change; influencing and stakeholder management skills; and proactive risk management. To influence DFID operations, a politically-informed approach needs to be iterative, not one-off. The explicit understanding of context, whether formal setpiece studies or more routine analysis, should inform policy and programme decisions, from high level strategic choices, to day-to-day implementation, for both international policy and country support. This is a dynamic process: as the context evolves and lessons are learned about what works, analyses and decisions are updated. These are the principles behind the ‘flexible and adaptive’ agenda. CY - London DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero LA - en M3 - Discussion Paper PB - DFID ER - TY - RPRT TI - Twenty years of UK governance programmes in Nigeria AU - Piron, Laure-Hélène AU - Cummings, Clare AU - Williams, Gareth AU - Derbyshire, Helen AU - Hadley, Sierd AB - This Flagship report analyses 20 years of governance programmes in Nigeria funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) in the North-western states of Jigawa (since 2001), Kano (since 2005) and Kaduna (since 2006), as well as the North-eastern state of Yobe (since 2011). The report’s main research question is whether, how, under what conditions and for whom UK-funded state-level governance programmes in Nigeria have contributed to sustained changes in governance, and related changes in health and education. ... The report concludes with the following recommendations: To international development partners: 1. Invest for the long term – 10 to 20 years – combining support for both state and nonstate actors. 2. Ensure programmes have the strategic-level mandate, managerial capacity and frontline staff skills to pursue politically savvy opportunities. 3. Take PEA to the next level by unpacking causal mechanisms, understanding incentives and designing interventions to make change happen. 4. Give governance programmes the ability to flex between core governance and service delivery issues. 5. Incentivise greater collaboration between governance and sector programmes. 6. Incentivise greater attention to gender, and to social inclusion beyond disability issues, in governance programming. To FCDO: 7. Empower and resource FCDO teams to enable TWP programmes, ensuring decision-making by country teams to respond to local priorities. 8. Re-imagine TWP for FCDO Nigeria, giving implementers the space to operate in TWP ways. 9. Incentivise stronger collaboration between PERL, Lafiya (health programme) and the Partnership for Learning for All in Nigerian Education. 10. Invest in impact data analysis. To partner governments in Nigeria and beyond: 11. Explicitly set out the objectives for which you would like to receive assistance. 12. Use TWP principles to decide how development partners can support your political objectives and the scope for politically-feasible and mutually-beneficial collaboration. 13. Invest in the coordination of development partners. To non-state partners in Nigeria and beyond: 14. Join coalitions to achieve your priorities. 15. Select development partners which can strengthen your skills, not just fund your activities. CY - London DA - 2021/10// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 113 LA - en PB - ODI ER - TY - BLOG TI - What Startups Can Learn from General McChrystal about Combining Strategy and Execution AU - Pisoni, Adam T2 - First Round AB - Yammer Co-founder Adam Pisoni speaks with General Stanley McChrystal about the lessons technology companies might take away from his new book Team of Teams. DA - 2015/08/04/ PY - 2015 UR - http://firstround.com/review/what-startups-can-learn-from-general-mcchrystal-about-combining-strategy-and-execution/ Y2 - 2018/02/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - PLA Notes 32: Participation, Literacy and Empowerment AU - PLA T2 - Participatory Learning and Action Notes CY - London DA - 1998/06// PY - 1998 DP - pubs.iied.org PB - IIED ST - PLA Notes 32 UR - http://pubs.iied.org/6137IIED/ Y2 - 2017/07/11/12:33:22 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Design thinking: understand - improve - apply T2 - Understanding innovation A3 - Plattner, Hasso A3 - Meinel, Christoph A3 - Leifer, Larry AB - "In this book, the researchers take a system's view that begins with a demand for deep, evidence-based understanding of design thinking phenomena. They continue with an exploration of tools which can help improve the adaptive expertise needed for design thinking. The final part of the book concerns design thinking in information technology and its relevance for business process modeling and agile software development, i.e. real world creation and deployment of products, services, and enterprise systems"--Cover CY - Berlin DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 236 LA - eng PB - Springer SN - 978-3-642-13756-3 978-3-642-13757-0 ST - Design thinking KW - Creative ability in business KW - Creative thinking KW - Designer KW - Industrial management KW - Innovation KW - Organizational change KW - Product development KW - System design KW - Technological innovations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seeing (from) Digital Peripheries: Technology and Transparency in Kenya’s Silicon Savannah AU - Poggiali, Lisa T2 - Cultural Anthropology DA - 2016/08/17/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.14506/ca31.3.07 DP - CrossRef VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 387 EP - 411 SN - 08867356, 15481360 ST - Seeing (from) Digital Peripheries UR - https://culanth.org/articles/823-seeing-from-digital-peripheries-technology-and Y2 - 2016/09/05/10:12:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring Governance, Advocacy and Power: A Database of Existing Indicators, Tools and Indices AU - Poirrier, Caroline AU - Tolmie, Courtney AB - Measuring Governance, Advocacy, and Power is an excel sheet that brings together existing indicators, tools, and indices that may be useful to practitioners responsible for the measurement of outcomes in the field of governance, advocacy, and power in an easily accessible and filterable format. CY - Washington DC DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - English PB - R4D ST - Measuring Governance, Advocacy and Power UR - https://r4d.org/resources/measuring-governance-advocacy-and-power/ Y2 - 2021/03/30/08:38:28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Illogical Framework: The Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation in International Development Studies AU - Pomerantz, Jessica R. T2 - Cornell Policy Review AB - In my brief experience with monitoring and evaluation, I have become convinced that it is critically important both as an international development project component and as a field of academic study. Throughout my academic career at Cornell University, I have, at times, argued that monitoring and evaluation has actually impeded development efforts, but here I wish to amend my opinion. Bad monitoring and evaluation can sabotage development projects and our meaningful interpretation of development impacts; failures can appear to be successes and vice-versa. As a student and practitioner of monitoring and evaluation, I have drawn the conclusions listed below and I submit them for your consideration. • Monitoring and evaluation is a key element of the international development industry applicable to many areas of public administration, domestic and international. • International development failures could be discovered and averted or corrected given proper monitoring and evaluation activities. • Anecdotal evidence from development activities in Afghanistan provides one example of the international community’s lack of attention to monitoring and evaluation concerning an ongoing development catastrophe. • Higher education ought to be filling the monitoring and evaluation knowledge gap but to date is failing to do so. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Zotero VL - 01 IS - 01 LA - en UR - http://www.cornellpolicyreview.com/illogical-framework-the-importance-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-international-development-studies/?pdf=73 Y2 - 2023/01/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Winners and Losers in the Global App Economy AU - Pon, Bryan DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - http://cariboudigital.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Caribou-Digital-Winners-and-Losers-in-the-Global-App-Economy-2016.pdf Y2 - 2016/04/20/10:53:56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new bird's eye view on the agile forest AU - Portman, Henny T2 - PM World Journal DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero VL - IX IS - 10 LA - en UR - https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pmwj98-Oct2020-Portman-a-new-birds-eye-view-on-agile-forest.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new bird's eye view on the agile forest (2022 update) AU - Portman, Henny T2 - PM World Journal AB - Some years ago, you could say “Scrum is agile” and ask “is Agile Scrum?” Now we know there is much more flesh on the bones. At this moment there are more than fifty known and less known agile approaches, frameworks or methods available. To get a first impression of the different approaches, I try to bring some structure in the jungle to approaches, methods and frameworks. In Figure 1, I position the best-known agile approaches in a structure. The approaches, frameworks or methods are positioned within the 'One-time programs / projects' sections or within 'Business as usual’ / indefinite, or both. On the other side the approaches, frameworks or methods are clustered around team, product or programme and portfolio level. In the dark blue boxes in Figure 1 we see agile approaches that are only applicable in IT-focused organizations. All other approaches can be used within IT and non-IT-oriented organizations (light blue coloured). I haven’t mapped all the known approaches, frameworks and methods in this figure, and to be honest, I think there is a lot of duplication and probably commercial drivers play a role too to ‘develop’ the next kid on the block without added value in comparison with the existing approaches, frameworks or methods. The team level, including Scrum and Kanban, is applicable in both IT-oriented and non-IT-oriented products and services development and operations. The engineering level focuses specifically on IT-oriented product development. The one-time, temporary projects and programme frameworks and methods are suitable for both IT and non-IT. The permanent umbrella frameworks (both product-targeted and team-targeted) focus specifically on IT and product development and the Culture-targeted approaches help organisations to increase their agility. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero VL - IX IS - 10 LA - en UR - https://hennyportman.files.wordpress.com/2021/02/pmwj98-oct2020-portman-a-new-birds-eye-view-on-agile-forest-v2.8.pdf ER - TY - BLOG TI - Positive Deviance Initiative AU - Positive Deviance Initiative DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://positivedeviance.org/ Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Pragmatic Approach to Assessing System Change AU - Posthumus, Hans AU - Shah, Rachel AU - Miehlbradt, Alexandra AU - Kessler, Adam AB - Planning for and assessing system change is a strategic management issue. It is critical for everything from developing a strategy and designing interventions, to adapting strategy, improving implementation and reporting impact. But many programmes get stuck when it comes to assessing system change. The private sector development field has struggled to agree on an approach that programmes can implement and stakeholders can understand. However some mature programmes are starting to assess system change more effectively. Building on these emerging practices, this paper outlines a process that programmes can use to assess system changes regularly and practically. Two complementary papers: Overview and How to put it into practice The Overview summarises the approach and How to put it into practice provides more detailed implementation guidance, worked examples, and useful tips. The Overview explores how to: develop a system change strategy and intervention plans that lay the groundwork for system change assessment, including how to set system boundaries and how to identify the system changes a programme aims to catalyse assess system changes using both: - an intervention lens focused on changes introduced by specific interventions - a helicopter lens that provides a whole system view By analysing findings from both lenses, programmes can improve their strategy and report on their contribution to system change. How to put it into practice uses two case examples for illustration throughout the paper - PRISMA’s work in the maize system in East Java and Indonesia and S4J’s work in the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system in Albania. It targets practitioners responsible for facilitating and/or assessing system change. The paper explains how to: articulate the system changes that a programme aims to catalyse assess those changes use the results to inform decision making and reporting The approach described in the paper builds on the practices outlined in the DCED Results Measurement Standard. The guidance provided has been designed to be useful to programmes that aim to catalyse system changes whether or not they apply the DCED Standard. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 16 LA - en PB - DCED UR - https://beamexchange.org/community/webinar/assessing-system-change/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Information needs and policy change AU - Potter, Stephen AU - Subrahumanian, Ramya DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Sage SN - 1-4129-4564-X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Critical agency and development: applying Freire and Sen to ICT4D in Zambia and Brazil AU - Poveda, Sammia AU - Roberts, Tony T2 - Information Technology for Development AB - (2017). Critical agency and development: applying Freire and Sen to ICT4D in Zambia and Brazil. Information Technology for Development. Ahead of Print. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656 DA - 2017/05/17/ PY - 2017 DP - www.tandfonline.com LA - en SN - 10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656 ST - Critical agency and development UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656 AN - world Y2 - 2017/05/28/15:49:15 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Poverty Stoplight AU - povertystoplight.org AB - What is the Poverty Stoplight? The Stoplight is a tool that seeks to activate the potential of families and communities to lift themselves out of poverty. Using a technology platform, it offers a self-assessment survey and intervention model that enables people to develop practical solutions to overcome their specific needs. We work with organizations from different sectors around the world and bring together a network of powerful actors with one clear mission: eliminate poverty worldwide. The Stoplight Community is comprised of government agencies, private companies, small and medium-sized enterprises, non-profits, cooperatives, microfinance organizations, academic institutions, and sports clubs, among others. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.povertystoplight.org/ Y2 - 2023/04/27/13:54:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Decision-Making and Data Use Landscaping [at DFID] AU - Powell, Josh AU - Orton-Vipond, Sarah AU - Bhatia, Vinisha AU - Kilroy, Annie AB - As DFID aims to harness the Data Revolution, ensuring that data1 drive decision-making, public accountability, and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring that systems, processes, and skills for data are aligned with these objectives is paramount. Across sector policy teams, country offices, and various analytical and technical cadres, different strengths and weaknesses, as well as needs and ambitions exist. To inform a strategic approach to data, as framed in its forthcoming Data Roadmap, DFID collaborated with Development Gateway to perform a Decision and Data Use Landscaping study. This report details lessons learned from approximately 60 interviews across 4 DFID country offices, all sector policy teams, senior managers, and various analytical and technical cadres and offices. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Development Gateway UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c9501d3e5274a3ca568e783/Better_Data_Better_Decisions_-_Data_Landscape_Study_Study.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Causal mapping for evaluators AU - Powell, Steve AU - Copestake, James AU - Remnant, Fiona T2 - Evaluation AB - Evaluators are interested in capturing how things causally influence one another. They are also interested in capturing how stakeholders think things causally i... DA - 2023/09/14/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1177/13563890231196601 DP - journals.sagepub.com LA - en UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/K9VKYVWWVXZJCVCPNK9S/full AN - Sage UK: London, England Y2 - 2023/10/20/12:46:55 ER - TY - RPRT TI - All about behaviour: KAPE, Adaptation and ' Sticky' Institutional Change AU - Power, Greg T2 - Politically Agile Programming AB - This paper describes Global Partners Governance’s (GPG’s) approach to institutional reform and political change. Developed over the last decade of working in some of the most complex and sensitive political environments with politicians and officials in parliaments, political parties, ministries and local government, it describes the KAPE® (knowledge-application-practice-effect) methodology that we adopt to get ‘sticky’ institutional and behavioural change. Contents 1) Two dimensions of ‘adaptive programmes’: Flexible delivery and getting behaviour change 2) Enabling Change: KAPE and The Logic of Institutional Reform (Knowledge-Application-Practice-Effect) - K: Knowledge – Defining the problem and what to do about it - A: Application – Making Systems Work in Practice - P: Practice – Pockets of good practice and establishing ‘the new normal’ - E: Effect – Improved performance and the ‘Ripple Effect’ 3) Measuring Impact: Monitoring and Evolving 4) Conclusion: Behavioural insights, adaptive management and sticky change CY - London DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Global Partners Governance SN - 3 UR - https://gpgovernance.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/PAP-3-KAPE.pdf Y2 - 2024/01/29/11:23:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Engaging scientists through institutional histories AU - Prasad, Shambu AU - Hall, Andrew AU - Thummuru, Laxmi T2 - ILAC Brief AB - An institutional history is a narrative that records key points about how institutional arrangements – new ways of working – evolve over time creating more effective ways to achieve goals. It can be used to document institutional innovations in projects and to highlight barriers to change. An institutional history draws out and synthesizes lessons for research organizations and partners as well as for others in similar circumstances. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006 SP - 2 PB - CGIAR SN - 14 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/ILAC_Brief14_institutional.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying general trends and patterns in complex systems research: An overview of theoretical and practical implications AU - Preiser, Rika T2 - Systems Research and Behavioral Science AB - Research on complex systems is becoming more prolific, and there is a need to provide some point of orientation to researchers and practitioners that are drawing on the body of literature that informs the field of complexity research. In this paper, I aim to give an overview of the development of the field and offer some overarching trends and patterns that are recognizable in research on complex systems. The paper then draws on the work to provide six organizing principles of complex systems to inform practical implications and methods for studying and understanding complex systems. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2619 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 706 EP - 714 LA - en SN - 1099-1743 ST - Identifying general trends and patterns in complex systems research UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sres.2619 Y2 - 2021/06/04/11:11:31 KW - complex systems KW - heuristics KW - trends and patterns ER - TY - RPRT TI - Combating Wildlife Trafficking Cross-Mission Learning Agenda AU - Present, Teresa AU - Peabody, Shawn DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 17 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating Complexity. Propositions for improving practice AU - Preskill, Hallie AU - Gopal, Srik AB - 9 propositions can help evaluators measure progress on complex social problems. CY - Boston DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014 PB - FSG UR - http://www.fsg.org/publications/evaluating-complexity KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Redefining Rigor: Describing Quality Evaluation in Complex, Adaptive Settings AU - Preskill, Hallie AU - Lynn, Jewlya T2 - FSG AB - Traditionally, evaluation has focused on understanding whether a program is making progress against pre-determined indicators. In this context, the quality of the evaluation is often measured in part by the “rigor” of the methods and scientific inquiry. DA - 2016/02/01/T10:11:54-05:00 PY - 2016 LA - en ST - Redefining Rigor UR - https://www.fsg.org/blog/redefining-rigor-describing-quality-evaluation-complex-adaptive-settings Y2 - 2021/11/09/12:25:49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Putting vulnerability to climate change on the map: a review of approaches, benefits, and risks AU - Preston, Benjamin L. AU - Yuen, Emma J. AU - Westaway, Richard M. T2 - Sustainability Science; Dordrecht AB - There is growing demand among stakeholders across public and private institutions for spatially-explicit information regarding vulnerability to climate change at the local scale. However, the challenges associated with mapping the geography of climate change vulnerability are non-trivial, both conceptually and technically, suggesting the need for more critical evaluation of this practice. Here, we review climate change vulnerability mapping in the context of four key questions that are fundamental to assessment design. First, what are the goals of the assessment? A review of published assessments yields a range of objective statements that emphasize problem orientation or decision-making about adaptation actions. Second, how is the assessment of vulnerability framed? Assessments vary with respect to what values are assessed (vulnerability of what) and the underlying determinants of vulnerability that are considered (vulnerability to what). The selected frame ultimately influences perceptions of the primary driving forces of vulnerability as well as preferences regarding management alternatives. Third, what are the technical methods by which an assessment is conducted? The integration of vulnerability determinants into a common map remains an emergent and subjective practice associated with a number of methodological challenges. Fourth, who participates in the assessment and how will it be used to facilitate change? Assessments are often conducted under the auspices of benefiting stakeholders, yet many lack direct engagement with stakeholders. Each of these questions is reviewed in turn by drawing on an illustrative set of 45 vulnerability mapping studies appearing in the literature. A number of pathways for placing vulnerability mapping on a more robust footing are also identified. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] DA - 2011/07// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s11625-011-0129-1 DP - ProQuest VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 177 EP - 202 LA - English SN - 18624065 ST - Putting vulnerability to climate change on the map UR - http://search.proquest.com/docview/873500772/abstract/16490B649F124DA2PQ/1 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:46:04 KW - Climate change KW - Mapping KW - Risk assessment KW - Sustainable development ER - TY - BOOK TI - A trainer's guide for participatory learning and action T2 - IIED Participatory methodology series A3 - Pretty, Jules A3 - Guijt, Irene CY - London DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - K10plus ISBN ET - Reprint SP - 267 LA - eng SN - 978-1-899825-00-4 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How Does Developing Enforcement Capacity Reduce Wildlife Crime? Increasing program effectiveness by understanding common assumptions AU - Price, Claire AU - Buff, Jesse AU - Peabody, Shawn AU - Present, Tess AU - Lauck, Liz AB - "How Does Developing Enforcement Capacity Reduce Wildlife Crime?" summarizes findings from the literature around four key assumptions about capacity building for enforcement and prosecution. Using the experiences and evidence summarized in this brief, program designers and implementing partners should be able to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their capacity building efforts. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 20 LA - en M3 - Technical Brief PB - USAID ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptiveness through ‘simplest tools and practices’ AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro T2 - Institute of Development Studies AB - In recent years, more and more influential development organisations have been openly recognising the central role that adaptive management capacities – the ability to keep improving strategies and actions as programmes unfold – play for the success of complex interventions. As a result, there has been a rich exchange of ideas and experiences on how to promote adaptiveness in development. But development organisations and professionals are having a hard time translating the many adaptive theories and recommendations into improved practices and outcomes. They are generally failing to adjust the design and operation of programmes to accommodate incipient lessons learnt and the unexpected changes in the context. Nowadays, most programme adaptations still take the form of a change of direction once it is clear that things have gone really wrong. Why is so difficult to put what we know about adaptiveness into practice? And more importantly: what can be done to improve this situation? DA - 2017/11/13/ PY - 2017 UR - https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/adaptiveness-through-simplest-tools-and-practices/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - How to develop capacity in the international development sector AU - Prieto Martín, Pedro T2 - CLARISSA AB - In her acclaimed study of effective cross-organizational teamwork, Harvard Business School Professor Amy C. Edmonson concluded that “trying things that... DA - 2022/08/12/T08:50:14+00:00 PY - 2022 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/how-to-develop-capacity-in-the-international-development-sector/ Y2 - 2024/01/29/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participation Schemas: a tool to characterize collaborative participation AU - Prieto-Martín, Pedro T2 - PDD2014, Contemporary difficulties and future prospects for Participatory and Deliberative Democracy, NewCastle DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 9 EP - 11 J2 - PDD2014, Contemporary difficulties and future prospects for Participatory and Deliberative Democracy, NewCastle ER - TY - RPRT TI - READ ME - HOW TO USE THIS AM LIBRARY AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro CY - Brighton DA - 2019/03// PY - 2019 PB - Institute of Development Studies UR - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OsXs9aofrF9faMrEawoRMjT5dCokSlnY ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management in SDC: Challenges and Opportunities AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Hernandez, Kevin AB - Adaptive management (AM) is a programme management approach that helps international development organisations to become more learning-oriented and more effective in addressing complex development challenges. AM practices have been applied for decades within other sectors as varied as logistics, manufacturing, product design, military strategy, software development and lean enterprise. At its core, AM is not much more than common sense, as it essentially recognises that the solutions to complex and dynamic problems cannot be identified at the outset of a programme but need to emerge throughout the process of implementation as a result of systematic and intentional monitoring and learning. The generic AM process typically involves an iterative cycle of design, implementation, reflection and adaptation activities, supported both by system monitoring and stakeholder involvement to obtain a better understanding of the evolving system and improve how the intervention is managed. A favourable context for AM in development. During recent decades, the international development sector has aimed to increase its results and impact orientation. As a result, a growing number of development organisations and governments have become increasingly aware of the limitations of traditional ‘linear and prescriptive’ programming approaches. They are now recognising the need to handle complexity better, and have begun to adapt their policies and practices to facilitate adaptive approaches. The World Bank, for example, now acknowledges that aid agencies need to increase flexibility of implementation, tolerate greater risk and ambiguity, devolve power from aid providers to aid partners, and avoid simplistic linear schemes for measuring results. Multilateral and bilateral organisations such as the World Bank, the United Kingdom’s (UK) Department for International Development (DFID) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) are currently experimenting with adaptive approaches. A multitude of adaptive approaches and communities of practice have emerged that aim to improve the effectiveness of aid, including Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting, Thinking and Working Politically, Doing Development Differently, Market Systems Development, Conflict-Sensitive Programme Management, and Science of Delivery. Since generic AM approaches have existed for decades in other sectors, AM has the potential to act as a neutral ‘bridge language’ that facilitates exchange and learning among the different communities and donors. This report is the result of a learning partnership between the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). It assesses the relevance of AM to SDC, how it relates to working practices across SDC, and the key challenges and opportunities for SDC. Its process of elaboration involved a literature review on AM, an exploration of AM approaches from several bilateral donors, a series of 6 interviews with SDC staff and partners working in different countries and thematic domains, and a learning workshop at SDC headquarters (HQ), where staff from several SDC divisions reflected on AM and on how to advance the organisation’s capacity for adaptive programming and learning. CY - Brighton DA - 2020/01// PY - 2020 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS ST - Adaptive Management in SDC UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15117 Y2 - 2021/03/04/10:12:30 ER - TY - GEN TI - Interview protocol: Most significant turning points AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro AU - Faith, Becky AB - This interview protocol was used for a research project on adaptiveness in technology for governance initiatives in Kenya. For more information, please read the research report at: Prieto Martin, P.; Hernandez, K.; Faith, B. and Ramalingam, B. (2017) Doing Digital Development Differently: Lessons in adaptive management from technology for governance initiatives in Kenya, MAVC Research Report, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, ids.ac.uk/project/making-all-voices-count DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 PB - Institute of Development Studies UR - https://www.academia.edu/34704208 Y2 - 2017/09/28/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing Digital Development Differently: Lessons in adaptive management from technology for governance initiatives in Kenya AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro AU - Hernandez, Kevin AU - Faith, Becky AU - Ramalingam, Ben T2 - MAVC Research Report AB - Development projects don’t always work as planned. This has long been acknowledged by those in the sector, and has led to several approaches that seek to solve complex development problems through enabling and encouraging greater adaptiveness and learning within projects (e.g. Doing Development Differently and Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation). Digital development projects experience many of these issues. Using technology for transparency and accountability (Tech4T&A) projects in Kenya as case studies, our research analysed the many different theoretical approaches to learning and adaptation, and then tested how these play out in reality. Firstly, we conducted an extensive review of the literature on the spectrum of approaches to adaptive learning. The findings were used to develop a framework through which to analyse adaptiveness at the different layers of complexity in projects (e.g. software design and development, programme design and management). The second part of the research consisted of interviews and focus group discussions with participants in Tech4T&A projects in Kenya. Respondents helped us identify the main characteristics of adaptiveness in their projects (e.g. who needs to adapt, and how and when) and the challenges and issues that inhibit projects’ abilities to be adaptive. This process also revealed how accountability interplays with adaptiveness, and considered how better collaboration flows can enable adaptiveness. From our literature review and empirical study, we draw several conclusions for increasing adaptiveness in digital development projects. These include simplifying the many adaptive theories that abound, increasing responsiveness to project beneficiaries and stakeholders, and for stakeholders to keep on experimenting, networking and advocating. CY - Brighton DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/13285 Y2 - 2019/12/04/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Caracterizando la participación ciudadana en el marco del Gobierno Abierto AU - Prieto-Martín, Pedro AU - Ramírez-Alujas, Álvaro V. T2 - Revista del CLAD. Reforma y Democracia AB - Este artículo profundiza conceptualmente en las dimensiones del Gobierno Abierto, centrándose en el análisis y caracterización de su dimensión participativa. Se propone, en primer lugar, una tipología de actos participativos que muestra el efecto potenciador que las TIC ejercen sobre las distintas formas de participación. En segundo lugar, se presentan los denominados “Esquemas de participación” (EdP), un instrumento conceptual que facilita el análisis y la representación estandarizada de las dimensiones más importantes de la participación. Los EdP proporcionan así, por un lado, un modelo de categorización que extiende nuestra comprensión crítica de la participación y, por otro lado, una herramienta potente y flexible para la comunicación, el diseño y la evaluación de diversos tipos de iniciativas participativas. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 58 UR - http://old.clad.org/portal/publicaciones-del-clad/revista-clad-reforma-democracia/articulos/058-Febrero-2014/caracterizando-la-participacion-ciudadana-en-el-marco-del-gobierno-abierto ER - TY - JOUR TI - Between logframes and theory of change: reviewing debates and a practical experience AU - Prinsen, Gerard AU - Nijhof, Saskia T2 - Development in Practice AB - Theory of Change (ToC) is an emerging methodology in the practice of development programmes, often contrasted with the dominant logical framework. This article reviews current debates around ToC before identifying five aspects that are appreciated in practice. It appears that these aspects mostly cover areas where the logical framework is not – or is no longer – meeting the needs of practitioners. Subsequently, the article analyses experiences in ToC training for NGO staff and concludes that ToC can address shortcomings of the logical framework – if only by going back to some of the roots of the logical framework. DA - 2015/02/17/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1080/09614524.2015.1003532 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 234 EP - 246 SN - 0961-4524 ST - Between logframes and theory of change UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1003532 Y2 - 2023/01/12/12:26:31 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How did China create “Directed Improvisation”? AU - Pritchett, Lant T2 - Building State Capability AB - written by Lant Pritchett Yuen-Yuen Ang, a Professor of Political Science at University of Michigan came to speak at Harvard the other day and I was lucky enough to hear her presentation.  Her most… DA - 2017/05/10/T22:58:55+00:00 PY - 2017 UR - https://buildingstatecapability.com/2017/05/10/how-did-china-create-directed-improvisation Y2 - 2017/05/12/14:08:15 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Let’s Take the Con Out of Randomized Control Trials in Development AU - Pritchett, Lant T2 - CID Faculty Working Paper AB - The enthusiasm for the potential of RCTs in development rests in part on the assumption that the use of the rigorous evidence that emerges from an RCT (or from a small set of studies identified as rigorous in a “systematic” review) leads to the adoption of more effective policies, programs or projects. However, the supposed benefits of using rigorous evidence for “evidence based” policy making depend critically on the extent to which there is external validity. If estimates of causal impact or treatment effects that have internal validity (are unbiased) in one context (where the relevant “context” could be country, region, implementing organization, complementary policies, initial conditions, etc.) cannot be applied to another context then applying evidence that is rigorous in one context may actually reduce predictive accuracy in other contexts relative to simple evidence from that context—even if that evidence is biased (Pritchett and Sandefur 2015). Using empirical estimates from a large number of developing countries of the difference in student learning in public and private schools (just as one potential policy application) I show that commonly made assumptions about external validity are, in the face of the actual observed heterogeneity across contexts, both logically incoherent and empirically unhelpful. Logically incoherent, in that it is impossible to reconcile general claims about external validity of rigorous estimates of causal impact and the heterogeneity of the raw facts about differentials. Empirically unhelpful in that using a single (or small set) of rigorous estimates to apply to all other actually leads to a larger root mean square error of prediction of the “true” causal impact across contexts than just using the estimates from non-experimental data from each country. In the data about private and public schools, under plausible assumptions, an exclusive reliance on the rigorous evidence has RMSE three times worse than using the biased OLS result from each context. In making policy decisions one needs to rely on an understanding of the relevant phenomena that encompasses all of the available evidence. CY - Boston DA - 2021/05// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 40 LA - en PB - Center for International Development, Harvard University SN - 399 UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/files/bsc/files/2021-05-cid-wp-399-external-validity.pdf Y2 - 2021/06/25/00:00:00 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - The Debate about RCTs in Development is over. We won. They lost. T2 - DRi Seminar A2 - Pritchett, Lant AB - There has been a debate in development economics over the last 20 years as some claimed the use of RCTs as a tool for independent impact evaluation would significantly improve development practice and hence development. While right about the methodological claims about the superiority of randomization to produce cleaner estimates of the LATE (local average treatment effect) of projects and programs, this, in and of itself, does not change development practice. All of the five claims needed to sustain a positive model in which RCT/IIE has a major positive impact are demonstrably false. The proponents of RCTs have responded to losing the first round decisively by changing significantly both their claims and their practice. CY - New York DA - 2018/02/21/ PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - http://www.nyudri.org/events-index/2018/2/22/lant-pritchett-talk-the-debate-about-rcts-in-development-is-over-we-won-they-lost Y2 - 2019/03/15/11:55:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - It's All About MeE: Using Structured Experiential Learning (“e”) to Crawl the Design Space AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Samji, Salimah AU - Hammer, Jeffrey T2 - Working Paper 322 AB - This paper argues that within-project variations in design can serve as their own counterfactual, reducing the incremental cost of evaluation and increasing the direct usefulness of evaluation to implementing agencies. It suggests combining monitoring (‘M’), structured experiential learning (‘e’), and evaluation (‘E’) so as to facilitate innovation and organisational capability building while also providing accountability … CY - Washington DC DA - 2013/04// PY - 2013 PB - Center for Global Development ST - It's All About MeE UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/its-all-about-mee-using-structured-experiential-learning-e-to-crawl-the-design-space/ Y2 - 2017/05/17/15:17:34 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Berkana Two Loop Model: A quick introduction to an accessible model for systems change AU - Proud, Emma T2 - LinkedIn - Emma Proud AB - A model I've been using a lot recently, to bring systems thinking to life, is the Berkana Two Loop model. It doesn't describe complexity or systems thinking. But it does describe systems change in a way that's simple and oriented to action. DA - 2023/03/28/ PY - 2023 UR - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/berkana-two-loop-model-quick-introduction-accessible-systems-proud/?ref=hellobrink.co Y2 - 2023/10/31/11:40:43 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Managing uncertainty when your brain doesn’t like it AU - Proud, Emma T2 - LearnAdapt AB - Over lockdown there were a lot of tantrums in our household. The tears and tussles were at a dramatic high when the schools closed, and… DA - 2020/07/16/T15:59:12.251Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/managing-uncertainty-when-your-brain-doesnt-like-it-9f220ffe1252 Y2 - 2020/10/14/09:56:43 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Physically distanced adaptive management AU - Proud, Emma T2 - LearnAdapt AB - Opportunities and challenges for local leadership DA - 2020/07/06/T18:05:47.825Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/physically-distanced-adaptive-management-58f1aa672d45 Y2 - 2020/10/14/09:56:41 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Principles for managing in complexity AU - Proud, Emma T2 - LearnAdapt AB - Written by Toby Lowe and Shaheen Warren (Centre for Public Impact) and Sam Sharp (Overseas Development Institute), with input from Jamie… DA - 2020/11/30/T17:43:04.450Z PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/principles-for-managing-in-complexity-daee9a056b9d Y2 - 2023/08/06/19:29:09 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Procuring and Managing Adaptively: 5 Case Studies of Adaptive Mechanisms AU - Pryor, Tony T2 - USAID Learning Lab, USAID AB - Flexibility in program management is essential in all of the countries where USAID works. This is especially true in non-permissive environments (NPEs), where the ability to learn and adapt quickly to changing circumstances can help USAID staff members achieve their desired outcomes. DA - 2018/08/13/T13:51:32-04:00 PY - 2018 LA - en ST - Procuring and Managing Adaptively UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/procuring-and-managing-adaptively-5-case-studies-adaptive-mechanisms Y2 - 2019/08/22/21:43:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Programming in Fragile, Conflict and Violence-Affected Settings, What Works and Under What Conditions?: The Case of PERL, Nigeria AU - Punton, Melanie AU - Burge, Richard T2 - Action for Empowerment and Accountability Research Programme AB - This paper examines adaptive approaches to aid programming in Nigeria. Through field research and desk reviews, we have investigated some of the assertions around the ‘adaptive management and programming’ approach, which has arisen in recent years as a response to critiques of overly rigid, pre-designed, blueprint and linear project plans. This is the second of three case studies in a series which explore if and how adaptive approaches, including rapid learning and planning responses, are particularly relevant and useful for promoting empowerment and accountability in fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings (FCVAS). This case study focuses on PERL (Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn) in Nigeria, a five-year governance programme (2016-21) with a total budget of £100 million. It aims to promote better service delivery through bringing together government and citizens groups to collectively address governance challenges. PERL is viewed by DFID as the final stage of a 20-year investment, building on learning, experience and partnerships from 15 years of DFID-funded governance programming in Nigeria. It was designed to incorporate learning and adaptation through a ‘living’ theory of change, continuous political economy analysis at different levels, adaptive implementation by location-based delivery teams who are encouraged to be flexible and let partners take the lead, regular learning and reflection, and adaptive resourcing, HR and administrative systems. The case study draws on a conceptual framework (the ‘adaptive triangle’) that looks at three types of adaptation – adaptive management, adaptive programming and adaptive delivery – and the interconnections and tensions between them. CY - Brighton DA - 2018/11/26/ PY - 2018 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Itad, Oxfam and IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14148 Y2 - 2019/02/04/00:00:00 KW - A4EA KW - Adaptive Development KW - Economy KW - Fishery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Keeping it Real: Using Mechanisms to Promote Use in the Realist Evaluation of the Building Capacity to Use Research Evidence Program AU - Punton, Melanie AU - Vogel, Isabel T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - This chapter explores the use of mechanisms within the realist evaluation of the Building Capacity to Use Research Evidence (BCURE) program, a £15.7 million initiative aiming to improve the use of evidence in decision-making in low and middle-income countries. The evaluation was commissioned to establish not just whether BCURE worked but also how and why capacity building can contribute to increased use of evidence in policymaking in the very different contexts in which the program operated. This chapter argues that using mechanisms helped provide nuanced and robust insights into these questions, while also strengthening the usefulness and policy relevance of the evaluation. Drawing primarily on qualitative data, including interviews with more than 500 stakeholders over 3 years, the evaluation explored the mechanisms that promote capacities to use evidence in decision-making, through developing and testing realist context-intervention-mechanism-outcome configurations (CIMOs). Uncovering the value of mechanisms for policy and program learning was not easy, and the chapter sets out some of the thorny challenges faced and how the BCURE evaluation navigated these. Ultimately, the use of mechanisms in the BCURE evaluation helped to generate practical and nuanced insights that fed directly into the design of a £17 million follow-up program. The seven mechanisms uncovered are continuing to inform our own and others’ work on institutional capacity change in a wide range of fields. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20427 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 87 EP - 100 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Keeping it Real UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20427 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reflections from a Realist Evaluation in Progress: Scaling Ladders and Stitching Theory AU - Punton, Melanie AU - Vogel, Isabel AU - Lloyd, Rob T2 - CDI Practice Paper 18 AB - Realist evaluation provides valuable insights into how and why programmes lead to change, and can generate transferable lessons to help practitioners roll out or scale up an intervention. However, as ... CY - Brighton DA - 2016//04/ PY - 2016 LA - en PB - IDS ST - Reflections from a Realist Evaluation in Progress UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/reflections-from-a-realist-evaluation-in-progress-scaling-ladders-and-stitching-theory Y2 - 2018/07/27/10:31:22 ER - TY - DATA TI - Straws-in-the-wind, Hoops and Smoking Guns: What can Process Tracing Offer to Impact Evaluation? AU - Punton, Melanie AU - Welle, Katharina AB - This CDI Practice Paper by Melanie Punton and Katharina Welle explains the methodological and theoretical foundations of process tracing, and discusses its potential application in international development impact evaluations. It draws on two early applications of process tracing for assessing impact in international development interventions: Oxfam Great Britain (GB)’s contribution to advancing universal health care in Ghana, and the impact of the Hunger and Nutrition Commitment Index (HANCI) on policy change in Tanzania. In a companion to this paper, Practice Paper 10 Annex describes the main steps in applying process tracing and provides some examples of how these steps might be applied in practice. DA - 2015/04// PY - 2015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en NV - 10 PB - Centre for Development Impact ST - Straws-in-the-wind, Hoops and Smoking Guns UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/5997 Y2 - 2019/06/21/18:48:54 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Engines of Change: What Civic Tech can learn from Social Movements AU - Purpose AU - Omidyar Network DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Omidyar Network and Purpose UR - http://enginesofchange.omidyar.com/docs/OmidyarEnginesOfChange.pdf Y2 - 2016/07/11/11:31:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovation teams and labs. A Practice Guide AU - Puttick, Ruth CY - London DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Nesta UR - http://states-of-change.org/assets/downloads/innovation_teams_and_labs_a_practice_guide.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/03/09:18:45 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Building elevators for development mutants AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio T2 - Disrupt & Innovate AB - I recently had the opportunity to learn about General Mill’s (the US food giant) “emerging brands elevator” program (also known as 301 Inc). Traditionally, General Mills has grown either through mergers and acquisitions, or by building new businesses from the ground up. Increasingly, however, it found that small brands were much faster at innovation, so … Continue reading Building elevators for development mutants DA - 2016/08/09/T06:30:06+02:00 PY - 2016 UR - https://disrupt-and-innovate.org/building-elevators-development-mutants/ Y2 - 2016/09/16/13:32:39 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Profiling the international development mutants AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio T2 - Development Impact and You AB - As part of a new series, we talk to Giulio Quaggiotto about the development ‘mutants’ – innovators working at the edge of the field. DA - 2017/05/18/T08:49:17+00:00 PY - 2017 UR - http://diytoolkit.org/profiling-the-development-mutants/ Y2 - 2017/05/31/18:34:28 ER - TY - BLOG TI - The era of development mutants AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio T2 - Nesta AB - If you were looking for the cutting edge of the development sector, where would you go these days? DA - 2016/04/11/ PY - 2016 UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/era-development-mutants Y2 - 2017/02/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Innovation at UNDP: from weekend sport to daily practice AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio AU - Begovic, Mellie T2 - Nesta AB - The experience of working to embed innovation approaches in everyday practice at UNDP's country offices DA - 2016/04/19/ PY - 2016 ST - Innovation at UNDP UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/innovation-undp-weekend-sport-daily-practice Y2 - 2016/09/16/10:53:08 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Fall in love with the solution, not the problem AU - Quaggiotto, Giulio AU - Leurs, Bas AU - Hazeldine, Shaun T2 - Nesta AB - Three strategies for international development organisations to solve problems without defining them. DA - 2016/07/05/ PY - 2016 UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/fall-love-solution-not-problem Y2 - 2016/09/16/13:55:19 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Connect. Learn. Adapt. Repeat - Practicing adaptive management in complex, conflict-affected environments: barriers and promising practices AU - Queen, Emily Forsyth AB - To shift aid culture toward adaptive management, we can: - Stay humble, empathetic, and build skills in facilitation and listening. - Focus on working with more flexible foundations or individual donors. Or, work for more rigid donors and help make their policies more flexible. - Get clearer about goals and processes while finding ways to be less specific and more committed to local leadership about pathways to get to the goal. - Resist looking for a magic adaptive management tool and instead get clearer about when teams make what kinds of decisions and matching to tools that support that decision-making. - Validate that everyone’s perspective is a form of data and try out simple ways to document how teams learns and changes. - Broaden and ground the idea of expertise – remembering that, especially when working with folx on the margins, people are the only experts on their own life. Practitioners must also examine how dominant patriarchal, white supremacist, colonial ideas have pushed us toward wanting more control, less flexibility, and less space for equitable decision making. DA - 2018/11/18/T19:22:47Z PY - 2018 UR - https://datavizhelp.kumu.io/connect-learn-adapt-repeat Y2 - 2022/06/17/13:03:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Snapshot of Adaptive Management in Peacebuilding Programs AU - Queen, Emily Forsyth AU - Baumgardner-Zuzik, Jessica AU - Hume, Elizabeth AU - Greenberg, Melanie AB - The Alliance for Peacebuilding developed the report Snapshot of Adaptive Management in Peacebuilding Programs with support from Humanity United. This report examines how existing organizational programs are designing and learning from adaptive management in a conflict effected and fragile states. It further provides practical recommendations for applying adaptive management to peacebuilding programs based on synthesis … Continue reading "Snapshot of Adaptive Management in Peacebuilding Programs" CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en-US PB - Alliance for Peacebuilding UR - https://www.dmeforpeace.org/resource/snapshot-of-adaptive-management-in-peacebuilding-programs/ Y2 - 2020/08/13/11:05:14 KW - KEY ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of environmental sensors and sensor networks to develop water and salinity budgets for seasonal wetland real-time water quality management AU - Quinn, Nigel W. T. AU - Ortega, Ricardo AU - Rahilly, Patrick J. A. AU - Royer, Caleb W. T2 - Environmental Modelling & Software T3 - Thematic issue on Sensors and the Environment – Modelling & ICT challenges AB - Management of river salt loads in a complex and highly regulated river basin such as the San Joaquin River Basin of California presents significant challenges for current Information Technology. Computer-based numerical models are used as a means of simulating hydrologic processes and water quality within the basin and can be useful tools for organizing Basin data in a structured and readily accessible manner. These models can also be used to extend information derived from environmental sensors within existing monitoring networks to areas outside these systems based on similarity factors – since it would be cost prohibitive to collect data for every channel or pollutant source within the Basin. A common feature of all hydrologic and water quality models is the ability to perform mass balances. This paper describes the use of a number of state-of-the-art sensor technologies that have been deployed to obtain water and salinity mass balances for a 60,000ha tract of seasonally managed wetlands in the San Joaquin River Basin of California. These sensor technologies are being combined with more traditional environmental monitoring techniques to support real-time salinity management (RTSM) in the River Basin. Two of these new technology applications: YSI-Econet (which supports continuous flow and salinity monitoring of surface water deliveries and seasonal wetland drainage); and electromagnetic salinity mapping (a remote sensing technology for mapping soil salinity in the surface soils) – have not previously been reported in the literature. Continuous sensor deployments that experience more widespread use include: weather station sensor arrays – used to estimate wetland pond evaporation and moist soil plant evapotranspiration; high resolution multi-spectral imagery – used to discriminate between and estimate the area of wetland moist soil plant vegetation; and groundwater level sensors – used primarily to estimate seepage losses beneath a wetland pond during flood-up. Important issues associated with quality assurance of continuous data are discussed and the application of a state-of-the-art software product AQUARIUS, which streamlines the process of data error correction and dissemination, is described as an essential element of ensuring successful RTSM implementation in the San Joaquin River Basin. DA - 2010/09/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.10.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 25 IS - 9 SP - 1045 EP - 1058 J2 - Environmental Modelling & Software SN - 1364-8152 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815209002837 Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:02:03 KW - Environmental decision support KW - Forecasting KW - Sensor networks KW - Sensors KW - Water quality ER - TY - BLOG TI - Agile on steroids through the RenDanHeYi AU - Quintarelli, Emanuele T2 - Boundaryless AB - This article offers initial insights into the overlap, positioning, shared values, and convergences between RenDanHeYi compared to agile practices. DA - 2023/07/14/ PY - 2023 UR - https://www.boundaryless.io/blog/agile-on-steroids-rendanheyi/ Y2 - 2023/07/19/14:54:26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Call for Innovation in International Development AU - R4D DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Results for Development UR - http://www.r4d.org/sites/resultsfordevelopment.org/files/Call for Innovation in International Development.pdf Y2 - 2017/05/24/09:51:13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What are you afraid of: Collective leadership and its learning implications AU - Raelin, Joseph A T2 - Management Learning AB - In this provocation, the author attempts to cite the advantages of collective leadership while acknowledging the objections and fears of challengers. Collective leadership is seen as remote because it defies the traditional view of leadership as an individualistic attractive quality that not only protects us but is efficient when applied. Nevertheless, the collective alternative may not only be advisable but required in a connected world featuring a networked economy. The contemporary socio-politico-economic environment requires the contribution of, creativity from, and collaboration among multiple agents providing a dynamic concentration of management and knowledge. If we are to accept and recognize the contribution of a collective leadership, its development would require an entirely different learning model. In particular, collective leadership development occurs as an acute immersion into the practices that are embedded within in situ material–discursive relations—in other words, among people, objects, and their institutions. DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1177/1350507617729974 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 66 J2 - Management Learning LA - en SN - 1350-5076, 1461-7307 ST - What are you afraid of UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350507617729974 Y2 - 2023/05/22/13:07:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - MERL Tech State of the Field - The evolution of MERL Tech AU - Raftree, Linda DA - 2020/04// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 30 LA - en PB - MERL Tech UR - https://merltech.org/resources/merl-tech-state-of-the-field-the-evolution-of-merl-tech/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Emerging Opportunities: Monitoring and Evaluation in a Tech-Enabled World AU - Raftree, Linda AU - Bamberger, Michael T2 - Discussion Paper AB - Monitoring and evaluation practice is using information and communication technologies for more timely data, and more inclusive voice and feedback. DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 PB - ITAD & Rockefeller Foundation ST - Emerging Opportunities UR - https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/report/emerging-opportunities-monitoring/ Y2 - 2017/02/11/11:11:49 ER - TY - BOOK TI - What Is a Case?: Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry AU - Ragin, Charles AB - The concept of the case is a basic feature of social science research and yet many questions about how a case should be defined, selected, and judged are far from settled. The contributors to this volume probe the nature of the case and the ways in which different understandings of the concept affect the conduct and the results of research. The contributions demonstrate that the work of any given researcher is often characterised by some hybrid of these basic approaches, and it is important to understand that most research involves multiple definitions and uses of cases, as both specific empirical phenomena and as general theoretical categories. CY - Cambridge England ; New York, NY, USA DA - 2010/08/12/ PY - 2010 ET - 11th ed. edition SP - 254 LA - English PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-521-42188-1 ST - What Is a Case? UR - https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/sociology/research-methods-sociology-and-criminology/what-case-exploring-foundations-social-inquiry?format=PB&isbn=9780521421881 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Getting Practical With Causal Mechanisms: The application of Process-Tracing Under Real-World Evaluation Constraints AU - Raimondo, Estelle T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Over the past decade, the field of development evaluation has seen a renewed interest in methodological approaches that can answer compelling causal questions about what works, for whom, and why. Development evaluators have notably started to experiment with Bayesian Process Tracing to unpack, test, and enhance their comprehension of causal mechanisms triggered by development interventions. This chapter conveys one such experience of applying Bayesian Process Tracing to the study of citizen engagement interventions within a conditional cash transfer program under real-world evaluation conditions. The chapter builds on this experience to discuss the benefits, challenges, and potential for the applicability of this approach under real-world evaluation conditions of time, money, and political constraints. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20430 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 45 EP - 58 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Getting Practical With Causal Mechanisms UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20430 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:31 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Aid on the Edge of Chaos: Rethinking International Cooperation in a Complex World AU - Ramalingam, Ben AB - It is widely recognised that the foreign aid system - of which every country in the world is a part - is in need of drastic overhaul. There are conflicting opinions as to what should be done. Some call for dramatic increases to achieve longstanding promises. Others bang the drum for cutting it altogether, and suggest putting the fate of poor and vulnerable people in the hands of markets or business. A few argue that what is needed is creative, innovative transformation. The arguments in Aid on the Edge of Chaos are firmly in the third of these categories. In this ground-breaking book, Ben Ramalingam shows that the linear, mechanistic models and assumptions that foreign aid is built on are more at home in early twentieth century industry than in the dynamic, complex world we face today. The reality is that economies and societies are less like machines and more like ecosystems. Aid on the Edge of Chaos explores how thinkers and practitioners in economics, business, and public policy have started to embrace new, ecologically literate approaches to thinking and acting, informed by the ideas of complex adaptive systems research. It showcases insights, experiences, and dramatic results of a growing network of practitioners, researchers, and policy makers who are applying a complexity-informed approach to aid challenges. From transforming approaches to child malnutrition, to rethinking process of macroeconomic growth, from rural Vietnam to urban Columbia, Aid on the Edge of Chaos shows how embracing the ideas of complex systems thinking can help make foreign aid more relevant, more appropriate, more innovative, and more catalytic. It argues that taking on these ideas will be a vital part of the transformation of aid, from a post-WW2 mechanism of resource transfer, to a truly innovative and dynamic form of global cooperation fit for the twenty-first century. CY - Oxford DA - 2014/01/03/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon SP - 480 LA - English PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-957802-3 ST - Aid on the Edge of Chaos ER - TY - BLOG TI - Development innovation: Fad, silo or catalyst? AU - Ramalingam, Ben T2 - Nesta AB - In the first of a two-part blog piece, Ben Ramalingam, affiliate of the Overseas Development Institute / Institute of Development Studies, discusses the challenges of implementing innovation in to the development sector - from keeping expectations realistic to managing the innovation process and assessing impact and value. DA - 2015/03/12/ PY - 2015 ST - Development innovation UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/development-innovation-fad-silo-or-catalyst Y2 - 2017/06/29/06:57:41 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Development innovation: Taking the high road AU - Ramalingam, Ben T2 - Nesta AB - In part two of his blog on the challenges facing development innovation, Ben Ramalingam suggests how we might take the ‘high road’ to bring about long-lasting and meaningful innovation in the sector. DA - 2015/04/01/ PY - 2015 ST - Development innovation UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/development-innovation-taking-high-road Y2 - 2017/06/29/06:57:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Herramientas de Conocimiento y Aprendizaje: Una Guía para Organizaciones Humanitarias y de Desarrollo AU - Ramalingam, Ben AB - This toolkit presents entry points and references to the wide range of tools and methods that have been used to facilitate improved knowledge and learning in the development and humanitarian sectors. CY - London DA - 2006/07// PY - 2006 PB - ODI ST - Tools for Knowledge and Learning UR - http://www.odi.org/publications/153-tools-knowledge-learning-guide-development-humanitarian-organisations Y2 - 2016/03/24/16:50:26 KW - spanish ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning how to learn: eight lessons for impact evaluations that make a difference AU - Ramalingam, Ben AB - This Background Note outlines key lessons on impact evaluations, utilisation-focused evaluations and evidence-based policy. While methodological pluralism is the key to effective impact evaluation in development, the focus here is on the factors that need to be considered for impact evaluations to be used in policy and practice – regardless of the method employed. CY - London DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 PB - ODI ST - Learning how to learn UR - http://www.odi.org/publications/5716-impact-evaluation-assessment-lesson-learning Y2 - 2016/03/24/16:56:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to Adapt: Building Adaptive Management as a Core Competency in Development Practice AU - Ramalingam, Ben AB - Key messages 1. Development policies and programs increasingly operate in situations of high complexity and uncertainty. 2. There are growing efforts across the sector to design, plan and implement more adaptive responses that are more relevant and appropriate in such contexts 3. At the heart of effective adaptive programming is the capability to gather, interpret and use knowledge, information and data in real-time 4. Strengthening this capability requires a positive enabling environment—including tools and methods, structures and processes, leadership and management and culture and mindsets. 5. For adaptive development to succeed, there needs to be greater attention and investment in both knowledge, information and data systems and in appropriate enabling environments DA - 2016/05/09/ PY - 2016 PB - Institute of Development Studies UR - https://www.globalinnovationexchange.org/learning-adapt Y2 - 2016/09/05/15:02:32 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Manifesto for Half-Arsed Development Reforms AU - Ramalingam, Ben T2 - Aid on the Edge of Chaos DA - 2014/01/24/T12:45:24+00:00 PY - 2014 UR - aidontheedge.info/2014/01/24/manifesto-for-half-arsed-development-reforms/ Y2 - 2016/07/22/10:20:15 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Tools for Knowledge and Learning: A Guide for Development and Humanitarian Organisations AU - Ramalingam, Ben AB - This toolkit presents entry points and references to the wide range of tools and methods that have been used to facilitate improved knowledge and learning in the development and humanitarian sectors. CY - London DA - 2006/07// PY - 2006 PB - ODI ST - Tools for Knowledge and Learning UR - http://www.odi.org/publications/153-tools-knowledge-learning-guide-development-humanitarian-organisations Y2 - 2018/12/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bridging Real-Time Data and Adaptive Management in International Devepment - Case Study Report AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Barnett, Inka AU - Valters, Craig AU - Oppenheimer, Carrie AU - Levy, Anna AU - Hernandez, Kevin CY - Brighton DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - IDS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Innovation for International Development: Navigating the Paths and Pitfalls A3 - Ramalingam, Ben A3 - Bound, Kirsten AB - Experiences, insights and practical advice from over 20 leading practitioners in innovation for international development, brought together in one collection. CY - London DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 PB - NESTA UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/innovation-international-development Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:46:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ten Frontier Technologies for International Development AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Hernandez, Kevin AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro AU - Faith, Becky AB - As new technologies and digital business models reshape economies and disrupt incumbencies, interest has surged in the potential of novel frontier technologies to also contribute to positive changes in international development and humanitarian contexts. Widespread adoption of new technologies is acknowledged as centrally important to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. But while frontier technologies can rapidly address large-scale economic, social or political challenges, they can also involve the displacement of existing technologies and carry considerable uncertainty and risk. Although there have been significant wins bringing the benefits of new technologies to poor consumers through examples such as mobile money or off-grid solar energy, there are many other areas where the applications may not yet have been developed into viable market solutions, or where opportunities have not yet been taken up in development practice. CY - Brighton DA - 2016/11/01/ PY - 2016 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12637 Y2 - 2016/11/07/11:24:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and implications for development and humanitarian efforts AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Jones, Harry AU - Reba, Toussaint AU - Young, John T2 - Working Paper 285 AB - This paper draws on the science of complexity to outline alternative approaches to analysing and understanding problems faced in humanitarian and development work. CY - London DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008 PB - ODI ST - Exploring the science of complexity UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/583-science-complexity Y2 - 2017/04/10/14:05:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - From best practice to best fit: understanding and navigating wicked problems in international development AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Laric, Miguel AU - Primrose, John T2 - Working Paper DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Google Scholar PB - ODI ST - From best practice to best fit UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/8571-complexity-wiked-problems-tools-ramalingam-dfid Y2 - 2016/09/22/12:24:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strengthening humanitarian networks: Applying the network functions approach AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Mendizabal, Enrique AU - Schenkenberg van Mierop, Ed T2 - Background papers AB - This note offers a simple, flexible and powerful methodology — the network functions approach (NFA) — that can be applied to analyse and strengthen humanitarian and development networks. Based on research undertaken at ODI and elsewhere, the NFA suggests there are six overlapping functions that different networks perform in varying combinations. Through reflection on a network’s current activities and how they relate to each of these functions, the NFA helps those facilitating, acting within or supporting networks to work towards an ‘ideal’ functional mix. The aim is for network strategies to be honed, thinking clarified, activities sharpened and ultimately, humanitarian performance improved. CY - London DA - 2008/04// PY - 2008 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - en PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/831.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/07/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to change: The case for systemic learning strategies in the humanitarian sector AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Mitchell, John AB - This paper presents the case for systemic organisational change in the humanitarian system. The paper firstly shows that that organisational learning has tended to reinforce existing ways of working and has not been able to shift a culture that values action over reflection. As a result, the rest of the paper asks about the most significant changes in the humanitarian sector CY - London DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 LA - en PB - ALNAP/ODI ST - Learning to change UR - https://www.alnap.org/help-library/learning-to-change-the-case-for-systemic-learning-strategies-in-the-humanitarian-sector Y2 - 2023/05/22/11:05:06 ER - TY - MGZN TI - 5 Principles to Guide Adaptive Leadership AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Nabarro, David AU - Oqubuy, Arkebe AU - Carnall, Dame Ruth AU - Wild, Leni T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - How you respond to a crisis will have repercussions for years to come. The Covid-19 pandemic is constantly evolving, with leaders facing unpredictability, imperfect information, multiple unknowns, and the need to identify responses quickly — all while recognizing the multi-dimensional (health-related, economic, social, political, cultural) nature of the crisis. Responding to the crisis requires adaptive leadership, which involves what we refer to as the 4 A’s: Anticipation of likely future needs, trends and options. Articulation of these needs to build collective understanding and support for action. Adaptation so that there is continuous learning and the adjustment of responses as necessary. Accountability, including maximum transparency in decision-making processes and openness to challenges and feedback. DA - 2020/09/11/T12:05:17Z PY - 2020 DP - hbr.org SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://hbr.org/2020/09/5-principles-to-guide-adaptive-leadership Y2 - 2020/09/28/13:40:17 KW - Crisis management KW - Leadership ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strengthening the Humanitarian Innovation Ecosystem AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Rush, Howard AU - Bessant, John AU - Marshall, Nicholas AU - Gray, Bill AU - Hoffman, Kurt AU - Bayley, Simon AU - Warren, Kim CY - Brighton DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Google Scholar PB - University of Brighton UR - https://www.brighton.ac.uk/_pdf/research/centrim/humanitarian-innovation-ecosystem-research-project-final-report-with-recommendations.pdf Y2 - 2021/04/28/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Innovations in international humanitarian action AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Scriven, Kim AU - Foley, Conor T2 - 8th review of humanitarian action CY - London DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - ALNAP UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-rha-2009.pdf Y2 - 2021/03/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making adaptive rigour work - Principles and practices for strenghening monitoring, evaluation and learning for adaptive management AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Wild, Leni AU - Buffardi, Anne L AB - Adaptive programmes can be accountable, rigorous and high quality in how they use evidence by taking an ’adaptive rigour’ approach. Core development and humanitarian challenges are complex, and require processes of testing, learning and iteration to find solutions – adaptive management offers one approach for this. Yet large bureaucracies and development organisations can have low tolerance for experimentation and learning, and adaptive management can be viewed as an excuse for ‘making things up as you go along’. This briefing from the Global Learning for Adaptive Management (GLAM) initiative argues that adaptive programmes can be accountable, rigorous and high quality in how they use evidence – but this requires rethinking some key assumptions about how they are practised. The paper sets out three key elements of an ‘adaptive rigour’ approach: - Strengthening the quality of monitoring, evaluation and learning data and systems. - Ensuring appropriate investment in monitoring, evaluation and learning across the programme cycle. - Strengthening capacities and incentives to ensure the effective use of evidence and learning as part of decision-making, leading ultimately to improved effectiveness. CY - London DA - 2019/04// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - ODI/GLAM ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive leadership in the coronavirus response AU - Ramalingam, Ben AU - Wild, Leni AU - Ferrari, Matt AB - The coronavirus pandemic poses unprecedented challenges to science, policy and the interface between the two. How – and how quickly – policy-makers, practitioners and researchers react to this emerging and complex crisis is making a profound difference to people’s lives and livelihoods (WHO, 2020). But how can we ensure effective collective decision-making on the basis of emerging evidence, changing trends and shifting scientific understanding, all in the face of considerable uncertainty? Recent experience highlights the need for adaptive leadership in national and global responses to the outbreak. This briefing paper sets out key principles for what this might look like, and proposes a roadmap for policy-makers, practitioners and researchers to move towards such an approach as they tackle the unfolding crisis. Key messages Tackling the coronavirus outbreak requires adaptation at operational and leadership levels. Operationally, there is scope to strengthen evidence-based adaptive management practices, to adjust the mix and type of interventions being implemented and learn as we go so as to achieve shared goals. This requires adaptive leadership capacities, being open and transparent about learning, using collective decision-making processes and building trust with communities and individuals. CY - London DA - 2020/04// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - en M3 - Briefing note PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/16817-adaptive-leadership-coronavirus-response-bridging-science-policy-and-practice ER - TY - BOOK TI - Utilization focused evaluation: a primer for evaluators AU - Ramirez, Ricardo AU - Brodhead, Dal AB - Ramírez, R., & Brodhead, D. (2013). Utilization focused evaluation: A primer for evaluators. Penang, Malaysia: Southbound. Retrieved from http://evaluationinpractice.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/ufeenglishprimer... This book, authored by Ricardo Ramírez and Dal Brodhead, is designed to support evaluators and program managers implement Utilization-focused evaluation (UFE). It includes detailed discussion of the 12 steps for implementing UFE and also provides a number of case studies to guide the user. Excerpt "Throughout this Primer we refer to the value of having a mentor to assist an evaluator who is using UFE for the first time. Our collective experiences with UFE indicated having a mentor was, for many UFE participants, an essential support and it reflects how we learned and mentored UFE. Evaluators may use elements of a UFE in their work naturally, for example by engaging users in planning the process or in assisting them in the utilization of findings. This Primer, however, walks the reader through UFE by systematically covering all of the 12 steps. It reflects deeply on the UFE evaluation practice and builds from it." (Ramírez & Brodhead 2013) Contents What is Utilization Focused Evaluation? 1 The UFE Framework Summarized in Steps 3 The DECI Project 6 The UFE Steps Illustrated with Project Examples 9 Step 1 Assessing Program Readiness 10 Step 2 Assessing Evaluators’ Readiness 18 Step 3 Identifying Primary Intended Users 24 Step 4 Situational Analysis 31 Step 5 Identification of Primary Intended Users 38 Step 6 Focusing the Evaluation 44 Step 7 Evaluation Design 54 Step 8 Simulation of Use 58 Step 9 Data Collection 62 Step 10 Data Analysis 65 Step 11 Facilitation of Use 68 Step 12 Meta Evaluation 72 Summary About What Each Step Entails 76 What Benefit Does UFE Bring to Commissioners of Evaluation? 81 Take Away Lessons 83 Postscript 87 The UFE Checklist 89 Case Studies 103 Recommended Reading 110 CY - Penang, Malaysia DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Open WorldCat SP - 132 LA - English PB - Southbound SN - 978-983-9054-61-3 ST - Utilization focused evaluation UR - https://evaluationinpractice.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/ufeenglishprimer.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accounting for a changing and uncertain climate in planning and policymaking today: lessons for developing countries AU - Ranger, Nicola AU - Garbett-Shiels, Su-Lin T2 - Climate and Development AB - Climate change is increasingly altering the pattern of climate-related risks. Developing countries and in particular least developed countries will be among the most severely impacted by climate change. These risks can seem remote in comparison with more immediate threats and needs, but if climate change is not considered upfront in existing planning and policymaking processes today, decision makers risk locking-in future impacts that may prove irreversible or much more costly and difficult to rectify than is necessary. The challenge for planners and policymakers, explored in this paper, is that future climate conditions are deeply uncertain. Decision methods are available to tackle these problems; however, these tend to be data- and resource-intensive and therefore, difficult to routinely apply. Further, a gap in currently available guidance is the explicit link to the adaptation needs of a developing country. We discuss the implications of this development context for the priorities for adaptation and the relative allocation of efforts in adaptation. This paper focuses on the identification of adaptation options and strategies that are robust to the deep uncertainties in future climate risk, culminating in a framework of six building blocks. It takes the perspective of exploring how decisions today might be adjusted to account for uncertain and changing long-term climate risks. We suggest a core principle is to focus on promoting climate-resilient development and increasing long-term adaptive capacity while, crucially, avoiding inflexible decisions that could lock-in future climate risk or foreclose adaptation options. DA - 2012/10/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1080/17565529.2012.732919 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 288 EP - 300 SN - 1756-5529 ST - Accounting for a changing and uncertain climate in planning and policymaking today UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.732919 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:49:48 KW - Adaptation KW - Climate change KW - Development KW - Planning KW - robustness KW - uncertainty ER - TY - RPRT TI - Problem-driven iterative approaches and wider governance reform AU - Rao, Sumedh T2 - Helpdesk Research Report 1099 AB - Identify evidence which suggests that problem-driven, iterative approaches to public sector reform can deliver more substantial, wider, long-term governance reform. CY - Birmingham DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 PB - GSDRC, University of Birmingham UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/publications/problem-driven-iterative-approaches-and-wider-governance-reform/ Y2 - 2017/06/15/08:52:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adapting lean thinking to market systems development: Principles and practices for donors/funders AU - Rasmussen, Leanne AB - The purpose of this paper is to provide funders and implementers of market systems development (MSD) projects with principles, practices, and structures that enables these projects to thrive. It is based on a book that has sold millions of copies worldwide, and a school of thought taught at institutions such as Harvard Business School and practiced in companies ranging from giants such as Toyota to the most successful tech start-ups in Silicon Valley. Published in 2011, Eric Ries wrote the Lean Startup as a remedy to the countless start-ups that create their own demises by getting started with the wrong goals, the wrong structures, and the wrong processes. He outlines an approach that enables the startup to navigate ambiguity and risk while using resources effectively. The conditions a MSD project faces are remarkably similar to those which a startup business faces; it needs structures and processes that are matched to the unpredictable, complex environment which it is attempting to influence. MSD projects can thus benefit from private-sector thought leadership on how start-ups can situate themselves for success. This paper starts with an overview of lean thinking, a concept that derives from lean manufacturing which is widely accepted as the leading approach to modern manufacturing. It explains how Ries’s Lean Startup adapts these principles, and then it in turn adapts these ideas for market systems development. The following three sections provide an overview of Lean Startup concepts, applying them to the development sector as appropriate. The final section summarizes and makes suggestions on next steps for funders who wish to set MSD projects up for success using a lean approach. Overall, the paper builds a case for how the Lean Startup’s approach can enable MSD projects to work successfully in ambiguity and increase their potential for achieving robust and sustainable results, all while using donor resources more efficiently. CY - Toronto DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Engineers without borders UR - http://www.seepnetwork.org/adapting-lean-thinking-to-market-systems-development--principles-and-practices-for-donors-funders-resources-1315.php Y2 - 2017/02/18/00:00:00 KW - Adaptive Development KW - Lean ER - TY - RPRT TI - Retrospective ‘Outcome Harvesting’: Generating robust insights about a global voluntary environmental network AU - Rassmann, Kornelia AU - Smith, Richard AU - Mauremootoo, John AU - Wilson-Grau, Ricardo DA - 2013/04// PY - 2013 SP - 16 PB - Better Evaluation UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/Retrospective%20outcome%20harvesting.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Systems Work of Social Change: How to Harness Connection, Context, and Power to Cultivate Deep and Enduring Change AU - Rayner, Cynthia AU - Bonnici, François AB - The issues of poverty, inequality, racial justice, and climate change have never been more pressing or paralyzing. Current approaches to social change, which rely on industrial models of production and power to "solve" social problems, are not helping. In fact, they are designed to entrench the status quo. In The Systems Work of Social Change, Cynthia Rayner and François Bonnici draw on two hundred years of history and a treasure trove of stories of committed social changemakers to uncover principles and practices for social change that radically depart from these approaches. Rather than delivering "solutions," these principles and practices focus on the process of change itself. Through rich storytelling and lucid analysis, Rayner and Bonnici show that connection, context, and power sit at the heart of the change process, ensuring broader agency for people and communities to create social systems that are responsive and representative in a rapidly changing world. Simple yet profound, this book distills a timely set of lessons for practitioners, leaders, scholars, and policymakers. CY - Oxford DA - 2021/10/12/ PY - 2021 DP - Amazon SP - 304 LA - English PB - OUP Oxford SN - 978-0-19-885745-7 ST - The Systems Work of Social Change UR - https://www.hive.co.uk/Product/Cynthia-Senior-Researcher-Senior-Researcher-Graduate-School-Rayner/The-Systems-Work-of-Social-Change--How-to-Harness-Connect/25942985 Y2 - 2023/02/24/11:28:19 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Re-institute website AU - RE!NSTITUTE T2 - Re!nstitute AB - We are a dynamic non-profit organization with a unique approach to managing change and catalyzing innovation to support global systems transformation. We know that to achieve equal, just, and safe communities, we must collectively challenge and change the systems that people rely on — especially those most vulnerable. Together, we must RE!BUILD a system's resilience and capacity to take on our biggest generational challenges. Justice, housing, health, and other systems in every country are often struggling to come together, across institutions and organizations, to unite under a common vision for change, and implement those changes in effective and innovative ways. Our work and methodology — the 100-Day Challenge — are designed to support these systems to achieve extraordinary results. Our approach is rooted in the philosophy that frontline staff, supported by leadership, can unleash innovation and achieve incredible results by creating new relationships, experimenting with fresh ideas from across their system, and building authentic engagement with those with lived experience. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://re-institute.org/ Y2 - 2023/01/11/10:08:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategic framework for mainstreaming citizen engagement in World Bank Group operations : engaging with citizens for improved results AU - Rebolledo, Miguel AU - Seyedian, Aaron AU - Peixoto, Tiago AU - Hernandez, Zenaida AU - Zakhour, Jad AU - Mahmood, Syed A. AU - Masud, Harika AU - Manroth, Astrid AU - Hamad, Qays AB - The objective of this strategic framework is to mainstream citizen engagement in World Bank Group (WBG)-supported policies, programs, projects, and advisory services and analytics to improve their development results and within the scope of these operations, contribute to building sustainable national systems for citizen engagement with governments and the private sector. This framework will capture the diverse experiences, assess lessons learned, and outline methods and entry points to provide a more systematic and results-focused approach for the WBG. Progress toward this objective will be assessed using indicators included in program, project, and corporate results frameworks. The WBG strategy incorporates citizen engagement, including beneficiary feedback, specifically in its treatment of inclusion, which entails empowering citizens to participate in the development process and integrating citizen voice in development programs as key accelerators to achieving results. This framework builds on stocktaking and lessons learned from WBG-financed operations across regions and sectors. A key lesson is the importance of country context, government ownership, and clear objectives for citizen engagement. The approach to mainstreaming citizen engagement in WBG-supported operations is guided by five principles: 1) it is results-focused; 2) it involves engaging throughout the operational cycle; 3) it seeks to strengthen country systems; 4) it is context-specific; and 5) it is gradual. Under the right circumstances, citizen engagement can contribute to achieving development outcomes in support of the goals the WBG aims to support through all of the operations it funds: eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. DA - 2014/01/01/ PY - 2014 DP - documents.worldbank.org SP - 1 EP - 189 LA - en PB - The World Bank SN - 92957 ST - Strategic framework for mainstreaming citizen engagement in World Bank Group operations UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/20472021/strategic-framework-mainstreaming-citizen-engagement-world-bank-group-operations-engaging-citizens-improved-results Y2 - 2016/04/04/08:56:33 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using Data to Influence Government Decisions. Opportunities and Challenges for User-Centered Design to Improve Governance Data Impact AU - Reboot CY - New York DA - 2015/07// PY - 2015 PB - Reboot & OSF UR - https://reboot.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Reboot_Using-Data-to-Influence-Government-Decisions_2015.pdf Y2 - 2017/02/23/12:25:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Implementing Innovation: A User's Manual for Open Government Programs AU - Reboot Design AB - This guide draws from our experience around the world helping government reformers achieve real change. It is a practical resource for anyone working to implement an open government initiative. DA - 2015/10/27/T13:47:44+00:00 PY - 2015 ST - Introducing “Implementing Innovation UR - http://reboot.org/2015/10/27/introducing-implementing-innovation-users-manual-open-government-programs/ Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:52:31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is Social Learning? AU - Reed, Mark AU - Evely, Anna AU - Cundill, Georgina AU - Fazey, Ioan AU - Glass, Jayne AU - Laing, Adele AU - Newig, Jens AU - Parrish, Brad AU - Prell, Christina AU - Raymond, Chris AU - Stringer, Lindsay T2 - Ecology and Society AB - Reed, M. S., A. C. Evely, G. Cundill, I. Fazey, J. Glass, A. Laing, J. Newig, B. Parrish, C. Prell, C. Raymond, and L. C. Stringer. 2010. What is social learning? Ecology and Society 15(4): r1. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01 DA - 2010/10/19/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01 DP - www.ecologyandsociety.org VL - 15 IS - 4 LA - en SN - 1708-3087 UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/resp1/ Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:52:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Truth of the Work: Theories of Change in a changing world AU - Reeler, Doug AU - van Blerk, Rubert DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - The Community Development Resource Association UR - http://www.cdra.org.za/uploads/1/1/1/6/111664/the_truth_of_the_work_-_theories_of_change_in_a_changing_world_-_by_doug_reeler_and_rubert_van_blerk_%E2%80%93_cdra_2017_-_final.pdf Y2 - 2021/05/18/14:49:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjunctions: Introducing Cultural Participation as a Transdisciplinary Project AU - Reestorff, Camilla Møhring AU - Fabian, Louise AU - Fritsch, Jonas AU - Stage, Carsten AU - Stephensen, Jan Løhmann T2 - Conjunctions. Transdisciplinary Journal of Cultural Participation AB - In the introduction of Conjunction: Transdisciplinary Journal of Cultural Participation we introduce 1) the aim of the journal, 2) the journal’s conception of transdisciplinarity as an important precondition for understanding contemporary processes and dilemmas of participation, 3) important trajectories in the existing literature on participation that focus on participation as linked to technological changes, to democratic processes of transferring power, and to complex social situations calling for analytical and evaluative frameworks able to grasp multiplicity and competing interests, and 4) the theme and articles of the this special issue: cultural participation and citizenship. DA - 2014/11/09/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.7146/tjcp.v1i1.18601 DP - www.conjunctions-tjcp.com VL - 1 IS - 1 LA - en SN - 2246-3755 ST - Conjunctions UR - http://www.conjunctions-tjcp.com/article/view/18601 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:08:43 KW - Cultural participation KW - Participatory citizenship KW - Power dynamics KW - democracy KW - transdisciplinarity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring ways to reconcile accountability and learning in the evaluation of niche experiments AU - Regeer, Barbara J. AU - de Wildt-Liesveld, Renée AU - van Mierlo, Barbara AU - Bunders, Joske F. G. T2 - Evaluation AB - While evaluation is seen as a mechanism for both accountability and learning, it is not self-evident that the evaluation of niche experiments focuses on both accountability and learning at the same time. Tensions exist between the accountability-oriented needs of funders and the learning needs of managers of niche experiments. This article explores the differences in needs and expectations of funders and managers in terms of upwards, downwards and internal accountability. The article shows that as the multi-stakeholder contexts in which niche experiments take place give rise to various requirements, tensions in evaluation are essentially a specific manifestation of tensions between niche experiments and their multiple contexts. Based on our findings, an adjusted accountability framework is proposed, including several strategies that can reconcile a learning approach with accountability needs in niche experiments aiming to change current practices in a more sustainable direction. DA - 2016/01/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1177/1356389015623659 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 6 EP - 28 J2 - Evaluation LA - en SN - 1356-3890 UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1356389015623659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Appropriate ICT as a Tool to Increase Effectiveness in ICT4D: Theoretical considerations and illustrating cases AU - Reijswoud, Victor van T2 - The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries AB - The need to bridge the digital divide is no longer a point of discussion and therefore focus has shifted to the design and implementation of programs that have the potential to close the information and knowledge gap between the developing and developed nations. Unfortunately, the majority of these programs are small and mimic what has been successful in the developed world. It has become increasingly clear that these successes do not necessarily translate well in the context of developing nations. This paper develops the hypothesis that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects in developing countries will become successful only when they are adapted to local conditions. The general concept of Appropriate Technology (AT) will be explored for the field of ICT. AT has already been embraced by fields like architecture, building technology and agriculture, but has not yet been rooted in ICT. The paper proposes a preliminary theory of Appropriate ICT along the lines of existing theories in AT and System development. The theory identifies Appropriate Technology principles at three levels: hardware, software and ICT change management. By means of real life mini cases in the ICT for Development context in Africa, the guiding principles for Appropriate ICT are illustrated. The paper will conclude with an agenda for further research in the three identified levels. The research agenda targets academia, governments, NGO's and industry. DA - 2009/07/26/ PY - 2009 DP - www.ejisdc.org VL - 38 LA - en SN - 16814835 ST - Appropriate ICT as a Tool to Increase Effectiveness in ICT4D KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Confronting the Contradiction - An exploration into the dual purpose of accountability and learning in aid evaluation AU - Reinertsen, Hilde AU - Bjørkdahl, Kristian AU - McNeill, Desmond T2 - Rapport 2017:06 CY - Stockholm DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Expertgruppen för biståndsanalys (EBA) UR - https://www.sum.uio.no/english/research/news-and-events/news/2017/aid-evaluation.html Y2 - 2017/06/12/09:36:03 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating modelling and smart sensors for environmental and human health AU - Reis, Stefan AU - Seto, Edmund AU - Northcross, Amanda AU - Quinn, Nigel W. T. AU - Convertino, Matteo AU - Jones, Rod L. AU - Maier, Holger R. AU - Schlink, Uwe AU - Steinle, Susanne AU - Vieno, Massimo AU - Wimberly, Michael C. T2 - Environmental Modelling & Software AB - Sensors are becoming ubiquitous in everyday life, generating data at an unprecedented rate and scale. However, models that assess impacts of human activities on environmental and human health, have typically been developed in contexts where data scarcity is the norm. Models are essential tools to understand processes, identify relationships, associations and causality, formalize stakeholder mental models, and to quantify the effects of prevention and interventions. They can help to explain data, as well as inform the deployment and location of sensors by identifying hotspots and areas of interest where data collection may achieve the best results. We identify a paradigm shift in how the integration of models and sensors can contribute to harnessing ‘Big Data’ and, more importantly, make the vital step from ‘Big Data’ to ‘Big Information’. In this paper, we illustrate current developments and identify key research needs using human and environmental health challenges as an example. DA - 2015/12/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.06.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 74 SP - 238 EP - 246 J2 - Environmental Modelling & Software SN - 1364-8152 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136481521500167X Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:16:25 KW - Big data KW - Environmental health KW - Environmental sensors KW - Integrated modelling KW - Population health ER - TY - JOUR TI - No Mechanism Without Context: Strengthening the Analysis of Context in Realist Evaluations Using Causal Loop Diagramming AU - Renmans, Dimitri AU - Holvoet, Nathalie AU - Criel, Bart T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Realist evaluation is an approach with a strong emphasis on causal mechanisms and the context in which they are triggered. However, recent reviews of published realist evaluations show that context is often understudied. This is problematic, as a thorough understanding of the relationship between context and causal mechanisms is crucial in assisting policymakers to make appropriate and targeted decisions that improve the intervention. Therefore, we set out to test whether combining realist evaluation with the “systems thinking” approach and, more specifically, causal loop diagramming, could help strengthen the analysis of context. We did this through a study of a performance-based financing (PBF) intervention in the Ugandan health care sector by the Belgian development agency, Enabel. PBF allocates funds to health workers and/or health facilities based on their performance, and introduces additional management support tools, provides extra monitoring and supervision, and promotes community participation in management issues, among other activities. In this case, we found that the proposed combined methodological approach indeed adds value to the analysis, as it leads to insights into the role played by the underlying system that otherwise may have been overlooked. Moreover, such information may provide clear directions to policymakers on how to improve the intervention in a sustainable way. Finally, causal loop diagrams help to visualize complex causal interactions and to communicate them to policymakers. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20424 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 101 EP - 114 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - No Mechanism Without Context UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20424 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - (Breaking) The Iron Triangle of Evaluation AU - Reynolds, Martin T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2015/01/19/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12122 VL - 46 IS - 1 LA - en SN - 1759-5436 UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/125 Y2 - 2017/05/07/19:18:26 KW - Evaluation KW - impact ER - TY - JOUR TI - Models for Foresight Use in International Development AU - Rhydderch, Alun T2 - IDS Bulletin AB - This article sets out the components of the foresight approach that has been adopted by many governments in the developed world, and identifies elements of this 'dominant' approach that may hinder its uptake in developing countries. Instead, it suggests that a less rigid, more exploratory and normative approach may be better suited to many developing country contexts. With reference to the writings and practice of the creator of 'la prospective', Gaston Berger, it argues for an attitude that combines bold and inclusive thinking about how to create better futures with the pragmatic engagement with political and administrative systems that can help bring these about. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.153 VL - 47 IS - 4 UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/2778/ONLINE%20ARTICLE Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Does Foreign Aid Really Work? An Updated Assessment AU - Riddell, Roger C. AB - This paper draws widely from the book Does foreign aid really work?, building on that discussion to provide an updated answer to the question based on recent evidence and contemporary debates on aid effectiveness. It starts with a brief discussion (Section 2) of the question: ‘does emergency aid work?’ This is important to the wider debate for two linked reasons. Firstly, the harshest critics of development aid are all supportive of emergency aid, with a number calling for its expansion in spite of evidence of major weaknesses and failures. Secondly, the sharp historical distinction made between emergency and development aid is becoming increasingly strained, as more emergency aid is being used a year or more after emergencies strike to rebuild lives and restore livelihoods, while more development aid is used to directly save lives.The rest of the paper focuses exclusively on development aid. Section 3 provides a rapid overview of the evidence of the impact of individual aid projects, including those of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). The picture is overwhelmingly positive: well over 75% of projects meet their immediate objectives and impact has improved, even though sustaining benefits remains a challenge and there continue to be aid failures. Section 4 reviews the evidence of the wider and long-term impact of aid at the sectoral and country level, including a brief discussion of academic studies on aid and growth. Though there are still major gaps in our knowledge, the quality of the data is improving. However, there is little firm, quantitative evidence to show the specific contribution that aid has made to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which are a central purpose of many current donor programmes (Section 4.2). More widely, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that aid has contributed positively to both growth and wider development at the sector and country level, though some studies suggest aid has had little or no impact. Overall, the contribution that aid makes to aggregate development is lower than the public has been led to believe (Sections 4.1, 4.3. and 4.4). Assessments of the overall impact of the aid provided by NGOs are rare, but a recent study suggests it has been positive (Section 4.5). More attention is now given to the issues of corruption in aid. Although there is evidence of aid funds being used for corrupt purposes and of aid worsening corruption, on balance it remains a minor issue. Aid has had significant successes in helping the poor affected by corruption (Section 4.6). The second half of the paper shifts focus to the large gap between what aid has done and what it might do. Section 5 discusses a range of inefficiencies within and across the aid system and their costs in terms of reduced impact, including the way aid is allocated, its growing complexity, and the volatility and unpredictability of aid flows (Section 5.1 and 5.2). These inefficiencies place in a different light the evidence of aid’s overall positive impact. The paper looks at the different initiatives that have been mounted to begin to address these weaknesses and failures, including the 2005 Paris Declaration, and discusses why donors have failed to honour the promises they have made to change the ways that they give aid.In Section 5.3, the paper argues that the most critical debate about whether aid works concerns the assessment of whether the short-term, immediate and extensive benefits that aid undoubtedly brings are outweighed by the direct and indirect systemic problems that it risks creating or accentuating. As increasingly over the last decade donors have channelled more of their aid into short-term, quick-impact projects, assessing the wider negative systemic effects of aid has become even more important. Some recent studies suggest that aid’s systemic problems are large and growing, narrowing the gap between aid’s harshest critics and broader analyses of aid impact. Against the backdrop of already too many proposals of how to make aid work better, Section 6 lays out nine concrete proposals for doing this: deepening knowledge of local contexts; ensuring short-term uses of aid are consistent with and supportive of long-term development, and that all aid is more closely related to overall recipient development goals and processes; helping build local capacities for recipients to be able to coordinate aid better; moving from rhetoric to reality in learning lessons from aid; using aid to help the poor in middle income countries; reducing volatility in aid at the country level; encouraging budget support by addressing donor-country political concerns; and rethinking ways of communicating about aid. Section 7 concludes. It suggests that, paradoxically, aid’s impact may well have been harmed by focussing too narrowly on trying to make short-term aid work better, and that the main focus of attention needs to widen to assess how aid can contribute more to a recipient’s own development goals. Additionally, donors need to help build the capacity of developing countries and developing country scholars to enable them to play a bigger role in helping to answer the question of whether aid works; unsettling though their assessments may be. CY - Rochester, NY DA - 2014/03/01/ PY - 2014 DP - papers.ssrn.com M3 - SSRN Scholarly Paper PB - Social Science Research Network SN - ID 2409847 ST - Does Foreign Aid Really Work? UR - http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2409847 Y2 - 2016/05/06/13:24:49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Impact Management: An Integrative Approach to Wildlife Management AU - Riley, Shawn AU - Siemer, William AU - Decker, Daniel AU - Carpenter, Len AU - Organ, John AU - Berchielli, Louis T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife DA - 2003/06// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1080/10871200304301 DP - Crossref VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 081 EP - 095 LA - en SN - 1087-1209, 1533-158X ST - Adaptive Impact Management UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871200304301 Y2 - 2019/02/25/11:01:50 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Science in Adaptive Management AU - Ripley, Matt AU - Jaccard, Sabine AB - ‘Adaptive management’ is all the rage in international development circles. But to avoid yet another buzzword – we need to learn from the experience of natural resource science. DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 PB - ILO UR - http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/briefingnote/wcms_537422.pdf Y2 - 2016/12/13/16:34:45 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Making Sense of ‘Messiness’. Monitoring and measuring change in market systems: a practitioner's perspective AU - Ripley, Matthew AU - Nippard, Daniel DA - 2014/02// PY - 2014 UR - https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/c9/bb/c9bb16e6-c5ff-43ac-8a5f-d6fcc1106f20/makingsensemessiness2014.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/01/11:25:52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive management: where are we now? AU - Rist, Lucy AU - Campbell, Bruce M. AU - Frost, Peter T2 - Environmental Conservation AB - Adaptive management (AM) emerged in the literature in the mid-1970s in response both to a realization of the extent of uncertainty involved in management, and a frustration with attempts to use modelling to integrate knowledge and make predictions. The term has since become increasingly widely used in scientific articles, policy documents and management plans, but both understanding and application of the concept is mixed. This paper reviews recent literature from conservation and natural resource management journals to assess diversity in how the term is used, highlight ambiguities and consider how the concept might be further assessed. AM is currently being used to describe many different management contexts, scales and locations. Few authors define the term explicitly or describe how it offers a means to improve management outcomes in their specific management context. Many do not adhere to the idea as it was originally conceived, despite citing seminal work. Significant confusion exists over the distinction between active and passive approaches. Over half of the studies reporting to implement AM claimed to have done so successfully, yet none quantified specific benefits, or costs, in relation to possible alternatives. Similarly those studies reporting to assess the approach did so only in relation to specific models and their parameterizations; none assessed the benefits or costs of AM in the field. AM is regarded by some as an effective and well-established framework to support the management of natural resources, yet by others as a concept difficult to realize and fraught with implementation challenges; neither of these observations is wholly accurate. From a scientific and technical perspective many practical questions remain; in particular real-world assessments of the value of experimentation within a management framework, as well as of identified challenges and pathologies, are needed. Further discussion and systematic assessment of the approach is required, together with greater attention to its definition and description, enabling the assessment of new approaches to managing uncertainty, and AM itself. DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1017/S0376892912000240 DP - Cambridge Core VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 18 LA - en SN - 0376-8929, 1469-4387 ST - Adaptive management UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/adaptive-management-where-are-we-now/24F01724AE95E4595466C1D843F2E1BE Y2 - 2019/02/25/11:58:28 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Decision making KW - Natural resource management KW - conservation KW - experimental management KW - uncertainty ER - TY - MGZN TI - Why Software Fails - We waste billions of dollars each year on entirely preventable mistakes AU - Robert N., Charette T2 - IEEE Spectrum AB - We waste billions of dollars each year on entirely preventable mistakes. The biggest tragedy is that software failure is for the most part predictable and avoidable. Unfortunately, most organizations don't see preventing failure as an urgent matter, even though that view risks harming the organization and maybe even destroying it. Understanding why this attitude persists is not just an academic exercise; it has tremendous implications for business and society. DA - 2005/09/02/ PY - 2005 LA - en UR - https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-software-fails Y2 - 2021/08/05/14:01:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Key Issues in Digitalisation and Governance AU - Roberts, Tony AU - Hernandez, Kevin AU - Faith, Becky AU - Prieto Martin, Pedro AB - Digitalisation is perhaps the most important strategic challenge that governance will face over the coming decade. The process is delivering digital dividends as well as new exclusions and injustices, with the rapid but uneven increase in access to mobile and internet technologies transforming how social and economic life takes place. This report highlights the key opportunities and challenges arising from digitalisation. CY - Bern DA - 2022/03// PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - SDC UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17557 Y2 - 2023/06/22/12:44:52 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Hospicing The Old AU - Robinson, Cassie T2 - Stewarding Loss AB - In 2010 I was introduced to the Berkana Institutes’s Two Loop model, and I come back to it again and again. As I’ve moved across different… DA - 2019/01/11/T14:17:34.642Z PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/thefarewellfund/hospicing-the-old-16e537396c4b Y2 - 2023/10/31/11:30:10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working Politically through Applied Political Economy Analysis. A guide for practitioners AU - Rocha Menocal, Alina AU - Cassidy, Marc AU - Swift, Sarah AU - Jacobstein, David AU - Rothblum, Corinne AU - Tservil, Ilona AB - Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) through Applied Political Economy Analysis (PEA). A guide for practitioners Have you ever done everything right in a development program — followed every technical best practice — but still missed the mark? When this happens, it often relates to factors in the context beyond any external development actor’s ability to control. DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 LA - en M3 - Text PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/thinking-and-working-politically-twp-through-applied-political-economy-analysis-pea-guide Y2 - 2018/07/20/13:51:46 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Overcoming Premature Evaluation AU - Roche, Chris AB - Guest post from Chris Roche on practical ways of introducing adaptive management, learning from failure etc in aid programmes DA - 2016/11/15/ PY - 2016 UR - http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/overcoming-premature-evaluation/ Y2 - 2016/11/15/22:29:27 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Simplicity, Accountability and Relationships: Three ways to ensure MEL supports Adaptive Management AU - Roche, Chris T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Based on a recent discussion in Manila, Chris Roche reflects on how Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning can better support 'adaptive programming'. DA - 2018/07/03/T06:30:33+00:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-GB ST - Simplicity, Accountability and Relationships UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/simplicity-accountability-and-relationships-three-ways-to-ensure-mel-supports-adaptive-management/ Y2 - 2018/07/17/10:47:20 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Monitoring and evaluation for adaptive programming AU - Roche, Chris AU - Kelly, Linda T2 - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre AB - Chris Roche and Linda Kelly with six take-aways on what is being tried and learnt in setting up monitoring and evaluation frameworks for adaptive programs. DA - 2018/09/18/T06:00:54+10:00 PY - 2018 LA - en-US UR - http://www.devpolicy.org/monitoring-and-evaluation-for-adaptive-programming-20180918/ Y2 - 2018/09/24/08:15:51 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter AU - Rock, David AU - Halvorson, Heidi Grant T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Research shows they’re more successful in three important ways. DA - 2016/11/04/T13:00:24Z PY - 2016 UR - https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter Y2 - 2016/11/15/15:28:58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social Learning and Natural Resource Management: The Emergence of Three Research Perspectives AU - Rodela, Romina T2 - Ecology and Society AB - Rodela, R. 2011. Social learning and natural resource management: the emergence of three research perspectives. Ecology and Society 16(4): 30. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04554-160430 DA - 2011/12/30/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.5751/ES-04554-160430 DP - www.ecologyandsociety.org VL - 16 IS - 4 LA - en SN - 1708-3087 ST - Social Learning and Natural Resource Management UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss4/art30/ Y2 - 2019/05/03/01:16:33 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The New Development Economics: We Shall Experiment, but How Shall We Learn? AU - Rodrik, Dani T2 - HKS Working Paper No. RWP08-055 AB - Development economics is split between macro-development economists - who focus on economic growth, international trade, and fiscal/macro policies - and micro-development economists - who study microfinance, education, health, and other social programs. Recently there has been substantial convergence in the policy mindset exhibited by micro evaluation enthusiasts, on the one hand, and growth diagnosticians, on the other. At the same time, the randomized evaluation revolution has led to an accentuation of the methodological divergence between the two camps. Overcoming the split requires changes on both sides. Macrodevelopment economists need to recognize the distinct advantages of the experimental approach and adopt the policy mindset of the randomized evaluation enthusiasts. Micro-development economists, for their part, have to recognize that the utility of randomized evaluations is restricted by the narrow and limited scope of their application. As the Chinese example illustrates, extending the experimental mindset to the domain of economy-wide reforms is not just possible, it has already been practiced with resounding success in the most important development experience of our generation. DA - 2008/10/24/ PY - 2008 DP - papers.ssrn.com LA - en PB - SSRN ST - The New Development Economics UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1296115 Y2 - 2019/03/15/11:45:38 KW - Economics KW - Finance KW - Health Care KW - International Development KW - International Economics KW - International Trade KW - Macroeconomics KW - Microeconomics KW - Social Policy KW - Welfare ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beyond enforcement: communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime. Symposium Report. AU - Roe, Dilys DA - 2015/03// PY - 2015 DP - pubs.iied.org PB - IIED ST - Beyond enforcement UR - http://pubs.iied.org/G03903/ Y2 - 2019/02/25/15:45:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A New Policy Narrative for Pastoralism? Pastoralists as Reliability Professionals and Pastoralist Systems as Infrastructure AU - Roe, Emery AB - This paper proposes that pastoralist systems are better treated, in aggregate, as a global critical infrastructure. The policy and management implications that follow are significant and differ importantly from current pastoralist policies and recommendations. A multi-typology framework is presented, identifying the conditions under which pastoralists can be considered real-time reliability professionals in systems with mandates preventing or otherwise avoiding key events from happening. The framework leads to a different policy-relevant counternarrative to pastoralism as understood today. Some features of the counternarrative are already known or have been researched. The paper’s aim is to provoke further work (including case research and interactions with decisionmakers) on how robust the counternarrative is as a policy narrative for recasting today’s pastoralist policy and management interventions. CY - Brighton DA - 2020/01/01/ PY - 2020 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - ESRC STEPS Centre ST - A New Policy Narrative for Pastoralism? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/14978 Y2 - 2021/07/15/09:24:33 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Making the Most of Mess: Reliability and Policy in Today's Management Challenges AU - Roe, Emery AB - In Making the Most of Mess, Emery Roe emphasizes that policy messes cannot be avoided or cleaned up; they need to be managed. He shows how policymakers and other professionals can learn these necessary skills from control operators who manage large critical infrastructures such as water supplies, telecommunications systems, and electricity grids. The ways in which they prevent major accidents and failures offer models for policymakers and other professionals to manage the messes they face.Throughout, Roe focuses on the global financial mess of 2008 and its ongoing aftermath, showing how mismanagement has allowed it to morph into other national and international messes. More effective management is still possible for this and many other policy messes but that requires better recognition of patterns and formulation of scenarios, as well as the ability to translate pattern and scenario into reliability. Developing networks of professionals who respond to messes is particularly important. Roe describes how these networks enable the avoidance of bad or worse messes, take advantage of opportunities resulting from messes, and address societal and professional challenges. In addition to finance, he draws from a wide range of case material in other policy arenas. Roe demonstrates that knowing how to manage policy messes is the best approach to preventing crises. DA - 2013/03/08/ PY - 2013 DP - Amazon SP - 217 LA - English PB - Duke University Press Books ST - Making the Most of Mess ER - TY - CHAP TI - Managing Policy Mess AU - Roe, Emery T2 - Governance in Turbulent Times A2 - Ansell, Christopher K. A2 - Trondal, Jarle A2 - Øgård, Morten AB - What are the conditions for political development and decay, and the likelihood of sustained political order? What are the limits of established rule as we know it? How much stress can systems tackle before they reach some kind of limit? How do governments tackle enduring ambiguity and uncertainty in their systems and environments? These are some of the big questions of our time. Governance in turbulent times may serve as a stress-test of well-known ways of governing in the 21st century. Governance in Turbulent Times discusses this pertinent challenge and suggests how governments and organizations cope with and live with turbulence. The book explores how organizations and institutions respond to precipitous, conflicting, and novel-in short, turbulent-governance challenges. This book is a comprehensive and ground-breaking endeavor to understand how governance systems respond to turbulent challenges, and how turbulent times provide excellent opportunities to investigate the sustainability of governance systems. The book illustrates how politics, administrative scale and complexity, uncertainty, and time constraints can collide to produce turbulence. Building on prior work in organization theory and political science, we argue that turbulence refers to four properties related to the interaction of demands for action: variability, consistency, expectation, and unpredictability. Turbulence occurs where the interaction of demands is experienced as highly variable, inconsistent, unexpected, and/or unpredictable. DA - 2016/12/06/ PY - 2016 DP - Google Books LA - en PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-250888-1 KW - Comparative Politics KW - International Relations KW - Political Process KW - Political science KW - Public Affairs & Administration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy messes and their management AU - Roe, Emery T2 - Policy Sciences AB - This paper presents a framework for better managing policy messes and draws implications for bad and good mess management in policy analysis and management. The framework has three foci: (1) the cognitive space in which policy messes develop, particularly in terms of gaps between macro-designers and micro-operators; (2) the unique domain of competence within that space where professionals manage the resulting messes by virtue of their skills in recognizing system-wide patterns, formulating locally specific contingency scenarios and translating both patterns and scenarios in highly reliable services; and (3) the ability of those mess and reliability professionals to be reliable in their domain and with these skills by maneuvering across different performance modes as conditions dictate—just-in-case, just-on-time, just-for-now or just-this-way. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s11077-016-9258-9 DP - link.springer.com VL - 49 IS - 4 SP - 351 EP - 372 J2 - Policy Sci LA - en SN - 0032-2687, 1573-0891 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11077-016-9258-9 Y2 - 2017/04/05/13:10:51 ER - TY - RPRT TI - When Complex is as Simple as it Gets: Guide for Recasting Policy and Management in the Anthropocene AU - Roe, Emery T2 - IDS Working Paper AB - Many readers recognise and understand that complex is about as simple as it gets for major policy and management. This guide is for those unwilling in the Anthropocene to shrink back into the older platitudes about ‘keep it simple’ and ‘not to worry, we’ll scale up the analysis later on’. This guide offers key concepts, methods, counternarratives, and analogies that recast major policy and management issues in ways that do not deny their complexity but help render them more tractable for action. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/06/06/ PY - 2023 LA - en PB - Institute for Development Studies SN - 589 ST - When Complex is as Simple as it Gets UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18008 Y2 - 2023/06/09/16:11:13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bridging the Gap: Synthesising Evidence from Secondary Quantitative and Primary Qualitative Data AU - Roelen, Keetie T2 - CDI Practice Paper DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 PB - IDS SN - 15 UR - http://cdimpact.org/blog/%E2%80%98your-story%E2%80%99-versus-%E2%80%98my-story%E2%80%99-finding-truth-disagreement Y2 - 2016/05/12/10:46:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to Make ‘Cash Plus’ Work: Linking Cash Transfers to Services and Sectors AU - Roelen, Keetie AU - Devereux, Stephen AU - Abdulai, Abdul-Gafaru AU - Martorano, Bruno AU - Palermo, Tia AU - Ragno, Luigi Peter AB - The broad-ranging benefits of cash transfers are now widely recognized. However, the evidence base highlights that they often fall short in achieving longer-term and second-order impacts related to nutrition, learning outcomes and morbidity. In recognition of these limitations, several ‘cash plus’ initiatives have been introduced, whereby cash transfers are combined with one or more types of complementary support. This paper aims to identify key factors for successful implementation of these increasingly popular ‘cash plus’ programmes, based on (i) a review of the emerging evidence base of ‘cash plus’ interventions and (ii) an examination of three case studies, namely, Chile Solidario in Chile, IN-SCT in Ethiopia and LEAP in Ghana. The analysis was guided by a conceptual framework proposing a menu of ‘cash plus’ components. The assessment of three case studies indicated that effective implementation of ‘cash plus’ components has indeed contributed to greater impacts of the respective programmes. Such initiatives have thereby addressed some of the non-financial and structural barriers that poor people face and have reinforced the positive effects of cash transfer programmes. In design of such programmes, further attention should be paid to the constraints faced by the most vulnerable and how such constraints can be overcome. We conclude with recommendations regarding the provision of complementary support and cross-sectoral linkages based on lessons learned from the case studies. More research is still needed on the impact of the many variations of ‘cash plus’ programming, including evidence on the comparative roles of individual ‘plus’ components, as well as the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour pathways which influence these impacts. CY - Florence DA - 2017/08/31/ PY - 2017 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en M3 - Innocenti Working Papers PB - UNICEF Office of Research SN - 2017/10 ST - How to Make ‘Cash Plus’ Work UR - https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/papers/25206796/146 Y2 - 2023/12/05/12:39:06 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CLARISSA Cash Plus: Innovative Social Protection in Bangladesh AU - Roelen, Keetie AU - Howard, Neil AU - Afroze, Jiniya AU - Aktar, Afrin AU - Ton, Giel AU - Huq, Lopita T2 - CLARISSA Design Note AB - Social protection, and cash transfers especially, have been found to have many positive impacts on families’ lives and are now widely recognised as a cornerstone of any prosperous, fair society. The CLARISSA Cash Plus intervention is an innovative social protection scheme for tackling social ills, including the worst forms of child labour (WFCL). Combining community mobilisation, case work and cash transfers, it aims to support people in a poor neighbourhood in Dhaka to build their individual, family, and group capacities to meet their needs. An increase in capacities is expected to lead to a corresponding decrease in deprivation and community-identified social issues that negatively affect wellbeing, including WFCL. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/06// PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 1 ST - CLARISSA Cash Plus UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18034 Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:36:06 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CLARISSA Social Protection Intervention - Evaluation Report AU - Roelen, Keetie AU - Howard, Neil AU - Afroze, Jiniya AU - Aktar, Afrin AU - Ton, Giel AU - Huq, Lopita AB - The CLARISSA Social Protection (SP) Cash Plus intervention represented an innovative social protection scheme for tackling social ills, including the worst forms of child labour (WFCL). The purpose of the intervention was to trial and evidence an innovative social policy intervention for tackling poverty, improving wellbeing, and addressing worst forms of child labour (WFCL). It was a universal and unconditional cash plus programme, combining community mobilisation, case work and cash transfers. It was implemented in a high-density and low-income neighbourhood in Dhaka to build individual, family, and group capacities to meet their needs. This, in turn, was expected to lead to a corresponding decrease in deprivation and community-identified social issues that negatively affect wellbeing, including WFCL. CY - Brighton DA - Upcoming PY - Upcoming DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies ST - CLARISSA Cash Plus UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18034 Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:36:06 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Diffusion of Innovations AU - Rogers, Everett M. AB - Traditions of research on diffusion; Culture, norms, and diffusion; The adoption process; Characteristics of the innovation; Adopter categories; Innovators as deviants: in step with a different drummer; Opinion leaders and the flow of ideas; The role of the change agent and the consequences of innovation; Predicting innovativeness; Toward a theory of the diffusion and adoption of innovations. DA - 1962/// PY - 1962 DP - Google Books SP - 396 LA - en PB - Free Press of Glencoe SN - 978-0-598-41104-4 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition AU - Rogers, Everett M. AB - Now in its fifth edition, Diffusion of Innovations is a classic work on the spread of new ideas.In this renowned book, Everett M. Rogers, professor and chair of the Department of Communication & Journalism at the University of New Mexico, explains how new ideas spread via communication channels over time. Such innovations are initially perceived as uncertain and even risky. To overcome this uncertainty, most people seek out others like themselves who have already adopted the new idea. Thus the diffusion process consists of a few individuals who first adopt an innovation, then spread the word among their circle of acquaintances—a process which typically takes months or years. But there are exceptions: use of the Internet in the 1990s, for example, may have spread more rapidly than any other innovation in the history of humankind. Furthermore, the Internet is changing the very nature of diffusion by decreasing the importance of physical distance between people. The fifth edition addresses the spread of the Internet, and how it has transformed the way human beings communicate and adopt new ideas. CY - New York DA - 2003/08/16/ PY - 2003 DP - Amazon ET - 5th edition SP - 576 LA - English PB - Free Press SN - 978-0-7432-2209-9 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theory of Change AU - Rogers, Patricia T2 - Methodological Briefs: Impact Evaluation DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 16 PB - UNICEF SN - 2 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/Theory_of_Change_ENG.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - The politics of public sector performance: pockets of effectiveness in developing countries T2 - Routledge research in comparative politics A3 - Roll, Michael CY - London DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 276 LA - eng M1 - 55 PB - Routledge SN - 978-0-415-64361-0 978-1-138-95639-1 978-1-315-85771-8 ST - The politics of public sector performance ER - TY - BOOK TI - Development Projects as Policy Experiments: An Adaptive Approach to Development Administration AU - Rondinelli, Dennis A. AB - International assistance programmes for developing countries are in urgent need of revision. Continuous testing and verification is required if development activity is to cope effectively with the uncertainty and complexity of the development process. This examines the alternatives and offers an approach which focuses on strategic planning, administrative procedures that facilitate innovation, responsiveness and experimentation, and on decision-making processes that join learning with action. A useful text for academics and practitioners in development studies, geography and sociology. CY - London DA - 1983/// PY - 1983 DP - Amazon PB - Methuen ST - Development Projects as Policy Experiments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projects as instruments of development administration: A qualified defence and suggestions for improvement AU - Rondinelli, Dennis A. T2 - Public Administration and Development AB - Projects have become an important instrument of international assistance and of development administration because they seem to offer major advantages over other forms of planning and management. But projects have also come under increasing criticism in recent years. The benefits they offer to various interests involved in development ensure, however, that they are unlikely to be abandoned or to diminish in importance in the near future. Thus, ways must be found to make them more flexible and responsive methods of planning and managing social and human development activities. This can be done by planning, appraising and implementing projects as policy experiments, making their design and administration more learning-oriented, and using them as instruments of strategic planning and management. DA - 1983/10/01/ PY - 1983 DO - 10.1002/pad.4230030404 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 307 EP - 327 J2 - Public Admin. Dev. LA - en SN - 1099-162X ST - Projects as instruments of development administration UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.4230030404/abstract Y2 - 2017/04/19/12:05:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Citizen-generated data and sustainable development AU - Rono-Bett, Karen AU - Kenei, Steve AB - The potential of citizen-generated data in the sustainable development agenda CY - Nairobi DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - DevInit and DRT UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/citizen-generated-data-sustainable-development/ Y2 - 2017/05/25/11:47:32 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Complexity, Institutions and Public Policy: Agile Decision-making in a Turbulent World AU - Room, Graham AB - Graham Room argues that conventional approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of social and economic change are unsatisfactory. As a result, researchers are ill-equipped to offer policy advice. This book offers a new analytical approach, combining complexity science and institutionalism. It also provides tools for policy makers in turbulent times. Part 1 is concerned with the conceptualization of socio-economic change. It integrates complexity science and institutionalism into a coherent ontology of social and policy dynamics. Part 2 is concerned with models and measurement. It combines some of the principal approaches developed in complexity analysis with models and methods drawn from mainstream social and political science. Part 3 offers empirical applications to public policy: the dynamics of social exclusion; the social dimension of knowledge economies; the current financial and economic crisis. These are supplemented by a toolkit for the practice of 'agile policy making'. This is a stimulating, provocative and highly original book. It will appeal to academics and students in social and policy studies and to a wide range of scholars in other disciplines where complexity science is already well-developed. It will also be of major interest for decision makers coping with complex and turbulent policy terrains.Contents: Preface 1. Introduction Part I: Concepts 2. The Complexity Paradigm 3. Complex Adaptive Systems 4. The Economy as a Complex Adaptive System 5. Institutional Settings and Architectures 6. Institutional Dynamics 7. The Struggle for Positional Advantage 8. Conceptualising Social Dynamics Part II: Methods 9. Attractors and Orbits in Dynamic Systems 10. Patterns in Time and Space 11. Connections and Networks 12. Mobility on Social Landscapes 13. Towards a Generic Methodology Part III: Policies 14. Agile Policy-Making 15. Poverty and Social Exclusion 16. Social Dynamics of the Knowledge Economy 17. Global Turbulence and Crisis Postscript: Tools for Policy-Makers References Index CY - Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, Mass. DA - 2011/09/29/ PY - 2011 DP - Amazon SP - 392 LA - English PB - Edward Elgar Pub SN - 978-0-85793-263-1 ST - Complexity, Institutions and Public Policy ER - TY - ELEC TI - Pando AU - Root Change T2 - Root Change AB - Pando is a platform that gives organizations a way to visualize, learn from, and engage with the social systems in which they work. We have designed Pando to help users build trust, strengthen relationships, and work together to achieve greater social impact. Grounded in social network analysis, Pando allows users to collect and visualize organizations and their relationships in real-time on simple and easy-to-use relationship maps. Relationship maps are managed by map administrators. These are actors interested in learning about a particular system and making the tool available to those working in the system. Pando is integrated with Keystone Accountability’s Feedback Commons, an online tool that allows map administrators to collect and analyze qualitative feedback about levels of trust and relationship quality among map participants. Key features of Pando include relationship mapping, feedback surveys, and dashboards. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://mypando.org/index Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:19:03 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and the Learning Organisation: An introduction AU - Roper, Laura AU - Pettit, Jethro T2 - Development in Practice DA - 2002/08/01/ PY - 2002 DO - 10.1080/0961450220149654 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 12 IS - 3-4 SP - 258 EP - 271 SN - 0961-4524 ST - Development and the Learning Organisation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961450220149654 Y2 - 2017/07/29/16:28:54 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Development and the Learning Organization AU - Roper, Laura AU - Pettit, Jethro AU - Eade, Deborah CY - Oxford DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 PB - Oxfam Publications ST - Development and the Learning Organization by Roper, Laura et al, (Eds.) UR - https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Development-Learning-Organization-Roper-Laura-Eds/4210045944/bd ER - TY - RPRT TI - Project Evaluation and the Project Appraisal Reporting System AU - Rosenberg, L.J. AU - Posner, L.D. AU - Hanley, E.J. DA - 1970/07/24/ PY - 1970 PB - Fry Consultants Inc. UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADW881.pdf Y2 - 2019/08/08/22:38:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supporting Learning? Exploring the relationship between grantee learning and grantmaking practice in the transparency and accountability sector AU - Ross, Jenny AB - Learning is fundamental to work on transparency and accountability in complex environments. But how can funding practices best support learning? CY - Oxford DA - 2015/04/20/ PY - 2015 PB - INTRAC ST - Supporting learning UR - http://www.transparency-initiative.org/news/funding-learning-and-impact-how-do-grant-making-practices-help-and-hinder-real-grantee-learning Y2 - 2016/05/06/11:17:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Learning Guide: A pathway to stronger collaboration, learning, and adapting AU - Ross, Joey AU - Karlage, James AU - Etheridge, James AU - Alade, Mayowa AU - Fifield, Jocelyn AU - Goodwin, Christian AU - Semrau, Katherine AU - Hirschhorn, Lisa AB - The purpose of this Adaptive Learning Guide is to provide MOMENTUM project teams with the information and resources to integrate adaptive learning into the design, implementation, and improvement of MNCH/FP/RH programs. This guide provides a conceptual introduction to adaptive learning using links to existing resources and real-world examples of how adaptive learning can drive continuous learning and improvement in project work. The guide is built upon three foundational assumptions: We work in dynamic, often unpredictable environments. Unexpected turns of events will occur. Progress is rarely, if ever, linear. Integrating the principles and practices of USAID’s Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting Toolkit into projects and initiatives requires designing for learning and adaptation. We intend the guide to serve as a “starting point” for interested individuals and teams to begin or strengthen the processes that support the integration of adaptive learning into project work. CY - Washington DC DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 86 LA - en PB - USAID MOMENTUM Knowledge Accelerator ER - TY - RPRT TI - Developing a performance story report: user guide AU - Roughly, A. AU - Dart, J. AB - This report is a nuts and bolts guide to developing a Collaborative Outcomes Report (COR)/ Performance Story Report (PSR) produced by the Australian Government and Jess Dart. It includes practical tips, step-by-step process guides and definitions of key concepts surrounding these approaches. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - Commonwealth of Australia UR - http://nrmonline.nrm.gov.au/downloads/mql:2162/content Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Design thinking AU - Rowe, Peter G. CY - Cambridge DA - 1987/// PY - 1987 SP - 229 PB - The MIT Press SN - 978-0-262-68067-7 ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing the development of large software systems AU - Royce, Winston C1 - Los Angeles C3 - Proceedings of IEEE WesCon DA - 1970/// PY - 1970 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IEEE UR - https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc838p/Process/waterfall.pdf Y2 - 2017/02/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decide Madrid: A Critical Analysis of an Award-Winning e-Participation Initiative AU - Royo, Sonia AU - Pina, Vicente AU - Garcia-Rayado, Jaime T2 - Sustainability AB - This paper analyzes the award-winning e-participation initiative of the city council of Madrid, Decide Madrid, to identify the critical success factors and the main barriers that are conditioning its performance. An exploratory case study is used as a research technique, including desk research and semi-structured interviews. The analysis distinguishes contextual, organizational and individual level factors; it considers whether the factors or barriers are more related to the information and communication technology (ICT) component, public sector context or democratic participation; it also differentiates among the different stages of the development of the initiative. Results show that individual and organizational factors related to the public sector context and democratic participation are the most relevant success factors. The high expectations of citizens explain the high levels of participation in the initial stages of Decide Madrid. However, the lack of transparency and poor functioning of some of its participatory activities (organizational factors related to the ICT and democratic dimensions) are negatively affecting its performance. The software created for this platform, Consul, has been adopted or it is in the process of being implemented in more than 100 institutions in 33 countries. Therefore, the findings of this research can potentially be useful to improve the performance and sustainability of e-participation platforms worldwide. DA - 2020/02/24/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/su12041674 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 1674 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ST - Decide Madrid UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/4/1674 Y2 - 2020/11/17/11:27:53 ER - TY - RPRT TI - State of the Field Review: Fiscal Transparency and Accountability AU - Rudiger, Anja CY - https://www.internationalbudget.org/publications/state-of-the-field-review-fiscal-transparency-and-accountability DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 34 LA - en PB - International Budget Partnership ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation of the market systems development approach: Lessons for expanded use and adaptive management at Sida Volume I: Evaluation Report AU - Ruffer, Tim AU - Bailey, Helen AU - Dahlgren, Stefan AU - Spaven, Patrick AU - Winters, Mark T2 - Evaluation of the market systems development approach AB - This report presents the findings of an evaluation of Sida’s management of the market systems development (MSD) approach. It aims to inform thinking on how Sida can best manage its growing portfolio of MSD programs. Beyond this, it provides insights relevant to Sida’s wider support to complex and adaptive programs. The evaluation identified several factors that affect Sida’s ability to ensure that conducive conditions are in place for effective MSD programs and good development programming more generally. Sida’s relatively flexible framework of rules, guidelines and systems for project management provide the space needed for staff to innovate and manage adaptively. But for this to happen consistently and effectively, Sida needs to invest more deliberately in building the capacity of its staff in relevant areas. In addition, leadership and incentives are key to shaping a culture of active experimentation and learning. This needs to be supported with clearer guidance for those involved in the design and appraisal of MSD projects; and strengthened oversight of project performance, including through adjustments to Sida’s contracts and funding agreements. CY - Stockholm DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 PB - Sida UR - https://www.sida.se/contentassets/bfe15e8902fa4dbb864bd478c2f14df1/2018_2a_evaluation_market_systems_dev_approach_vol-1.pdf Y2 - 2019/01/08/12:11:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation of the market systems development approach: Lessons for expanded use and adaptive management at Sida Volume II: Case studies AU - Ruffer, Tim AU - Bailey, Helen AU - Dahlgren, Stefan AU - Spaven, Patrick AU - Winters, Mark T2 - Evaluation of the market systems development approach AB - This report presents the findings of an evaluation of Sida’s management of the market systems development (MSD) approach. It aims to inform thinking on how Sida can best manage its growing portfolio of MSD programs. Beyond this, it provides insights relevant to Sida’s wider support to complex and adaptive programs. The evaluation identified several factors that affect Sida’s ability to ensure that conducive conditions are in place for effective MSD programs and good development programming more generally. Sida’s relatively flexible framework of rules, guidelines and systems for project management provide the space needed for staff to innovate and manage adaptively. But for this to happen consistently and effectively, Sida needs to invest more deliberately in building the capacity of its staff in relevant areas. In addition, leadership and incentives are key to shaping a culture of active experimentation and learning. This needs to be supported with clearer guidance for those involved in the design and appraisal of MSD projects; and strengthened oversight of project performance, including through adjustments to Sida’s contracts and funding agreements. CY - Stockholm DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 PB - Sida UR - https://www.sida.se/contentassets/bfe15e8902fa4dbb864bd478c2f14df1/2018_2a_evaluation_market_systems_dev_approach_vol-1.pdf Y2 - 2019/01/08/12:11:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Parliament and the people AU - Rumbul, Rebecca AU - Moulder, Gemma AU - Parsons, Alex AB - How digital technologies are shaping democratic information flow in Sub-Saharan Africa DA - 2018/11/21/ PY - 2018 LA - en UR - http://research.mysociety.org/publications/parliament-and-people Y2 - 2018/11/22/10:43:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Introduction to Adaptive Management for Threatened and Endangered Species AU - Runge, Michael C. T2 - Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management AB - Management of threatened and endangered species would seem to be a perfect context for adaptive management. Many of the decisions are recurrent and plagued by uncertainty, exactly the conditions that warrant an adaptive approach. But although the potential of adaptive management in these settings has been extolled, there are limited applications in practice. The impediments to practical implementation are manifold and include semantic confusion, institutional inertia, misperceptions about the suitability and utility, and a lack of guiding examples. In this special section of the Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, we hope to reinvigorate the appropriate application of adaptive management for threatened and endangered species by framing such management in a decision-analytical context, clarifying misperceptions, classifying the types of decisions that might be amenable to an adaptive approach, and providing three fully developed case studies. In this overview paper, I define terms, review the past application of adaptive management, challenge perceived hurdles, and set the stage for the case studies which follow. DA - 2011/12// PY - 2011 DO - 10.3996/082011-JFWM-045 DP - Crossref VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 220 EP - 233 LA - en SN - 1944-687X, 1944-687X UR - http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/abs/10.3996/082011-JFWM-045 Y2 - 2019/02/25/11:11:43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Doing the Transparent State: open government data as performance indicators AU - Ruppert, Evelyn AU - others T2 - A World of Indicators: The production of knowledge and justice in an interconnected world DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Google Scholar SP - 51 EP - 78 ST - Doing the Transparent State UR - https://research.gold.ac.uk/13490/1/Ruppert2015.pdf Y2 - 2016/07/21/13:27:21 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Causal Loop Diagrams: Little Known Analytical Tool | iSixSigma AU - Rushing, William AB - The causal loop diagram is an analytical tool that is seldom used in Six Sigma but nonetheless is still very valuable. It is a foundational tool used in system dynamics, a method of analysis used to develop an understanding of complex systems. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 LA - en-US ST - Causal Loop Diagrams UR - https://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/cause-effect/causal-loop-diagrams-little-known-analytical-tool/ Y2 - 2019/02/06/09:44:05 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Towards ‘Targeted Systems Change’ AU - Rye, Sam T2 - Fieldnotes by Sam Rye AB - Modelling and communicating how to shift systems DA - 2019/02/09/T10:40:27.009Z PY - 2019 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/fieldnotes-by-sam-rye/towards-targeted-systems-change-7f4db6febb51 Y2 - 2024/03/27/10:15:11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using AI to disrupt business as usual in small evaluation firms AU - Sabarre, Nina R. AU - Beckmann, Blake AU - Bhaskara, Sahiti AU - Doll, Kathleen T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - While many knowledge workers may fear that the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) will threaten their jobs, this article argues that small evaluation businesses should embrace AI tools to increase their value in the marketplace and remain relevant. In this article, consultants from a research, evaluation, and strategy firm, Intention 2 Impact, Inc., make a case for using AI tools to disrupt business as usual in evaluation from theoretical and practical perspectives. Theoretically, AI may be another example of technology that was initially feared but is now ubiquitous in society. Using concrete examples, the authors describe how businesses and evaluators have evolved to keep up with changes in supply and demand. Lastly, it is posited that embracing AI will save time for those working in small businesses, which can ultimately increase added value and profitability. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 DO - 10.1002/ev.20562 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2023 IS - 178-179 SP - 59 EP - 71 LA - en SN - 1534-875X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20562 Y2 - 2023/12/11/09:47:54 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Volume 3: Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning in Complex Adaptive Environments AU - SACE AB - This volume is the last in a series of papers about systems approaches in complex environments, which includes the use of the collective impact model to address large-scale social problems, and the application of participant-driven MEL techniques across 17 networks of civil society organizations. It is based on the experiences of Root Change and Chemonics, two development partners working on a USAID civic engagement project in Nigeria (2013-2018), as well as hundreds of civil society organization partners. This is the final paper in the series and aims to highlight how the adaptation of participatory monitoring, evaluation, and learning techniques (e.g., most significant change, outcome mapping, and outcome harvesting) evolved and ultimately empowered cluster members. The first paper in the series presented a brief introduction to systems approaches in advocacy settings, the SACE theory of change, and the scope of Root Change’s work as technical lead on capacity building and measurement. The second volume aims to address the innovative use of the advocacy strategy matrix, adapted from work by the Center for Evaluation Innovation, for collective impact and the Collective Impact Model, an approach that engages multiple players in working together to solve complex social problems. DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 PB - SACE Program UR - https://www.rootchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/SACE-Legacy-Volume-3-Branded.pdf Y2 - 2020/02/14/12:19:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing things differently: Rethinking monitoring and evaluation to understand change AU - Saferworld AB - Doing things differently: Rethinking monitoring and evaluation to understand change Learning paper Over the past four years, Saferworld has put in place a way of monitoring, evaluating and learning from our work focused on behaviour and relationship change. This paper outlines the process we have gone through to adapt, embed, and embrace an approach inspired by Outcome Mapping and Outcome Harvesting (OH). Key benefits of our monitoring, evaluation and learning approach are: It is simple, but promotes complex discussion and analysis. It allows conflict- and gender-sensitivity to be built into programmes; it promotes analysis of and adaptation to context. Bringing front-line staff and partners into wider conversations with others substantially increases cross-organisational learning. CY - London DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 LA - english M3 - Learning paper PB - Saferworld UR - https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/1027-doing-things-differently-rethinking-monitoring-and-evaluation-to-understand-change Y2 - 2019/02/05/09:09:14 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Blind Man and the Elephant: Analysing the Local State in China AU - Saich, Tony T2 - On the Roots of Growth and Crisis: Capitalism, State and Society in East Asia A2 - Tomba, L. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Zotero SP - 41 LA - en PB - Annale Feltinelli ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining and using evidence in conservation practice AU - Salafsky, Nick AU - Boshoven, Judith AU - Burivalova, Zuzana AU - Dubois, Natalie S. AU - Gomez, Andres AU - Johnson, Arlyne AU - Lee, Aileen AU - Margoluis, Richard AU - Morrison, John AU - Muir, Matthew AU - Pratt, Stephen C. AU - Pullin, Andrew S. AU - Salzer, Daniel AU - Stewart, Annette AU - Sutherland, William J. AU - Wordley, Claire F. R. T2 - Conservation Science and Practice AB - There is growing interest in evidence-based conservation, yet there are no widely accepted standard definitions of evidence, let alone guidance on how to use it in the context of conservation and natural resource management practice. In this paper, we first draw on insights of evidence-based practice from different disciplines to define evidence as being the “relevant information used to assess one or more hypotheses related to a question of interest.” We then construct a typology of different kinds of information, hypotheses, and evidence and show how these different types can be used in different steps of conservation practice. In particular, we distinguish between specific evidence used to assess project hypotheses and generic evidence used to assess generic hypotheses. We next build on this typology to develop a decision tree to support practitioners in how to appropriately use available specific and generic evidence in a given conservation situation. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how to better promote and enable evidence-based conservation in both projects and across the discipline of conservation. Our hope is that by understanding and using evidence better, conservation can both become more effective and attract increased support from society. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/csp2.27 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - e27 LA - en SN - 2578-4854 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/csp2.27 Y2 - 2019/06/19/11:20:05 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Evidence-based conservation KW - Evidence-based practice KW - Natural resource management KW - Project management KW - biodiversity KW - environmental evidence ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive Management: A Tool for Conservation Practitioners AU - Salafsky, Nick AU - Margoluis, Richard AU - Redford, Kent CY - Bethesda DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DP - Zotero SP - 53 LA - en PB - Foundations of Success ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining the burden of proof in conservation AU - Salafsky, Nick AU - Redford, Kent H. T2 - Biological Conservation AB - Conservationists often must take action in the face of uncertainty about the costs and benefits of different options. Although this uncertainty can be paralyzing when the stakes are high, there is obviously a cost to inaction as well as action, and decision makers need to be encouraged to act when appropriate. Many other fields of human endeavor such as law, medicine, and public safety have formally developed the “burden and standards of proof” that decision makers have to meet in choosing to take action. In this paper, we review the standards developed in these other fields to help define a similar framework for conservation. Specifically we propose that a conservation decision maker must assume the burden of proof when there is a decision to act that substantially affects others, in which the decision maker has professional standing, where there is not immediate urgency, and where there is some, but not complete certainty about the outcomes of acting versus not acting. Once these initial tests have been met, in situations in which the decision maker is more worried about the consequences of not acting, then a relatively low standard of proof is required for taking action. If the decision maker is concerned with the consequences of acting in error, but the action is relatively reversible, then a medium standard of proof is required. And finally, if there are concerns about the consequences of acting in error, but the action is relatively irreversible, then a high standard of proof is required. DA - 2013/10/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.002 VL - 166 SP - 247 EP - 253 J2 - Biological Conservation SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713002267 KW - Biodiversity KW - Burden of proof KW - Decision theory KW - Standard of proof KW - Uncertainty ER - TY - BLOG TI - From analysis to action: operationalising learning and adaptation in Savings at the Frontier AU - Salehi, Yusef DA - 2016/11/23/ PY - 2016 UR - http://www.opml.co.uk/projects/savings-frontier KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Internet and Democracy Building in Lusophone African Countries AU - Salgado, Dr Susana AB - This timely book fills an important gap in the literature on the influence of the Internet and new media in Portuguese speaking African countries. Based on extensive field work throughout the region the author examines the influence of the Internet in the transition to democracy in Africa, and asks whether there are new possibilities for popular activism to emerge from evolving communication environments and media systems.The book analyses the different forms of democracy, the concept of development, and addresses the debate about the relationship between democracy and development and explores the influence of the media in the democratization process, the promises that digital media bring to this process and to development and the implications of the African digital divide. In certain countries in this region democracy and independent news media are in their infancy but are starting to take hold, giving an excellent opportunity to observe the dynamics of civil society and the influence of increased freedom, new voting powers and new media in particular. The book offers important insights into the roles and functions that the media in general, and the Internet in particular, can perform in the creation of a more democratic society, as well as in empowering and educating citizens in democratic values. DA - 2014/11/28/ PY - 2014 DP - Google Books SP - 201 LA - en PB - Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. SN - 978-1-4094-7293-3 KW - Business & Economics / Industries / Computers & Information Technology KW - History / Africa / General KW - Political Science / Political Ideologies / Democracy ER - TY - RPRT TI - Help! I’m hiring new staff and I want them to work adaptively. A guide to hiring adaptive employees. AU - Salib, Monalisa AB - If you are involved in hiring, this tool can help you increase your chances of selecting staff members skilled in adaptive management. It will help answer the questions: Which competencies should I recruit for in order to hire more adaptive employees? Which desired qualifications should I incorporate into position descriptions to attract adaptive employees? Which interview questions should I ask to screen for adaptive employee competencies? You should use this tool when you decide to hire a new individual - whether that be a direct hire, contractor, or consultant - or when you are changing an individual’s current position description or scope of work. Specifically, this tool will help you determine which qualifications are most important for the position and offers interview questions you can use with candidates. --- You’re in luck! We just released a new guide for hiring adaptive employees. This visual and user-friendly tool will help increase your chances of selecting staff skilled in adaptive management. Here are the details: What do you mean by “work adaptively” or an “adaptive employee”? An adaptive employee is an individual who, in collaboration with relevant stakeholders, systematically acquires and uses knowledge to make decisions and adjustments in their work in order to achieve greater impact. Why focus on adaptive employees? Why does it matter? With industries, technologies, and organizations in a near constant state of flux, leaders are recognizing the importance of adaptability as a critical capacity. Because of this, it’s not surprising that a recent LinkedIn report found that adaptability was the most important soft skill hiring managers were screening for. In addition, evidence shows that teams that apply more data-driven and adaptive leadership practices perform better than those that focus less on these practices. It makes sense, then, that managers want to recruit more team members who are skilled in adaptive management - it helps achieve results. Who should use this tool? Anyone involved in hiring, responsible for developing or approving position descriptions, participating in interviews, and/or approving new hires. When should I use this tool? Use it as soon as you decide to hire a new staff person or when you’re adjusting existing position descriptions. What does the tool help me do? It will help you think through: Which competencies should I recruit for in order to hire more adaptive employees? Which desired qualifications should I incorporate into position descriptions to attract adaptive employees? (You can even copy and paste qualification language from the tool into scopes of work!) Which interview questions should I ask to screen for adaptive employee competencies? (You can copy and paste interview questions into your screening, interview, and reference check protocols!) Has the tool been tested? Yes, staff within USAID’s Global Development Lab and on the USAID LEARN contract tested the tool, providing feedback on the minimum viable product and subsequent versions. Testers confirmed finding the tool useful, and gave it a 9/10 score when asked if they would recommend it to colleagues. Some specific feedback from testers included: "The tool prompts deeper thought on what you might need and want in a job candidate" and "All [of the interview questions I used from the tool] worked well." What about the existing staff? How can they gain greater skills in adaptive management? Existing USAID staff and implementing partners can access online training in collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) and find resources in the CLA Toolkit. USAID staff also have access to an internal CLA community of practice and five-day, in-person CLA training. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/05// PY - 2019 PB - USAID LEARN UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/community/blog/help-im-hiring-new-staff-and-i-want-them-work-adaptively Y2 - 2023/09/29/08:31:49 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theory of Change Workbook: A Step-by-Step Process for Developing or Strengthening Theories of Change AU - Salib, Monalisa AB - While over time theories of change have become synonymous with simple if/then statements, a strong theory of change should actually be a much more detailed, context-specific articulation of how we *theorize* change will happen under a program. DA - 2022/02/15/ PY - 2022 LA - en M3 - Text PB - USAID ST - Theory of Change Workbook UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/theory-change-workbook-step-step-process-developing-or-strengthening-theories-change Y2 - 2022/03/17/13:58:01 ER - TY - BLOG TI - “There’s no money for that.” Three Ways to Resource Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting AU - Salib, Monalisa T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - This blog is the third in an ongoing series exploring the components of USAID's CLA Framework. Here is the first blog on organizational culture and the second on effective learning. DA - 2016/04/25/T17:20:15-04:00 PY - 2016 LA - en M3 - Text UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/theres-no-money-that-three-ways-resource-collaborating-learning-and-adapting Y2 - 2019/08/08/23:35:42 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Introducing the CLA Maturity Tool for Implementing Partners AU - Salib, Monalisa AU - Ziegler, Jessica T2 - Social Impact AB - On December 13, 2022, Social Impact hosted a webinar in our Evidence for Impact series, "Strengthen Your Team's CLA Practices: Introducing the CLA Maturity Tool for USAID Implementers." Through the session, we shared more about the origin and history of the USAID tool upon which this version is based, why and how we updated DA - 2023/01/11/T17:58:55+00:00 PY - 2023 LA - en-US UR - https://socialimpact.com/introducing-the-cla-maturity-tool-for-implementing-partners/ Y2 - 2023/03/20/11:34:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beneficiary Assessment: An Approach Described AU - Salmen, Lawrence T2 - Social Development Papers AB - Beneficiary assessment is a tool for managers who wish to improve the quality of development operations. This is an approach to information gathering which assesses the value of an activity as it is perceived by its principal users. The approach is qualitative in that it attempts to derive understanding from shared experience as well as observation, and gives primacy to the centrality of the other person’s point of view. As the Bank and others engaged in development activities seek to do their work better, one key indicator will need to be how the ultimate customer, or intended beneficiary, assesses the value of this work, project or policy, as it affects his or her life. The illumination of how an intended beneficiary appreciates a planned or ongoing developmental activity is the primary objective of this approach. Beneficiary assessment is a systematic inquiry into people’s values and behavior in relation to a planned or ongoing intervention for social and economic change. This method draws heavily from the tradition in social science known as "qualitative research...that fundamentally depends on watching people in their own territory and interacting with them in their own language, on their own terms" (Kirk and Miller). Yet beneficiary assessment also includes direct observation, incorporating simple counting, and is expressed in quantitative terms. The ultimate goal of beneficiary assessment is to reveal the meaning people give to particular aspects of their lives so that development activities may better enhance people’s ability to improve their own living conditions, as they see fit. This demands close rapport between the practitioner of this approach, the beneficiary and the development manager. The beneficiary assessment approach is not intended to supplant the questionnaire survey but to provide reliable qualitative, indepth information on the socio-cultural conditions of a beneficiary population which is intended to be of immediate use to managers and policymakers responsible for improving people’s lives. DA - 2002/08// PY - 2002 SP - 29 PB - World Bank SN - 10 UR - http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPCENG/1143333-1116505682469/20509250/BAAPProach.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Toward a Listening Bank: A review of best practices and the efficacy of Beneficiary Assessment AU - Salmen, Lawrence T2 - Social Development Papers AB - "This paper will first provide a descriptive overview of the beneficiary assessment (BA) work done on World Bank projects (by region, sector, phase of cycle, and so forth); it will then discuss impact, both qualitatively (with case studies) and quantitatively; and finally it will propose a course that, if taken, could lead to a Bank that truly listens and is attuned as much to the perspectives of the governments and peoples it serves as to the financial markets it helps sustain." "BAs use the qualitative techniques of conversational interviewing, focus groups, and participant observation with representative samples of key actors, such as the intended—usually poor—beneficiaries, service providers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other local public- and private-sector leaders; analysis and the presentation of results are done as quantitatively as possible." Contents Beneficiary Assessment and the World Bank: An Overview Beneficiary Assessments in Africa Impact Case Studies Impact on Project Design Impact on Direct Cost Savings Summary of Quantifiable Impacts on Project Design and Objectives A Note on Methodology Complete the Paradigm Shift DA - 1998/09// PY - 1998 SP - 34 SN - 23 UR - http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPCENG/1143333-1116505682469/20509261/sdp-023-toward-a-listening-bank-ba-larry.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Voice of the Farmer In Agricultural Extension: A Review of Beneficiary Assessments of Agricultural Extension and An Inquiry into their Potential as a Management Tool AU - Salmen, Lawrence F T2 - AKIS Discussion Paper DA - 1999/11/18/ PY - 1999 SP - 30 PB - World Bank UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/776431468322742990/pdf/multi0page.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to create an agile organization - survey AU - Salo, Olli AU - Ahlbäck, Karin AU - Fahrbach, Clemens AU - Murarka, Monica AB - Eighteen practices for organizational agility The survey asked respondents about a series of specific actions that underlie each of the 18 practices (9 of them stable, and 9 dynamic) of organizational agility; all of the practices are summarized in the table below. To rate respondents’ organizations, we asked how frequently their performance units engaged in each action that supports a given practice. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 PB - McKinsey & Co. UR - https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/how-to-create-an-agile-organization# Y2 - 2022/01/17/10:42:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Has Kenya’s ICT revolution triggered more citizen participation? AU - Salome, Nyambura T2 - MAVC Research Briefing AB - Lessons from policy in Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 PB - Institute of Development Studies UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/when-does-state-listen/ Y2 - 2016/09/07/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Miradi Measures Dashboard Demo AU - Salzer, D AB - Live demonstration (view in HD) of a new online measures dashboard site (http://miradi.sitkatech.com) that allows users of the Miradi Adaptive Management software (http://miradi.org) to share the progress they are making towards achieving their desired results DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2nrZDvVBxE ER - TY - BLOG TI - Building a Movement of Public Problem Solvers - Building State Capability AU - Samji, Salimah T2 - Building State Capability AB - Solving public problems is a hard and thankless job. One that is undertaken with a shortage of time as well as resources, and often under pressure to deliver results. A common approach used to solve public problems is to develop a plan, sometimes with experts, and then to assume that implementation will happen on autopilot. To quote Mike Tyson, “Everyone has a plan ’till they get punched in the mouth.” The question is, what do you do after you get punched? Continue with your existing plan? Or do you learn from the punch? DA - 2021/04/19/T01:05:29+00:00 PY - 2021 LA - en-US UR - https://buildingstatecapability.com/2021/04/18/building-a-movement-of-public-problem-solvers/ Y2 - 2022/07/15/08:38:33 ER - TY - BLOG TI - PDIA Course: Alumni are already practicing what they learned AU - Samji, Salimah T2 - Building State Capability AB - written by Salimah Samji We offered 4 free PDIA online courses between November 2015 and June 2016. They were well received and 365 people, living in 56 countries, successfully completed the course… DA - 2017/02/12/T04:14:28+00:00 PY - 2017 ST - PDIA Course UR - https://buildingstatecapability.com/2017/02/11/pdia-course-alumni-are-already-practicing-what-they-learned Y2 - 2017/04/18/15:31:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - PDIA Notes 2: Learning to Learn AU - Samji, Salimah T2 - Building State Capability AB - written by Peter Harrington After over two years of working with the government of Albania, and as we embark on a new project to work with the government of Sri Lanka, we at the Building State Capa… DA - 2016/10/05/T21:25:39+00:00 PY - 2016 ST - PDIA Notes 2 UR - https://buildingstatecapability.com/2016/10/05/pdia-notes-2-learning-to-learn/ Y2 - 2016/10/07/08:10:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Caja de Herramientas PDIA - Un enfoque “hazlo tú mismo” para resolver problemas complejos AU - Samji, Salimah AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Woolcock, MIchael AB - (Spanish version of he PDIA toolkit) The PDIAtoolkit is designed to guide you through the process of solving complex problems which requires working in teams. We call it a Do-it-Yourself (DIY) kit, where the ‘you’ is a committed team of 4-6 people mobilized to work together to solve a complex problem that cannot be solved by one person. DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 LA - en PB - Center for International Development at Harvard University UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/PDIAtoolkit Y2 - 2018/10/26/08:43:41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - PDIA Toolkit - A DIY Approach to Solving Complex Problems AU - Samji, Salimah AU - Andrews, Matt AU - Pritchett, Lant AU - Woolcock, MIchael AB - The PDIAtoolkit is designed to guide you through the process of solving complex problems which requires working in teams. We call it a Do-it-Yourself (DIY) kit, where the ‘you’ is a committed team of 4-6 people mobilized to work together to solve a complex problem that cannot be solved by one person. DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 LA - en PB - Center for International Development at Harvard University UR - https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/PDIAtoolkit Y2 - 2018/10/26/08:43:41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - HIV, food and drugs: Livelihoods, nutrition and Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) in Kenya and Zambia AU - Samuels, Fiona AU - Rutenberg, Naomi T2 - Briefing Paper AB - Key points • ART has restored the health of many people living with HIV, but their livelihoods lag behind • Good nutrition is important for people on ART. Food supplementation can help, but is no substitute for sustainable livelihoods • The livelihoods of people on ART can be bolstered through skills, livelihood networks, assets and cash or food transfers DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 4 PB - ODI SN - 45 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3355.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Perspectives on Participation in Design AU - Sanders, Elizabeth T2 - Wer gestaltet die Gestaltung? Praxis, Theorie und Geschichte des partizipatorischen Designs A2 - Mareis, Claudia A2 - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Design-Theorie und -Forschung A2 - Hochschule für Gestaltung T3 - Design CY - Bielefeld DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - ger PB - transcript SN - 978-3-8376-2038-2 978-3-8394-2038-6 SV - 2 KW - Design ER - TY - JOUR TI - Probes, toolkits and prototypes: three approaches to making in codesigning AU - Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N. AU - Stappers, Pieter Jan T2 - CoDesign AB - The role of making in the design process has been growing, taking on new forms and involving new players over the past 10 years. Where we once primarily saw designers using making to give shape to the future, today we can see designers and non-designers working together, using making as a way to make sense of the future. In this paper, we describe the landscape of design research and practice at the end of 2013 with special attention to the role of making across these perspectives: approach (cultural probes, generative toolkits and design prototypes), mindset (designing for people and designing with people), focus in time (the world as it is, the near future and the speculative future) as well as variations in design intent (provoking, engaging and serving). DA - 2014/01/02/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1080/15710882.2014.888183 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 14 SN - 1571-0882 ST - Probes, toolkits and prototypes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2014.888183 Y2 - 2016/09/16/14:21:04 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - What is Rapid Action Learning and how was it developed? AU - Sanitation Learning Hub AB - To celebrate the publication of our latest Frontiers of Sanitation, we had a series of conversations with our colleagues and partners on our work on Rapid Action Learning so far. To download the publication in full, head to https://sanitationlearninghub.org/res... DA - 2020/09/22/ PY - 2020 DP - YouTube UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLogOc8N6N-DtBEaMp7xNC7bwaq29U6KkM&v=cRUb8AVuyKo Y2 - 2020/10/16/13:59:51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Systemigrams in Problem Definition: A Case Study in Maritime Resilience for Homeland Security AU - Sauser, Brian AU - Mansouri, Mo AU - Omer, Mayada T2 - Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management AB - The concept of resilience has been used among a diversity of fields with a myriad of definitions. A systems approach to discovering the essence of resilience could aid in understanding its concept and provide opportunities to distinguish its systemic characteristics that can be identified, planned, or analyzed regardless of the field in which it is considered. In order to begin executing such an approach, a comprehensive study of the literature on the topic and circumstances in which resilience has been used or referred to in several fields of studies is necessary. In this paper, the conceptual common denominator of resilience is identified based on the results of a literature survey and according to the way it has been used in different contexts. This basis leads to the objective of this effort, and that is to recognize the systemic characteristics of resilience and demonstrate the defining of a universally accepted definition. Using a soft systems methodology and a supporting systemic diagramming technique entitled Systemigrams, we present the formulation of defining resilience in maritime homeland security. In this effort, many stakeholders contributed their thoughts and concerns on the meaning and operational use of resilience through a repetitive process to formulate a definition of the term. The result of this methodic approach is a general definition of resilience that has been refined in a collaborative environment via the application the Boardman Soft Systems Methodology. DA - 2011/01/27/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.2202/1547-7355.1773 DP - ResearchGate VL - 8 J2 - Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management ST - Using Systemigrams in Problem Definition ER - TY - RPRT TI - “Cash Plus” programmes for children AU - Save the Children T2 - Resource Paper AB - This paper provides a resource on “Cash Plus” interventions for children. These interventions combine household cash transfers with complementary, context-relevant interventionsn in order to address the multiple drivers of childhood deprivations and generate more powerful impacts for children across Save the Children’s Breakthroughs, in both development and humanitarian contexts. CY - London DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Save the Children UR - https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/cash-plus-programmes-children/ Y2 - 2023/12/05/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Introduction to SAVI's way of working - State Accountability and Voice Initiative (SAVI) AU - SAVI AB - We are piloting a new approach to identifying and supporting our partners.  This breaks with convention in many ways in order to improve impact.  SAVI Approach Papers summarise key aspects of SAVI’s way of working. They explain what we do, and why – and link to relevant tools and frameworks. Our approach is summarized in... CY - London DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - DFID UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/introduction-to-savis-way-of-working/ Y2 - 2016/07/27/10:01:39 KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nigeria Public Sector Accountability and Governance Programme - Business Case AU - SAVI AB - In May 2016, SAVI transitioned into a successor programme – the ‘Engaged Citizens Pillar’ (ECP) of a wider DFID-funded governance reform programme ‘The Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn’ (PERL). ECP is managed by the same service provider, Palladium, and the same core management team as SAVI, and many of the SAVI front line staff... CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 15 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-15/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:05:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 1: Core Values AU - SAVI AB - Governance reform is about government and citizens working together in more responsive, inclusive and accountable ways for the benefit of citizens. More responsive, inclusive and accountable attitudes and behaviour on the part of government and non-government stakeholders are the critical factors which lead to meaningful reform processes, and replicate and sustain reforms beyond the lifetime... CY - DFID DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - London ST - SAVI Approach Paper 1 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/core-values/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/08:59:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 10: Engaging State Governments AU - SAVI AB - SAVI as a programme does not directly work with state governments – but we work in close conjunction with sister programmes who are supporting state governments on governance and sector reforms. SAVI supports non-government and SHoA partners to play their part in promoting more responsive, inclusive and accountable state governance delivering better services for citizens.... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 10 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-10-engaging-state-governments/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 11: Managing and Staffing an Adaptive Citizen Engagement Programme AU - SAVI AB - SAVI, a DFID funded programme implemented by Palladium, is an adaptive programme putting learning and adaptation at the centre of all decision-making. In relation to management and staffing SAVI has established the following approaches to facilitate this: – An adaptive approach to programme management: Full time strategic technical leadership, that works closely with and complements... CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 11 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-11-managing-staffing-adaptive-citizen-engagement-programme/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 12: Managing Programme Finances to Support Adaptive, Locally-led Processes of Citizen Engagement in Governance AU - SAVI AB - SAVI, is seeking to support processes of citizen engagement in governance in ways that are effective in influencing reform, and that are able to take on a life of their own without continuing donor support. SAVI is also an adaptive programme, putting learning and adaptation at the centre of all decision-making. Money is used and... CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 12 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-12-managing-programme-finances-support-adaptive-locally-led-processes-citizen-engagement-governance/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 13: Measuring Value for Money and using Value for Money Analysis AU - SAVI AB - SAVI has established its own framework for assessing Value for Money in annual performance – in relation to expenditure, economy, efficiency, effectiveness and equity. Routine tracking and analysis of expenditure and economy ensure that inputs are supplied and services delivered to partners in line with SAVI’s core values, whilst also meeting DFID requirements and competing... CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 13 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-13-measuring-value-money-using-value-money-analysis/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:27 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 14: Learning, Adaptation and Communications AU - SAVI AB - SAVI, a DFID funded programme implemented by Palladium, is an adaptive programme, aiming to put learning and adaptation at the centre of all decision-making. Learning and adaptation takes place in SAVI at three levels: the work of partners; the work of SAVI delivery teams; and the enabling environment of the programme as a whole. Achieving... CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 14 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-14-learning-adaptation-communications/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 15: Introduction to PERL: the SAVI Successor Programme AU - SAVI AB - In May 2016, SAVI transitioned into a successor programme – the ‘Engaged Citizens Pillar’ (ECP) of a wider DFID-funded governance reform programme ‘The Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn’ (PERL). ECP is managed by the same service provider, Palladium, and the same core management team as SAVI, and many of the SAVI front line staff... CY - London DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 15 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-15/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:05:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 2: Programme Design AU - SAVI AB - SAVI supports citizen engagement in governance through a facilitated partnership approach, in contrast to the usual approach of grants to civil society organisations (CSOs). The overall aim is to facilitate and support working relationships and processes of reform that are home-grown, self-sustaining and, after initial engagement, not dependent on external support. Our way of working... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 2 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/programme-design/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:00:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 3: Theory of Change AU - SAVI AB - SAVI’s theory of change is a simple, practical guide that staff and partners use to plan and to monitor change – as well as to reflect on and enhance their own effectiveness. It sets out broad stages of attitude and behaviour change over time to facilitate effective citizen engagement in governance processes, systems and structures.... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 3 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/theory-of-change/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:00:53 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 4: Thinking and Working Politically - Supporting partners and staff through a participatory apporach to political economy analysis AU - SAVI AB - Thinking and acting politically is central to the SAVI programme. We support staff and partners to analyse the power relations that shape change in their state, and to use this knowledge to inform their decision-making. This includes decisions made by SAVI state teams relating to the issues and partners they engage with and support, and... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 4 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/thinking-and-working-politically/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:01:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 5: Defining and Measuring Results AU - SAVI AB - SAVI aims to facilitate replicable and sustainable processes of citizen engagement in governance. The programme in each state is locally defined, flexible and adaptive, and results are not predictable in advance. Standardised monitoring tools are not applicable, and consequently we have evolved our tools and frameworks during the programme through processes of learning by doing.... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 5 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/defining-and-measuring-results/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:01:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 6: Engaging Civil Society AU - SAVI AB - SAVI state teams provide support to CS groups to become more effective agents of citizens’ voice and public accountability, through a variety of mutually reinforcing interventions. These include: hands-on support to demonstration civil society Advocacy Partnerships (APs) facilitating working partnerships between civil society APs, SHoAs, and the media brokering working relationships between all of these... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 6 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-6-engaging-civil-society/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:01:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 7: Promoting Gender Equality and Social Inclusion AU - SAVI AB - We promote attention to gender equality and social inclusion in all of our engagement with CS groups, the media and SHoAs, and in all of the issues and processes they work on. In all the states we work in, we also support partners to focus on some issues and form some partnerships and networks which... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 7 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-7-promoting-gender-equality-and-social-inclusion/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 8: Engaging the Media AU - SAVI AB - The overall aim of SAVI engagement with the media is for media representation of citizens’ interests to become normal, and play its part in helping state governments to be more responsive, inclusive and accountable to their citizens. Media partners – individual media personnel and selected media houses – are supported to be more effective agents... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 8 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-8-engaging-the-media/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SAVI Approach Paper 9: Engaging State Houses of Assembly AU - SAVI AB - The overall aim of SAVI engagement with SHoAs is to promote lasting reforms that are not dependent on external funding and which promote an increasingly more responsive and accountable relationship between Nigerian state governments and their citizens. SHoAs are supported to be more effective agents of citizen voice and public accountability, demanding better performance from... CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 LA - en-US PB - DFID ST - SAVI Approach Paper 9 UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/savi-approach-paper-9-engaging-state-houses-of-assembly/ Y2 - 2018/02/28/09:03:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - State Accountability and Voice Initiative (SAVI) - Approach Paper Series AU - SAVI AB - We are piloting a new approach to identifying and supporting our partners.  This breaks with convention in many ways in order to improve impact. Our approach is summarized in the Introduction to SAVI’s way of working. We have broken our approach down into key components – depicted in the form of our ‘knowledge tree’ –... CY - London DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - DFID UR - http://savi-nigeria.org/approach/ Y2 - 2017/02/14/08:11:51 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning from Life Story Collection and Analysis with Children who Work in the Leather Sector in Bangladesh AU - Sayem, Mashrique AU - Paul, Sukanta AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Snijder, Mieke AB - CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-eastern Asia) is a participatory evidence and innovation generating programme. We are generating evidence on the drivers of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) and exploring how to address them through participatory Action Research (PAR) with children and other stakeholders in the leather supply chain in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Our main intervention modality is Systemic Action Research (SAR) (Burns, 2007), of which life story collection and analysis (LSC&A) is the first step in our participatory design that will inform child-led PAR groups which will become the engines of innovative responses to WFCL. The LSC&A methodology is a storytelling and story listening methodology and was chosen because of the universal power of stories to make sense of complex realities and seek new futures. People across the world like to tell their stories; they like to feel listened to and they are interested in how their story connects and compares to others. By collecting and analysing stories from hundreds of children in WFCL we can visualise the bigger system that each individual story is connected to. We hypothesize that through engagement in the process of telling, listening, collecting, and analysing life stories, children engaged in harmful and hazardous work will use their understanding of systems dynamics to move into creating their own solutions to the drivers of WFCL. In 2021 in Bangladesh, we collected 405 life stories from children living in Hazaribagh, Hemayetpur, Lalbagh, and Bhairab in Dhaka, with more than one hundred of these stories collected by children themselves. Following the story collection and transcription, children were supported by the CLARISSA implementation team to collectively analyse the stories through identifying critical ‘factors’ (events which have causes and consequences) and understanding how they causally relate to each other. The analysis of the 405 life stories resulted in the development of large system maps that illustrate all the causal dynamics that underpin lived experiences of WFCL. Based on the systemic analysis process the children identified themes of the PAR to be set up in their localities. Our experience with the LSC&A methodology is the first in the context of children in WFCL. The methodology has been used in one other project in Bangladesh to date. We therefore intentionally aimed to learn from the implementation process and to evaluate if and how the telling of, listening to, collecting and analysing of life stories is empowering and in turn whether it leads to increased ownership of the problems which motivates collective action (Burns, 2021). In this learning note we share our methodological learning and reflect on operational implications for designing and facilitating an LSC&A process with children which we hope will support adaptation and use of the methodology by others working in participatory programming with children. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17553 Y2 - 2024/02/16/15:31:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Life Stories From Children Working in Bangladesh’s Leather Sector and its Neighbourhoods: Told and Analysed by Children AU - Sayem, Mashrique AU - Sayed, Sayma AU - Maksud, A. K. M. AU - Reaz Hossain, Khandaker AU - Afroze, Jiniya AU - Burns, Danny AU - Raw, Anna AU - Hacker, Elizabeth T2 - CLARISSA Research and Evidence Paper AB - CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia) has a participatory and child-centred approach that supports children to gather evidence, analyse it themselves and generate solutions to the problems they identify. The life story collection and collective analysis processes supported children engaged in the worst forms of child labour in Bangladesh to share and analyse their life stories. Over 400 life stories were collected from children who worked in the leather supply chain, or who lived and worked in leather sector neighbourhoods. Using causal mapping, 53 children who were engaged in or had experience of the worst forms of child labour collectively analysed the data. This resulted in children’s life stories becoming the evidence base for revealing macro‑level system dynamics that drive the worst forms of child labour. This paper is a record of the children’s analysis of the life stories and key themes they identified, which formed the basis of a series of seven child-led Participatory Action Research groups. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/11/06/ PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 5 ST - Life Stories From Children Working in Bangladesh’s Leather Sector and its Neighbourhoods UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18168 Y2 - 2023/11/13/12:56:32 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Scaled Agile Framework – SAFe for Lean Software and System Engineering 4.5 AU - Scaled Agile DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 UR - http://www.scaledagileframework.com/ Y2 - 2016/11/02/11:30:50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Affordances Explained AU - Scarantino, Andrea T2 - Philosophy of Science AB - I examine the central theoretical construct of ecological psychology, the concept of an affordance. In the first part of the paper, I illustrate the role affordances play in Gibson's theory of perception. In the second part, I argue that affordances are to be understood as dispositional properties, and explain what I take to be their characteristic background circumstances, triggering circumstances and manifestations. The main purpose of my analysis is to give affordances a theoretical identity enriched by Gibson's visionary insight, but independent of the most controversial claims of the Gibsonian movement. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1086/377380 DP - JSTOR VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 949 EP - 961 SN - 0031-8248 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/377380 Y2 - 2020/12/16/10:49:02 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Rapid Results!: How 100-Day Projects Build the Capacity for Large-Scale Change AU - Schaffer, Robert H. AU - Ashkenas, Ron AB - Rapid Results! shows how to make large-scale changes succeed  by using 100-day results-producing projects to develop this vital implementation capability. Written by Robert H. Schaffer, Ronald N. Ashkenas, and their associates—leaders in the field of change management—Rapid Results! describes an approach that has been field-tested by real organizations of every size and description to improve performance and speed the pace of change. Rapid results projects produce results quickly, introduce new work patterns, and enable participants to learn a variety of lessons about managing change. Step by step, the book describes how the use of rapid-cycle, or 100-day, projects   will multiply your organization’s power to succeed at large-scale change. Schaffer and Ashkenas specifically outline the concept behind 100-day projects and show you how to Set up the architecture to implement rapid results projects Improve operational performance and also attain hard results in the soft areas of management Build rapid results into major organizational change such as reorganization, acquisition integration, and international development Use rapid results to drive leadership development and culture change CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2005/10/05/ PY - 2005 DP - Amazon ET - 1 edition SP - 272 LA - English PB - Jossey-Bass SN - 978-0-7879-7734-4 ST - Rapid Results! ER - TY - RPRT TI - Qualitative comparative analysis: A valuable approach to add to the evaluator’s toolbox? Lessons from recent applications AU - Schatz, Florian AU - Welle, Katharina T2 - CDI Practice Paper DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 PB - IDS SN - 13 UR - http://cdimpact.org/blog/qualitative-comparative-analysis-%E2%80%93-addition-evaluator%E2%80%99s-toolbox Y2 - 2016/05/12/10:41:57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ING’s agile transformation AU - Schlatmann, Bart T2 - McKinsey Quarterly AB - Two senior executives from the global bank describe their recent journey. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 2017 IS - 01 UR - http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/ings-agile-transformation Y2 - 2017/02/19/09:29:06 ER - TY - RPRT TI - (Draft) Managing to Adapt - Analysing Adaptive Management for Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (draft) AU - Schlingheider, Annika AU - Pellfolk, Erica AU - Maneo, Gabriele AU - Desai, Harsh T2 - Oxfam Research Reports AB - Adaptive management is at the heart of ‘doing development differently’ (Wild et al., 2016). Whether it is here to stay depends on how much it is mainstreamed into existing development programming by donors and implementers alike, especially in planning, monitoring, evaluation, and learning (PMEL) cycles. In this report, we find that mainstreaming adaptive management in PMEL involves three strategies: 1. planning for flexibility; 2. developing locally owned monitoring and evaluation (M&E); and 3. creating an enabling environment for learning. Adopting these strategies contributes to virtuous cycles of PMEL DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 PB - Oxfam UR - https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/draft-paper-on-adaptive-management-in-oxfam-all-comments-welcome/ Y2 - 2023/08/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Special Issue: Causal Mechanisms in Program Evaluation AU - Schmidt, Johannes T2 - New Directions for Evaluation DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20357 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 1 EP - 6 LA - en SN - 1534-875X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20357 Y2 - 2022/01/28/11:40:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Independent Evaluation of SDC’s Results-Based Management System with a Focus on Poverty Reduction AU - Schmidt, Martin AU - Palenberg, Markus AU - Vähämäki, Janet AB - The SDC's results-based management system ensures that the processes and instruments used for the design and implementation of programs and projects contribute to achieving the desired results (outputs, outcomes and impact). The independent evaluation examines the extent to which these processes and tools have fostered the results culture within the organization, and improved competencies for results-based management decisions, learning and communication. In addition to the findings, conclusions and recommendations, the evaluation report includes the management response of SDC’s Directorate. CY - Bern DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 PB - SDC UR - https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/studies.survey-id-855.html Y2 - 2019/08/30/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Causal Mechanism Claim in Evaluation: Does the Prophecy Fulfill? AU - Schmitt, Johannes T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - Despite increased discussions in the community and a common understanding about the virtue of mechanism-based explanation, little is known about the true benefits and challenges of applying causal mechanism analysis in practice. This chapter aims to introduce the reader to the topic of causal mechanisms and synthesize significant findings on this special issue. It begins by laying out definitions and concepts of causal mechanisms in evaluation literature and proposes a two-way classification of causal mechanisms along which the chapters to this issue are structured. The chapter continues by introducing the Causal Mechanism Claim and elaborates on how analyzing causal mechanisms is expected to increase policy relevance and causal capacity in evaluations. Drawing on this issue's rich corpus of firsthand practical experience, this introduction synthesizes key lessons that support or contradict the Causal Mechanism Claim. We find that both parts of the claim—increased policy relevance and strengthened causal capacity—are supported by the authors' experiences as bundled in this issue. However, we also identify challenges related to cross-cutting issues such as communication and practical applicability and point to the importance of method integration. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/ev.20421 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2020 IS - 167 SP - 11 EP - 26 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - The Causal Mechanism Claim in Evaluation UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20421 Y2 - 2021/02/18/14:26:28 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Set-theoretic methods for the social sciences: a guide to qualitative comparative analysis AU - Schneider, Carsten Q. AU - Wagemann, Claudius T2 - Strategies for social inquiry AB - "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and other set-theoretic methods distinguish themselves from other approaches to the study of social phenomena by using sets and the search for set relations. In virtually all social science fields, statements about social phenomena can be framed in terms of set relations, and using set-theoretic methods to investigate these statements is therefore highly valuable. This book guides readers through the basic principles of set theory and then on to the applied practices of QCA. It provides a thorough understanding of basic and advanced issues in set-theoretic methods together with tricks of the trade, software handling and exercises. Most arguments are introduced using examples from existing research. The use of QCA is increasing rapidly and the application of set-theory is both fruitful and still widely misunderstood in current empirical comparative social research. This book provides an invaluable guide to these methods for researchers across the social sciences"-- CY - Cambrigde DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 350 LA - eng PB - Cambridge Univ. Press SN - 978-1-107-60113-0 978-1-107-01352-0 ST - Set-theoretic methods for the social sciences KW - Comparative method KW - Mathematical models KW - Qualitative Methode KW - Set theory KW - Social science KW - Vergleichende Forschung ER - TY - JOUR TI - How to Make Sense of Weak Signals AU - Schoemaker, Paul J. H. AU - Day, George S. T2 - MIT Sloan Management Review DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - www.researchgate.net VL - 50 IS - 3 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237651413_How_to_Make_Sense_of_Weak_Signals Y2 - 2016/11/07/17:17:38 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - ELEC TI - Making design core to the agile process: a look into how we built Salesforce's Lightning Experience AU - Schoen, Ian T2 - Medium AB - A look into how we built Salesforce’s Lightning Experience DA - 2016/07/20/ PY - 2016 UR - https://medium.com/salesforce-ux/making-design-core-to-the-agile-process-3e06b083e8a8#.suq0sux6b Y2 - 2016/10/04/20:25:15 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Lives Amid Violence: Transforming Development in the Wake of Conflict AU - Schomerus, Mareike AB - Violent conflict and its aftermath are pressing problems, particularly for international development initiatives. However, the results of development in conflict contexts have generally been disappointing and their preventative potential thus questionable. Available Open Access, Lives Amid Violence argues that this is because practitioners adhere to a mental model that emphasises linearity, certainty, and causality, assuming that violence is best addressed through work plans that deliver state-building, stabilisation and services. Based on ten years of multi-method research from, in, and on conflict-affected countries, this book challenges this approach.Drawing on a significant collaborative body of scholarship, this work puts forward original and generalizable conclusions about how lives amid violence persist, offering an invitation to abandon restricting mental models and to embrace creative ways of thinking and working. These include paying attention to the long-term effects of conflict on individual behaviour and decision-making, the social realities of economic life, the role service delivery plays in negotiations between citizens and states, and to creating meaningful relationships. Transformation also requires reflection and therefore the book concludes with constructive suggestions on how to practice these insights to better support those whose lives are shaped by violence.More details are available at www.transformingdevelopment.orgThe eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. CY - New York, NY DA - 2022//01/Diciembre PY - 2022 DP - Amazon SP - 320 LA - Inglés SN - 978-0-7556-4083-6 ST - Lives Amid Violence UR - https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/lives-amid-violence-transforming-development-in-the-wake-of-conflict/ Y2 - 2023/03/21/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Small is beautiful: economics as if people mattered AU - Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich CY - London DA - 1973/// PY - 1973 PB - Blond & Briggs ST - Small is beautiful ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Scrum Guide AU - Schwaber, Ken AU - Sutherland, Jeff DA - 2016/07// PY - 2016 PB - scrum.org UR - http://www.scrumguides.org/docs/scrumguide/v2016/2016-Scrum-Guide-US.pdf Y2 - 2016/08/10/09:57:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What is Uncertainty and Why Does it Matter? AU - Scoones, Ian T2 - STEPS Working Paper 105 AB - Uncertainty defines our times. Whether it is in relation to climate change, disease outbreaks, financial volatility, natural disasters or political settlements, every media headline seems to assert that things are uncertain, and increasingly so. Uncertainty, where we do not know the probabilities of either likelihoods or outcomes, is different to risk, the implications of which are explored in this paper through five different ways of thinking about uncertainty, derived from highly diverse literatures encompassing societal, political, cultural, practice and individual perspectives. The paper continues by examining how these perspectives relate to four domains: finance and banking; critical infrastructures; disease outbreaks and climate change; natural hazards and disasters. Reflecting on these experiences, the paper argues that embracing uncertainty raises some fundamental challenges. It means questioning simple, linear perspectives on modernity and progress. It means rethinking expertise and including diverse knowledges in deliberations about the future. It means understanding how uncertainties emerge in social, political and economic contexts, and how uncertainties affect different people, depending on class, gender, race, age and other dimensions of social difference. And, if uncertainty is not reducible to probabilistic risk, it means a radically different approach to governance; one that rejects control-oriented, technocratic approaches in favour of more tentative, adaptive, hopeful and caring responses. The paper concludes by asking whether we can learn from those who live with and from uncertainty – including pastoralists in marginal settings – as part of a wider conversation about embracing uncertainties to meet the challenges of our turbulent world. CY - Brighton DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - STEPS centre UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14470 Y2 - 2019/05/15/13:48:06 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Politics of Uncertainty : Challenges of Transformation AU - Scoones, Ian AU - Stirling, Andy AU - Stirling, Andy AB - Why is uncertainty so important to politics today? To explore the underlying reasons, issues and challenges, this book’s chapters address finance and banking, DA - 2020/07/14/ PY - 2020 DP - www.taylorfrancis.com LA - en PB - Routledge SN - 978-1-00-302384-5 ST - The Politics of Uncertainty UR - https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003023845 Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:31:50 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Strategy Deployment and Spotify Rhythm AU - Scotl, Karl T2 - AvailAgility AB - Last month, Henrik Kniberg posted slides from a talk he gave at Agile Sverige on something called Spotify Rhythm - "Spotify’s current approach to getting aligned as a company". While looking through the material, it struck me that what he was describing was a form of Strategy Deployment. This interpretation is based purely on those slides - I haven't had a chance yet to explore this more deeply with Henrik or anyone else from Spotify. I hope I will do some day, but given that caveat, here's how I currently understand the approach in terms of the X-Matrix Model. DA - 2016/07/11/T16:28:02Z PY - 2016 UR - http://availagility.co.uk/2016/07/11/strategy-deployment-and-spotify-rhythm Y2 - 2017/01/10/12:41:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The struggle for organisational change: how the ActionAid Accountability, Learning and Planning System emerged AU - Scott-Villiers, Patta T2 - Policy & Practice AB - Change is driven not only by good ideas, but also by disagreement and frustration. This article takes the reader through a selective organisational history of the British NGO ActionAid from 1998 to 2001, looking at events and changes that had a bearing on the DA - 2002/08/01/ PY - 2002 DP - policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk ST - The struggle for organisational change UR - http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-struggle-for-organisational-change-how-the-actionaid-accountability-learnin-130562 Y2 - 2017/07/17/13:52:52 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The 2015 State of Scrum Report: How the world is applying the most popular Agile approach to projects AU - Scrum Alliance DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Scrum Alliance UR - https://www.scrumalliance.org/scrum/media/scrumalliancemedia/files%20and%20pdfs/state%20of%20scrum/scrum-alliance-state-of-scrum-2015.pdf Y2 - 2016/08/10/09:50:42 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Conflict Sensitive Programme Management: A quick guide AU - SDC DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 PB - SDC UR - https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/en/home/themes-sdc/fragile-contexts-and-prevention/preventing-recurrent-cycles-violent-conflicts/conflict-sensitive-programme-management.html Y2 - 2019/03/06/15:32:56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Conflict-sensitive programme management (CSPM) AU - SDC DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en UR - https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/en/home/themes-sdc/fragile-contexts-and-prevention/preventing-recurrent-cycles-violent-conflicts/conflict-sensitive-programme-management.html Y2 - 2019/03/06/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Dispatch on Switzerland's International Cooperation 2017–2020: Key points in brief AU - SDC AB - The “Dispatch on Switzerland’s International Cooperation, 2017–2020”, is a report to the Swiss Parliament outlining the strategic priorities proposed by the Federal Council in this area. It includes framework credits for each of the five policy instruments used by Switzerland to implement its international cooperation strategy. These are implemented by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA), the Human Security Division (HSD) of the FDFA’s Directorate of Political Affairs, and the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER). CY - Bern DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 40 LA - en PB - Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidelines for the Monitoring System for Development-Related Changes (MERV) AU - SDC DA - 2013/09// PY - 2013 PB - SDC UR - https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/Guideline%20for%20the%20Monitoring%20System%20of%20Development-Related%20Changes.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/06/12:51:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Strategy for SDC’s work in fragile and conflict contexts AU - SDC CY - Bern DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC ER - TY - ELEC TI - Swiss Cooperation Strategy Pakistan, 2017-2019 AU - SDC DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/147103887.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/06/12:45:54 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Was bedeutet “Staying Engaged” im Kontext der aktuellen Krise in Nicaragua? Überlegungen und Strategien der ALAK (Internal memo) AU - SDC AB - «Mitigation» (im Sinne von Notlinderung) und «Transformation» sind die zwei Schlagworte, an welchen sich die Neuausrichtung des Portfolios in Nicaragua über die nächsten Monate orientieren wird. Ziel ist es, dass die Schweiz ihr über die letzten Jahrzehnte akquiriertes politisches Kapital und ihre Expertise nutzt, um zu einer Linderung der Auswirkung der Krise für die Bevölkerung beizutragen und mithilft die Grundlagen für eine Transformation der politischen Kultur und eine langfristig angelegte Demokratisierung zu schaffen. DA - 2018/12/13/ PY - 2018 PB - SDC ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive Programming: The “Space of Possibility” AU - Seavey, Sara Mizuta T2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - Sara Mizuta Seavey, M.A., is a Senior Program Officer at FHI360 for the Mobile Solutions Technical Assistance and Research (mSTAR) project, where she works with USAID’s Digital Development Team to conceive, design, and test how real-time data systems can enable a more adaptive and participatory approach to development. She is passionate about systems thinking and participatory approaches to international development. What does space travel have to do with international development? DA - 2016/09/28/T00:00:00-04:00 PY - 2016 LA - und ST - Adaptive Programming UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/lab-notes/adaptive-programming-%E2%80%9Cspace-possibility%E2%80%9D Y2 - 2016/10/07/08:10:08 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing and Adapting a development program: Lessons from PRISMA AU - Seely, Kevin AB - This case study is part of the AIP-Rural Learning Series. Funders and implementers of international development programs largely agree that adaptive management is industry best practice. Most development experts also broadly agree on what ‘adaptive management’ means. In this case study, we use a common definition of ‘adaptive management’, including the following features: Flexibility. Implementers create, modify and drop interventions when circumstances change or new information emerges, in order to tailor strategies to context and maximise impact. Purposeful experimentation. Implementers test different activities at the same time, monitoring them to learn what will achieve the desired impact. Since 2015, the number of publications calling for and praising adaptive management in development programs has grown fast. These publications give us an idea of the state of adaptive management in development programs. They reveal progress in some areas, such as tailoring interventions to local context and using evidence for decision-making. Yet they also reveal multiple, ongoing, real-world constraints to adaptive management. This case study explores how one development program, PRISMA, has avoided and overcome some of these constraints, whilst continuing to battle others. Four major constraints revealed in the adaptive management literature are discussed in this case study: Programs are designed in ways that make it hard to adapt interventions, target regions or sectors based on new learning or changing circumstances. Programs struggle to create an organisational culture that encourages learning and adapting. When staffing programs, recruiters prioritise sectoral expertise and length of experience over adaptive managerial competence. Program managers face pressures to spend their budgets predictably and before their program ends. Learning and testing take time and cost little, so managers feel pressure to deprioritise them. The first of these constraints is explored in the next section, ‘Design’, which looks at how the selection of target sectors and performance targets affects PRISMA implementers’ ability to manage adaptively. The third section, ‘Organisational Culture’, shares lessons on encouraging staff to test and improve interventions. Section 4, ‘Staffing’, looks at hiring adaptive managers, and freeing up their time to improve interventions. The final section summarises this case study’s key lessons. Throughout this paper, findings are based on 16 in-depth interviews with PRISMA’s junior, mid-level and senior staff, and its funders. To contextualise these findings, the authors reviewed the ‘adaptive management’ literature, and drew on their experience with development programs worldwide. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - PRISMA UR - https://www.springfieldcentre.com/managing-and-adapting-a-development-program-lessons-from-prisma Y2 - 2020/07/15/15:23:12 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation for equitable development results A2 - Segone, M AB - This document is made up of a range of Evaluation Working Papers (EWP) focused on evaluation for equitable development. Put together by evaluation specialists they present strategic evaluation findings, lessons learned and innovative approaches and methodologies. Part 1:Evaluation and equity Evaluation to accelerate progress towards equity, social justice and human rights 2 Human rights and gender equality in evaluation 13 When human rights is the starting point for evaluation 25 Strengthening Equity- focused evaluations through insights from feminist theory and approaches 39 Decolonizing evaluation in a developing world. Implications and cautions for Equity-focused evaluations 59 Part 2: Methodological implications for Equity-focused evaluations Methodological issues to design and implement equity-focused evaluations 86 Developmental evaluation for Equity-focused evaluations 102 Systems thinking and Equity-focused evaluations 115 Methodological challenges in using programme theory to evaluate pro-poor and equity-focused programmes by Patricia Rogers, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University and Richard Hummelbrunner, Independent consultant 142 Case Study and equity in Evaluationby Saville Kushner, University of the West of Englan 172 Values-Engaged Evaluationsby Jennifer Greene, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 192 Part 3: Examples of Equity-focused evaluations Evaluating the contribution of UNDP to equity-focused public policies in Brazil and China 210 Using a human rights approach to evaluate ILO’s discrimination strategy 222 CONEVAL experience in evaluating interventions for Indigenous populations in Mexico 244 UNICEF supported evaluations with elements of equity-focused evaluations 258 CY - New York DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 308 PB - UNICEF UR - http://www.clear-la.cide.edu/sites/default/files/Evaluation_for_equitable%20results_web.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What We Do: Getting Beyond Statistics AU - Sense Guide T2 - Sensemaker narrative monitoring AB - Our approach Understanding daily life reality with micro-narratives Narratives and more specifically micro-narratives are a fundamental and ancient way by which humans interpret their experience and make decisions. SenseMaker® provides the ability to capture and understand those narratives. Through the web or app environment the software allows the capture of pictures, recordings and writing in various combinations to reflect how the respondents are making sense of the world. Reducing cognitive bias with self signification In a patented method, the respondent then interprets their own story into a series of abstract constructs (‘signifiers’) that feel more like a game than a survey, but allow profound meaning to emerge. This interpretation adds layers of meaning rather than simply interpreting the story and provides quantitative data to detect visual patterns among stories. The patterns are linked back to the original material enabling a deeper dive into individual stories. If the researcher first look for patterns in the metadata using statistical or visual tools, he or she is less likely to be biased by content and prematurely converge on an interpretation. Evidence based insights that enables action The output of SenseMaker® is statistical data backed up by explanatory narrative. This means that advocacy is an integral part of the system. Numbers on their own appear objective but are not persuasive; anecdotes on their own may be persuasive but are not objective. SenseMaker® puts the two together and provides a powerful means of persuasion. It also enables action. Instead of saying “How do we create a culture of X?” we say “How do we create more stories like this and fewer stories like that?” Then, as actions are initiated, we see the impact in real time. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - http://senseguide.nl/en/sensemaker-narrative-monitoring/ Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nimble adaptation: Tailoring monitoring, evaluation, and learning methods to provide actionable data in complex environments AU - Serpe, Lauren AU - Ingram, Mason AU - Byom, Kate T2 - New Directions for Evaluation AB - This chapter examines good practices in implementing effective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) systems within complex international development Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance (DRG) programs, which are characterized by challenges of non-linearity, limited evidence of theories of change, and contextual and politically contingent nature of outcomes. The chapter presents three cases of MEL systems in complex projects implemented by Pact across distinct and diverse operating contexts – Zimbabwe, Cambodia, and Somalia – to illustrate those projects’ MEL approaches that enabled continuous adaptation. The authors analyze the cases to respond to two questions: (1) What are the key elements of effective adaptive management-focused MEL systems in complex environments? (2) What is practical guidance for designing and enabling complexity-responsive and effective adaptive management-focused MEL systems? The case studies illustrate three key elements: (1) Information gathering that closely links context, research, and performance data; (2) Systems for reflection that offer scheduled learning moments of varying frequency and intensity, as well as multiple feedback mechanisms; and (3) Enabling structures that promote adaptive mindsets and attitudes within project teams. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1002/ev.20523 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2022 IS - 176 SP - 97 EP - 106 LA - en SN - 1534-875X ST - Nimble adaptation UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ev.20523 Y2 - 2023/04/13/09:10:18 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Glossary of Knowledge Management AU - Serrat, Olivier T2 - Knowledge Solutions: Tools, Methods, and Approaches to Drive Organizational Performance A2 - Serrat, Olivier AB - The knowledge management discipline can be cryptic. These Knowledge Solutions define its most common concepts in simple terms. CY - Singapore DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Springer Link SP - 1055 EP - 1061 LA - en PB - Springer Singapore SN - 978-981-10-0983-9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_120 Y2 - 2019/06/17/13:22:12 KW - Definitions KW - Knowledge management KW - Taxonomy KW - Terminology ER - TY - MGZN TI - Be a participant not a spectator AU - Sharp, Cathy T2 - The Evaluator - UK Evaluation Society AB - My focus here is on the realities of evaluating in complexity where ‘nothing is clear, and everything keeps changing’. I outline how I use a series of ‘provocations’ that allow people to choose their own starting point. Sharing those choices fuels conversations that discover, explore, and co-create (rather than manage) our mutual expectations and assumptions and track how these might themselves be influenced by the work as it unfolds. This account draws on a review of literature and my practice experience, including reflections from others brought into local, national, and international conversations about what it means for evaluation to recognise complexity. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 IS - Spring UR - https://research-for-real.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Cathy-Sharp-Be-a-participant-not-a-spectator-Winner-Dione-Hills-Tavistock-UKES-prize.pdf Y2 - 2023/05/22/14:20:32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exploring new territories for evaluation AU - Sharp, Cathy AB - Drawing on action research, this paper recasts evaluation as ‘action inquiry’, an embedded evaluative learning practice that can help navigate complexity when enacting collective leadership. It is offered as an invitation to inquiry amongst a reasonably well-informed audience of policy makers and practitioners who work in and for public services. It will particularly interest those who provide research, evaluation and facilitation support, and those seeking to develop a more relational approach to research and evaluation. Action inquiry is a model of practising change together in environments where ‘nothing is clear, and everything keeps changing’ that significantly challenges the prevailing discourse on evaluation. Action inquiry can be wrapped around and enmeshed within initiatives and programmes that work with complexity - anywhere where success will depend on the quality of relationships that can be developed. The paper reviews some important interrelated concepts that underpin the ideals of collective leadership and public service reform and which confront deeply embedded traditional notions of leadership, expertise and participation. These offer important challenges to ideas about how change happens and recognise that relationships are at the heart of practising change. This warrants a re-examination of the high expectations of evidence-based or informed practice. Collective leadership makes new demands of evidence as it rests on help to determine ‘wise actions’ in real-life situations. This confronts the practical reality of how to work together in conditions often expressed as ‘dynamic’ or ‘turbulent’ and the added human complexities of power, emotions and relationships; too often these elements are denied or avoided aspects of a change process. Facilitated action inquiry makes these elements part of the conversations, in the midst of ‘work-as-we-are-doing-it’, to increase areas of choice for individuals and a group as a whole. Within public policy, there is an overwhelming amount of evidence about ‘what works’ yet change seems to be stubborn and slow. The paper explores some of the deep-rooted vestiges of a ‘hierarchy of evidence’ and assumptions about standardisation and generalisability that act as a ‘barrier to transformation’. These include the narrow framing of what counts as evidence and consequent relegation of community perspectives, lived experience and practice-based evidence. The paper acknowledges the clear appetite for different approaches to evaluation, especially those that better reflect deeply held values and avoid creating a culture of ‘gaming’, rooted in fear of failure and loss of funding, at the expense of learning. The need for new forms of developmental evaluative thinking, collaborative inquiry and action research to create embedded learning is well overdue. Action inquiry is a desirable and necessary response to the complex situations and challenges of human services and recognises the essentialness of knowledge co-production. It is a model of co-creation at every stage and endorses the idea that people learn from participation in evaluation and by testing theories of change through action. Action inquiry builds on the idea of inquiry, or a moment-to-moment awareness and quality of attention and draws from several elements of action research practice. It sees inquiry as an intervention in itself, one that furthermore, explicitly seeks to enhance the probability of the success of a programme, focus on learning, the collaborative development of practice-based knowledge and positive relationships. The paper highlights the importance of building inquiry into living systems, the role of facilitation, systemic inquiry, and evaluative thinking. It proposes an expansion of ideas of appreciation as a relational and collaborative practice that is a driver of emergence. Social recognition that acknowledges someone’s social value to the community and implies mutual moral obligations to cooperation and participation is particularly crucial in a work context that requires successful coordination and multiple contributions to achieve results across hierarchies of position, professional rank and sectors. Hence, appreciation goes beyond the idea of positivity to include social recognition, valuing more explicit forms of inquiry, building participants’ aspirations to design new social systems and acting in new ways to embed change. In developing this discussion, the paper contributes to emerging dialogues about the need for a model of ‘5th generation evaluation’. Such a model would be based on the idea that appreciative and challenging inquiry that is contextual, relational and open-minded will create better opportunities for change and development. The paper sets out some ‘provocative propositions’ that can help us to navigate this terrain, perhaps of a fledgling ‘5th generation approach’ to inquiry. Facilitated action inquiry can hold the key to developing both new knowledge and an adaptive, collaborative and improvisational skill-set, able to respond in new ways to systemic and complex issues on the ground. It’s common to hear the expression ‘it’s all about relationships’ and it is clearly time to shift our focus to relationships; not relationships as ‘things’, but as co-created and dynamic relational processes in which we are embedded. In this way we can bring new qualities to our talking to each other about our various and shared visions of a better future. CY - Edinburgh DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Collective Leadership for Scotland UR - https://www.humanlearning.systems/uploads/collectiveleadershipreport1.pdf Y2 - 2023/05/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Exploring new territories for evaluation - Provocative propositions AU - Sharp, Cathy DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.humanlearning.systems/uploads/collectiveleadershipreport1.pdf Y2 - 2023/05/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practising change together – where nothing is clear, and everything keeps changing AU - Sharp, Cathy T2 - Action Learning: Research and Practice AB - This paper explores the thinking and practice of ‘action inquiry’ an embedded learning practice that can help navigate complexity when practising change together. The paper uses examples from social contexts where there are concerns about community wellbeing and health care. These are drawn from collaborative or collective leadership development programmes within public services that seek to bring new attention to the qualities of how people think, converse and interact, as part of their collective professional practice. This treats social action as a relational and dialogical practice, something that we do together as professionals by engaging in reflective inquiry and action. The paper suggests that action inquiry offers a prospect of rekindling the links between ‘action learning’ and collaborative leadership by developing a co-mission and a mutual commitment to a new type of learning partnership. Action inquiry can be wrapped around and enmeshed within initiatives and programmes that work with complexity, anywhere where effective social action will depend on the quality of relationships that can be developed. This research was funded by two separate Scottish Government commissions, where the author was a learning partner. The paper also draws on the further reflections of some of the practitioners most centrally involved. DA - 2020/01/02/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1080/14767333.2020.1712838 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 10 EP - 23 SN - 1476-7333 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2020.1712838 Y2 - 2023/05/22/14:08:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How do we know we are doing good work? AU - Sharp, Cathy AU - McLaughlin, Dot AU - Whitley, Janet AU - Lawson, Karen AB - Collective leadership feels timely and important in an uncertain, fast changing, and challenging world. This report comes at this heightened moment of urgency and appetite for renewal, bringing potential to do things differently in public services and communities. The opportunities and challenges of true collaboration-in-practice, in the absence of blueprints, mean that it has never been more necessary to change ways of working and foreground learning. As outcomes remain important, and time and resources are scarcer than ever, the approach of collective leadership makes the creation of impact a shared, conscious, and actionable choice. A pathway to ultimate impact at scale is co-created through dialogue about expectations and contributions, and by design, not assuming change will happen because we have good intentions. Collective Leadership for Scotland (CLfS) has a strong vision and enjoys continuing active interest, drawing together participants from a variety of agencies working in public services. People are looking for fresh thinking, space and time for reflection, connection with others, a chance to think about how to tackle difficulties, and to test out what it takes to do, and continue to do, the work of collaborative public service. These motivations are deepened and brought into sharper focus by the pandemic, with an added interest in developing skills in online facilitation. CLfS contributes to building a critical mass for system change, to help to sustain the ambitions of the Christie Commission and the delivery of the National Outcomes for Scotland. There remains further potential to realise wider and deeper impact amongst organisations, communities, and wider systems. The conclusions of this report are likely to have wider resonance beyond interests in the CLfS programmes. This report deepens understanding of some of the challenges of commissioning, convening, and the scope for deeper impact through building reflective and relational leadership practices. It also outlines social and experiential sensemaking and facilitation practices to strengthen the action inquiry approach as a deliberate learning strategy, building cultures that support new forms of collaborative inquiry and systemic action research. CY - Edinburgh DA - 2022/09// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Collective Leadership for Scotland UR - https://workforcescotland.wpcomstaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Collective-Leadership-for-Scotland_Impact-Report_18-November-2022.pdf Y2 - 2023/05/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID/Colombia Introduces Political Economy Analysis to Better Adapt Programming to Local Contexts AU - Sharp, Preston T2 - CLA Case Competition CY - Colombia DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 2 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/cla_case_competition_casestory_25_usaidcolombia_colombia.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lessons learned from PERL and partners' response to the COVID-19 crisis AU - Sharp, Samuel AU - Nwachukwu, Tochukwu AU - Srivatsa, Sripriya Iyengar AB - The first case of COVID-19 in Nigeria was confirmed on 27 February 2020, with the first lockdown orders issued on 30 March 2020. The pandemic and resultant containment measures have had farreaching socio-cultural, economic, financial and political implications, globally as well as in Nigeria. For the Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn (PERL) and its partners, the pandemic has required considerable adaptation of their strategic approach and working practices. This report reflects on how COVID-19 changed the operating context for PERL’s partners, how PERL responded and what lessons have been learned across delivery teams. For government partners, the most substantial impacts have been to budgets, struck by falling oil prices and reduced economic activity. Universally, states have had to adjust budgets and reforecast, revising budgets downwards and shifting the focus of expenditure towards healthcare. The World Bank’s State Fiscal Transparency, Accountability and Sustainability (SFTAS) Programme has generated powerful incentives for this budget revision, which PERL has been able to work alongside. A range of new governance structures – such as public response committees and task forces – have been established to deal with various aspects of COVID-19 policy, and PERL has had to grapple to maintain its ongoing engagement with these. For civil society organisations (CSOs), the closure of offices from 30 March 2020 has changed the nature of engagement with government. CSOs often developed innovative approaches to maintaining access, including use of social media and direct calls. But the shift to virtual working has been challenging for many CSOs, both in terms of covering the costs of data for virtual meetings and the risks of disengagement and marginalisation for some organisations. In response to this changed context, from March 2020 PERL began to restrategise. The flexible nature of the programme’s workplans, progress markers and budgets enabled activities to be adjusted in a relatively timely manner, with a new workplan approved by the end of April 2020. Central PERL management developed a COVID-19 response strategy which provided a broad framework for adaptations, but allowed substantial autonomy to state and regional teams to lead on reprioritisation according to their understanding of the local context. This was valued by both management and delivery staff. Challenges manifested themselves more in effectively delivering on these adapted workplans than in the process of restrategising – due to two rounds of budget cuts, the merger of DFID and the FCO to form the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and the difficulties of engaging partners virtually. Overall, the pandemic undoubtedly delayed activities (by roughly three months for deprioritised areas of work), but resulted in an array of new, tailored interventions under its broad categories of work. Interventions relating to the health sector became more prevalent, as did work supporting budget adjustments. Domestic resource mobilisation and education interventions were often adjusted to be more relevant to the COVID context or experienced delay. The report provides short illustrative case studies of PERL’s adaptations to: support budget revisions; work with media partners on COVID-19 sensitisation; tracking and advocacy for palliative distribution; and support for the introduction of tax relief. There is some evidence, albeit partial, that PERL was able to take advantage of windows of opportunity offered by the pandemic to drive ahead with certain ongoing reform initiatives. DA - 2021/03/30/ PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 39 LA - en PB - PERL Programme ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evidence-led adaptive programming: Lessons from MUVA AU - Sharp, Samuel AU - Riemenschneider, Nils AU - Selvester, Kerry AB - Calls for more ‘adaptive programming’ have been prominent in international development practice for over a decade. Learning-by-doing is a crucial element of this, but programmes have often found it challenging to become more learning oriented. Establishing some form of reflective practice, against countervailing incentives, is difficult. Incorporating data collection processes that generate useful, timely and practical information to inform these reflections is even more so.This paper explores MUVA - an adaptive female economic empowerment programme in Mozambique. MUVA, we suggest, is atypically evidence-led. It combines systematic, inclusive reflective practice with extensive real-time data collection. We describe the fundamental features of MUVA’s monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) approach that supported this. One, how data collection and analysis are synchronised with set cycles for learning and adapting projects. Two, how MEL systems are designed to prioritise actionable learning, with data collection oriented more to the needs of implementing staff than to the reporting requirements of funders.This approach was enabled by building collective ownership over the programme’s objectives and the purpose of MEL from the outset. Implementers are asked about their motivations, and these are related to the programme’s Theory of Change. The evidence culture is supported by the proximity of MEL staff to implementing staff; and through structuring upwards accountability to funders around justifying evidence-based adaptations instead of reporting on more narrow indicators. We conclude by considering the relevance, or not, of MUVA’s approach to programmes in other contexts or issue areas trying to replicate a similarly evidence-informed approach to adaptive management. Key messages Learning-by-doing is essential to adaptive programming, but it can be challenging to establish data collection processes that generate useful, timely and practical information. MUVA – a female economic empowerment programme in Mozambique – has an atypically evidence-led adaptive management approach. This has two fundamental features. One, data collection and analysis are synchronised with set cycles for learning and adapting projects. Two, data collection is oriented more to the needs of implementing staff than to the reporting requirements of funders. Monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) systems are designed to prioritise actionable learning. This approach was enabled by building collective ownership over the programme’s objectives and the purpose of MEL from the outset. Implementers are asked about their motivations, and these are related to the programme’s Theory of Change. The evidence culture is supported by the proximity of MEL staff to implementing staff; and through structuring upwards accountability to funders around justifying evidence-based adaptations instead of reporting on more narrow indicators. CY - London DA - 2022/06/29/ PY - 2022 LA - en-gb PB - ODI ST - Evidence-led adaptive programming UR - https://odi.org/en/publications/evidence-led-adaptive-programming-lessons-from-muva/ Y2 - 2022/07/04/10:45:09 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How DFID can better manage complexity in development programming AU - Sharp, Samuel AU - Valters, Craig AU - Whitty, Brendan AB - The United Kingdom’s (UK) Department for International Development (DFID) is an ambitious government department that is committed to reducing poverty and conflict overseas. Many of the issues on which DFID works are complex; whether focused on climate change, gender equality, health or other priorities, simple solutions rarely exist. And to tackle these complex challenges, DFID staff must interact with unpredictable systems of political, organisational and individual behaviours and incentives. There is a risk that complex problems spur more complicated programmes; that the complexity of development challenges is addressed through designing programmes with too many projects and implementers. While there may be valid reasons for this, too many of these complicated programmes will overburden staff. This briefing note is the outcome of an ongoing process within DFID to confront these issues and answer the question: how can DFID design and manage programmes to address complex development challenges without creating too much staff workload? Key messages DFID deals with complex problems, which require flexible systems to support testing, learning and adaptation. • Complex problems do not necessarily require workload-heavy delivery structures, but simpler approaches depend on delivery partners’ experience and competence. • However, programmes that tackle complex problems do require more hands-on engagement and face more workload from inflexible compliance requirements. We suggest that DFID and similar agencies: • Pay closer attention to delivery options in programme design, making use of existing options where possible and, where not, fostering local organisations through long-term investments. • Encourage programme designers to articulate how ambition matches resources and consider ‘good enough’ design. • Reduce the burden of compliance by cultivating partner autonomy, reassessing results and valuefor-money requirements and promoting more flexible contracting and procurement. • Plan and prioritise management resources across a portfolio of programmes to make sure they can be focused in the right areas, where the complexity of the problem requires greater engagement. CY - London DA - 2019/03// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero LA - en M3 - Briefing paper PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12675.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/15/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Opportunities and challenges for DAC members in ‘adapting to context’ AU - Sharp, Samuel AU - Wild, Leni AB - Key Messages New principles for OECD DAC members on ‘Managing for Sustainable Development Results’ emphasise tailoring result management approaches to different contexts; balancing internal compliance with empowerment at ground level; and adapting implementation in the pursuit of long-term outcomes. However development organisations face numerous challenges in aligning with these principles in practice. Reporting and evidence collection processes do not consistently encourage adaptive practice, reflecting their orientation towards accountability over learning. Context analysis is common during programme design, but used less on an ongoing basis. Popular tools –such as logical frameworks and theories of change - are often intepreted in linear ways, not as ‘living documents’ that react and change over time. Organisations need to meaningfully empower staff to work adaptively, including examining incentives and cultures that can make staff more comfortable with traditional results management. Even when senior leadership is supportive of adaptive ways of working, they can lack a clear understanding of the resourcing required and appropriate governance and management processes. Development organisations and their partners have attempted to address these challenges through the use of different monitoring and evaluation tools and methods, changes to reporting frameworks and templates, and initiatives to create positive incentives and motivate staff, leadership and partners at different levels. DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 LA - en-gb UR - https://odi.org/en/publications/opportunities-and-challenges-for-dac-members-in-adapting-to-context/ Y2 - 2021/05/25/09:58:21 KW - _tablet ER - TY - JOUR TI - Achieving disability inclusive employment – Are the current approaches deep enough? AU - Shaw, Jackie AU - Wickenden, Mary AU - Thompson, Stephen AU - Mader, Philip T2 - Journal of International Development AB - Diverse approaches to promoting disability inclusive employment aim to transform workplaces into truly inclusive environments, usually with intervention strategies targeting two main groups: employers and jobseekers with disabilities. However, they do not always consider other relevant stakeholders or address the relationships and interactions between diverse actors in the wider social ecosystem. These approaches often neglect deeper ‘vexing’ difficulties which block progress towards disability inclusive work environments. Most interventions rightly embrace hegemonic ‘social models of disability’ and use human rights arguments but may neglect entrenched structural factors. Disability inclusive employment is complex, with unaddressed invisible aspects that continue to limit progress. We explore some key relevant disability concepts and then interrogate evidence from the ‘Inclusion Works’ programme working in four middle- and low-income countries, considering some intractable barriers underlying the slow movement towards inclusive employment. Finally, we propose that a more participatory action orientated approach involving disabled people and others is needed to both generate deeper understanding and provide pathways towards new solutions to obstinate problems through progressive action learning processes in context. Programmatic interventions that work across the levels of the ecosystem and address power relations and interactions between stakeholders could lead to more substantial forms of disability inclusive employment. DA - 2022/07// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1002/jid.3692 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - n/a IS - n/a LA - en SN - 1099-1328 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jid.3692 Y2 - 2022/08/04/09:03:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is your evidence robust enough? Questions for policy makers and practitioners AU - Shaxson, Louise T2 - Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice AB - This article examines the reasons we need evidence for policy, discusses where evidence is needed in the policy-making process, and the nature of the evidence base for strategy and policy. Working relationships between policy makers and their advisers are key: as policy makers come from a variety of backgrounds, developing a common language helps set discussions about the robustness of the evidence base on a sound footing. The article identifies five components of robustness, proposes a series of questions that could be used to address them and discusses the implications for the processes of policy making. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1332/1744264052703177 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 112 UR - http://www.cepa.lk/content_images/publications/documents/131-S-Shaxson-Evidence%20&%20Policy-Is%20your%20evidence%20robust%20enough.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scenarios: An Explorer's Guide AU - Shell International AB - Exploring the Future The future is ‘terra incognita’: although we may be able to guess the outcome of events that lie close to us, as we project beyond this we enter an unmapped zone full of uncertainty. Paradoxically, the range of options this reveals can seem paralysing. No one can definitively map the future, but we can explore the possibilities in ways that are specifically intended to support decision-making. At Shell we use scenario building to help us wrestle with the developments and behaviours that shape what the future may hold and prepare ourselves more effectively. We also believe it can inspire individuals and organisations to play a more active role in shaping a better future - for themselves, or even on a global scale. In this book, we use a metaphor of exploration and map-making to describe how we think about building scenarios. Like a set of maps describing different aspects of a landscape, scenarios provide us with a range of perspectives on what might happen, helping us to navigate more successfully. Exploration - of a territory or the future - involves both analytical thinking rooted in whatever facts are clear, and also informed intuition. This book describes the approach used to develop a set of global scenarios, ‘People and Connections’ several years ago under the guidance of Ged Davis. Since then, scenarios guided by Albert Bressand have been published, and more recently Shell has published a summary of its Energy Scenarios, ‘Scramble’ and ‘Blueprints’, developed under the guidance of the current leadership. These have built on, and extended, our approach. Indeed, Shell has been working with scenarios for almost 40 years, and we are still learning. Since the environment we live and work in is constantly changing, building scenarios demands continual innovation and creativity. CY - The Hague The Netherlands DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 98 PB - Shell International BV UR - https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios/new-lenses-on-the-future/earlier-scenarios/_jcr_content/par/expandablelist/expandablesection_842430368.stream/1447230877395/5ab112e96191fa79e1d30c31dc6e5cd2ce19ed518a4c1445ab32aa4c4b5c7ec5/shell-scenarios-explorersguide.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conflict Aid Goes “Lean” AU - Shinkle, Whitney T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Iterative design methods are essential to development work—even (or especially) in regions marked by war and violence. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 IS - Winter UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/conflict_aid_goes_lean Y2 - 2017/05/04/07:29:44 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Art of Agile Development AU - Shore, James AU - Warden, Shane AB - The Art of Agile Development contains practical guidance for anyone considering or applying agile development for building valuable software. Plenty of books describe what agile development is or why it helps software projects succeed, but very few combine information for developers, managers, testers, and customers into a single package that they can apply directly. This book provides no-nonsense advice on agile planning, development, delivery, and management taken from the authors' many years of experience with Extreme Programming (XP). You get a gestalt view of the agile development process, including comprehensive guidance for non-technical readers and hands-on technical practices for developers and testers. The Art of Agile Development gives you clear answers to questions such as: How can we adopt agile development? Do we really need to pair program? What metrics should we report? What if I can't get my customer to participate? How much documentation should we write? When do we design and architect? As a non-developer, how should I work with my agile team? Where is my product roadmap? How does QA fit in? The book teaches you how to adopt XP practices, describes each practice in detail, then discusses principles that will allow you to modify XP and create your own agile method. In particular, this book tackles the difficult aspects of agile development: the need for cooperation and trust among team members. Whether you're currently part of an agile team, working with an agile team, or interested in agile development, this book provides the practical tips you need to start practicing agile development. As your experience grows, the book will grow with you, providing exercises and information that will teach you first to understand the rules of agile development, break them, and ultimately abandon rules altogether as you master the art of agile development."Jim Shore and Shane Warden expertly explain the practices and benefits of Extreme Programming. They offer advice from their real-world experiences in leading teams. They answer questions about the practices and show contraindications - ways that a practice may be mis-applied. They offer alternatives you can try if there are impediments to applying a practice, such as the lack of an on-site customer.--Ken Pugh, Author of Jolt Award Winner, Prefactoring "I will leave a copy of this book with every team I visit."--Brian Marick, Exampler Consulting CY - Sebastopol, CA DA - 2007/11/05/ PY - 2007 DP - Amazon SP - 440 LA - English PB - O'Reilly Media SN - 978-0-596-52767-9 UR - http://www.jamesshore.com/Agile-Book/ KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Bringing children into the life story collection process AU - Shrestha, Kapil T2 - CLARISSA AB - The CLARISSA Social Protection (SP) intervention provided six months of unconditional cash transfers to every household in the Gojmohol neighbourhood,... DA - 2021/04/09/ PY - 2021 LA - en-US UR - https://clarissa.global/bringing-children-into-the-life-story-collection-process/ Y2 - 2024/02/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Towards an Alternative Development Management Paradigm? AU - Shutt, Cathy T2 - Rapport 2016:07 AB - Demonstrating results has been a concern in international development cooperation ever since it was started and in recent years there has been an increased focus on achieving and reporting on “results”. Despite the fact that everyone involved in development cooperation wants to make a difference there has been a growing criticism from practitioners about the “results agenda” based on a concern that the approaches used are not fit for purpose. In the EBA-report, Cathy Shutt, at the University of Sussex, scrutinizes the recent critical debate about results based management, and the main arguments and motives behind the criticism. She shows that the debate is not only a matter of obsessive measurement and reporting of meaningless numbers for political accountability, but also a matter of problematic assumptions and how we think about development, evidence and learning. In the report, Shutt also explores what could be learned from those who are not just critiquing results based management approaches but also proposing alternatives. Are these new alternatives an answer to the criticism? CY - Stockholm DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Expertgruppen för biståndsanalys (EBA) UR - https://eba.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Rapport2016_07_webb.pdf Y2 - 2019/12/02/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Improving the Evaluability of INGO Empowerment and Accountability Programmes AU - Shutt, Cathy AU - McGee, Rosemary T2 - CDI Practice Paper 1 CY - Brighton DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 PB - Centre for Development Impact UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3141 Y2 - 2021/01/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Online Learning and collaborative platform for systems thinking and systems change AU - SI T2 - Systems Innovation DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 LA - en UR - https://www.systemsinnovation.io Y2 - 2021/05/07/09:07:11 ER - TY - ELEC TI - System Innovation Network AU - Si Network T2 - Si Network AB - The Si Network is an online platform for building the developing of systems innovation - connecting people around the world to learn and apply the ideas and methods of systems innovation towards addressing complex challenges and building better systems that work for all. Not sure what systems innovation is? Systems innovation is a new approach to innovation that tries to tackle complex social and environmental challenges through the use of more holistic & innovation driven approaches. It is a kind of innovation that aims to change the underlying structure of a system, thus potentially enabling a more transformational kind of change - systems change - rather than incremental "innovation as usual". What Do You Do? We are building an ecosystem of individuals and organizations co-learning and co-creating systems innovation across geographies and sectors. This ecosystem is enabled by our online platform which provides educational content, toolkits, organizes events and projects as well as provides various support services for organizations. Purpose Statement Our purpose is to build the world’s capacity for systems innovation - so as to better understand and address complex challenges and co-create a world where systems work for all. We envision a world where everyone thinks in systems and has an understanding of complex systems. From this understanding, we are able to design and develop regenerative systems that work for everyone. Our mission is to grow the field of systems innovation as a pathway to co-learn the ideas of systems thinking and apply them to co-creating new systems Who's Involved? We are a networked organization of some 17K+ members forming part of 20+ hubs in major cities around the world. Our community is broad and diverse in areas of work and interest from designers, innovators, and entrepreneurs, to researchers and management but they all share a common interest in learning and applying systems thinking ideas. The Si platform is developed and managed by a small core team based in London UK. We are registered as a business but operate as a social enterprise focused on our purpose of advancing the area of systems innovation in theory and practice. Core Value Creativity - We put creativity at the centre of what we do. Holding a space for curiosity, diversity of views, exploration and critical thinking as a pathway to transformative innovation. Openness - We strongly believe in openness in our ways of being, thinking and organizing as a sustainable pathway to creating an adaptive, scalable and dynamic community. Growth Mindset - We embrace challenges as opportunities for continuous personal and collective learning and development, with a never-ending potential to grow and start with a new beginning. Perseverance - When facing uncertainty and failure, perseverance is what is needed to maintain commitment and a resilient pathway aligned with our purpose. Care - Care is one of our core principles. We foster relationships based on honesty and empathy, striving to be present and conscious in what we do and taking responsibility for the effects of our actions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en UR - https://www.systemsinnovation.network/ Y2 - 2023/10/03/09:01:13 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Webinar - Practicing Thinking and Working Politically (TWP): Voices from the Field AU - SID AB - Current thinking on effective international development interventions highlights the importance of “thinking and working politically” (TWP). Among the emerging lessons of experience is that thinking politically, using tools such as political economy analysis, is more easily undertaken than working politically. How can the two pillars of TWP be effectively integrated? What challenges exist and how have practitioners confronted them? This session focuses on listening to voices from the field to explore answers to these questions. The organizers solicited proposals from implementers, reaching out to SID-W members and the Washington, D.C.-based TWP community of practice. They selected the following four projects that illustrate different approaches to practicing TWP. • Mercy Corps: Integrated Maji Infrastructure and Governance Initiative for Eastern Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo • Asia Foundation: Tourism Strategy Project, Timor-Leste • Counterpart International: Rights and Dignity Project, El Salvador • RTI International: Knowledge Sector Initiative, Indonesia Their voices will be bookended by Sarah Frazer (RTI International), who will summarize a recent study, Thinking and Working Politically: Lessons from Diverse and Inclusive Applied Political Economy Analysis, and Alina Rocha Menocal (Overseas Development Institute), who will provide commentary on the four projects and the study findings. Ann Hudock (Counterpart International) will moderate. DA - 2020/07/22/ PY - 2020 DP - YouTube PB - Society for International Development. ST - Practicing Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzBg8bM7dQ8 Y2 - 2020/10/01/09:21:32 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Digital authoritarianism in Bangladesh: Weaponising a draconian law to silence dissent in the pandemic era | Association for Progressive Communications AU - Siddiki, Zayed DA - 2022/09/01/ PY - 2022 M3 - Association for Progressive Communications UR - https://www.apc.org/en/news/digital-authoritarianism-bangladesh-weaponising-draconian-law-silence-dissent-pandemic-era Y2 - 2024/01/03/18:31:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Achieving reforms in oligarchical democracies: the role of leadership and coalitions in the Philippines AU - Sidel, John T. T2 - Research Papers (27) AB - This paper examines the role of developmental leadership in two major reforms introduced in the Philippines in 2012: the passage into law in December of excise tax reform which significantly raised taxes on cigarettes and alcohol – generally referred to as the Sin Tax Reform – and, in July, the re-registration of voters in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). These reforms have a) strengthened government finances and healthcare; and b) improved the quality of elections and promoted good governance and conflict resolution in the southern Philippines. Key points: These reforms were not achieved exclusively through the executive leadership of Philippine President Benigno Aquino III, this paper argues. A broader form of developmental leadership was critical to their passage into legislation and their subsequent implementation, made up of reform coalitions that incorporated elements of government, the legislature, and civil society. While these coalitions were diverse and flexible in their form and composition, their core strength came from established advocacy groups and experienced activists. These groups and activists used highly labour-intensive, specialized and complex forms of mobilization. The success of these reform coalitions, it is argued, has implications for economic and governance reform in the developing world, particularly in systems characterised by oligarchical democracy, where competition for elected office is closely linked to the entrenched interests of business and industry. CY - Birmingham, UK DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 LA - eng PB - Developmental Leadership Program ST - Achieving reforms in oligarchical democracies UR - http://www.dlprog.org/ Y2 - 2019/07/04/14:25:13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Amateur hour: CfC's 'surprising' success in addressing school congestion in the philippines AU - Sidel, John T. T2 - Coalitions for Change AB - The international development community has increasingly embraced the idea that finding durable solutions to complex development problems requires new ways of working that move beyond industry norms. This paper makes an important contribution to the current debate by outlining an innovative monitoring system called Strategy Testing (ST). This is the third paper in the Working Politically in Practice paper series, launched together with the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 PB - Asia Foundation UR - http://asiafoundation.org/publication/strategy-testing-an-innovative-approach-to-monitoring-highly-flexible-aid-programs/ Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:47:09 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - Thinking and Working Politically in development - Coalitions for Change in The Philippines AU - Sidel, John T. AU - Faustino, Jaime AB - The Asia Foundation and the Australian Embassy in the Philippines today released a new publication, Thinking and Working Politically in Development: Coalitions for Change in the Philippines. Written by London School of Economics and Political Science Professor John T. Sidel and The Asia Foundation’s Jaime Faustino, the book examines the first phase of the Coalitions for Change program (2012-2018) and the contributions to key development policy reforms in the Philippines. The book is a rigorous treatment of the Coalitions for Change program’s transformative policy reforms—alongside lessons from its failures—across diverse policy arenas and in a wide variety of cities and provinces. The chapters are organized thematically: excise tax reform (Chapter 2), land governance reform (Chapter 3), education (Chapter 4), electoral reform (Chapter 5), disaster risk reduction and management (Chapter 6), and subnational governance reform and conflict resolution in Mindanao (Chapter 7). The co-authors together combine an independent, academic perspective on the program’s impacts (Sidel) with a front-row view of doing policy reform in the Philippines – both its political and technical dimensions (Faustino). Based on the empirical research and comparative analysis undertaken by the authors, the book articulates – and substantiates – a strong set of arguments that help to explain the program’s mixed pattern of achievements and disappointments. Overall, the book concludes that the seven-year program achieved significant and sustainable impact using problem-driven, adaptive, and iterative approaches to developmental change. The authors assert the program was at the forefront of notable development approaches: aid effectiveness and development around thinking and working politically, doing development differently, and adaptive programming. Graham Teskey, an early advocate of ‘thinking and working politically’ explores how development agencies can replicate the conditions for success in his Afterword. With illustrative case studies and analyses, the book provides valuable lessons for policymakers, scholars, bilateral agencies, think-tanks, and anyone interested in successfully maneuvering the shifting dimensions of development in the Philippines and elsewhere. CY - Pasig City DA - 2020/01// PY - 2020 PB - The Asia Foundation UR - https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Thinking-and-Working-Politically-in-Development_Coalitions-for-Change-in-the-Philippines_Faustino_Sidel.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:45:51 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How to Monitor and Evaluate an Adaptive Programme: 7 Takeaways AU - Sikustahili, Gloria AU - Adkins, Julie AU - Makongo, Japhet AU - Milligan, Simon T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Monitoring and Evaluation needs to be different to support the new generation of 'adaptive programmes' in aid. 4 M&E specialists in Tanzania explain how. DA - 2020/09/18/T06:30:00+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB ST - How to Monitor and Evaluate an Adaptive Programme UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/how-to-monitor-and-evaluate-an-adaptive-programme-7-takeaways/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/11:51:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to ADAPT: monitoring and evaluation approaches in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction – challenges, gaps and ways forward AU - Silva Villanueva, Paula T2 - SRC Discussion Paper AB - This working paper is a methodological contribution to the emerging debate on monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in the context of climate change adaptationand disaster risk reduction. Effectively managing disaster risk is critical for adapting to the impacts of climate change, however disasters risk reduction M&E practice may be limited in capturing progress towards adaptation. The unique nature of adaptation to climate change calls for experience-based learning M&E processes for discovering the key insights into adaptive capacity and its links to adaptation processes, and to risk and vulnerability reduction at large. The ADAPT guiding principles and indicators set the foundations towards this end. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS SN - 9 ST - Learning to ADAPT UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/2509 Y2 - 2018/08/22/08:26:33 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beyond Logframes AU - Simister, Nigel AB - The logical framework, otherwise known as a logframe, is a commonly used planning tool. Initially designed for use within simple projects, it is increasingly being applied to complex programmes and organisations. In these cases the logical framework has limitations. There are several options that can help overcome these limitations. These include expanding the logframe, and using multiple logframes. DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 PB - Intrac UR - https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Beyond-Logframes.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/12/12:31:28 ER - TY - BLOG TI - How Adaptive Management is challenging the monitoring and evaluation of complex programmes AU - Simister, Nigel T2 - INTRAC AB - By Nigel Simister Adaptive management is a broad approach designed to support development or humanitarian programmes in complex or uncertain … DA - 2018/05/18/T13:10:39+01:00 PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.intrac.org/adaptive-management-challenging-monitoring-evaluation-complex-programmes/ Y2 - 2018/08/10/09:52:41 ER - TY - BLOG TI - In pursuit of the deep and sustained shifts necessary for adaptive management AU - Simister, Nigel T2 - INTRAC AB - The final blog in Nigel Simister's series on adaptive management and the M&E of complex projects and programmes. DA - 2018/06/01/T14:22:47+01:00 PY - 2018 LA - en UR - https://www.intrac.org/pursuit-deep-sustained-shifts-necessary-adaptive-management/ Y2 - 2018/07/17/10:42:36 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summarising portfolio change: results frameworks at organisational level AU - Simister, Nigel T2 - M&E Paper 10 CY - Oxford DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 22 LA - en PB - Intrac ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning and Accountability AU - Simister, Nigel AU - Scholz, Vera AB - Most people agree that monitoring and evaluation (M&E) should be used for both learning and accountability. However, there is no consensus about which one is more important. The debate matters as there is sometimes tension between the two purposes. In the past there has often been a disconnect between M&E and learning. Many M&E systems are primarily designed to enable accountability to donors. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - INTRAC UR - https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Learning-and-Accountability.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/24/10:07:05 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Digital Democracy: The Tools Transforming Political Engagement AU - Simon, Julie AU - Bass, Theo AU - Boelman, Victoria AU - Mulgan, Geoff AB - This paper shares lessons from Nesta’s research into some of the pioneering innovations in digital democracy which are taking place across Europe and beyond CY - London DA - 2017/02// PY - 2017 PB - NESTA ST - Digital Democracy UR - http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/digital-democracy-tools-transforming-political-engagement Y2 - 2017/03/24/11:19:40 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Routledge international handbook of participatory design AU - Simonsen, Jesper AU - Robertson, Toni AB - "Participatory Design is about the direct involvement of people in the co-design of the technologies they use. Its central concern is how collaborative design processes can be driven by the participation of the people affected by the technology designed. Embracing a diverse collection of principles and practices aimed at making technologies, tools, environments, businesses, and social institutions more responsive to human needs, the International Handbook of Participatory Design is a state-of-the-art reference handbook for the subject. The Handbook brings together a multidisciplinary and international group of highly recognized and experienced experts to present an authoritative overview of the field and its history and discuss contributions and challenges of the pivotal issues in Participatory Design, including heritage, ethics, ethnography, methods, tools and techniques and community involvement. The book also highlights three large-scale case studies which show how Participatory Design has been used to bring about outstanding changes in different organisations. The book shows why Participatory Design is an important, highly relevant and rewarding area for research and practice. It will be an invaluable resource for students, researchers, scholars and professionals in Participatory Design"-- CY - New York DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Routledge SN - 978-0-415-69440-7 978-0-203-10854-3 978-1-136-26619-5 978-0-415-72021-2 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SystemCraft - a primer: How to Tackle our Toughest Problems AU - Simpson, Kate AU - Randall, Ian AB - Systemcraft is our applied framework to help leaders and organisations get started and keep going when faced with complex problems. It is built on our practical experience. It draws on a broad body of research, action and theory from the worlds of complexity thinking, systems theory, adaptive management, leadership development, social movements, development theory and beyond. Systemcraft has been designed to make systems thinking something any leader can apply when they find themselves faced with a complex problem and asking, ‘So what do I do next?’ CY - Nairobi DA - 2020/09// PY - 2020 PB - Wasafiri UR - https://www.wasafirihub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Wasafiri-SystemCraft-2020-Small.pdf Y2 - 2021/11/09/12:10:22 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive Bureaucracies: lessons from DFID to the world AU - Simpson, Lea T2 - LearnAdapt AB - How many times have you worked on something that you know is failing, or just isn’t going as well as we’d all have hoped, but haven’t had… DA - 2020/02/17/T17:37:13.913Z PY - 2020 LA - en ST - Adaptive Bureaucracies UR - https://medium.com/learnadapt/adaptive-bureaucracies-lessons-from-dfid-to-the-world-20c72b46d565 Y2 - 2020/10/14/09:56:20 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Development Delusions and Contradictions: An Anatomy of the Foreign Aid Industry AU - Sims, David AB - This book analyses the shortcomings of the Western development aid programme. Through exploring the evolution of aid over more than seven decades, development is examined as an industry with a variety of motives and actors. The driving forces and dynamics in the relationship between aid and economic development are highlighted in relation to faulty development structures and misaligned aims. With a particular focus on Egypt, radical questions are posed on how global aid and development can be improved, including how it can respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.This book aims to present an alternative aid framework to help overcome the dysfunctionality of the current international development system. It will be of interest to researchers and policymakers working within development economics and development policy. DA - 2022/12/13/ PY - 2022 DP - Amazon ET - 1st ed. 2023 edition SP - 425 LA - English PB - Palgrave Macmillan SN - 978-3-031-17769-9 ST - Development Delusions and Contradictions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk navigation for Thinking and Working Politically: The work and disappearance of Sombath Somphone AU - Sims, Kearrin T2 - Development Policy Review AB - Abstract Motivation On December 15, 2012 Sombath Somphone was abducted at a police checkpoint in his home city of Vientiane, the capital of Laos; his whereabouts remain unknown. This article considers his work and disappearance through the lens of Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) approaches to development. The article is supportive of TWP, but emphasizes the significant risks of politicized programming in authoritarian contexts. Purpose By examining the case of Sombath Somphone, the article seeks to offer insights for safer, and more effective, TWP programming. It considers how specific events in authoritarian contexts can suddenly reposition development workers and/or organizations as political dissidents. Approaches and Methods The argument draws on analysis of grey literature; conversational and observational knowledge accrued during 18 months of fieldwork in Laos between 2011 and 2018; on‐going formal and informal interviews with members of Laos’ civil society sector; and extensive dialogue with Sombath Somphone’s wife, Ng Shui Meng. Findings The article identifies four key factors that contributed to the enforced disappearance of Sombath Somphone: international exposure; timing; particular elites; and strategies of oppression. It highlights the need for further consideration of how to anticipate and mitigate the dangers of politically oriented development work, as well as the different forms of risk experienced by local and international development actors working in authoritarian contexts. Policy Implications TWP has much to offer to development practice, but its contributions should not threaten the safety of local development actors. More attention must be given to preventing and mitigating such risks. DA - 2020/12/02/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/dpr.12527 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - dpr.12527 J2 - Dev Policy Rev LA - en SN - 0950-6764, 1467-7679 ST - Risk navigation for Thinking and Working Politically UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dpr.12527 Y2 - 2020/12/16/09:38:58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review Article: Albert O. Hirschman: Development Projects Observed AU - Singer, Dr H. W. DA - 1969/01/02/ PY - 1969 DO - 10.1111/j.1759-5436.1969.mp1003006.x DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk SN - 1759-5436 ST - Review Article UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/11148 Y2 - 2017/04/07/17:58:44 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Top-down vs. Bottom-up Hierarchy: Or, How to Design a Self-Managed Organization AU - Sisney, Lex T2 - Organizational Physics - Systems thinking for breakthrough business performance AB - Top-down vs. Bottom-up Hierarchy: Or, How to Design a Self-Managed Organization DA - 2016/10/13/ PY - 2016 ST - Top-down vs. Bottom-up Hierarchy UR - http://organizationalphysics.com/2016/10/13/top-down-vs-bottom-up-hierarchy-or-how-to-build-a-self-managed-organization/ Y2 - 2017/07/03/17:17:57 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Real World SAFe – Leapfrogging a successful waterfall company into Scaled Agile AU - Skarin, Mattias DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 PB - CRISP UR - http://blog.crisp.se/2017/10/04/mattiasskarin/real-world-safe-leapfrogging-a-successful-waterfall-company-into-scaled-agile Y2 - 2017/11/08/10:15:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Built to improve: Leveraging realtime M&E for adaptive youth employment programming AU - Skelton, John T2 - Prospects practice paper, 2 AB - Recognising that aid and development programming takes place in complex contexts, Mercy Corps is increasingly seeking to understand how best to manage programs which iterate, adapt and respond to the consistently evolving settings in which we work. This brief Practice Paper provides some examples of what adaptive management looks like in practice on the Prospects youth employment program in Liberia. It does not seek to function as a manual or set of guidelines, but simply provides some practical examples and insights into how a youth employment program governed by principles of adaptive management operates. DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 20 LA - en PB - Mercy Corps ER - TY - BLOG TI - Impact networks: measuring towards success AU - Small Foundation T2 - Small Foundation AB - How does Small Foundation think about the impact… DA - 2021/06/29/T08:18:53+00:00 PY - 2021 ST - Impact networks UR - https://smallfoundation.ie/impact-networks-measuring-towards-success/ Y2 - 2022/06/17/11:36:45 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Small Foundation Network Partner Evaluation Toolkit: Network Evaluation for Network Coordinators A2 - Small Foundation AB - This Toolkit This Toolkit presents an approach to network evaluation that is designed for network coordinators. This Toolkit provides guidance for network coordinators on how to: • More effectively use information they are already collecting as part of their routine coordination duties; • Collect other useful data that would support their network’s health and development; • Integrate network evaluation tasks into network activities, like convenings, to streamline the process; • Use data to effectively coordinate, grow, and sustain their networks. The Toolkit also provides examples of surveys, questionnaires, and dashboards, as well as tips for easy implementation. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://smallfoundation.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SF-Eval-Toolkit_June-2021.pdf Y2 - 2022/06/17/11:34:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Small Foundation Network Partner Evaluation Toolkit Network Evaluation for Network Coordinators Frequently Asked Questions AU - Small Foundation AB - This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) document is written for Small Foundation network partners. It accompanies Network Partner Evaluation Toolkit, which outlines four evaluation tools that Small Foundation is encouraging, and supporting, its network partners to use to improve their operations and, ultimately, increase their impact. This FAQ document answers typical questions about these evaluation tools and provides additional detailed recommendations for how network coordinators can effectively implement them. This document has five sections: 1) A brief introduction to network theory and the value of evaluation for network coordinators. 2) An overview of the four evaluation tools and answers general questions about incorporating evaluation into network coordination duties. 3) Recommendations regarding the Network Coordinator Administrative Information (tool #1). 4) Information about Social Network Analysis (tool #2). 5) Recommendations regarding the Network Participant Survey (tool #3). 6) Information about the Collaborative Activity Dashboard (tool #4). DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - Small Foundation UR - https://smallfoundation.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SF-Eval-Toolkit-FAQ_June-2021.pdf Y2 - 2022/06/17/11:37:41 ER - TY - RPRT TI - I know what I know (but how do I know what I don’t?) AU - Smit, Debbie AU - de Lanerolle, Indra AU - Braam, Tamara AU - Byrne, Deborah AU - Legong, Gontse AB - An important support function of Making All Voices Count South Africa is to design, plan and facilitate community of practice gatherings for sustained learning and sharing across Making All Voices Count grantees. This report aims to capture the content of a one-day Making All Voices Count South African Community of Practice (CoP) Meeting held in November 2016. The South African MAVC CoP has been running for three years and has met between two and four times a year. It is a space for MAVC grantees and others working to foster innovation in the fields of transparency and accountability, to share experiences and knowledge, and collaborate in learning and improving work. CY - Johannesburg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en M3 - Event Report PB - MAVC ST - I know what I know (but how do I know what I don’t? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12952 Y2 - 2017/05/02/10:01:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participation for Humanitarian Innovation - Background Paper AU - Smith, Amy AU - Thompson, Martha AU - Saida Benhayoune AU - Crespo Cardona, Omar AB - A resource designed to help organisations, teams and individuals manage innovation journeys responsibly and successfully. We have partnered with MIT D-Lab to develop a new resource to drive greater diversity and inclusion within project design and implementation. The Participation for Humanitarian Innovation (PfHI) toolkit sets out a robust approach to setting expectations for and monitoring the degree of participation within research and innovation projects for, with, and by people affected by crisis. The PfHI toolkit is composed of five tools: Opportunity Adviser: Identify and prioritise the desired benefits of participation while weighing the potential barriers. Participation Matrix: Agree on the precise degree of participation to target at a given project stage. Resource Navigator: Select tools and processes to address the needs of stakeholders, the project objectives and context. Quality Guidance: Ensure engagements are delivered to the highest standard. Assessment Matrix: Collectively evaluate the degree of participation achieved during an activity or project phase, learn and adapt. By applying these tools before, during and after a research and/or innovation project, implementors can ensure that stakeholders/end-users are included and participating at the highest possible degree. We encourage users of the PfHI toolkit to consider how else to integrate the tools into existing practices. For instance, the Evaluation Matrix could be used to supplement existing MEAL activities to: Establish baselines to measure changes in participation over time. Track the degree of participation/engagement of stakeholders. Regularly assess the degree of participation. Seek feedback from participants about the degree of their participation. Monitor the progress of activities related to stakeholder engagement. Our Participation for Humanitarian Innovation toolkit represents our ongoing commitment to responsible research and innovation across our portfolio of grants and for the humanitarian sector more broadly. We hope you will consider downloading and using the toolkit on your next project. CY - London DA - 2023/06// PY - 2023 LA - en-GB PB - Elrha UR - https://www.elrha.org/researchdatabase/participation-for-humanitarian-innovation/ Y2 - 2023/06/14/23:39:03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participation for Humanitarian Innovation - Toolkit AU - Smith, Amy AU - Thompson, Martha AU - Saida Benhayoune AU - Crespo Cardona, Omar AB - A resource designed to help organisations, teams and individuals manage innovation journeys responsibly and successfully. We have partnered with MIT D-Lab to develop a new resource to drive greater diversity and inclusion within project design and implementation. The Participation for Humanitarian Innovation (PfHI) toolkit sets out a robust approach to setting expectations for and monitoring the degree of participation within research and innovation projects for, with, and by people affected by crisis. The PfHI toolkit is composed of five tools: Opportunity Adviser: Identify and prioritise the desired benefits of participation while weighing the potential barriers. Participation Matrix: Agree on the precise degree of participation to target at a given project stage. Resource Navigator: Select tools and processes to address the needs of stakeholders, the project objectives and context. Quality Guidance: Ensure engagements are delivered to the highest standard. Assessment Matrix: Collectively evaluate the degree of participation achieved during an activity or project phase, learn and adapt. By applying these tools before, during and after a research and/or innovation project, implementors can ensure that stakeholders/end-users are included and participating at the highest possible degree. We encourage users of the PfHI toolkit to consider how else to integrate the tools into existing practices. For instance, the Evaluation Matrix could be used to supplement existing MEAL activities to: Establish baselines to measure changes in participation over time. Track the degree of participation/engagement of stakeholders. Regularly assess the degree of participation. Seek feedback from participants about the degree of their participation. Monitor the progress of activities related to stakeholder engagement. Our Participation for Humanitarian Innovation toolkit represents our ongoing commitment to responsible research and innovation across our portfolio of grants and for the humanitarian sector more broadly. We hope you will consider downloading and using the toolkit on your next project. CY - London DA - 2023/06// PY - 2023 LA - en-GB PB - Elrha UR - https://www.elrha.org/researchdatabase/participation-for-humanitarian-innovation/ Y2 - 2023/06/14/23:39:03 ER - TY - CONF TI - 40 Agile Methods in 40 Minutes AU - Smith, Craig T2 - Scrum Australia 2014 AB - My presentation from Scrum Australia 2014 called “40 Agile Methods in 40 Minutes” is available on Slideshare. With 73% of the world using Scrum as their predominant Agile method, this session will … C1 - Sydney DA - 2014/10/21/T03:34:52+00:00 PY - 2014 ST - Scrum Australia 2014 UR - https://craigsmith.id.au/2014/10/21/scrum-australia-2014-40-agile-methods-in-40-minutes Y2 - 2017/02/20/12:52:27 ER - TY - CONF TI - 40 Agile Methods in 40 Minutes AU - Smith, Craig T2 - YOW! Australia Software Development Conference C1 - Sydney DA - 2015/12/03/ PY - 2015 UR - https://craigsmith.id.au/2015/12/03/yow-2015-40-agile-methods-in-40-minutes Y2 - 2017/03/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning AU - Smith, Mark K. AB - Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning. The work of Chris Argyris (1923-2013) has influenced thinking about the relationship of people and organizations… DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education ST - Chris Argyris UR - http://infed.org/mobi/chris-argyris-theories-of-action-double-loop-learning-and-organizational-learning/ Y2 - 2016/10/09/18:48:41 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - 10 years of Outcome Mapping AU - Smith, R AU - Mauremootoo, John AU - Ambrose, K. AU - Hearn, Simon AB - This webinar from the Outcome Mapping Learning Community (OMLC) presents the key findings from research conducted into the extent of Outcome Mapping use and the support required for its implementation. C5 - Vimeo Video DA - 2012/09// PY - 2012 UR - https://vimeo.com/channels/outcomemapping Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ten years of Outcome Mapping adaptations and support AU - Smith, Richard AU - Mauremootoo, John AU - Rassmann, Kornelia T2 - OM Resources: Key Community Documents AB - An analysis of how and where Outcome Mapping has been applied, how users have experienced OM and the support options available and required for its use. This research was commissioned by the OMLC Stewards. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Outcome Mapping Learning Community UR - https://www.outcomemapping.ca/resource/ten-years-of-outcome-mapping-adaptations-and-support Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Outcome mapping: A method for tracking behavioural changes in development programs AU - Smutylo, Terry T2 - ILAC Brief AB - This guide published by the Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC) Initiative provides a detailed overview of using outcome mapping as an evaluation tool. Contents Expressing results as changes in behaviour Outcome mapping terms The three stages of outcome mapping Figure 1. The three stages and twelve steps of outcome mapping Stage 1. Intentional design Figure 2. The four basic questions of the intentional design stage Stage 2. Outcome and performance monitoring Stage 3. Evaluation planning Using outcome mapping The Ceja Andina Project The Agro-industry and Market Development project for Arracacha DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 4 SN - 7 UR - https://www.outcomemapping.ca/download/csette_en_ILAC_Brief07_mapping.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - External Review of the Building Effective and Accessible Markets (BEAM) programme AU - Snedden, Ewan AU - Freer, Gordon AU - Moffatt, Michelle DA - 2016/07// PY - 2016 PB - WYG International UR - https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/42/e8/42e8f5c3-4539-4c80-b726-6e4b5fd70915/beam_review_by_wyg.pdf Y2 - 2019/03/01/16:03:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How Does Participatory Action Research Generate Innovation? Findings from a Rapid Realist Review AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Apgar, J. Marina T2 - CLARISSA Emerging Evidence Report AB - This Emerging Evidence Report shares evidence of how, for whom, and under what circumstances, Participatory Action Research (PAR) leads to innovative actions. A rapid realist review was undertaken to develop programme theories that explain how PAR generates innovation. The methodology included peer-reviewed and grey literature and moments of engagement with programme staff, such that their input supported the development and refinement of three resulting initial programme theories (IPTs) that we present in this report. Across all three IPTs, safe relational space, group facilitation, and the abilities of facilitators, are essential context and intervention components through which PAR can generate innovation. Implications from the three IPTs for evaluation design of the CLARISSA programme are identified and discussed. The report finishes with opportunities for the CLARISSA programme to start building an evidence base of how PAR works as an intervention modality, such as evidencing group-level conscientisation, the influence of intersecting inequalities, and influence of diverse perspectives coming together in a PAR process. CY - Brighton DA - 2021/07/23/ PY - 2021 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 6 ST - How Does Participatory Action Research Generate Innovation? UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16754 Y2 - 2024/02/22/11:16:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using a ‘Partnership Rubric’ in Participatory Evaluations AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Hicks, Jacky AU - Paul, Sukanta AU - Arulanantham, Amit AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Afroze, Jiniya AU - Karki, Shanta AU - Mareschal, Sophie AU - Prieto Martín, Pedro AU - Uddin, Forhad AU - Veitch, Helen T2 - CLARISSA Learning Note AB - Programmes that aim to tackle complex societal issues, such as the worst forms of child labour, require rich partnerships that bring together different perspectives. CLARISSA’s consortium partnership adopts an empowerment approach to the interventions we deliver and our ways of working together. Part of this approach involves ongoing reflection and learning about how we work together in our partnership, and how this can be adapted if needed. This learning note focuses on a method used in CLARISSA to both reflect on and strengthen how we work in partnerships – the partnership rubric. We found that using the rubric flexibly was key to mitigating some of the challenges of such a complex consortium. This included using it in different sizes of forum, with different levels of preparation. Periodically adapting it for country context and as new partners came on board also helped ensure a shared sense of our preferred ways of working as the project progressed. CY - Brighton DA - 2023/07/12/ PY - 2023 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies SN - 3 UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18051 Y2 - 2023/10/16/13:06:53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How are Research for Development Programmes Implementing and Evaluating Equitable Partnerships to Address Power Asymmetries? AU - Snijder, Mieke AU - Steege, Rosie AU - Callander, Michelle AU - Wahome, Michel AU - Rahman, M. Feisal AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Theobald, Sally AU - Bracken, Louise J. AU - Dean, Laura AU - Mansaray, Bintu AU - Saligram, Prasanna AU - Garimella, Surekha AU - Arthurs-Hartnett, Sophia AU - Karuga, Robinson AU - Mejía Artieda, Adriana Elizabeth AU - Chengo, Victoria AU - Ateles, Joanes T2 - The European Journal of Development Research AB - The complexity of issues addressed by research for development (R4D) requires collaborations between partners from a range of disciplines and cultural contexts. Power asymmetries within such partnerships may obstruct the fair distribution of resources, responsibilities and benefits across all partners. This paper presents a cross-case analysis of five R4D partnership evaluations, their methods and how they unearthed and addressed power asymmetries. It contributes to the field of R4D partnership evaluations by detailing approaches and methods employed to evaluate these partnerships. Theory-based evaluations deepened understandings of how equitable partnerships contribute to R4D generating impact and centring the relational side of R4D. Participatory approaches that involved all partners in developing and evaluating partnership principles ensured contextually appropriate definitions and a focus on what partners value. DA - 2023/04/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1057/s41287-023-00578-w DP - Springer Link VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 351 EP - 379 J2 - Eur J Dev Res LA - en SN - 1743-9728 UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00578-w Y2 - 2023/04/13/11:06:18 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Cynefin St David’s Day 2020 (1 of 5) AU - Snowden, Dave T2 - Cognitive Edge AB - Series of blog posts discussing the last version (as of 2020) of the Cynefin framework. DA - 2020/03/01/ PY - 2020 LA - en-US UR - https://www.cognitive-edge.com/cynefin-st-davids-day-2020-1-of-n/ Y2 - 2021/03/03/12:16:59 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Naturalizing sensemaking AU - Snowden, Dave T2 - Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex Situations A2 - Mosier, Kathleen L. A2 - Fischer, Ute M. AB - The focus of this book is on how experts adapt to complexity, synthesize and interpret information in context, and transform or "fuse" disparate items of information into coherent knowledge. The chapters examine these processes across experts (e.g. global leaders, individuals in extreme environments, managers, police officers, pilots, commanders, doctors, inventors), across contexts (e.g. space and space analogs, corporate organizations, command and control, crisis and crowd management, air traffic control, the operating room, product development), and for both individual and team performance. Successful information integration is a key factor in the success of diverse endeavors, including team attempts to climb Mt. Everest, crowd control in the Middle East, and remote drilling operations. This volume is divided into four sections, each with a specific focus on an area of expert performance, resulting in a text that covers a wide range of useful information. These sections present well-researched discussions, such as: the management of complex situations in various fields and decision contexts; technological and training approaches to facilitate knowledge management by individual experts and expert teams; new or neglected perspectives in expert decision making; and the importance of ‘modeling’ expert performance through techniques and frameworks such as Cognitive Task Analysis, computational architectures based on the notion of causal belief mapping such as ‘Convince Me,’ or the data/frame model of sensemaking. The volume provides essential reading for researchers and practitioners of Naturalistic Decision Making and those who study Expertise; Organizational and Cognitive Psychologists; and researchers and students in Business and Engineering. CY - New York, NY DA - 2010/10/25/ PY - 2010 DP - Amazon SP - 223 EP - 34 LA - English PB - Psychology Press SN - 978-1-84872-911-7 UR - https://www.amazon.co.uk/Informed-Knowledge-Performance-Situations-Applications/dp/1848729111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Leader’s Framework for Decision Making AU - Snowden, Dave AU - Boone, Mary E. T2 - Harvard Business Review DA - 2007/11/01/ PY - 2007 VL - 2007 IS - 11 UR - https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making Y2 - 2016/10/05/18:45:27 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing complexity (and chaos) in times of crisis. A field guide for decision makers inspired by the Cynefin framework AU - Snowden, Dave AU - Rancati, Alessandro AB - This field guide helps to navigate crises using the Cynefin framework as a compass. It proposes a four-stage approach through which we can: - assess the type of crisis and initiate a response; - adapt to the new pace and start building sensing networks to inform decisions; - repurpose existing structures and working methods to generate radical innovation; - transcend the crisis, formalise lessons learnt and increase resilience. The guide stresses the importance of setting and managing boundaries, building informal structures, keeping options open, distributing engagement and keeping an ongoing assessment of the evolving landscape. Action items, real life examples and demonstrations complement the references to the developing theoretical framework. CY - Luxemburg DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - JRC123629 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Strengthen Your Team’s CLA Practices: Introducing the CLA Maturity Tool for USAID Implementers AU - Social Impact , Inc AB - The Collaborating, Learning & Adapting (CLA) Maturity Tool has been used by USAID operating units since 2015. The tool enables staff to self-assess their current CLA practice and plan ways to improve their internal and external collaboration, organizational learning efforts, and adaptive management practices. Recently, SI built on this resource to create the CLA Maturity Tool for implementing partners (IPs) to provide a version that speaks more directly to the experience of international and local organizations. Learn more here. DA - 2023/01/10/ PY - 2023 DP - YouTube ST - Strengthen Your Team’s CLA Practices UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwdO9FZq_PM Y2 - 2023/03/20/11:30:53 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Impact Management Software & Measurement Platform AU - Sopact AB - Impact Management platform is designed for social impact investing funds, grantmakers & public agency to provide comprehensive social impact measurement & impact management. LA - es UR - https://www.sopact.com/impact-management Y2 - 2021/02/17/09:11:57 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Thoughts on the use of hypotheses in adaptive management AU - Sparkman, Timothy T2 - BEAM Exchange AB - New insights, opinions and perspectives on market systems development, from experts and practitioners. DA - 2015/01/06/ PY - 2015 ST - BEAM Exchange UR - https://beamexchange.org/community/blogs/2015/1/6/timsparkman/ Y2 - 2016/10/25/19:31:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Applying Systems Thinking to Education: The RISE Systems Framework AU - Spivack, Marla AB - Many education systems in low- and middle-income countries are experiencing a learning crisis. Many efforts to address this crisis do not account for the system features of education, meaning that they fail to consider the ways that interactions and feedback loops produce outcomes. Thinking through the feedback relationships that produce the education system can be challenging. The RISE Education Systems Framework, which is sufficiently structured to give boundaries to the analysis but sufficiently flexible to be adapted to multiple scenarios, can be helpful. The RISE Framework identifies four key relationships in an education system: politics, compact, management, and voice and choice; and five features that can be used to describe these relationships: delegation, finance, information, support, and motivation. This Framework can be a useful approach for characterising the key actors and interactions in the education system, thinking through how these interactions produce systems outcomes, and identifying ways to intervene that can shift the system towards better outcomes. DA - 2021/05/26/ PY - 2021 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) ST - Applying Systems Thinking to Education UR - https://riseprogramme.org/publications/applying-systems-thinking-education-rise-systems-framework Y2 - 2021/12/16/15:08:08 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying Systems Thinking via Systemigrams™ for Defining the Body of Knowledge and Curriculum to Advance Systems Engineering (BKCASE) Project AU - Squires, Alice AU - Pyster, Art AU - Sauser, Brian AU - Olwell, David AU - Enck, Stephanie AU - Gelosh, Don AU - Anthony, Jim T2 - INCOSE International Symposium AB - Systems thinking is commonly accepted as the backbone of a successful systems engineering approach. As such, the Body of Knowledge and Curriculum to Advance Systems Engineering (BKCASE) team chose to leverage a systems thinking based tool, called Systemitool, to describe our project to the vast audience that would potentially become involved directly or indirectly in the success of the project. This paper describes the process and steps used by the authors and the BKCASE team to develop the project's systemic diagram, or Systemigram™, and the story behind the project, the products, and the vision of the BKCASE project. The goal of the paper is to provide guidance so that readers can leverage the lessons learned from this effort to successfully develop their own project definitions and stories. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/j.2334-5837.2010.tb01101.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 739 EP - 753 LA - en SN - 2334-5837 UR - https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a522654.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/09/08:43:12 ER - TY - BLOG TI - SROI Self-assessment tool AU - SROI Network AB - The online self assessment tool was created by the SROI Network in collaboration with Hall Aitken to help users judge how well their evaluation practices adhere to principles of best practice. The tool is comprised of a seven stage questionnaire, showing results as a spider chart illustrating areas of strength and areas for improvement. The questionnaire itself is structured around the seven principles of SROI. These principles include ‘involve stakeholders’, ‘be transparent’ and ‘do not overclaim’, and together make up the core framework around which SROI is based. Users receive a score for each principle, and an overall average, giving them an idea of to what extent they have successfully applied the principles. High scoring users can then use their score to guide them towards applying for assurance and accreditation. The tool provides guidance, support and more advice to people who want to improve the way in which their organisation measures their social value and assesses their service delivery but don’t know where to start. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - http://www.socialvalueuk.org/what-is-social-value/sroi-self-assessment-tool/ Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Starting out on Social Return on Investment AU - SROI Network AU - Aitken, Hall AB - This guide, created by the SROI Network in collaboration with Hall Aitken, is aimed at providing guidance to those who have never used SROI on where to begin. The guide provides practical steps to beginning the process of SROI and includes links to tools aimed at supporting its implementation. Excerpt "Most public, private and third sector organisations have a pretty good idea of the costs of what they do. Annual accounts, management accounts, budget reports and a whole accountancy profession add up to a great deal of effort to make sure this is the case. Some organisations are quite good at counting what they do with these resources. They can track the number of users or contacts, or customers. Many can provide some evidence that these activities lead to some sort of change. But very few can explain clearly why all this matters. What would happen if they did not exist? What is the real value of what they do? Social Return on Investment sets out to redress the balance by looking at value not just cost." Contents Part one – why, what and how? Why does social value matter? What is SROI? How do I do SROI? Next steps Part two – progress tool Part three – practical next steps Steps to involve stakeholders Steps to understand what changes Steps to value the things that matter Steps to only include what is material Steps to avoid overclaiming Steps to be transparent Steps to verify the result DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 8 UR - http://www.socialvalueuk.org/app/uploads/2016/03/Starting%20Out%20Guide.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond "Lack of Political Will": Elaborating Political Economy Concepts to Advance "Thinking and Working Politically" Comment on "Health Coverage and Financial Protection in Uganda: A Political Economy Perspective" AU - Ssennyonjo, Aloysius T2 - International Journal of Health Policy and Management AB - Political economy analysis (PEA) has been advanced as critical to understanding the political dimensions of policy change processes. However, political economy (PE) is not a theory on its own but draws on several concepts. Nannini et al, in concert with other scholars, emphasise that politics is characterised by conflict, contestation and negotiation over interests, ideas and power as various agents attempt to influence their context. This commentary reflects how Nannini et al wrestled with these PEA concepts - summarised in their conceptual framework used for PEA of the Ugandan case study on financial risk protection reforms. The central premise is that a common understanding of the PEA concepts (mainly structure-agency interactions, ideas, interests, institutions and power) forms a basis for strategies to advance thinking and working politically. Consequently, I generate several insights into how we can promote politically informed approaches to designing, implementing and evaluating policy reforms and development efforts. DA - 2022/05/22/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.34172/ijhpm.2022.7297 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 1 J2 - Int J Health Policy Manag LA - en SN - 2322-5939 ST - Beyond "Lack of Political Will" UR - https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4264.html Y2 - 2022/09/29/10:15:56 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics: The Challenge of Complexity AU - Stacey, Ralph D. AB - In the third edition of this successful text, Ralph Stacey continues to question the view that organisations operate and succeed in relatively stable environments. He argues that in order to succeed in uncertainty and continual change, organisations need to create new perspectives and learn from the chaos within which they operate. This edition continues to focus on this radically different approach to strategic management. The central tenets of this approach have to do with unpredictability and the limitations of control, and therefore it argues against the rational models of planning and control covered in other strategy textbooks. This is done by emphasising the importance of narrative, conversation and learning from one's own experience as the central means by which we can gain understanding and knowledge of strategy in organisations. - Sharper distinction between systemic and process thinking with new chapters on the philosophical origins of systems and process thinking, second order and critical system thinking. - new material on theory of complex responsive processes, particularly to do with control, leadership and ethics. - Includes 7 management narratives, ie, personal ac CY - London DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DP - Google Books PB - Pitman ST - Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics KW - Organizational Behavior KW - Strategic Planning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agile distributed software development in nine Central European teams: challenges, benefits and recommendations AU - Stadler, Manuel AU - Vallon, Raoul AU - Pazderka, Martin AU - Grechenig, Thomas T2 - Information Technology DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 18 LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participation as assemblage: Introducing assemblage as a framework for analysing participatory processes and outcomes AU - Stage, Carsten AU - Ingerslev, Karen T2 - Conjunctions. Transdisciplinary Journal of Cultural Participation AB - The article presents a yet unexplored framework for analysing the multidimensionality and dis/connections of participatory processes and their outcomes by using the concept of the ‘assemblage’ (DeLanda, 2006). The case is an eight-month collaboration between a task force initiated by Central Denmark Region, the socio-economic company Sager der Samler, and citizens. The collaboration is aimed at bringing together and working across various institutional and user perspectives to act on a societal challenge. The analysis is theoretically based on a review of existing theories of participation and typologies for analysing and evaluating participation. In particu- lar, the analysis focuses on the assemblage approach as a way of acknowledging the institutional, affective, mate- rial and power-related complexity of participatory processes. The assemblage approach helps to analytically stress that the process under investigation should be evaluated both with a more traditional focus on decision-making or power allocation, as well as taking into account the social, personal-affective and material benefits produced, and the potential for change in the relationship between public administration and citizens. DA - 2016/02/11/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.7146/tjcp.v2i2.22923 DP - www.conjunctions-tjcp.com VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 117 EP - 136 LA - en SN - 2246-3755 ST - Participation as assemblage UR - http://www.conjunctions-tjcp.com/article/view/22923 Y2 - 2016/03/23/17:08:04 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Multiple case study analysis AU - Stake, Robert E. AB - Examining situational complexity is a vital part of social and behavioral science research. This engaging text provides an effective process for studying multiple cases--such as sets of teachers, staff development sessions, or clinics operating in different locations--within one complex program. The process also can be used to investigate broadly occurring phenomena without programmatic links, such as leadership or sibling rivalry. Readers learn to design, analyze, and report studies that balance common issues across the group of cases with the unique features and context of each case. Three actual case reports from a transnational early childhood program illustrate the author's approach, and helpful reproducible worksheets facilitate multicase recording and analysis. CN - LB1028 .S733 2005 CY - New York DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 342 PB - The Guilford Press SN - 978-1-59385-248-1 978-1-59385-249-8 UR - https://www.amazon.com/Multiple-Study-Analysis-Robert-Stake/dp/1593852487 KW - Case method KW - Cross-cultural studies KW - Education KW - Europe, Eastern KW - Research Methodology KW - Step by Step (Program) ER - TY - RPRT TI - Chaos Report 2015 AU - Standish Group DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Standish Group ER - TY - RPRT TI - Chaos Report 2020 AU - Standish Group DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Standish Group ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptive management of natural resources: theory, concepts, and management institutions. AU - Stankey, George H. AU - Clark, Roger N. AU - Bormann, Bernard T. AB - This report reviews the extensive and growing literature on the concept and application of adaptive management. Adaptive management is a central element of the Northwest Forest Plan and there is a need for an informed understanding of the key theories, concepts, and frameworks upon which it is founded. Literature from a diverse range of fields including social learning, risk and uncertainty, and institutional analysis was reviewed, particularly as it related to application in an adaptive management context. The review identifies opportunities as well as barriers that adaptive management faces. It concludes by describing steps that must be taken to implement adaptive management. CY - Portland DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station SN - PNW-GTR-654 ST - Adaptive management of natural resources UR - https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/20657 Y2 - 2019/02/25/10:40:34 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned: The Myth of the Objective AU - Stanley, Kenneth O. AU - Lehman, Joel AB - Why does modern life revolve around objectives? From how science is funded, to improving how children are educated -- and nearly everything in-between -- our society has become obsessed with a seductive illusion: that greatness results from doggedly measuring improvement in the relentless pursuit of an ambitious goal. In Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned, Stanley and Lehman begin with a surprising scientific discovery in artificial intelligence that leads ultimately to the conclusion that the objective obsession has gone too far. They make the case that great achievement can't be bottled up into mechanical metrics; that innovation is not driven by narrowly focused heroic effort; and that we would be wiser (and the outcomes better) if instead we whole-heartedly embraced serendipitous discovery and playful creativity.Controversial at its heart, yet refreshingly provocative, this book challenges readers to consider life without a destination and discovery without a compass. CY - Cham DA - 2015/05/07/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 141 LA - English PB - Springer SN - 978-3-319-15523-4 ST - Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned ER - TY - CHAP TI - Appreciative Inquiry: Organization Development and the Strengths Revolution AU - Stavros, Jacqueline M. AU - Godwin, Lindsey N. AU - Cooperrider, David L. T2 - Practicing Organization Development A2 - Rothwell, William J. A2 - Stavros, Jackie A2 - Sullivan, Roland L. AB - A ppreciative Inquiry (AI) is a theory and practice of inquiry-and-changethat shifts the perspective of organization development (OD) methodsby suggesting that the very act of asking generative questions has pro-found impact in organizational systems. Inquiry and change are not separatemoments. Our questions focus our attention on what is “there” to be noticed.Reflecting its social constructionist roots (Cooperrider, Barrett, and Srivastva1995; Gergen 1995), which suggest that words create worlds, AI offers a newchange imperative by suggesting that we be aware of the negativity bias thatpervades our investigations into organizational life and instead shift our focusto the good, the better, and the possibilities that often go undernoticed in oursystems. Building on Gergen (1995) and Cooperrider and Avital (2003), Cooper-rider and Godwin (2012) summarize, “AI posits that human systems move in thedirection of the questions they most frequently and authentically ask; knowl-edge and organizational destiny are intimately interwoven; what we know andhow we study it has a direct impact on where we end up” (740).Leveraging the power of generative questions, AI changes the focus of whatwe typically study in organizational life, questioning the prevailing mindset that“organizations are problems to be solved,” (Cooperrider and Srivastva 1987).Instead, AI suggests that “organizations are mysteries and miracles of humanrelatedness; they are living systems, alive and embedded in ever-wideningwebs of infinite strength and limitless human imagination. Organizations, ascenters of human connectivity and collaboration, are ‘universes of strengths,’” (Cooperrider and Godwin 2010, 10). AI invites change agents to look intotheir organizations with “appreciative eyes”—scanning the system for thingsfor which to be grateful, seeking out what is next and what is possible, andfocusing on valuing those things of value worth valuing. AI theorists posit thatsuch a shift in our approach to organizational change is needed if we are toinspire our imaginative capacities to their fullest potential. DA - 2015/10/19/ PY - 2015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) ET - 1 SP - 96 EP - 116 LA - en PB - Wiley SN - 978-1-118-94770-8 978-1-119-17662-6 ST - Appreciative Inquiry UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119176626.ch6 Y2 - 2023/10/17/11:04:35 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding ‘theory of change’ in international development: A review of existing knowledge AU - Stein, Danielle AU - Valters, Craig AB - This is a review by Danielle Stein and Craig Valters of the concepts and debates within ‘Theory of Change’ (ToC) material, resulting from a search and detailed analysis of available donor, agency and expert guidance documents. The review was undertaken as part of a Justice and Security Research Program (JSRP) and The Asia Foundation (TAF) collaborative project, and focuses on the field of international development. CY - London DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - LSE UR - https://www.theoryofchange.org/wp-content/uploads/toco_library/pdf/UNDERSTANDINGTHEORYOFChangeSteinValtersPN.pdf Y2 - 2019/08/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virtuous cycles of learning: Using formative, embedded, and diagnostic developmental assessments in a large-scale leadership program AU - Stein, Z. AU - Dawson, Theo AU - Van Rossum, Zachary AU - Rothaizer, Joel AU - Hill, S. T2 - Journal of Integral Theory and Practice AB - This article presents preliminary results from a series of ongoing action-research projects involving the use of embedded diagnostic developmental assessments (called LectaTests™) in leadership education contexts. These findings are presented to support a particular metatheoretical approach to learning and education in which embedded assessments form a crucial part of ongoing virtuous cycles of action, feedback, support, and learning. We present two types of evidence. First, we compare developmental growth across eight program evaluations in which LectaTests were and were not embedded. Second, we examine how embedding LectaTests in a large-scale leadership development program affected the growth of managers and their direct reports. We review these findings with an eye toward detecting the benefits of using developmental assessment as embedded diagnostics alongside their use as research instruments. We begin by using Integral Theory to structure a discussion about the ideal function of developmental assessments in educational contexts. DA - 2014/12/01/ PY - 2014 DP - ResearchGate VL - 9 SP - 1 EP - 11 ST - Virtuous cycles of learning UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299513832_Virtuous_cycles_of_learning_Using_formative_embedded_and_diagnostic_developmental_assessments_in_a_large-scale_leadership_program Y2 - 2023/11/20/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Prioritizing and Selecting Strategic Approaches in USAID Biodiversity Programming AU - Stem, Caroline AU - Swaminathan, Vinaya AU - Flores, Marco T2 - Measuring Impact AB - This guide supplements Biodiversity How-To Guide 2: Using Results Chains to Depict Theories of Change in USAID Biodiversity Programming. Step 4, Brainstorming Strategic Approaches, involves generating a suite of potential strategic approaches for a design team to consider. Step 5 introduces the practice of prioritizing and selecting among these draft strategic approaches but does not provide in-depth guidance on the process and criteria for doing so. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/05// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 15 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - BOOK TI - Innovation, Sustainability, Development: A New Manifesto AU - STEPS Centre AB - Our Manifesto project publication is available in print, on CD or to view online. Innovation, Sustainability, Development: A New Manifesto recommends new ways of linking science and innovation to development for a more sustainable, equitable and resilient future. The multimedia version, with added audio, video and background documents, is available on CD and online. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - STEPS Centre ST - Innovation, Sustainability, Development UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/2446 Y2 - 2018/05/14/10:45:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Broadening the range of designs and methods for impact evaluations AU - Stern, Elliot AU - Stame, Nicoletta AU - Mayne, John AU - Forss, Kim AU - Davies, Rick AU - Befani, Barbara CY - London DA - 2012/04// PY - 2012 DP - Crossref LA - en PB - DFID UR - http://repository.fteval.at/id/eprint/126 Y2 - 2018/09/26/10:20:40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The direction of evolution: The rise of cooperative organization AU - Stewart, John E. T2 - Biosystems T3 - SI :Patterns in Evolution AB - Two great trends are evident in the evolution of life on Earth: towards increasing diversification and towards increasing integration. Diversification has spread living processes across the planet, progressively increasing the range of environments and free energy sources exploited by life. Integration has proceeded through a stepwise process in which living entities at one level are integrated into cooperative groups that become larger-scale entities at the next level, and so on, producing cooperative organizations of increasing scale (for example, cooperative groups of simple cells gave rise to the more complex eukaryote cells, groups of these gave rise to multi-cellular organisms, and cooperative groups of these organisms produced animal societies). The trend towards increasing integration has continued during human evolution with the progressive increase in the scale of human groups and societies. The trends towards increasing diversification and integration are both driven by selection. An understanding of the trajectory and causal drivers of the trends suggests that they are likely to culminate in the emergence of a global entity. This entity would emerge from the integration of the living processes, matter, energy and technology of the planet into a global cooperative organization. Such an integration of the results of previous diversifications would enable the global entity to exploit the widest possible range of resources across the varied circumstances of the planet. This paper demonstrates that it's case for directionality meets the tests and criticisms that have proven fatal to previous claims for directionality in evolution. DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.05.006 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 123 SP - 27 EP - 36 J2 - Biosystems SN - 0303-2647 ST - The direction of evolution UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030326471400080X Y2 - 2017/05/03/09:37:35 KW - Direction of evolution KW - Evolution of a global entity KW - Evolution of cooperation KW - Evolutionary progress KW - Major evolutionary transitions ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using Information on Results in Program Management – The case of Samarth-NMDP in Nepal AU - Stewart, Tim AU - Joshi, Sanju AU - Miehlbradt, Alexandra DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 PB - The Donor Committee for Enterprise Development UR - http://www.enterprise-development.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/RMCase_4_Using_Info_in_Samarth.pdf Y2 - 2016/12/13/16:42:22 KW - Case Report ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Critique of the Claims About Mobile Phones and Kerala Fisherman. The Importance of the Context of Complex Social Systems AU - Steyn, Jacques T2 - The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries AB - This paper challenges some fundamental aspects of research and conclusions relating to the use of technology for community development. Views of technology, in this case the mobile phone, as a tool for increased economic welfare are often skewed due to extreme reductionism, ambiguous interview questions and poor data sources. Research of complex social systems or sub-systems give the wrong answers when reductionist methodologies are used. To demonstrate such shortcomings, the 2007 paper of Robert Jensen serves as an example. His conclusion that mobile phones enable Kerala fishermen to increase their economic welfare is the most cited paper on ICT4D topics, but there are fundamental methodological and logical problems with the claim, while other research came to contradictory conclusions. This critique is presented on many levels: ideological, paradigmatic, methodology, logical, statistical and semantic. DA - 2016/04/05/ PY - 2016 DP - www.ejisdc.org VL - 74 IS - 0 LA - en SN - 16814835 UR - http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1687 Y2 - 2016/07/27/14:44:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - An introduction to multi-stakeholder partnerships AU - Stibbe, Darian AU - Prescott, Dave AB - This briefing document for the GPEDC High Level Meeting in November 2016 offers a definition of multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) and shows how they are being used, where they have come from, and what the different sectors bring to the table. It provides an overview of the challenges the present, what they require from individuals and organisations, and how they get started. The report was written with the support of the PEP Initiative, and funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. CY - Oxford DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - The Partnering Initiative UR - https://www.thepartneringinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Introduction-to-MSPs-Briefing-paper.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/02/12:30:51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two Loops -- Excerpted from AU - Stilger, Bob DP - Zotero LA - en ER - TY - CHAP TI - Walking the Long Road Together AU - Stilger, Bob T2 - Afternow: When We Cannot See the Future Where Do We Begin? AB - On March 11, 2011, overwhelming and incomprehensible disaster struck the northeast coast of Japan. Life for those in the region would never be the same. This book is about the awakening that follows disaster. About the minutes and months and years that come after now. It is about what happens when we're smacked on the side of the head and open our eyes, startled out of the trance in which we have been living our days. It is about the opportunities always present, often invisible, to create the lives we want, now. AfterNow chronicles the author's journey with the Japanese people over 6 years -- his own story of awakening after plunging into this disaster and the stories from people who found where to take their first step, and the next. It offers the tools and processes and worldview people discovered to create what comes after now. It is built around two big ideas. The first is that after disaster, we find our way forward, together. We come awake, together. Disaster obliterates the past, plunges the present into chaos and cocoons the future. We need each other to see and build the new. The second idea is that we don't have to wait for the tragedy of disaster to make the communities and lives we want. We can engage each other with respect, curiosity and generosity and begin to co-create what we want, now. We live in a period of precipitous, unpredictable change. The book is for those who want to make this time more livable and less insane. In Japan and all over the world, we are living in the messy middle where old forms are falling apart and new possibilities are in early stages. The ground is pulled out from under us on a regular basis. Our work right now is to learn to coexist with the messiness. We need to keep trying things, to keep learning. We need to remain focused on our purpose and follow the braided strand of intention and surrender as we find our way forward. embracing radical uncertainty, showing up as fully as we can each moment, each breath. DA - 2017/11/14/ PY - 2017 DP - Amazon LA - English PB - McP Books SN - 978-1-5456-0974-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behind the scenes: International NGOs’ influence on reproductive health policy in Malawi and South Sudan AU - Storeng, Katerini T. AU - Palmer, Jennifer AU - Daire, Judith AU - Kloster, Maren O. T2 - Global Public Health AB - Global health donors increasingly embrace international nongovernmental organisations (INGOs) as partners, often relying on them to conduct political advocacy in recipient countries, especially in controversial policy domains like reproductive health. Although INGOs are the primary recipients of donor funding, they are expected to work through national affiliates or counterparts to enable ‘locally-led’ change. Using prospective policy analysis and ethnographic evidence, this paper examines how donor-funded INGOs have influenced the restrictive policy environments for safe abortion and family planning in South Sudan and Malawi. While external actors themselves emphasise the technical nature of their involvement, the paper analyses them as instrumental political actors who strategically broker alliances and resources to shape policy, often working ‘behind the scenes’ to manage the challenging circumstances they operate under. Consequently, their agency and power are hidden through various practices of effacement or concealment. These practices may be necessary to rationalise the tensions inherent in delivering a global programme with the goal of inducing locally-led change in a highly controversial policy domain, but they also risk inciting suspicion and foreign-national tensions. DA - 2019/04/03/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/17441692.2018.1446545 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 555 EP - 569 J2 - Global Public Health LA - en SN - 1744-1692, 1744-1706 ST - Behind the scenes UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2018.1446545 Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:15:19 ER - TY - CHAP TI - FOCEVAL – Promoting Evaluation Capacities in Costa Rica:: Smart(er) Implementation with Capacity WORKS? AU - Storm, Sabrina T2 - Transformation, Politics and Implementation A2 - Kirsch, Renate A2 - Siehl, Elke A2 - Stockmayer, Albrecht T3 - Smart Implementation in Governance Programs AB - The National Monitoring and Evaluation System of Costa Rica and its corresponding laws were established during the 1990s. Since then, the country has endeavored to implement monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activities as part of its public policy framework. Nevertheless, hardly any systematic evaluations had been conducted, and monitoring activities had been reduced mainly to the institutional self-reporting of implementation compliance. Persisting regional disparities and growing levels of inequality among the population raised the level of pressure on the government to present reliable information on the effectiveness of public interventions. Hence, results-oriented evaluations were promoted by some Costa Rican departments as DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - JSTOR ET - 1 SP - 175 EP - 194 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH SN - 978-3-8487-3738-3 ST - FOCEVAL – Promoting Evaluation Capacities in Costa Rica UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941tdt.12 Y2 - 2020/12/11/11:04:10 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Propel AU - Strhive AB - Learn from experience. Together. In the complex landscape of international development, organisations need a way to learn from their experiences and build on what works. Propel is the software solution that revolutionises the way organisations capture, access, and reuse learnings to adapt, innovate, and create lasting change on a global scale. Let's stop reinventing the wheel and build on what works, together. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 UR - https://www.propelapp.org/ Y2 - 2023/08/07/14:13:02 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theory of Action: Creating Craddle to Career Proof Points AU - Strive Together AB - StriveTogether’s Theory of Action provides a framework for improving educational outcomes and ensuring a community transforms how it serves children. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 PB - Strive Together UR - https://www.strivetogether.org/our-approach/theory-of-action/ Y2 - 2017/11/03/17:28:24 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Systems Thinking For Social Change: A Practical Guide to Solving Complex Problems, Avoiding Unintended Consequences, and Achieving Lasting Results AU - Stroh, David Peter AB - Donors, leaders of nonprofits, and public policy makers usually have the best of intentions to serve society and improve social conditions. But often their solutions fall far short of what they want to accomplish and what is truly needed. Moreover, the answers they propose and fund often produce the opposite of what they want over time. We end up with temporary shelters that increase homelessness, drug busts that increase drug-related crime, or food aid that increases starvation. How do these unintended consequences come about and how can we avoid them? By applying conventional thinking to complex social problems, we often perpetuate the very problems we try so hard to solve, but it is possible to think differently, and get different results. Systems Thinking for Social Change enables readers to contribute more effectively to society by helping them understand what systems thinking is and why it is so important in their work. It also gives concrete guidance on how to incorporate systems thinking in problem solving, decision making, and strategic planning without becoming a technical expert. Systems thinking leader David Stroh walks readers through techniques he has used to help people improve their efforts to end homelessness, improve public health, strengthen education, design a system for early childhood development, protect child welfare, develop rural economies, facilitate the reentry of formerly incarcerated people into society, resolve identity-based conflicts, and more.  The result is a highly readable, effective guide to understanding systems and using that knowledge to get the results you want. CY - White River Junction DA - 2015/10/16/ PY - 2015 DP - Amazon SP - 264 LA - English PB - Chelsea Green Publishing SN - 978-1-60358-580-4 ST - Systems Thinking For Social Change ER - TY - RPRT TI - Glass Half Full: Civic Space and Contestation in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal AU - Surie, Mandakini D. AU - Saluja, Sumaya AU - Nixon, Nicola AB - The past decade has witnessed a surge of interest in and concern over the global trend toward democratic regression. In South Asia, regulatory and institutional frameworks have become increasingly restrictive, curbing the ability of citizens and civil society organizations to occupy and use civic spaces to organize, express themselves, and participate in decisions that affect the lives of people whose interests they serve. Of course, this is only one half of the story. The other half is how citizens, collectives, and organizations adapt by carving out spaces where they can maintain—or even expand—the boundaries of their engagement in local and national civic spaces. In this paper, we examine how civic spaces are evolving in three South Asian countries—Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal—drawing on the experiences and perspectives of civil society representatives. The paper concludes with recommendations for donors and development practitioners on how they can make relevant investments that will strengthen civic spaces and support democratic resilience in the region. CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2023/03// PY - 2023 LA - en-US PB - The Asia Foundation ST - GovAsia – Glass Half Full UR - https://asiafoundation.org/publication/govasia-glass-half-full-civic-space-and-contestation-in-bangladesh-sri-lanka-and-nepal/ Y2 - 2023/11/22/10:37:55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Process and Contextual Factors Supporting Action-Oriented Learning: A Thematic Synthesis of Empirical Literature in Natural Resource Management AU - Suškevičs, Monika AU - Hahn, Thomas AU - Rodela, Romina T2 - Society & Natural Resources AB - Despite a long-term focus on learning in natural resource management (NRM), it is still debated how learning supports sustainable real-world NRM practices. We offer a qualitative in-depth synthesis of selected scientific empirical literature (N = 53), which explores factors affecting action-oriented learning. We inductively identify eight key process-based and contextual factors discussed in this literature. Three patterns emerge from our results. First, the literature discusses both facilitated participation and self-organized collaboration as dialogical spaces, which bridge interests and support constructive conflict management. Second, the literature suggests practice-based dialogs as those best able to facilitate action and puts a strong emphasis on experimentation. Finally, not emphasized in existing reviews and syntheses, we found multiple evidence about certain contextual factors affecting learning, including social-ecological crises, complexity, and power structures. Our review also points at important knowledge gaps, which can be used to advance the current research agenda about learning and NRM. DA - 2019/07/03/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/08941920.2019.1569287 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 731 EP - 750 SN - 0894-1920 ST - Process and Contextual Factors Supporting Action-Oriented Learning UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2019.1569287 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:37:56 KW - Ecosystem governance KW - Social learning KW - intermediaries KW - social-ecological systems KW - structural constraints ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning for social-ecological change: a qualitative review of outcomes across empirical literature in natural resource management AU - Suškevičs, Monika AU - Hahn, Thomas AU - Rodela, Romina AU - Macura, Biljana AU - Pahl-Wostl, Claudia T2 - Journal of Environmental Planning and Management DA - 2018/06/07/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/09640568.2017.1339594 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 61 IS - 7 SP - 1085 EP - 1112 LA - en SN - 0964-0568, 1360-0559 ST - Learning for social-ecological change UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09640568.2017.1339594 Y2 - 2019/05/02/17:49:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The high cost of accurate knowledge AU - Sutcliffe, Kathleen M. AU - Weber, Klaus T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - Many business thinkers believe it's the role of senior managers to scan the external environment to monitor contingencies and constraints, and to use that precise knowledge to modify the company's strategy and design. As these thinkers see it, managers need accurate and abundant information to carry out that role. According to that logic, it makes sense to invest heavily in systems for collecting and organizing competitive information. Another school of pundits contends that, since today's complex information often isn't precise anyway, it's not worth going overboard with such investments. In other words, it's not the accuracy and abundance of information that should matter most to top executives--rather, it's how that information is interpreted. After all, the role of senior managers isn't just to make decisions; it's to set direction and motivate others in the face of ambiguities and conflicting demands. Top executives must interpret information and communicate those interpretations--they must manage meaning more than they must manage information. So which of these competing views is the right one? Research conducted by academics Sutcliffe and Weber found that how accurate senior executives are about their competitive environments is indeed less important for strategy and corresponding organizational changes than the way in which they interpret information about their environments. Investments in shaping those interpretations, therefore, may create a more durable competitive advantage than investments in obtaining and organizing more information. And what kinds of interpretations are most closely linked with high performance? Their research suggests that high performers respond positively to opportunities, yet they aren't overconfident in their abilities to take advantage of those opportunities. DA - 2003/05// PY - 2003 DP - PubMed VL - 81 IS - 5 SP - 74 EP - 82, 129 J2 - Harv Bus Rev LA - eng SN - 0017-8012 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10760111_The_High_Cost_of_Accurate_Knowledge KW - Administrative Personnel KW - Data Collection KW - Decision Making, Organizational KW - Economic Competition KW - Information Management KW - Investments KW - Marketing KW - Organizational Innovation KW - United States ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time AU - Sutherland, Jeff AB - We live in a world that is broken. For those who believe that there must be a more agile and efficient way for people to get things done, here from Scrum pioneer Jeff Sutherland is a brilliantly discursive, thought-provoking book about the leadership and management process that is changing the way we live. In the future, historians may look back on human progress and draw a sharp line designating "before Scrum" and "after Scrum." Scrum is that ground-breaking. It already drives most of the world's top technology companies. And now it's starting to spread to every domain where leaders wrestle with complex projects. If you've ever been startled by how fast the world is changing, Scrum is one of the reasons why. Productivity gains of as much as 1200% have been recorded, and there's no more lucid - or compelling - explainer of Scrum and its bright promise than Jeff Sutherland, the man who put together the first Scrum team more than twenty years ago. The thorny problem Jeff began tackling back then boils down to this: people are spectacularly bad at doing things with agility and efficiency. Best laid plans go up in smoke. Teams often work at cross purposes to each other. And when the pressure rises, unhappiness soars. Drawing on his experience as a West Point-educated fighter pilot, biometrics expert, early innovator of ATM technology, and V.P. of engineering or CTO at eleven different technology companies, Jeff began challenging those dysfunctional realities, looking for solutions that would have global impact. In this book you'll journey to Scrum's front lines where Jeff's system of deep accountability, team interaction, and constant iterative improvement is, among other feats, bringing the FBI into the 21st century, perfecting the design of an affordable 140 mile per hour/100 mile per gallon car, helping NPR report fast-moving action in the Middle East, changing the way pharmacists interact with patients, reducing poverty in the Third World, and even helping people plan their weddings and accomplish weekend chores. Woven with insights from martial arts, judicial decision making, advanced aerial combat, robotics, and many other disciplines, Scrum is consistently riveting. But the most important reason to read this book is that it may just help you achieve what others consider unachievable - whether it be inventing a trailblazing technology, devising a new system of education, pioneering a way to feed the hungry, or, closer to home, a building a foundation for your family to thrive and prosper. CY - New York DA - 2014/09/30/ PY - 2014 DP - Amazon SP - 248 LA - English PB - Crown Business SN - 978-0-385-34645-0 ST - Scrum ER - TY - CHAP TI - SCRUM Development Process AU - Sutherland, Jeffrey T2 - Business object design and implementation: OOPSLA '95 workshop proceedings CY - London DA - 1995/// PY - 1995 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 117 EP - 134 LA - eng PB - Springer SN - 978-3-540-76096-2 KW - Computer security Congresses KW - Softwareentwicklung ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrating Food Security and Wild Caught Fisheries Management in USAID Programming. Illustrative situation Model and Results Chain AU - Swaminathan, Vinaya AU - Best, Barbara AU - Ajroud, Brittany T2 - Measuring Impact AB - Integrating Food Security and Wild Caught Fisheries Management in USAID Programming is an illustrative case example that demonstrates how two adaptive management programming tools—situation models and results chains—can help USAID staff and its partners to better design and implement activities that integrate food security, nutrition, and sustainable management of wild fisheries. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/09// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 18 LA - en M3 - Case Example PB - USAID ER - TY - BOOK TI - Creating adaptive policies: a guide for policymaking in an uncertain world A3 - Swanson, Darren A3 - Bhadwal, Suruchi CN - HC79.E5 C7275 2009 CY - Ottawa DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Library of Congress ISBN LA - en PB - IDRC SN - 978-81-321-0147-5 ST - Creating adaptive policies KW - Adaptive natural resource management KW - Environmental policy KW - Government policy KW - Sustainable development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Portfolios of Agile Projects: A Complex Adaptive Systems’ Agent Perspective AU - Sweetman, Roger AU - Conboy, Kieran T2 - Project Management Journal AB - While agile approaches can be extremely effective at a project level, they can impose significant complexity and a need for adaptiveness at the project portfolio level. While this has proven to be highly problematic, there is little research on how to manage a set of agile projects at the project portfolio level. What limited research that does exist often assumes that portfolio-level agility can be achieved by simply scaling project level agile approaches such as Scrum. This study uses a complex adaptive systems lens, focusing specifically on the properties of projects as agents in a complex adaptive portfolio to critically appraise current thinking on portfolio management in an agile context. We then draw on a set of 30 expert interviews to develop 16 complex adaptive systems (CAS)-based propositions as to how portfolios of agile projects can be managed effectively. We also outline an agenda for future research and discuss the differences between a CAS-based approach to portfolio management and traditional approaches. DA - 2018/10/11/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1177/8756972818802712 VL - 49 IS - 4 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Tips on Learning from Context: Formal and Informal Approaches to Understanding the Local Political Economy AU - Swift, Sarah AB - Successfully adapting your programmatic efforts and policy engagement to the context depends on maintaining your understanding of that context. Given this, continuous learning and feedback loops--not only about your programming, but also about the environment you are working within--are important components of USAID’s work. Since our environments are always changing, in ways big and small, this can be intimidating. One can imagine a scenario where learning consumes the limited time and budgets available, especially for small programs. The question becomes: How can we learn enough, at the right times, to limit missed opportunities and warning signs, while avoiding being consumed by data collection and analysis that never influences our work? This document capitalizes on the experiences of USAID staff as well as emerging learning from other donors and researchers to highlight a range of approaches--formal and informal, time-bound and continuous--that can support ongoing learning within the operational tempo of a busy Mission team or Operating Unit. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 9 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/tips_on_context_monitoring_-_formal_to_informal_.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Black Box Thinking: The Surprising Truth About Success AU - Syed, Matthew AB - The Sunday Times No.1 Bestseller From the Bestselling Author of BounceWhat links the Mercedes Formula One team with Google?What links Team Sky and the aviation industry?What connects James Dyson and David Beckham?They are all Black Box Thinkers.Black Box Thinking is a new approach to high performance, a means of finding an edge in a complex and fast-changing world. It is not just about sport, but has powerful implications for business and politics, as well as for parents and students. In other words, all of us.Drawing on a dizzying array of case studies and real-world examples, together with cutting-edge research on marginal gains, creativity and grit, Matthew Syed tells the inside story of how success really happens - and how we cannot grow unless we are prepared to learn from our mistakes. DA - 2015/09/10/ PY - 2015 DP - Google Books SP - 488 LA - en PB - Hachette UK SN - 978-1-4736-1379-9 ST - Black Box Thinking KW - Psychology KW - Sports & Recreation / Sports Psychology KW - Strategic Planning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond Ballotocracy: Citizens' Voices and the Many Faces of Unruly Politics AU - Tadros, Mariz T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/1759-5436.12103 DP - Google Scholar VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 48 EP - 57 ST - Beyond Ballotocracy UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-5436.12103/full Y2 - 2016/09/29/13:58:23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The New New Product Development Game AU - Takeuchi, Hirotaka AU - Nonaka, Ikujiro T2 - Harvard Business Review AB - In today’s fast-paced, fiercely competitive world of commercial new product development, speed and flexibility are essential. Companies are increasingly realizing that the old, sequential approach to developing new products simply won’t get the job done. Instead, companies in Japan and the United States are using a holistic method—as in rugby, the ball gets passed within […] DA - 1986/01/01/ PY - 1986 VL - 1986 IS - 1 UR - https://hbr.org/1986/01/the-new-new-product-development-game Y2 - 2016/09/29/12:27:09 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Developmental Evaluation AU - Tamarack Community AB - This webpage from Tamarack Community provides links to audio files of an interview between Mark Cabaj and Michael Patton in which they discuss the topic of development evaluation. This is an "approach that has proven particularly useful and effective at addressing the unique challenges of evaluating the real nature of community change work. Learning Objectives: To deepen appreciation for the role of evaluation and evaluation thinking To explore the distinctions between various types of evaluation To understand more about developmental evaluation and its use To investigate concepts, tools and resources available to support working with developmental evaluation methods" (Tamarack Community) DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 UR - http://www.tamarackcommunity.ca/library/developmental-evaluation-diagnostic-checklist Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Evaluating Community Impact: Capturing and Making Sense of Community Outcomes AU - Tamarack Institute DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://slideplayer.com/slide/13854314/ Y2 - 2019/06/04/17:36:32 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Measuring Results & the DCED Standard T2 - DCED Webinar A2 - Tanburn, Jim AB - This page gives an introduction to the DCED Standard, which is a framework that helps practitioners to measure results in Private Sector Development (PSD). DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 UR - http://www.enterprise-development.org/measuring-results-the-dced-standard/ Y2 - 2016/12/13/16:38:14 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Inside Foreign Aid AU - Tendler, Judith AB - A classic, important study in the anthropology of development, grounded in the author's own work within USAID, and analysis of the organizational and institutional pressures that constrain and shape development agency employees' cognition and action. CY - Baltimore; London DA - 1975/// PY - 1975 DP - Amazon SP - 154 LA - English PB - The Johns Hopkins University Press SN - 978-0-8018-2016-8 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2015 Rhode Island Wildlife Action Plan - Chapter 5 Monitoring and Adaptive Management AU - Terwilliger Consulting DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero SP - 22 LA - en PB - State of Rhode Island ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive management: why we find it so hard to operationalise AU - Teskey, Graham T2 - Abt Associates - Governance Soapbox DA - 2018/02/23/ PY - 2018 UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.wordpress.com/2018/02/23/adapative-management-why-we-find-it-so-hard-to-operationalise/ Y2 - 2019/06/21/15:11:11 ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementing the new development agenda - Wrap up AU - Teskey, Graham T2 - DDD 4 Conference C1 - Jakarta DA - 2017/03/15/16 PY - 2017 UR - http://www.dddworkshop2017.org/download/resources/FramingNoteEng.pdf Y2 - 2017/07/02/16:41:35 ER - TY - BLOG TI - In praise of... Logframes AU - Teskey, Graham T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - In all the jobs I have held, the only training that has ever stayed with me was a three-day course on logframes, held in a very pleasant beach hotel on Fiji’s beautiful coral coast. This was a few months after I joined what was then the Overseas Development Administration, DFID’s forerunner. Three days on logframes. Yes really. Our Pacific team were gathered together to learn this new skill. The course was designed not only to help us think rigorously about how change happens, but also to ensure that we had a shared understanding of what constitutes good design. Twenty-five years later I am aware that logframes are out of fashion: references to the ‘tyranny of the logframe’ abound, its vertical determinism, and its lack of flexibility. Donors seem to have replaced logframes with things called ‘Program Logics’, as in the schematic below. You don’t have to be able to read it to get the picture… (and it’s logframes that are supposed to be too vertical…?). DA - 2021/08/05/ PY - 2021 UR - https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/in-praise-of-logframes/ Y2 - 2021/08/05/21:17:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working Politically – Are We Seeing the Emergence of a Second Orthodoxy? AU - Teskey, Graham T2 - Governance Working Paper 1 AB - There now is a persuasive volume of evidence that demonstrates that capacity and technical knowledge alone are insufficient to change deeply entrenched political interests and bureaucratic norms. These critiques demonstrate that an understanding of power asymmetries is frequently the critical missing ingredient in project design and implementation. Many eminent thinkers have looked at the difference between success and failure in development, and all point to the primacy of domestic politics. This point has not been lost on development agencies and some have tried to provoke greater attention to the role that politics plays. However, this recognition is yet to pass into the mainstream of development practice. Despite the slow but sure accretion of this knowledge the international community seems to be wedded to doing development traditionally. The purpose of this paper is to consider the extent to which a ‘second orthodoxy’ is slowly emerging which can stand alongside, and in some cases may supplant, the ‘first orthodoxy’ of the traditional project framework. Care has to be taken in making this argument, as there is certainly no consensus within the development community on its importance, and even among advocates, there are slightly differing interpretations of what this second orthodoxy looks like. Further, it is not absolutely clear that the two orthodoxies can co-exist. The paper does not call for any ‘paradigm shift’ in how development practitioners conceptualise programs and projects, nor does it demand that the project framework be scrapped; the former would be impossible and the latter undesirable. Equally readers will find no claims that Doing Development Differently or ‘Thinking and Working Politically’ will always and everywhere guarantee better development outcomes. Rather, the paper seeks to summarise how the two orthodoxies differ, where the second orthodoxy now stands, and propose how it can be taken forward in practical terms. DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - Abt Associates UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/abt-associates-working-paper-series-issue-no-1-final-010617.pdf Y2 - 2019/06/21/14:46:49 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and working politically: What have we learned since 2013 AU - Teskey, Graham AB - The Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) Community of Practice (CoP) was established at a small meeting tacked on at the end of a meeting of Governance Advisers working for the United Kingdom’s Department of International Development (DFID) on South and South-East Asian countries, held in Delhi in November 2013. Since then, a number of meetings have been held throughout the world, each addressing different issues; ‘TWP’ has entered the lexicon of mainstream development; the CoP has expanded to more than 300 people; a Washington DC chapter has been established; and the International CoP has been granted modest funding from DFID’s successor, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and from Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). It is legitimate to ask, however, what has been achieved operationally: how have the ideas underpinning TWP affected operational practice? This short paper traces the evolution of the idea and practice of TWP from 2013 to late 2021, and identifies what we have learned. What has been successful, and what has not? I asked in 2017 whether TWP had become a second orthodoxy (Teskey, 2017). Did this represent hubris or was 2017 in some ways the apogee of what might rather grandly be called the TWP ‘movement’? DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - TWP Community of Practice ER - TY - BLOG TI - What is Political Economy Analysis (PEA) and why does it matter in development? AU - Teskey, Graham T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Graham Teskey shares a great internal links round up and guide to 'political economy analysis' DA - 2020/09/02/T06:31:24+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/what-is-political-economy-analysis-pea-and-why-does-it-matter-in-development/ Y2 - 2020/09/04/09:01:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Implementing adaptive management: A front-line effort — Is there an emerging practice? AU - Teskey, Graham AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Working Paper AB - Among the many principles that currently inform donor-funded development initiatives, three appear to stand out: they should be politically informed, locally led, and adaptive. There is as yet little practical guidance for aid implementers regarding how to operationalise these approaches. What will it take to shift practice away from linear and planned approaches, towards models which foster local leadership and which engage with emergent and complex systems? This paper suggests that the answer is not to throw out the discipline of the logical framework, results frameworks, or theories of change. Rather they need to be handled rather more reflectively and ‘elastically’. The purpose of this paper is to set out how this can be achieved, and to propose 15 tools for donors, implementors and front-line staff to apply adaptive management (AM) in practice, at critical stages of the project cycle and within the dominant aid paradigm. This is what we are calling PILLAR: politically informed, locally led and adaptive responses. We are framing PILLAR to cover the full project cycle (design, implementation and review), hence the nomenclature of an ‘end to end’ approach. Our hope is that these tools will eventually replace the current planned, log-frame driven and top-down approach to aid design and delivery which dominates the development sector. CY - Canberra DA - 2021/04// PY - 2021 PB - Abt Associates UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/abt-associates_adaptive-management_a-frontline-effort_digital-1.pdf Y2 - 2024/02/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and working politically in large, multi-sector Facilities: lessons to date AU - Teskey, Graham AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Governance Working Paper 2 DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Abt Associates UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/abt-associates-governance-working-paper-series-issue-no-2-final-171120.pdf Y2 - 2020/03/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Thinking and working politically with technology: State of the art meets art of the state AU - Thampi, Gopa AU - Nixon, Nicola T2 - From Poverty to Power AB - Based on its work in Sri Lanka, The Asia Foundation argues for greater attention to the local political dynamics into which digital solutions are introduced DA - 2020/06/05/T06:30:25+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB ST - Thinking and working politically with technology UR - https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/thinking-and-working-politically-with-technology-state-of-the-art-meets-art-of-the-state/ Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:14:37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards characterizing the adaptive capacity of farmer-managed irrigation systems: learnings from Nepal AU - Thapa, Bhuwan AU - Scott, Christopher AU - Wester, Philippus AU - Varady, Robert T2 - Environmental change assessments AB - Small-scale irrigation systems managed by farmers are facing multiple challenges including competing water demand, climatic variability and change, and socioeconomic transformation. Though the relevant institutions for irrigation management have developed coping and adaptation mechanisms, the intensity and frequency of the changes have weakened their institutional adaptive capacity. Using case examples mostly from Nepal, this paper studies the interconnections between seven key dimensions of adaptive capacity: the five capitals (human, financial, natural, social, and physical), governance, and learning. Long-term adaptation requires harnessing the synergies and tradeoffs between generic adaptive capacity that fosters broader development goals and specific adaptive capacity that strengthens climate-risk management. Measuring and addressing the interrelations among the seven adaptive-capacity dimensions aids in strengthening the long term sustainability of farmer-managed irrigation systems. DA - 2016/08/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.cosust.2016.10.005 VL - 21 SP - 37 EP - 44 J2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability SN - 1877-3435 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343516300641 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participation in ICT Development Interventions: Who and How? AU - Thapa, Devinder AU - Sæbø, Øystein T2 - The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries AB - The aim of participatory development (PD) in the context of using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for development (ICT4D) is to empower underprivileged communities and disadvantaged segments of the stakeholders. The literature on ICT4D is replete with empirical evidence showing that ICT interventions often fail since they are often externally initiated, with very limited involvement from the affected (Heeks, 2002). Clearly, the principles and concepts of PD are relevant to ICT4D. However, we should not consider PD a panacea but need to understand the caveats and processes by which PD happens. Questions to ask include: What are the various challenges in PD? Who are the relevant stakeholders? Why and how do actors enrol in the project? How do we create sustainable ICT4D projects through PD? To understand these research questions, we present a case analysis of a project in Nepal called the Nepal Wireless Networking Project (NWNP). Investigating the specific initiatives that they enabled, telemedicine, education and jobs, we propose that the key participants in the NWNP were activist actors and the affected and that activists drew upon existing Social Capital to enrol the affected through a process explained by Actor Network Theory (ANT). In the process, they built other forms of Social Capital, which in turn extended the benefits of PD to several mountain villages. DA - 2016/06/10/ PY - 2016 DP - www.ejisdc.org VL - 75 IS - 0 LA - en SN - 16814835 ST - Participation in ICT Development Interventions UR - http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1699 Y2 - 2016/07/27/14:38:09 ER - TY - MGZN TI - The fashion for agile management is spreading AU - The Economist T2 - The Economist AB - Executives need to be a cross between Spider-Man and Simone Biles DA - 2018/07/05/T14:57:17Z, 2018-07-05T14:57:17Z PY - 2018 DP - The Economist SN - 0013-0613 UR - https://www.economist.com/business/2018/07/05/the-fashion-for-agile-management-is-spreading Y2 - 2018/07/16/13:05:22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the use of technological tools and strategies by Oxfam Novib partners in Angola, Burundi, Egypt, Niger, Pakistan, Rwanda and Uganda AU - The Engine Room AB - This report presents findings and insights from the Oxfam Novib pilot module of TechScape, which assessed how Oxfam Novib partners in seven countries related to the use of technology in their work. This report does not aim to draw conclusions about the nature of technology use by Oxfam Novib partners per se, or even the partners included in this assessment. The dramatic difference in organizational activities, contexts and objectives are too great for that. Detailed analysis of how partners are relating to technology in their work, and specific recommendations for greater efficiency and impact are presented in the TechScape Country Briefs. This report aims instead: • to describe the context in which the assessments took place, • to propose insights gained from the cumulative process about measurement, learning and capacity development, and • to identify opportunities for Oxfam Novib to pursue capacity development and knowledge sharing between countries and across the network, through mechanisms that minimize resource demands and directly target documented needs. DA - 2014/01// PY - 2014 UR - https://www.theengineroom.org/piloting-civil-society-and-technology-assessments-new-techscape-report/ Y2 - 2016/04/05/15:18:13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Primer: Technology to monitor and share information on rainforests and forest people's rights AU - The Engine Room DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 PB - The Engine Room & Rainforest Foundation Norway UR - http://d5i6is0eze552.cloudfront.net/documents/Publikasjoner/Andre-rapporter/Rainforest-tech-primer.pdf?mtime=20160704134642 Y2 - 2016/08/08/10:04:16 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Organisational Performance Index AU - The Kenya Institute of Management AB - The OPI Business Excellence Model exists to help organizations improve their performance and succeed in the competitive global marketplace. We are dedicated to improving African organizations regardless of sector, size or structure. The OPI was developed in response to feedback from organization participating in Company of the Year Award (COYA) and SME of the Year Award (SMOYA), who called on the Kenya Institute of Management (KIM) to refine the assessment methodology in order to emphasize the relationship between instilling smart business processes and generating strong business results. Whilst there are numerous management tools and techniques commonly used, the OPI Excellence Model is a practical, non-prescriptive framework which provides a holistic view of the organisation and it can be used to determine how these different methods fit together and complement each other. The Model can therefore be used in conjunction with any number of these tools, based on the needs and function of the organisation, as an overarching framework for developing sustainable excellence. We also administer the Annual Company of the Year Awards (COYA) and the SME of the Year Awards (SMOYA). Our key services are to identify and recognize role-model organizations, share best management practices, and help organizations achieve best-in-class performance levels. The OPI is an excellence model that generates a rating between 1 and 10, which sets a minimum score that an organisation must attain to remain competitive. The attainment of a minimum Organisation Performance Index ( OPI) demonstrates that organisations have applied an organisational strategy that drives effectiveness and competitiveness; failure to attain the minimum OPI demonstrates the organisation has not engaged the processes required to enable world class organisational performance. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://www.kim.ac.ke/index.php/opi/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Operational Guide - for the making markets work for the poor (M4P) approach (Second Edition) AU - The Springfield Centre AB - In 2008, SDC and DFID published three documents aimed at improving the understanding and use of the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) approach: the M4P Synthesis, M4P Perspectives and M4P Operational Guide. Since then the field has grown, diversified and, importantly, learned much more. A second edition was commissioned to capture that learning, maintain the momentum and realise the ambition that development can still 'do better'. The second edition provides an accessible resource to help practitioners put the market systems development approach into practice. It explains the key principles and frameworks which guide effective intervention in – and development of – market systems. It addresses common challenges with examples of good practice based on practitioner experience. Who is it for? The Operational Guide is for people whose job entails trying to make market systems work better for poor women and men. These people include: Individuals currently involved in funding or implementing the approach. Development agencies wishing to incorporate market systems thinking and practice in their work. National stakeholders that wish to play a more strategic and catalytic role within market systems. What is new? Application, application, application! Whilst the key principles and frameworks will be familiar, the advice on their operational application – from start to finish – has been significantly bolstered Enhanced guidance on facilitation. Greater emphasis on what constitutes good facilitation practice, building on a wealth of practitioner experience More real-life examples. The Operational Guide is laced with examples from programmes past and present, working in a diverse array of systems Peer learning focus. Direct insights from practitioners, highlighting 'bumps in the road' and how to avoid them. The Guide aims to provide an accessible operational resource to help practitioners put the market systems development approach into practice. It explains the key principles and frameworks which guide the process of effective intervention in – and development of – market systems, addressing common challenges with examples of good practice based on practitioner experience. HOW SHOULD IT BE USED? The Guide explores, sequentially, the key elements of the implementation process: strategy, diagnosis, vision, intervention, measurement and management. It is not intended to be read from cover to cover; readers can go directly to the chapter most relevant to their needs without having read preceding chapters. However each chapter does build upon the preceding one and may refer to other chapters. THE GUIDE IS STRUCTURED AS FOLLOWS: INTRODUCTION Overview of the objectives, structure and format of the Guide CONTEXT A reminder of what market systems development means 1. STRATEGY Core principles and framework for setting programme strategy 2. DIAGNOSIS Core principles and framework for diagnosing system constraints 3. VISION Core principles and frameworks for defining and planning intervention 4. INTERVENTION Core principles and framework to guide effective intervention 5. MEASUREMENT Core principles and framework for measuring results 6. MANAGEMENT Key considerations in managing market systems development programmes GLOSSARY Definition of key terms used in market systems development DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 LA - en PB - SDC & DFID UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/167/ Y2 - 2021/01/15/09:22:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Storytelling for Systems Change: insights from the field AU - Thea Snow AU - David Murikumthara AU - Teya Dusseldorp AU - Rachel Fyfe AU - Lila Wolff AU - Jane McCracken AB - Capturing the impact of community-led work The Centre for Public Impact, Dusseldorp Forum, and Hands Up Mallee have been exploring how stories can be used to more effectively communicate the impact of community-led systems change work. Community-led place based initiatives are modelling new ways of working - shifting away from top down, program-focussed approaches towards an approach grounded in systems thinking and community-led innovations. However, while these stories of change are sitting in communities, they’re often not being told or celebrated. We wanted to understand why this is, and what might be done to better enable these stories to be shared and heard. The story of storytelling We talked to a range of people to uncover the story of storytelling - including collective impact backbone team members, community members, storytelling experts, and those working in and around community-led systems change initiatives across Australia. We explored the roles stories play in different communities; what good storytelling looks like; what barriers to storytelling might be; and what role stories can play in supporting systems change. Our findings We have learned through this project that stories can be used both to change the system and to evaluate, understand and showcase the change that is occurring in communities. We have heard that different stories require different approaches – stories that are seeking to enable change look different to those that are seeking to celebrate change. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - Centre for Public Impact UR - https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/assets/documents/storytelling-for-systems-change-report.pdf Y2 - 2022/07/26/11:32:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Horizontal Evaluation: Stimulating social learning among peers AU - Thiele, G AU - velasco, C AU - Manrique, K T2 - ILAC Brief AB - Horizontal evaluation is a flexible evaluation method that combines self-assessment and external review by peers. We have developed and applied this method for use within an Andean regional network that develops new methodologies for research and development (R&D). The involvement of peers neutralizes the lopsided power relations that prevail in traditional external evaluations, creating a more favourable atmosphere for learning and improvement. The central element of a horizontal evaluation is a workshop that brings together a group of ‘local participants’ who are developing a new R&D methodology and a group of ‘visitors’ or ‘peers’ who are also interested in the methodology. The workshop combines presentations about the methodology with field visits, small group work and plenary discussions. It elicits and compares the perceptions of the two groups concerning the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology; it provides practical suggestions for improvement, which may often be put to use immediately; it promotes social learning among the different groups involved; and it stimulates further experimentation with and development of the methodology in other settings. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 SP - 4 SN - 13 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10568/70133 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Finding out fast: investigative skills for policy and development AU - Thomas, Alan AU - Chataway, Joanna AU - Wuyts, Marc CY - London DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 PB - Sage SN - 0-7619-5837-1 ER - TY - BLOG TI - A flowering of approaches to complexity and development? AU - Thorpe, Ian T2 - KM on a dollar a day AB - We are an important juncture in development at the moment with the Sustainable Development Goals due to be finalized later this year, and with discussion now turning full swing into what needs to h… DA - 2015/05/15/T15:49:43+00:00 PY - 2015 UR - https://kmonadollaraday.wordpress.com/2015/05/15/a-flowering-of-approaches-to-complexity-and-development/ Y2 - 2016/06/14/12:21:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What We Know About Traditional MERL Tech - Insights from a Scoping Review AU - Tilton, Zach AU - Harnar, Michael AU - Raftree, Linda AU - Perrin, Paul AU - Bruening, Gretchen AU - Banerji, Soham AU - Gordley, John AU - Foster, Hanna AU - Behr, Michele AB - This paper explores the peer-reviewed evidence base of “traditional” technology-enabled monitoring, evaluation, research, and learning (MERL Tech) in international development assistance from 2015 to 2019. The authors conducted a scoping review that searched seven databases, screened 3,054 reference titles and abstracts, coded 886 abstracts, and extracted and analyzed conclusions and recommendations from the full texts of 256 studies. The findings reveal the most frequently reported technologies, MERL activities, and the sub-sectors, and the geographies where those tech-enabled activities occur. Gaps in the evidence for specific technologies, MERL activities, and sectors are mapped. The data reveals which technologies are trusted more than others and reported barriers to effective MERL Tech implementation and areas that researchers suggest for further investigation. The results suggest that the evidence from peer-reviewed studies is not proportional to estimated MERL Tech activity, significant publication bias exists, and further knowledge synthesis of unindexed grey literature is needed to provide a more comprehensive and possibly accurate description of MERL Tech practice. DA - 2020/06// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 27 LA - en PB - Western Michigan University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing adaptive management at Sida AU - Tim Ruffer AU - Helen Bailey AU - Stefan Dahlgren AU - Patrick Spaven AU - Mark Winters T2 - Evaluation Brief AB - Lessons from the market systems development approach The evaluation focuses on Sida’s management of MSD projects. The projects are applying the MSD approach with an aim to: - contribute to improved MSD programming by Sida through better management practices across the project cycle - generate recommendations on how Sida can create conducive conditions for systems approaches and adaptive programming more generally. The brief assesses Sida’s organisational capacity for adaptive management in three dimensions: - leadership and culture - staff capacities - skills, and systems and procedures DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 LA - en PB - SIDA UR - https://beamexchange.org/resources/1413/ Y2 - 2022/07/01/11:12:04 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Nairobi Is Organizing- Grassroots Organizing &Public Participation for Social Change AU - TISA AB - The Institute for Social Accountability DA - 2015/03/23/ PY - 2015 UR - http://www.tisa.or.ke/index.php/blog/post/nairobi-is-organizing Y2 - 2016/04/28/15:42:20 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Development Policy and Impact Evaluation: Learning and Accountability in Private Sector Development AU - Ton, Giel T2 - Handbook of Development Policy AB - There is broad recognition of the challenges in evaluating policy and programmes on their contribution to sustainable development. Impact evaluations of PSD programmes are carried out at the behest of a particular configuration of interest groups with different expectations. Some groups want to know whether a programme has worked, others want to know how to do these programmes better, others fear that PSD programmes might result in sub-optimal or adverse development outcomes in recipient countries, and some want to be sure that the programme benefits the private sector in the donors' domestic economies. This chapter discusses these with reference to private sector development programmes and explores how contribution analysis, which is a structured stepwise process of theory-based evaluation, can address these challenges and generate findings to improve learning and accountability. DA - 2021/09/07/ PY - 2021 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Edward Elgar Publishing Limited SN - 978-1-83910-086-4 ST - Development Policy and Impact Evaluation UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16926 Y2 - 2021/12/17/14:51:52 ER - TY - CONF TI - Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D)-A design challenge? AU - Tongia, Rahul AU - Subrahmanian, Eswaran C3 - 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1109/ICTD.2006.301862 DP - Google Scholar SP - 243 EP - 255 PB - IEEE UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4085538 Y2 - 2016/09/08/16:32:12 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Designing Participatory Meetings and Brownbags: A TOPS Quick Guide to Linking Development Practitioners AU - TOPS AB - Visit this resource for ideas on designing meetings and brownbags that are engaging and build inopportunities for participant dialogue. CY - Washington DC DA - 2013/09/27/T11:31:51-04:00 PY - 2013 LA - en PB - Technical and Operational Performance Support Program, USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/designing-participatory-meetings-and-brownbags Y2 - 2018/12/19/12:51:52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Triangulation, Respondent Validation, and Democratic Participation in Mixed Methods Research AU - Torrance, Harry T2 - Journal of Mixed Methods Research AB - Over the past 10 years or so the “Field” of “Mixed Methods Research” (MMR) has increasingly been exerting itself as something separate, novel, and significant, with some advocates claiming paradigmatic status. Triangulation is an important component of mixed methods designs. Triangulation has its origins in attempts to validate research findings by generating and comparing different sorts of data, and different respondents’ perspectives, on the topic under investigation. Respondent validation has sometimes been included in such processes, but it is an element that has not attracted significant attention from the MMR community. The article argues that attention to respondent validation is a significant issue for methodological debate and that it should be an important aspect of the development of democratic participation in MMR. DA - 2012/04/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1177/1558689812437185 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 123 J2 - Journal of Mixed Methods Research LA - en SN - 1558-6898 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689812437185 Y2 - 2017/02/23/12:43:15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating farmers’ adaptive knowledge into flood management and adaptation policies in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: A social learning perspective AU - Tran, Thong Anh AU - Rodela, Romina T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Flood management and adaptation are important elements in sustaining farming production in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). While over the past decades hydraulic development introduced by the central government has substantially benefited the rural economy, it has simultaneously caused multiple barriers to rural adaptation. We investigate the relational practices (i.e., learning interactions) taking place within and across the flood management and adaptation boundaries from the perspective of social learning. We explore whether and how adaptive knowledge (i.e., experimental and experiential knowledge) derived from farmers’ everyday adaptation practices contributes to local flood management and adaptation policies in the selected areas. We collected data through nine focus groups with farmers and thirty-three interviews with government officials, environmental scientists, and farmers. Qualitative analysis suggests that such processes are largely shaped by the institutional context where the boundary is embedded. This study found that while the highly bureaucratic operation of flood management creates constraints for feedback, the more informal arrangements set in place at the local level provide flexible platforms conducive to open communication, collaborative learning, and exchange of knowledge among the different actors. This study highlights the pivotal role of shadow systems that provide space for establishing and maintaining informal interactions and relationships between social actors (e.g., interactions between farmers and extension officials) in stimulating and influencing, from the bottom-up, the emergence of adaptive knowledge about flood management and adaptation in a local context. DA - 2019/03/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.02.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 55 SP - 84 EP - 96 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 ST - Integrating farmers’ adaptive knowledge into flood management and adaptation policies in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378018305569 Y2 - 2019/05/02/20:04:35 KW - Adaptation KW - Flood management KW - Knowledge brokers KW - Mekong Delta KW - Shadow systems KW - Social learning KW - Vietnamese ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theory-Based Approaches to Evaluation: Concepts and Practices AU - Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat AB - This document introduces some of the key concepts of theory-based approaches to evaluation. It is hoped that readers will be encouraged by the information and advice provided in this document and will explore the use (e.g., through pilot evaluations) of theory-based approaches to evaluation in a federal setting. To support this, Sections 1.0 to 8.0 of the document describe the general application of theory-based approaches to evaluation, and Sections 9.0 and 10.0 discuss the potential application of theory-based approaches to a range of federal programs. This document is neither an exhaustive training program in theory-based evaluation nor a step-by-step guide to undertaking a theory-based evaluation. Evaluators who wish to integrate theory-based approaches into their practices are encouraged to pursue additional readings (including those referenced in this document) and, as appropriate, to seek additional support in undertaking a theory-based evaluation. DA - 2021/03/22/ PY - 2021 LA - eng PB - Government of Canada ST - Theory-Based Approaches to Evaluation UR - https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/audit-evaluation/evaluation-government-canada/theory-based-approaches-evaluation-concepts-practices.html Y2 - 2022/01/27/22:06:47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Rubric to Evaluate Citizen-Science Programs for Long-Term Ecological Monitoring AU - Tredick, Catherine A. AU - Lewison, Rebecca L. AU - Deutschman, Douglas H. AU - Hunt, Timothy ANN AU - Gordon, Karen L. AU - Von Hendy, Phoenix T2 - BioScience AB - Abstract. Citizen-science (CS) programs provide a cost-effective way to collect monitoring data over large temporal and spatial scales. Despite the recent prol DA - 2017/09/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1093/biosci/bix090 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 834 EP - 844 J2 - BioScience LA - en SN - 0006-3568 UR - https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/67/9/834/4107634 Y2 - 2019/05/04/03:37:48 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What is the Outcomes Star? AU - Triangle AB - The Outcomes Stars are a suite of evidence-based outcomes measurement and keywork tools, which drive an ‘enabling help’ approach to service delivery. They support a person-centred, collaborative and trauma informed approach and give service users, workers, managers and commissioners vital information about needs and progress. Since the first version was published in 2006, the unique features of the Outcomes Star contributed to its popularity and widespread use, with over 1,000 organisations with licenses to use the Star including over 500 charities and 170 local authorities CY - London DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - Triangle UR - https://www.outcomesstar.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Why-choose-the-Outcomes-Star-_-final1.pdf Y2 - 2023/04/27/13:26:17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outcome mapping for health system integration AU - Tsasis, Peter AU - Evans, Jenna AU - Forrest, David AU - Jones, Richard Keith T2 - Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare AB - Health systems around the world are implementing integrated care strategies to improve quality, reduce or maintain costs, and improve the patient experience. Yet few practical tools exist to aid leaders and managers in building the prerequisites to integrated care, namely a shared vision, clear roles and responsibilities, and a common understanding of how the vision will be realized. Outcome mapping may facilitate stakeholder alignment on the vision, roles, and processes of integrated care delivery via participative and focused dialogue among diverse stakeholders on desired outcomes and enabling actions. In this paper, we describe an outcome-mapping exercise we conducted at a Local Health Integration Network in Ontario, Canada, using consensus development conferences. Our preliminary findings suggest that outcome mapping may help stakeholders make sense of a complex system and foster collaborative capital, a resource that can support information sharing, trust, and coordinated change toward integration across organizational and professional boundaries. Drawing from the theoretical perspectives of complex adaptive systems and collaborative capital, we also outline recommendations for future outcome-mapping exercises. In particular, we emphasize the potential for outcome mapping to be used as a tool not only for identifying and linking strategic outcomes and actions, but also for studying the boundaries, gaps, and ties that characterize social networks across the continuum of care. DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 DO - 10.2147/JMDH.S41575 VL - 6 SP - 99 EP - 107 LA - en SN - 1178-2390 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603332/ Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Micropolitics in collective learning spaces for adaptive decision making AU - Tschakert, Petra AU - Das, Partha Jyoti AU - Shrestha Pradhan, Neera AU - Machado, Mario AU - Lamadrid, Armando AU - Buragohain, Mandira AU - Hazarika, Masfique Alam T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Recent advances on power, politics, and pathways in climate change adaptation aim to re-frame decision-making processes from development-as-usual to openings for transformational adaptation. This paper offers empirical insights regarding decision-making politics in the context of collective learning through participatory scenario building and flexible flood management and planning in the Eastern Brahmaputra Basin of Assam, India. By foregrounding intergroup and intragroup power dynamics in such collective learning spaces and how they intersect with existing micropolitics of adaptation on the ground, we examine opportunities for and limitations to challenging entrenched authority and subjectivities. Our results suggest that emancipatory agency can indeed emerge but is likely to be fluid and multifaceted. Community actors who are best positioned to resist higher-level domination may well be imbricated in oppression at home. While participatory co-learning as embraced here might open some spaces for transformation, others close down or remain shut. DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.004 VL - 40 SP - 182 EP - 194 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016301170 KW - Co-learning KW - Flood management KW - Participatory scenarios KW - Politics of adaptation KW - Power ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning approaches in an adaptive management context AU - Tsui, Josephine T2 - Helpdesk Request DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 SP - 15 PB - EPS PEAKS, ODI ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring and evaluation of policy influence and advocacy AU - Tsui, Josephine AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Young, John T2 - Working Paper AB - Policy influence and advocacy are increasingly regarded as a means of creating sustainable policy change in international development. It is often also seen as a difficult area to monitor and evaluate. Yet there is an increasingly rich strand of innovation in options to monitor, evaluate and learn from both the successes and failures of policy influence and advocacy interventions. This paper explores current trends in monitoring and evaluating policy influence and advocacy; discusses different theories of how policy influence happens; and presents a number of options to monitor and evaluate different aspects of advocacy interventions. Case studies describe how some organisations have used these options in practice to understand their impact and improve their advocacy strategies. DA - 2014/03// PY - 2014 SP - 90 PB - ODI SN - 395 UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8928.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Role of Outcome Mapping in Developing a Rural Telemedicine System AU - Tucker, William AU - Blake, Edwin AB - We describe the use of Outcome Mapping to guide the design of a rural telemedicine consultation system in South Africa. While Outcome Mapping was not primarily intended to guide design, we show that it tied in well with a cyclical participatory design method for an Information and Communication Technology for Development project DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - University of the Western Cape UR - https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62633469.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring the prospects for adaptive governance in marine transboundary conservation in East Africa AU - Tuda, Arthur Omondi AU - Kark, Salit AU - Newton, Alice T2 - Marine Policy AB - This article explores the prospects for adaptive governance in a proposed marine transboundary conservation initiative in East Africa. Adaptive governance that involves interdependent state and non-state actors learning and taking action on joint environmental problems is suggested for effective transboundary resource governance. Using the concept of adaptive co-management, the current multi-stakeholder marine governance systems in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania are compared to illuminate opportunities and constraints for adaptive marine transboundary conservation governance between Kenya and Tanzania. The concept of networks and the formal method of social network analysis (SNA) are applied as the main methodological device. Using questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, social network data of 70 organizations (local resources users, government agencies and NGOs) was generated from Kenya (n = 33) and Tanzania (n = 37). Results show the existence of strong collaboration networks for marine resource governance in both Kenya and Tanzania. Social proximity is the common driver of network formation. Collaboration networks in Kenya and Tanzania have contributed to enhanced learning among marine resource managers. Conclusions point to the need to focus on common challenges relating to low levels of rule-compliance, limited access to information on the state of resources and poor integration of science into marine management decisions. Finally, differences in views regarding the state of marine ecosystems need to be addressed to improve prospects for joint problem-solving in marine transboundary conservation. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.051 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 104 SP - 75 EP - 84 J2 - Marine Policy SN - 0308-597X UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X18305372 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:59:59 KW - Adaptive co-management KW - Adaptive governance KW - Collaboration KW - Marine transboundary conservation KW - Social network analysis ER - TY - RPRT TI - What does ‘adaptive programming’ mean in the health sector? AU - Tulloch, Olivia AB - • There is considerable interest in the concept of adaptive development and what it may look like in different sectors, including health. • Adaptive types of programming from the health sector are relatively advanced; as we work towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), experiences in health can provide useful lessons for other areas of development. • The international health community may not use the label ‘adaptive development’, but many are already conducting adaptive work. ‘Quality improvement’ is one such tried and tested approach. • Quality improvement is problem-driven, iterative and flexible. The methodology and principles can be used to identify, test and implement changes in any context or part of a health system. • Quality improvement is being used successfully, but there is still limited experience and evidence of how to apply its values and philosophy beyond the project level and embed it within national structures and systems. • Systems thinking and analysis of the political economy environment may help embed complex interventions like quality improvement and sustain their achievements DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015 SP - 9 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10170.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Doing weeknotes - What weeknotes are, how weeknotes work, and how to start writing weeknotes of your own AU - Turnbull, Giles AB - Doing weeknotes brings together various things I’ve written about weeknotes in different places. This text expands on things I wrote in The agile comms handbook, as well as various blog posts. Quite a lot of it is brand new. - Weeknotes for beginners - Why write weeknotes - The weeknotes rules - Weeknotes within the corporate environment - What weeknotes can bring about - Examples of good weeknotes - How to write weeknotes - Weeknotes tips and tricks - Further reading CY - London DA - 2024/03// PY - 2024 PB - Use the Human Voice UR - https://doingweeknotes.com/?mc_cid=c757cfd211&mc_eid=49f075c6b0 Y2 - 2024/03/15/10:04:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What's in a name? Unpacking “participatory” environmental monitoring AU - Turreira-García, Nerea AU - Lund, Jens AU - Domínguez, Pablo AU - Carrillo-Anglés, Elena AU - Brummer, Mathias AU - Duenn, Priya AU - Reyes-García, Victoria T2 - Ecology and Society AB - Turreira-García, N., J. F. Lund, P. Domínguez, E. Carrillo-Anglés, M. C. Brummer, P. Duenn, and V. Reyes-García. 2018. What's in a name? Unpacking “participatory” environmental monitoring. Ecology and Society 23(2):24. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10144-230224 DA - 2018/05/14/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5751/ES-10144-230224 DP - www.ecologyandsociety.org VL - 23 IS - 2 LA - en SN - 1708-3087 ST - What's in a name? UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss2/art24/ Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:54:30 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Getting Past the Rhetoric #1: Tendering for ‘Thinking and Working Politically’ in Large Facilities AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Abt Associates - Governance Soapbox DA - 2018/10/26/ PY - 2018 UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.wordpress.com/2018/10/26/getting-past-the-rhetoric-1-tendering-for-thinking-and-working-politically-in-large-facilities/ Y2 - 2019/06/21/15:17:17 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Getting Past the Rhetoric #2: Managing for ‘Thinking and Working Politically’ in Large Facilities AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia T2 - Abt Associates - Governance Soapbox DA - 2018/10/30/ PY - 2018 UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.wordpress.com/2018/10/30/getting-past-the-rhetoric-2-managing-for-thinking-and-working-politically-in-large-facilities/ Y2 - 2019/06/21/15:17:15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Dealing with uncertainty: Reflections on donor preferences for pre-planned project models AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia AU - Cole, William T2 - Working Politically in Practice DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 SN - 6 UR - http://asiafoundation.org/publication/dealing-with-uncertainty Y2 - 2016/03/23/16:47:09 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Uncertainty and COVID-19: A turning point for Monitoring Evaluation, Research and Learning? - A discussion note for aid actors, policymakers and practitioners AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia AU - Roche, Chris AU - Jackson, Elisabeth AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly shifted the context in which aid and development is being delivered. The global scale of the pandemic and the speed at which it is spreading mean that the ‘normal’ economic, ideological and organisational influences which shape (if not determine) aid delivery are in flux. This means that – for a relatively short-period – there is scope for aid actors to work collectively to embed more locally-led, politically-informed and adaptive forms of MERL in aid and development practice. These forms of Monitoring Evaluation Research and Learning (MERL) are not only well-suited to the current global pandemic. They also offer ways for aid program decision makers and practitioners to make sense of the complex and uncertain contexts in which much development work takes place. Applying locally-led, politically-informed and adaptive forms of MERL in the COVID-19 context and beyond requires a shift in mindset and approaches. Situations of complexity, in which it is difficult to predict the relationships between cause and effect, do not lend themselves to linear approaches and fixed indicators. Instead, they require ‘navigation by judgement’, ongoing learning and adaptation and greater privileging of local knowledge, and of the perspectives of those who are often excluded. Rather than being focused on upwards accountability, simple numbers and good news stories, the core function of MERL in this context is to support a better understanding – in real-time – of the changing operating context, to generate learning about the immediate impact of policy and program responses and their longer-term effects, and to inform decision making by front line staff. Whether the opportunities afforded by this ‘critical juncture’ are realised will depend on the degree to which those in the aid and development sector use this opportunity to promote a shift in the deep incentive structures within which development agencies are embedded. On the one hand, the pandemic underscores the limits of the linear understandings of change which underpin many orthodox approaches to planning, design and associated MERL. On the other hand, there is a vested interest in the status quo amongst many organisations, consultants, researchers and MERL practitioners. This is because approaches which promote locally-led development inevitably require those in power to relinquish control. While a range of factors make this shift difficult, there is more scope to change internal ways of working in development agencies than is commonly acknowledged. There is no time like the present to advocate for a ‘new normal’ for MERL. DA - 2020/05// PY - 2020 PB - Abt Associates UR - https://abtassocgovernancesoapbox.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/200514-uncertainty-and-covid19-a-turning-point-for-merl-final.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:04:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing Facilities: a stock-take from the first 12 months AU - Tyrrel, Lavinia AU - Teskey, Graham AU - de Lacy, Jacqui T2 - Governance Working Paper 3 DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - Abt Associates ER - TY - RPRT TI - A leaders's guide to after-action reviews AU - U.S. Army T2 - Training Circular AB - An after-action review (AAR) is a professional discussion of an event, focused on performance standards, that enables soldiers to discover for themselves what happened, why it happened, and how to sustain strengths and improve on weaknesses. It is a tool leaders and units can use to get maximum benefit from every mission or task. It provides- • Candid insights into specific soldier, leader, and unit strengths and weaknesses from various perspectives. • Feedback and insight critical to battle-focused training. • Details often lacking in evaluation reports alone. Evaluation is the basis for the commander's unit-training assessment. No commander, no matter how skilled, will see as much as the individual soldiers and leaders who actually conduct the training. Leaders can better correct deficiencies and sustain strengths by carefully evaluating and comparing soldier, leader, and unit performance against the standard. The AAR is the keystone of the evaluation process. Feedback compares the actual output of a process with the intended outcome. By focusing on the task's standards and by describing specific observations, leaders and soldiers identify strengths and weaknesses and together decide how to improve their performances. This shared learning improves task proficiency and promotes unit bonding and esprit. Squad and platoon leaders will use the information to develop input for unittraining plans. The AAR is a valid and valuable technique regardless of branch, echelon, or training task. Of course, AARs are not cure-alls for unit-training problems. Leaders must still make on-the-spot corrections and take responsibility for training their soldiers and units. However, AARs are a key part of the training process. The goal is to improve soldier, leader, and unit performance. The result is a more cohesive and proficient fighting force. Because soldiers and leaders participating in an AAR actively discover what happened and why, they learn and remember more than they would from a critique alone. A critique only gives one viewpoint and frequently provides little opportunity for discussion of events by participants. Soldier observations and comments may not be encouraged. The climate of the critique, focusing only on what is wrong, prevents candid discussion of training events and stifles learning and team building. CY - Washington DC DA - 1993/07// PY - 1993 PB - Department of the Army SN - 25-20 UR - https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=775082 Y2 - 2024/01/12/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Beneficiary feedback mechanisms AU - UK Aid AB - This guidance seeks to ensure that UK Aid Direct applicants and grant holders understand what the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) means by beneficiary feedback mechanisms, and more specifically, that they: • Understand the terms used that relate to beneficiary feedback mechanisms in UK Aid Direct guidance and templates • Understand beneficiary feedback mechanisms and why they are a useful tool for project monitoring and learning • Learn how to use beneficiary feedback mechanisms during project implementation. • Can demonstrate that using beneficiary feedback mechanisms can lead to greater accountability. CY - London DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - FCDO ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case study - Lepra - Adaptive programming in “reaching the unreached” AU - UK Aid Direct CY - London DA - 2017/12/29/ PY - 2017 PB - DFID UR - https://www.ukaiddirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/UK-Aid-Direct-Lepra_291217.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/08/10:11:44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - An introductory systems thinking toolkit for civil servants AU - UK Government AB - This document is a an Introductory Toolkit for for civil servants. It is one component of a suite of documents that aims to act as a springboard into systems thinking for civil servants unfamiliar with this approach. These documents introduce a small sample of systems thinking concepts and tools, chosen due to their accessibility and alignment to civil service policy development, but which is by no means comprehensive. They are intended to act as a first step towards using systems thinking approaches to solve complex problems and the reader is encourage to explore the wider systems thinking field further. CY - London DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 LA - en PB - UK Government Office for Science UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/systems-thinking-for-civil-servants/toolkit Y2 - 2023/02/08/15:56:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A mini-primer of critical systems heuristics. AU - Ulrich, W. AB - "Critical Systems Heuristics," also just called "Critical Heuristics" or "CSH," is a framework for reflective practice based on practical philosophy and systems thinking. The basic idea of CSH is to support boundary critique – a systematic effort of handling boundary judgments critically. Boundary judgments determine which empirical observations and value considerations count as relevant and which others are left out or are considered less important. Because they condition both "facts" and "values," boundary judgments play an essential role when it comes to assessing the meaning and merits of a claim. Their systematic discussion can help bridge differences of perspectives across disciplines and between experts and non-experts. They also lend themselves to a specific critical employment, called emancipatory boundary critique, against claims that do not uncover their underlying boundary assumptions. CSH can thus serve as a tool for coproducing knowledge as well as for critical and emancipatory purposes on the part of people concerned by, but not necessarily involved in, the definition of relevant facts and values. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 UR - http://wulrich.com/csh.html Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Werner Ulrich's Homepage AU - Ulrich, Werne AB - This website provides a variety of resources from Werner Ulrich's work in a range of philosophical and research areas with a particular focus on his own work in critical systems thinking and practice or, Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH). DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - http://wulrich.com/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Brief Introduction to Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) AU - Ulrich, Werner DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 15 UR - http://wulrich.com/downloads/ulrich_2005f.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Critical systems heuristics AU - Ulrich, Werner AU - Reynolds, Martin T2 - Systems Approaches to Manging Change: A Practical Guide A2 - Reynolds, Martin A2 - Holwell, Sue AB - This chapter provides a detailed introduction to critical systems heuristics and the use of its central tool boundary critique. What Is CSH? Two Studies in Applying CSH Using CSH as an Intervention Tool: Some Basic Concepts A Core Concept of CSH: Systematic Boundary Critique Boundary Critique Applied to NRUA-Botswana Boundary Critique Applied to ECOSENSUS-Guyana Boundary Critique and Personal Competence Recognising Boundary Judgements – and Keeping Them Fluid Towards a New Ethos of Professional Responsibility CY - London DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 243 EP - 292 PB - Springer UR - http://oro.open.ac.uk/21299/1/systems-approaches_ch6.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Framework for Freshwater Ecosystem Management AU - UN Enviornment DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 49 SN - Volume 3 UR - https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/26017/Framework_Freshwater_Ecosystem_Mgt_vol3.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Practical Guide for Collective Action against Corruption AU - UN Global Compact AB - All anti-corruption professionals looking to better understand the relationship between collective action and corruption should refer to these two comprehensive guides that the UN Global Compact published. The 2015 guide has modules that cover theoretical concepts, practical recommendations for undertaking CA initiatives, and multiple in-depth case studies of CA projects around the world. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - UN Global Compact UR - https://ungc-communications-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/publications/2021_Anti-Corruption_Collective.pdf Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:24:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Uniting Against Corruption - A Playbook on Anti-Corruption Collective Action AU - UN Global Compact AB - The 2021 guide provides an easy-to-follow six-step approach on how to develop, implement, and sustain a CA, with respect to the reader’s local corruption landscape and potential stakeholders. The adaptive framework proposed can be used to address corruption challenges, mitigate possible business risks, and achieve optimal results. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - UN Global Compact UR - https://ungc-communications-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/publications/2021_Anti-Corruption_Collective.pdf Y2 - 2022/07/01/08:24:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Feasibility Study: Crowdsourcing High-frequency food price data in rural Indonesia AU - UN Global Pulse DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 2 UR - https://www.slideshare.net/unglobalpulse/feasibility-study-crowdsourcing-high-frequency-food-price-data-in-rural-indonesia Y2 - 2019/07/01/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Project Cycle Hacker's Toolkit - changing the conversation around your projects AU - UNDP AB - The Istanbul Regional Hub partnered with Nesta and 4 country offices (fYR Macedonia, Moldova, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan) to develop a program that can help us bring innovation closer to the center of the organization by embedding it in the key project management business processes - The Project Cycle Hackers Toolkit. DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - UNDP UR - http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/library/innovation/hackers-toolkit.html Y2 - 2017/06/15/10:47:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scaling Up Development Programmes AU - UNDP AB - Many development organizations, national and local governments and civil society organizations are faced with the issue of scaling up development interventions — the main questions raised time and again are: a) what should be scaled up, and how it can be scaled up; b) is there a strong reason for a particular initiative to be scaled up; and c) what should be the value-added of the scaling up efforts, and how can practitioners ensure that technological and other innovations are being integrated for improved development effectiveness? Answers to these questions depend on a host of complex realities—the relative strengths and weaknesses in national and local systems, political and economic situations, including vulnerability of country systems to shocks, commitments from development partners, power dynamics between various groups and stakeholders in a given country, regional and global environments. For the United Nations Country Teams (UNCT) and UNDP offices, another factor to consider is how to maximize our respective comparative advantages. This guidance note summarizes the main conceptual thinking available from development institutions and academia, and presents a simplified conceptual framework and roadmap for scaling up processes. It also provides UNDP programme staff and UNCTs with practical actions and checklists to consider when designing and implementing programmes that support national scaling up initiatives, and proposes actions that can be undertaken at the regional and global levels. Although intended for internal audiences, the scaling up concept and recommendations can also be used by the public and private sector, civil society and social entrepreneurs. This note benefited from a wide consultative process held in 2011, including practical recommendations and proposals from colleagues at country offices and regional/global centres. Their insights have been instrumental in the distillation of main recommendations presented in this note, and the individuals who provided substantive contributions are gratefully noted in the Acknowledgements section. DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 PB - UNDP UR - https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/ScalingUP_guidancenote(Jan2013)_web.pdf Y2 - 2024/02/13/21:49:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Sensemaking Workshop Preparation Guide and Facilitator Guide and Sensemaking Training AU - UNDP AB - Based on experience from running Sensemaking workshops for UNDP offices and government partners, the Asia-Pacific Regional Innovation Centre developed the Sensemaking Preparation Guide and Facilitator Guide to share its knowledge with teams and organization that are interested in using the Sensemaking process. DA - 2022/01// PY - 2022 LA - en PB - UNDP UR - https://www.undp.org/publications/sensemaking-workshop-preparation-guide-and-facilitator-guide-and-sensemaking-training Y2 - 2023/01/24/10:41:38 ER - TY - RPRT TI - UNDP Digital Leadership Learning Modules AU - UNDP AB - In order to support the digital transformation of government operations Digital Learning Modules for Civil Servants are available, an off-the-shelf package of capacity development in form of replicable training modules to empower public servants at both the local and central government level to be leaders of digital transformation for delivering better public services. The modules cover a multitude of fundamental areas: comprehending digital government and services, human-centered design for inclusivity and agile learning cycles; feature the importance of security and privacy, the value of data and how to manage data and technology related risks; spotlight the key role of supportive leadership and offer practical tools for assessing and overcoming main barriers to ensure a successful digital transformation journey. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022 LA - en PB - United Nations Development Programme UR - https://www.undp.org/publications/undp-digital-leadership-learning-modules Y2 - 2022/10/21/13:33:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The UNDP Accelerator Labs enter a year of maturity: let a thousand flowers bloom! - Annual report 2022 AU - UNDP accelerator labs AB - The UNDP Accelerator Labs were designed as an agile and dynamic Network to allow communication and information transfer between 91 Accelerator Labs in 115 countries, and with the global innovation ecosystem, UNDP as a whole, and thousands of partners including grassroots innovators and their communities. The accumulated knowledge of this Network creates new pathways to the solutions that hold the key to sustainable development problems. What it looked like and how it unfolded last year will be illuminated in this annual report: The UNDP Accelerator Labs enter a year of maturity: let a thousand flowers bloom! DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - UNDP UR - https://www.undp.org/acceleratorlabs/publications/annualreport2022 Y2 - 2023/10/20/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Case Study Evaluations AU - United States General Accounting Office AB - his guide from the US General Accounting Office outlines good practice in case study evaluation and establishes a set of principles for applying case studies to evaluations. The paper outlines new ways of thinking about case studies and examines the methodology necessary to get the best from a case study analysis. DA - 1990/// PY - 1990 SP - 154 PB - GAO UR - https://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/10_1_9.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - An Upside Down View of Governance A3 - Unsworth, Sue AB - Informal institutions and personalised relationships are usually seen as governance problems. However the research presented in this synthesis paper suggests that they can also be part of the solution... CY - Brighton DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies UR - http://www.ids.ac.uk/idspublication/an-upside-down-view-of-governance Y2 - 2018/01/15/09:16:47 ER - TY - CHAP TI - It's the politics! Can donors rise to the challenge? AU - Unsworth, Sue T2 - A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook: Alternative Ideas and Approaches A2 - Whaites, Alan A2 - Gonzalez, Eduardo A2 - Fyson, Sara A2 - Teskey, Graham AB - The Governance Practitioner’s Notebook takes an unusual approach for the OECD-DAC Network on Governance (GovNet). It brings together a collection of specially written notes aimed at those who work as governance practitioners within development agencies. It does so, however, without attempting to offer definitive guidance – instead aiming to stimulate thinking and debate. To aid this process the book is centred on a fictional Governance Adviser. The Notebook’s format provides space for experts to speak on today’s governance issues: politics, public sector reform and stakeholder engagement. It encourages debate, charts the evolution of donor thinking, and highlights future challenges in the age of the Sustainable Development Goals. Each section introduces both technical issues and major areas of debate, providing ideas for future development support to institutional reform. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 PB - OECD UR - http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/governance/governance-practitioners-notebook.htm Y2 - 2016/08/11/10:01:26 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review of Development Projects as Policy Experiments: An Adaptive Approach to Development Administration AU - Uphoff, Norman T2 - Economic Geography DA - 1985/// PY - 1985 DO - 10.2307/143872 DP - JSTOR VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 183 SN - 0013-0095 ST - Review of Development Projects as Policy Experiments UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/143872 Y2 - 2023/11/03/14:49:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Acquisition and Assistance Strategy - USAID AB - The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) of tomorrow is one in which the Agency enables partner countries to plan, resource, and manage their own development through strengthened capacity and commitment — this is the essence of the Journey to Self-Reliance. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2018, the Agency obligated over 80 percent of its programmatic funding — a total of $17 billion — through acquisition and assistance (A&A) mechanisms. Partnering and procurement are central to how we do our work. Therefore, we must think holistically about with whom we work and how we work, if we are to achieve our ambitious goals for the USAID of tomorrow. The purpose of this document is to provide a transparent strategy that guides changes to Agency policy and practice for both our staff and implementing partners in how we approach our core A&A work. This strategy, which builds on previous and current reform efforts, outlines the shifts we will make to embrace a self-reliance model for A&A and move concretely toward the goal of ending the need for foreign assistance. GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF PARTNERING AT USAID USAID’s partnering approaches have evolved significantly over time as we have tested new and innovative ways of working. The principles outlined below support the Journey to Self-Reliance by empowering our staff and partners to produce results-driven solutions responsive to partner country needs and priorities — building capacity and commitment based on creative and entrepreneurial approaches that have already begun to develop. The Agency must move beyond our traditional approaches to embrace greater collaboration, co-design, and co-financing to improve upon our models of partnering. DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - USAID UR - http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/disasterrelief/n303.xml Y2 - 2020/10/15/13:51:03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ADS 201 Additional Help- Whole-of-Project Evaluation AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/01/23/ PY - 2017 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/201.pdf Y2 - 2017/02/13/16:22:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biodiversity How-To Guide 1: Developing Situation Models in USAID Biodiversity Programming AU - USAID AB - The Biodiversity How-To Guide 1: Developing Situation Models in USAID Biodiversity Programming is the first in a series of three guides that provide in-depth guidance on key tools and practices to support design teams as they design and manage biodiversity programs within the Program Cycle and in accordance with the USAID Biodiversity Policy. It focuses on how to develop situation models to map out the biodiversity conservation problem context to be addressed. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Biodiversity How-To Guide 1 UR - https://rmportal.net/biodiversityconservation-gateway/resources/projects/measuring-impact/how-to-guides-for-usaid-biodiversity-programming/biodiversity-how-to-guide-1-developing-situation-models-in-usaid-biodiversity-programming Y2 - 2019/03/22/11:39:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biodiversity How-To Guide 2: Using Results Chains to Depict Theories of Change in USAID Biodiversity Programming AU - USAID AB - The Biodiversity How-To Guide 2: Using Results Chains to Depict Theories of Change in USAID Biodiversity Programming is the second in a series of three guides that provide in-depth guidance on key tools and practices to support design teams as they design and manage biodiversity programs within the Program Cycle and in accordance with the USAID Biodiversity Policy. It builds off the situation model guide to help design teams clearly state the expected results and assumptions behind the proposed strategic approaches that make up the program’s theory of change. The situation model provides the foundation to identify necessary results to reduce threats; brainstorm and prioritize strategic approaches; and then develop results chains to clarify assumptions behind selected approaches. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Biodiversity How-To Guide 1 UR - https://rmportal.net/biodiversityconservation-gateway/resources/projects/measuring-impact/how-to-guides-for-usaid-biodiversity-programming/biodiversity-how-to-guide-1-developing-situation-models-in-usaid-biodiversity-programming Y2 - 2019/03/22/11:39:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biodiversity How-To Guide 3: Defining Outcomes & Indicators for Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning in USAID Biodiversity Programming AU - USAID AB - The Biodiversity How-To Guide 3: Defining Outcomes and Indicators for Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning in USAID Biodiversity Programming is the third in a series of three guides that provide in-depth guidance on key tools and practices to support design teams as they design and manage biodiversity programs within the Program Cycle and in accordance with the USAID Biodiversity Policy. It uses the results chains developed in the second guide and provides help identifying key results for developing outcome statements and indicators, as required by USAID’s Biodiversity Code, updated in the Biodiversity Policy. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Biodiversity How-To Guide 1 UR - https://rmportal.net/biodiversityconservation-gateway/resources/projects/measuring-impact/how-to-guides-for-usaid-biodiversity-programming/biodiversity-how-to-guide-1-developing-situation-models-in-usaid-biodiversity-programming Y2 - 2019/03/22/11:39:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Broad Agency Announcement for Locally Led Development Innovation AU - USAID AB - This BAA allows USAID Operating Units (OUs) to co-create, co-design, co-invest, and collaborate in the research, development, piloting, testing, and scaling of innovative, practical, and cost-effective interventions to catalyze locally led development. The BAA aligns with a number of Agency priorities and policies, including the Journey to Self-Reliance, resilience, procurement innovation, and expanding and diversifying the partner base - as well as the New Partnerships Initiative and Acquisition and Assistance Strategy. E3/LS has put up the BAA’s first Addendum, "New Directions in Advancing Locally Led Development," which seeks Expressions of Interest on the following: - Engaging the Local Private Sector - Conflict, Post-Conflict, and Non-Permissive Environments - Effective Partnerships - The Changing Role of the Donor - Local Giving, Philanthropy, and Other Private Resources CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/05/31/ PY - 2019 PB - USAID UR - https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=316600 Y2 - 2019/06/04/08:33:47 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - CLA for More Effective Development Programs (video) AU - USAID AB - This presentation features USAID/PPL's Stacey Young discussing the history of learning at USAID; how collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) can enhance development outcomes, and the role of implementing partners in supporting this vision. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DP - YouTube PB - USAID LearningLab UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7x6XdqyZzk&feature=youtu.be Y2 - 2019/05/17/13:51:45 ER - TY - GEN TI - CLA Maturity Tool: Example Spectrum Cards AU - USAID DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/subcomponent_card_examples_11x17_20171212.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Collaborate Learn Adapt - Case Competition AU - USAID T2 - USAID Learning Lab DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/cla-case-competition Y2 - 2017/02/18/13:15:34 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collaborating, Learning and Adapting (CLA) - Maturity Matrix Overview AU - USAID T2 - ADS 201 Additional Help AB - Collaborating, Learning and Adapting (CLA) involves strategic collaboration, continuous learning, and adaptive management. CLA approaches to development include collaborating intentionally with stakeholders to share knowledge and reduce duplication of effort, learning systematically by drawing on evidence from a variety of sources and taking time to reflect on implementation, and applying learning by adapting intentionally. The purpose of the maturity matrix tool is to help USAID Missions think more deliberately about how to plan for and implement CLA approaches that fit the Mission’s context and needs. Through a set of easy-to-use cards, the CLA maturity matrix offers examples of what CLA looks like at different stages of maturity. USAID staff can use the decks of cards to both assess current practice and plan for the future. The maturity matrix consists of two decks of cards corresponding to the dimensions of CLA: ● CLA in the Program Cycle: By using the matrix cards to guide a conversation, teams can explore how well CLA is incorporated into the planning and implementation processes of the Program Cycle. ● Enabling Conditions: The cards encourage discussion of the conditions that can significantly influence how CLA and the Program Cycle are implemented at a Mission, including operating processes, organizational culture, and resourcing. Within these decks, the matrix covers 16 subcomponents of CLA. Each has one key concept card and five matrix cards that describe the component in practice, along a spectrum ranging from Not Yet Present to Institutionalized. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 SP - 3 PB - Policy, Planning and Learning UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/cla_maturity_tool_overview_ll.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting Framework & Key Concepts AU - USAID AB - Although collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) are not new to USAID, they often do not happen regularly or systematically and are not intentionally resourced. The CLA framework above identifies components and subcomponents to help you think more deliberately about what approach to CLA might be best tailored to your organizational or project context. The framework recognizes the diversity of what CLA can look like in various organizations and projects while also giving CLA structure, clarity, and coherence across two key dimensions: CLA in the Program Cycle: how CLA is incorporated throughout Program Cycle processes, including strategy, project, and activity design and implementation; and Enabling Conditions: how an organization’s culture, business processes, and resource allocation support CLA integration. Organizations need both integrated CLA practices appropriate for their context and conducive enabling conditions to become stronger learning organizations capable of managing adaptively. The framework stresses the holistic and integrated nature of the various components of CLA to reinforce the principle that CLA is not a separate workstream—it should be integrated into existing processes to strengthen the discipline of development and improve aid effectiveness. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/keyconcepts_twopager_8.5x11_v7_20160907.pdf Y2 - 2019/12/02/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Combating Wildlife Trafficking Case Study Compilation: Capacity Building for Enforcement and Prosecution AU - USAID DA - 2018/05// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 36 LA - en ER - TY - RPRT TI - Developmental Evaluation in Practice: Tips, Tools, and Templates AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/09// PY - 2017 PB - USAID UR - https://wdi.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/USAID-DEPA-MERL-Developmental-Evaluation-in-Practice-Tips-Tools-and-Templates.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/15/08:56:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Discussion Note: Complexity-Aware Monitoring AU - USAID T2 - Program Cycle AB - This Discussion Note complements ADS 201 and outlines general principles and promising approaches for monitoring complex aspects of USAID development assistance. Complexity-aware monitoring is a type of complementary monitoring that is useful when results are difficult to predict due to dynamic contexts or unclear cause and-effect relationships. Key principles of the Program Cycle include applying analytic rigor, managing adaptively, and utilizing a range of approaches to achieve results. ADS 201.3.5.5 identifies three types of program monitoring – performance, context, and complementary. All USAID programming incorporates performance monitoring and should include context monitoring. Performance monitoring “is the ongoing and systematic collection of performance indicator data and other quantitative or qualitative information to reveal whether implementation is on track and whether expected results are being achieved.” Context monitoring is “[t]he systematic collection of information about conditions and external factors relevant to the implementation and performance of an operating units (OU’s) strategy, projects, and activities.” As stated in ADS 201.3.5.5, complementary monitoring may be used by missions and Washington OUs to complement performance and context monitoring in situations where results are difficult to predict due to dynamic contexts or unclear cause-andeffect relationships. This Discussion Note provides an explanation of when to use complementary monitoring approaches that are complexity-aware and summarizes the three principles of complexity-aware monitoring. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 M3 - Discussion Paper PB - USAID SN - Version 1 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/cleared_dn_complexity-aware_monitoring.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guide for Adopting Remote Monitoring Approaches During COVID-19 AU - USAID AB - USAID maintains staff and operations in more than 80 countries around the world, all of which the COVID-19 pandemic will disrupt. USAID remains committed to protecting the health and safety of our staff, while continuing appropriate oversight of our programs and ensuring the accountable and effective use of U.S. taxpayer funds. In the current operating environment, USAID and implementing partners face new challenges in implementing activities, monitoring progress, collecting data, and tracking indicators. As we adapt our approaches, we will work with implementing partners to find innovative, responsible, and safe ways to monitor and evaluate programming. Digital tools can support novel approaches to remote monitoring. Responsible use of digital tools also supports operating unit alignment with the Digital Data Collection mandate in the Agency’s new Digital Strategy. This guide provides information for Agency staff and implementing partners on remote monitoring techniques and when they can be employed. We encourage use of this guide to identify and pursue appropriate remote-monitoring approaches for your needs. CORs/AORs and Activity Managers should work with implementing partners to document updated approaches in each agreement’s plans for monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL), and should upload these amended Activity MEL Plans into the Agency Secure Image and Storage Tracking System (ASIST) as soon as possible. This can be done in collaboration with Mission and Washington Bureau M&E Specialists, as appropriate DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 9 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - JOUR TI - How-To Note: Conduct a Data Quality Assessment AU - USAID DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - en UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/cleared_-_how-to_note_-_conduct_a_dqa.pdf Y2 - 2019/07/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How-To Note: Developing a Project Logic Model (and its Associated Theory of Change) AU - USAID T2 - Program Cycle AB - This How-To Note describes considerations for developing a project logic model, as well as steps for thinking through a more complete theory of change (TOC). A logic model is a graphic or visual depiction that summarizes key elements of a TOC, and it is often used as a facilitation tool during the design process. There are many types of logic models, including but not limited to logical frameworks (logframes), results chains, results frameworks, and local actor-oriented models, among others. The project logic model and its associated TOC are included in the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) that approves a project design (see ADS 201.3.3.13). While this How-To Note focuses on logic models at the project level, logic models are also used at the strategy level (specifically, results frameworks – see Box 1), and often at the activity level. The concepts and steps presented here are generally applicable to the process of developing logic models and TOCs throughout the Program Cycle. DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 SP - 24 M3 - How To Note SN - Version 2 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/system/files/resource/files/project_logic_model_how_to_note_final_sep1.pdf Y2 - 2024/01/30/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Knowing When to Adapt - A Decision Tree AU - USAID AB - This job aid will help you determine how best to resolve a challenge/issue in programming. It is intended for use by USAID, partners, and others working in international development. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/03/05/T15:01:56-05:00 PY - 2019 LA - en PB - USAID LEARN UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/knowing-when-adapt-decision-tree Y2 - 2019/03/28/09:40:55 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Knowledge Retention and Transfer (KRT) - Model and Matsurity Matrix AU - USAID T2 - CLA Toolkit AB - The Maturity Matrix is not a standalone tool. It is one of the three major components of the KRT Model. The Maturity Matrix is meant to be used in conjunction with the KRT Toolkit and Implementation Plan. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 PB - USAID LEARN UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/version_2_cla_toolkit_staff_transitions_tool_20190613.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:40:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Knowledge Retention and Transfer (KRT) - Model overview presentation AU - USAID AB - What problem is the KRT model trying to solve? For workforces that experience continuous staff turnover, the lack of systematic knowledge transfer can often lead to: - Loss of programmatic momentum, - Duplication of efforts and frustration, and - Wasted time and resources. The Knowledge Retention and Transfer (KRT) model provides tools, processes, and practices to individuals, teams, offices, and organizations to improve knowledge handover, which in turn improves efficiency and programmatic and operational learning. CY - Washington DC DA - 2023/07// PY - 2023 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/version_2_cla_toolkit_staff_transitions_tool_20190613.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:40:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Local Capacity Strengthening Policy AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-10/LCS-Policy-2022-10-17.pdf Y2 - 2023/09/05/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Local Systems: a framework for supporting sustained development AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/LocalSystemsFramework.pdf Y2 - 2017/06/28/16:50:31 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Local Works Guidance - Round 4 AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/partnership-opportunities/ngo/localworks Y2 - 2019/02/13/15:51:51 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing staff transistions through CLA: preserving institutional memory as staff come and go AU - USAID T2 - CLA Toolkit AB - This document is relevant for any position or hiring mechanism. While this document does not explicitly address what happens when someone arrives into a newly-created position, which has its own set of challenges, many of the principles, actions, and resources can be applied in that context. Section 1 offers guidance for how to set up and implement systems at Mission/OU or office to ensure that all staff help preserve institutional memory and enable continuity of relationships. This section is for any staff in a Mission/OU working to build systems that improve handovers and knowledge capture and sharing across the Mission or OU. If a Mission or OU is just beginning to develop a system to manage staff transitions, you may want to start by developing a system within an office or team and then expand it out to other offices or to the Mission/OU writ large. Section 2 includes key principles and actions individuals could consider following when arriving or departing a position, regardless of hiring mechanism and position. This includes staff new to the Mission/OU and staff who are currently in the Mission/OU and are moving into a new position. Section 3 provides a select number of resources to help you take a systematic and comprehensive approach to manage staff transitions as effectively and efficiently as possible at the individual or organizational level. CY - Washington DC DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 PB - USAID LEARN UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/version_2_cla_toolkit_staff_transitions_tool_20190613.pdf Y2 - 2023/10/26/09:40:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring Efforts to Combat Wildlife Crime - A toolkit for Improving Actiona and Accountability (v.1.3) AU - USAID T2 - Measuring Impact CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - Program Cycle - Discussion Note: Adaptive Management AU - USAID AB - This Discussion Note complements ADS 201.3.1.2 Program Cycle Principles by elaborating on Principle 2: Manage Adaptively through Continuous Learning. This Discussion Note is intended for USAID staff interested in learning about recent and promising practices in adaptive management across the Program Cycle. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/01/30/ PY - 2018 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Discussion Note UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/discussion-note-adaptive-management Y2 - 2018/03/08/13:48:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Program Cycle - Discussion Note: Designing Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Platforms AU - USAID AB - This Discussion Note complements ADS 201.3.1.2 Program Cycle Principles by elaborating on Principle 2: Manage Adaptively through Continuous Learning. This Discussion Note is intended for USAID staff interested in learning about recent and promising practices in adaptive management across the Program Cycle. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/05// PY - 2018 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Discussion Note UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/discussion-note-adaptive-management Y2 - 2018/03/08/13:48:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Program Cycle - Discussion Note: Managing Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Platforms AU - USAID AB - This Discussion Note complements ADS 201.3.1.2 Program Cycle Principles by elaborating on Principle 2: Manage Adaptively through Continuous Learning. This Discussion Note is intended for USAID staff interested in learning about recent and promising practices in adaptive management across the Program Cycle. CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Discussion Note UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/discussion-note-adaptive-management Y2 - 2018/03/08/13:48:40 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Program Cycle - How-To Note: Strategy-Level Portfolio Review AU - USAID CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 PB - USAID PPL UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/how_to_note_portfolio_review_final_compliant_1_r.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/25/13:48:41 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Program Cycle Road Map AU - USAID DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 UR - http://usaidprojectstarter.org/content/program-cycle-road-map Y2 - 2018/02/06/10:07:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - RFI-521-17-000015 - Improving Governance in Haiti Program (IGHI) AU - USAID CY - Port au Prince DA - 2017/06/28/ PY - 2017 PB - USAID UR - https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=295067 Y2 - 2017/06/28/16:45:19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SPACES MERL: Systems and Complexity White Paper AU - USAID AB - The Strategic Program for Analyzing Complexity and Evaluating Systems (SPACES MERL) project is an activity funded by USAID’s Global Development Lab and the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL). This three-year activity aims to bring a variety of tools and methodologies that decision-makers can use (alone or in combination) to provide comprehensive systems analysis. The activity is being implemented from 2015 to 2018 by a consortium of organizations expert in systems and complexity, including the Global Obesity Prevention Center (GOPC) at Johns Hopkins University (Prime), Global Knowledge Initiative (GKI), LINC and ResilientAfrica Network (RAN). This Systems and Complexity White Paper is a collaborative effort of the SPACES MERL team, designed to frame the international development landscape, with particular reference to USAID-funded activities, for application of systems and complexity approaches to design, monitoring and evaluation. Customized to the systems and complexity layperson with in-depth knowledge of international development practice, the objectives of this white paper are three-fold:  Provide an overview of systems and complexity practice, its current state of application and relevance to international development practice;  Establish a taxonomy of systems and complexity tools, highlighting the fit of those offered by SPACES MERL within the wider landscape; and  Review and provide information on application of SPACES MERL tools, their purpose and construction, required data, and their applicability to specific contexts. DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 SP - 95 UR - https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00M7QZ.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Stakeholder Engagement for Biodiversity Conservation Goals: Assessing the Status of the Evidence AU - USAID T2 - Measuring Impact AB - Learning how to communicate and work with different groups builds constituencies to support conservation aims. An analysis by USAID's research partner the American Museum of Natural History evaluated 148 references, selected through a rigorous systematic review process, to identify key lessons for stakeholder engagement. This briefer describes the analysis, which will soon be published in full. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 17 LA - en M3 - Technical Brief PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - The 5 Rs Framework in the program cycle AU - USAID T2 - Program Cycle AB - USAID’s Program Cycle Operational Policy (ADS 201) provides guidance to missions and other operating units on how to implement the Program Cycle. A key principle of the Program Cycle is to “Promote Sustainability through Local Ownership.” The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe the “5Rs Framework”, a practical methodology for supporting sustainability and local ownership in projects and activities through ongoing attention to local actors and local systems. This Note is rooted in USAID’s 2014 Local Systems Framework paper, which establishes that achieving sustained improvement in development results depends on the contributions of multiple and interconnected local actors. That document also states that USAID needs to improve its systems practice if it is to engage local actors and strengthen local systems more effectively and thus realize sustained results more consistently. The 5Rs Framework, also introduced in the Local Systems Framework, is intended as a simple and practical tool to promote good systems practice. The 5Rs Framework highlights five key dimensions of systems: Results, Roles, Relationships, Rules and Resources. Collectively these 5Rs can serve as a lens for assessing local systems and a guide for identifying and monitoring interventions designed to strengthen them. This Technical Note is divided in two parts. The first part provides an introduction to the 5Rs Framework and the systems practice from which it emerges. The second part demonstrates how systems practice can be embedded in the Program Cycle by continuously applying the 5Rs, especially to the design, implementation, and monitoring of USAID projects and their accompanying activities. DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 SP - 20 M3 - Technical Note SN - Version 2.1 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/5rs_techncial_note_ver_2_1_final.pdf Y2 - 2018/03/09/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID ADS 201 - Operational Policy for the Program Cycle (Update 01/23/2021) AU - USAID AB - The Program Cycle is USAID’s operational model for planning, delivering, assessing, and adapting development programming in a given region or country to advance U.S. foreign policy. It encompasses guidance and procedures for: 1) Making strategic decisions at the regional or country level about programmatic areas of focus and associated resources; 2) Designing projects and supportive activities to implement strategic plans; and 3) Learning from performance monitoring, evaluations, and other relevant sources of information to make course corrections as needed and inform future programming. CY - Washington DC DA - 2021/01// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 151 LA - en PB - USAID ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID ADS 201 - Operational Policy for the Program Cycle (Update 05/22/2023) AU - USAID AB - The Program Cycle is USAID’s operational model for planning, delivering, assessing, and adapting development programming in a given region or country to advance U.S. foreign policy. It encompasses guidance and procedures for: 1) Making strategic decisions at the regional or country level about programmatic areas of focus and associated resources; 2) Designing supportive projects and/or activities to implement these strategic plans; and 3) Learning from performance monitoring, evaluations, and other relevant sources of information to make course corrections as needed and inform future programming. CY - Washington DC DA - 2023/05/22/ PY - 2023 DP - Zotero SP - 151 LA - en PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/about-us/agency-policy/series-200/201 Y2 - 2024/02/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID ADS 201 - Program Cycle Operational Policy (Update 1/23/2017) AU - USAID AB - The Program Cycle is USAID’s operational model for planning, delivering, assessing, and adapting development programming in a given region or country to advance U.S. foreign policy. It encompasses guidance and procedures for: 1) Making strategic decisions at the regional or country level about programmatic areas of focus and associated resources; 2) Designing projects and supportive activities to implement strategic plans; and 3) Learning from performance monitoring, evaluations, and other relevant sources of information to make course corrections as needed and inform future programming. CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/01/23/ PY - 2017 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/201.pdf Y2 - 2017/02/13/16:22:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID ADS 201 - Program Cycle Operational Policy (Update 10/29/2018) AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/10/29/ PY - 2018 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/201.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/16/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID Risk Appetite Statement AU - USAID CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/policy/risk-appetite-statement Y2 - 2019/02/18/12:29:21 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - USAID’s Data Quality Standards & Conducting a DQA A2 - USAID DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 M3 - PowerPoint Training UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1861/DQA_Training_and_Preparation_11-17-14.ppt Y2 - 2019/07/17/00:00:00 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - Webimar - Adaptive Management at the Strategy Level: Portfolio Reviews and Mid Course Stocktaking AU - USAID AB - On Wednesday, November 15, 2017 at 8:00 a.m. EST, the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL) held a one-hour webinar exploring Strategy-level Portfolio Reviews and Mid Course Stocktaking. DA - 2017/11/15/ PY - 2017 LA - en PB - USAID ST - Adaptive Management at the Strategy Level UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/adaptive-management-strategy-level-portfolio-reviews-and-mid-course-stocktaking Y2 - 2019/02/25/12:30:28 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CLA Maturity Tool - Card Deck (Implementing Partners version 1) AU - USAID LEARN AB - USAID’s Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL) and its support mechanism, LEARN, have developed a Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (CLA) Framework and Maturity tool to help USAID missions think more deliberately about how to plan for and implement CLA approaches that fit the mission’s context and assist them in achieving their development objectives. While the tool is intended primarily for USAID audiences to be used in participatory self-assessment workshops, the CLA Framework and maturity spectrum are relevant to a wider audience. USAID’s CLA Framework identifies key components and subcomponents of daily work that may be opportunities for intentional, systematic, and resourced CLA. The framework recognizes the diversity of what CLA can look like in various organizations and programs while also giving CLA structure, clarity, and coherence across two key dimensions: • CLA in the Program Cycle: how CLA is incorporated throughout Program Cycle processes, including strategy, project, and activity design and implementation; and • Enabling Conditions: how an organization’s culture, business processes, and resource allocation support CLA integration. Recognizing that CLA is not binary—it’s not an issue of “doing it or not doing it”—PPL and LEARN have developed a spectrum of practice for each of the 16 subcomponents in the framework. The spectrum offers examples of what integration might look like at different stages: Not Yet Present, Emergent, Expanding, Advanced and Institutionalized. The maturity stage descriptions are only illustrative and are intended to spark reflection on current practice and opportunities for improvements. In this resource, each CLA subcomponent page describes the key concepts for that topic and includes a description of the maturity stages. Although the descriptions were originally developed for USAID, the majority of the concepts easily transfer or have equivalents in the partner community. For example, although organizations outside of USAID may not hold “Portfolio Reviews” (part of the Pause & Reflect subcomponent), the majority hold some type of meeting to review programmatic progress. This is the seventh version of the CLA Framework and maturity spectrum. PPL and LEARN will continue reviewed and periodically update them based on user feedback, so if you have comments about the content, please email learning@usaid.gov. We would also love to hear how you’ve used this content with your team or organization. CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/508c_cla_maturity_tool_card_deck_ip_v1_2022-07-29.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/03/12:59:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collaborating, Learning and Adapting (CLA) Maturity Spectrum (v7) AU - USAID LEARN AB - USAID’s Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL) and its support mechanism, LEARN, have developed a Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting (CLA) Framework and Maturity tool to help USAID missions think more deliberately about how to plan for and implement CLA approaches that fit the mission’s context and assist them in achieving their development objectives. While the tool is intended primarily for USAID audiences to be used in participatory self-assessment workshops, the CLA Framework and maturity spectrum are relevant to a wider audience. USAID’s CLA Framework identifies key components and subcomponents of daily work that may be opportunities for intentional, systematic, and resourced CLA. The framework recognizes the diversity of what CLA can look like in various organizations and programs while also giving CLA structure, clarity, and coherence across two key dimensions: • CLA in the Program Cycle: how CLA is incorporated throughout Program Cycle processes, including strategy, project, and activity design and implementation; and • Enabling Conditions: how an organization’s culture, business processes, and resource allocation support CLA integration. Recognizing that CLA is not binary—it’s not an issue of “doing it or not doing it”—PPL and LEARN have developed a spectrum of practice for each of the 16 subcomponents in the framework. The spectrum offers examples of what integration might look like at different stages: Not Yet Present, Emergent, Expanding, Advanced and Institutionalized. The maturity stage descriptions are only illustrative and are intended to spark reflection on current practice and opportunities for improvements. In this resource, each CLA subcomponent page describes the key concepts for that topic and includes a description of the maturity stages. Although the descriptions were originally developed for USAID, the majority of the concepts easily transfer or have equivalents in the partner community. For example, although organizations outside of USAID may not hold “Portfolio Reviews” (part of the Pause & Reflect subcomponent), the majority hold some type of meeting to review programmatic progress. This is the seventh version of the CLA Framework and maturity spectrum. PPL and LEARN will continue reviewed and periodically update them based on user feedback, so if you have comments about the content, please email learning@usaid.gov. We would also love to hear how you’ve used this content with your team or organization. CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/cla_maturity_spectrum_handouts_20170612_0.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/03/12:55:47 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting Framework & Key Concepts (Implementing Partner Version 1) AU - USAID LEARN AB - Although collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) are not new to USAID and its implementing partners, they often do not happen regularly or systematically and are not intentionally resourced. The CLA Framework above identifies components and subcomponents to help you think more deliberately about what approach to CLA might be best tailored to your organizational or project context. The framework recognizes the diversity of what CLA can look like in various organizations and projects while also giving CLA structure, clarity, and coherence across two key dimensions: - CLA in the Program Cycle: how CLA is incorporated into planning and design processes throughout the Program Cycle in order to improve their effectiveness; and - Enabling Conditions: how an organization’s culture, daily operating processes, and resource allocation support CLA integration. Organizations need both integrated CLA practices appropriate for their context and conducive enabling conditions to become stronger learning organizations capable of managing adaptively. The framework stresses the holistic and integrated nature of the various components of CLA to reinforce the principle that CLA is not a separate workstream—it should be integrated into existing processes to strengthen the discipline of development and improve aid effectiveness. CY - Washington DC DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - USAID UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/508c_cla_maturity_tool_card_deck_ip_v1_2022-07-29.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/03/12:59:23 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Course: Introduction to Collaborating, Learning and Adapting (CLA) in the Program Cycle AU - USAID LEARN T2 - USAID Learning Lab DA - 2018/10/29/T23:50:26-04:00 PY - 2018 LA - en M3 - Text ST - Course UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/course-introduction-cla-program-cycle Y2 - 2019/03/06/09:52:50 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Using Systemic M&E Tools in Feed The Future Uganda: Sensemaker ® - Webinar A2 - USAID Learning Lab AB - This webinar is part of a series organized by SEEP's Market Facilitation Initiative (MaFI), USAID's LEO project and the BEAM Exchange as a part of the "Learning with the Toolmakers" webinar series. As part of a new cycle of webinars focusing on inclusive market facilitation tools. In this series, Eric Derks and Leanne Rasmussen will share learning from this five-year, multi-million dollar USAID program, the objective of which is to increase Ugandan farmers’ use of good quality agro-inputs by fostering more inclusive systemic changes in the agro-inputs industry. Using Systemic M&E Tools in Feed The Future Uganda: Sensemaker ® This third webinar in the series, titled “,” will look at how the project team used this tool and method to monitor systemic change. Leanne and Eric will share their experiences with using the tool and give recommendations to other practitioners who are interested in applying it. What is Sensemaker ®? SenseMaker combines an innovative research methodology with patented software to collect and analyze large quantities of narratives in order to understand complex change. It brings together insights from complexity sciences, anthropology, and cognitive science. It uses participants’ narratives to uncover foundational attitudes and norms that inform and influence behavior. This webinar is organized by SEEP's Market Facilitation Initiative (MaFI), USAID's LEO project and the BEAM Exchange as a part of the "Learning with the Toolmakers" webinar series. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/events/using-systemic-me-tools-feed-future-uganda-sensemaker-%C2%AE ER - TY - BOOK TI - Evaluation of International Development Interventions: An Overview of Approaches and Methods AU - Vaessen, Jos AU - Lemire, Sebastian AU - Befani, Barbara AB - This guide provides an introductory overview of a range of methods that have been selected for their actual and potential use in the field of international development evaluation. For each method, a detailed guidance note presents the method’s main features and procedural steps, key advantages and disadvantages, as well as its applica­bility. Each guidance note includes references for relevant background readings (basic and advanced) as well as references to other additional resources of interest. Both the choice of approaches and methods and the associated guidance are by no means definitive. IEG plans to periodically update the guide as evaluation prac­tices evolve. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - World Bank ST - Evaluation of International Development Interventions UR - http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/34962 Y2 - 2021/08/05/20:47:06 ER - TY - THES TI - Matrixing Aid: The Rise and Fall of 'Results Initiatives' in Swedish Development Aid AU - Vähämäki, Janet DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Google Scholar PB - Stockholm Business School, Stockholm University ST - Matrixing Aid UR - http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1054590 Y2 - 2017/10/09/17:03:26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning from Results-Based Management evaluations and reviews AU - Vähämäki, Janet AU - Verger, Chantal T2 - Development Co-operation Working Papers AB - What have we learned from implementing results-based management in development co-operation organisations? What progress and benefits can be seen? What are the main challenges and unintended consequences? Are there good practices to address these challenges? To respond to these questions this paper reviews and analyses the findings from various evaluations and reviews of results-based management systems conducted by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the OECD/DAC Results Community Secretariat and other bodies in the past four years (2015-2018). It also draws on emerging lessons from new methods for managing development co-operation results. This analytical work aims to: identify recent trends in results-based management, explore challenges faced by providers when developing their results approaches and systems, select good practices in responding to these challenges that can be useful for the OECD/DACResults Community, considering new approaches, new technologies and evolving contexts. This body of evidence will inform the development of a core set of generic guiding principles for results-based management in development co-operation. DA - 2019/03/15/ PY - 2019 DP - www.oecd-ilibrary.org LA - en PB - OECD UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/learning-from-results-based-management-evaluations-and-reviews_3fda0081-en Y2 - 2019/04/05/13:42:26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building justice and peace from below? Supporting community dispute resolution in Asia AU - Valters, Craig T2 - Working Politically in Practice Series: Case Study DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 SP - 46 PB - ODI SN - 9 UR - https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Building-Justice-and-Peace-from-Below.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Learning and adaptation: 6 pitfalls to avoid AU - Valters, Craig T2 - Devex DA - 2016/04/20/T12:42:28+00:00 PY - 2016 ST - Learning and adaptation UR - https://www.devex.com/news/learning-and-adaptation-6-pitfalls-to-avoid-88032 Y2 - 2016/09/19/14:25:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning from adaptive programmes - 10 lessons and 10 case studies AU - Valters, Craig AB - Internal DFID document from the DevAdapt Programme. Based on another previous document (also internal). CY - London DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 PB - Overseas Development Institute ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theories of change in international development: Communication, learning, or accountability? AU - Valters, Craig T2 - JSRP Paper 17 CY - London DA - 2014/08// PY - 2014 PB - JSRP ST - Theories of change in international development UR - http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/JSRP/downloads/JSRP17.Valters.pdf Y2 - 2017/06/09/17:40:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theories of Change: time for a radical approach to learning in development AU - Valters, Craig AB - The Theory of Change approach demands a radical shift towards more and better learning in development thinking and practice, creating a productive and much-needed space for critical reflection. CY - London DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 PB - ODI ST - Theories of Change UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/9883-theories-change-time-radical-approach-learning-development Y2 - 2016/08/05/16:42:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Putting learning at the centre: Adaptive development programming in practice AU - Valters, Craig AU - Cummings, Clare AU - Nixon, Hamish AB - Adaptive programming suggests, at a minimum, that development actors react and respond to changes in the political and socio-economic operating environment. It emphasises learning and the development practitioner is encouraged to adjust their actions to find workable solutions to problems that they may face. Being prepared to react to change may seem like common sense – and indeed it is. However much development thinking and practice remains stuck in a linear planning model which discourages learning and adaptation, in part because projects are seen as ‘closed, controllable and unchanging systems’ (Mosse, 1998: 5). This paper critically engages with this problem and makes clear why and how learning needs to be at the centre of adaptive development programming. It begins by clarifying why and what kind of learning matters for adaptive programming. The paper then turns its focus to how strategies and approaches applied throughout a programme’s conception, design, management and M&E can enable it to continually learn and adapt. CY - London DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 PB - ODI ST - Adapting development UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10367-putting-learning-centre-adaptive-development-programming-practice Y2 - 2016/05/11/12:37:16 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Top Tips: How to design and manage adaptive programmes AU - Valters, Craig AU - Wild, Leni AB - Within DFID, there is now a commitment to more flexible and adaptive programming. This recognises that: • DFID works in contexts that continuously evolve and change, sometimes in unpredictable ways. To respond to this, the agency needs to remain flexible – to expect change and have a good understanding of context, with resources that can be adjusted and scope to change direction if needed. All DFID programmes should be able to do this. • Some DFID programmes aim to support change in complex systems, behaviours and incentives. Efforts to address women’s empowerment, improve sanitation or build more sustainable health systems, for instance, all require engagement with the way in which complex systems operate and the people and behaviours within them. Trying to deliver reforms in these circumstances is challenging because the pathway to reform itself will be unclear: as a reform is rolled out, the system itself will react and respond. These types of programmes therefore need to build in from the start deliberate processes of learning and testing, to allow for adaptations as more information is gathered for what works over time. These top tips are concerned with programmes that aim to be flexible and adaptive – which work in dynamic contexts and are trying to address complex problems. While there is growing commitment to these approaches, feedback suggests staff still have questions about how to do this well. This document highlights some of the commonly reported issues related to adaptive programming and a set of tips, strategies and examples to help in addressing them. It is aimed at programme managers and advisors who may be Senior Responsible Owners (SROs) or those managing and supporting adaptive programming in a range of ways. We have collated these lessons from discussions with country offices and SROs, feedback from surveys and the wider evidence. We have looked specifically at the adaptive programmes we can find in the DFID portfolio, but this is not an exhaustive list. It should be noted that there is as yet no wide variety of case law to review, but there is a growing set of examples within DFID that can provide continuous learning for the organisation. CY - London DA - 2019/07// PY - 2019 PB - Overseas Development Institute UR - https://www.zotero.org/groups/1265281/adaptive_management_and_mel_in_international_development/collections/KL4DL8M5/items/D88SA8IR Y2 - 2024/02/19/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The guiding logics and principles for designing emergent transdisciplinary research processes: learning experiences and reflections from a transdisciplinary urban case study in Enkanini informal settlement, South Africa AU - van Breda, John AU - Swilling, Mark T2 - Sustainability Science AB - Transdisciplinarity is not a new science per se, but a new methodology for doing science with society. A particular challenge in doing science with society is the engagement with non-academic actors to enable joint problem formulation, analysis and transformation. How this is achieved differs between contexts. The premise of this paper is that transdisciplinary research (TDR) methodologies designed for developed world contexts cannot merely be replicated and transferred to developing world contexts. Thus a new approach is needed for conducting TDR in contexts characterised by high levels of complexity, conflict and social fluidity. To that end, this paper introduces a new approach to TDR titled emergent transdisciplinary design research (ETDR). A core element of this approach is that the research process is designed as it unfolds, that is, it transforms as it emerges from and within the fluid context. The ETDR outlined in this paper emerged through a case study in the informal settlement (slum) of Enkanini in Stellenbosch, South Africa. This case study demonstrates the context from and within which the ETDR approach and identifies a set of guiding logics that can be used to guide ETDR approaches in other contexts. The study demonstrates that the new logics and guiding principles were not simply derived from the TDR literature, but rather emerged from constant interacting dynamics between theory and practice. Learning how to co-design the research process through co-producing transformative knowledge and then implementing strategic interventions to bring about incremental social change is key to theory development in ways that are informed by local contextual dynamics. There are, however, risks when undertaking such TDR processes such as under-valuing disciplinary knowledge, transferring risks onto a society, and suppressing ‘truth-to-power’. DA - 2019/05/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s11625-018-0606-x DP - Springer Link VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 823 EP - 841 J2 - Sustain Sci LA - en SN - 1862-4057 ST - The guiding logics and principles for designing emergent transdisciplinary research processes UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0606-x Y2 - 2022/08/08/08:58:25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cherry-Picked Intelligence. The Weapons of Mass Destruction Dispositive as a Legitimation for National Security in the Post 9/11 Age AU - van der Heide, Liesbeth T2 - Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung AB - »Geheimdienste mit Scheuklappen: Das Dispositiv der Massenvernichtungswaffen als Legitimation für Nationale Sicherheit nach 9/11«. The claim that Iraq possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the US army. For the George W. Bush administration, the likely presence of WMD in Iraq was the major justification for going to war. However, Bush' opponents suspected he used the WMD-dispositive as a legitimation for an invasion that was already set in motion for different reasons. The Iraq invasion and the underlying ideas about the presence of WMD thus provide a tangible case for the analysis of theories of conspiracy and security. The development of the WMD-dispositive will be contextualized using the toolkit of securitization theory. The article explores the notions of security and conspiracy that were used to build the dispositive and shows how it ultimately failed and turned into a counter-narrative in which the Bush administration itself became the Great Conspirator. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 38 IS - 1 (143) SP - 286 EP - 307 SN - 01726404 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/23644501 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Making Sense of Complexity: Using SenseMaker as a Research Tool AU - Van der Merwe, Susara E. AU - Biggs, Reinette AU - Preiser, Rika AU - Cunningham, Charmaine AU - Snowden, David J. AU - O’Brien, Karen AU - Jenal, Marcus AU - Vosloo, Marietjie AU - Blignaut, Sonja AU - Goh, Zhen T2 - Systems AB - There is growing interest in studying processes of human sensemaking, as this strongly influences human and organizational behavior as well as complex system dynamics due to the diverse lenses people use to interpret and act in the world. The Cognitive Edge SenseMaker® tool is one method for capturing and making sense of people’s attitudes, perceptions, and experiences. It is used for monitoring and evaluation; mapping ideas, mind-sets, and attitudes; and detecting trends and weak signals. However, academic literature describing the tool-set and method is lacking. This introduction aims to guide researchers in choosing when to use SenseMaker and to facilitate understanding of its execution and limitations. SenseMaker can provide nuanced insight into system-level patterns of human sensemaking that can provide insight to nudge systems towards more desirable futures, and enable researchers to measure beyond what they know. DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3390/systems7020025 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 25 LA - en ST - Making Sense of Complexity UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/7/2/25 Y2 - 2019/10/11/10:39:26 KW - Mixed methods KW - SenseMaker tool KW - complex systems KW - sensemaking KW - social complexity ER - TY - JOUR TI - A conceptual map of political participation AU - van Deth, Jan W. T2 - Acta Politica AB - How would you recognize a mode of participation if you see one? Owing to the rapid expansion of political activities in the last decades this question has become increasingly difficult to answer. Neither the development of all-embracing nominal definitions, nor deductive analyses of existing modes of participation seem to be helpful. In addition, the spread of expressive modes of participation makes it hard to avoid purely subjective definitions. The aim of this discussion paper is to develop an operational definition of political participation, which allows us to cover distinct conceptualizations systematically, efficiently and consistently. This goal can only be arrived at if the conventional approach of presenting nominal definitions to solve conceptual problems is left behind. Instead, available definitions are included in a set of decision rules to distinguish three main variants of political participation. A fourth variant is distinguished for non-political activities used for political purposes. Together, the four variants of political participation cover the whole range of political participation systematically without excluding any mode of political participation unknown yet. At the same time, the endless expansion of the modes of political participation in modern democracies does not result in an endless conceptual expansion. Implications for research and various examples are discussed. DA - 2014/07/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1057/ap.2014.6 DP - link.springer.com VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - 349 EP - 367 J2 - Acta Polit LA - en SN - 0001-6810, 1741-1416 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ap.2014.6 Y2 - 2017/11/12/18:06:23 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Theory of Change Thinking in Practice AU - van Es, Marjan AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Vogel, Isabel AB - Want to know better how your interventions can contribute to change? A Theory of Change (ToC) approach helps in deepening your understanding - and that of your partners - of how you collectively think change happens and what the effect will be of your intervention. Not only does it show what political, social, economic, and/or cultural factors are in play, it also clarifies your assumptions. Once a ToC has been developed, it can be used to continually reflect on it in ways that allow for adaptation and checking of assumptions of your intervention. This user friendly guideline helps you to use a Theory of Change approach. Theories of change are the ideas and beliefs people have – consciously or not – about why and how the world and people change. How people perceive and understand change and the world around them is infused by their underlying beliefs about life, human nature and society. They are deep drivers of people’s behaviour and of the choices they make. Social change processes are complex and characterised by non-linear feedback loops: our own actions interact with those of others and a myriad of influencing factors. This triggers reactions that cannot be foreseen and makes outcomes of change interventions unpredictable. Given these uncertainties, how can we plan strategically and sensibly? How can social change initiatives move forward in emerging change processes in a flexible way, while remaining focused on the goal? In this context of complexity, Hivos has found a theory of change (ToC) approach useful in guiding its strategic thinking and action, as well as its collaborative efforts with others. As it fosters critical questioning of all aspects of change interventions and supports adaptive planning and management in response to diverse and quickly changing contexts. It contributes to the quality and transparency of strategic thinking, and therefore to personal, organisational and social learning. This guide builds on the experiences of Hivos working with a ToC approach. It is a practical guide for Hivos staff in applying a Theory of Change approach, but is also very useful for others working on social change such as social entrepreneurs and innovators. This guide builds on the work of a ToC Learning Group initiated by Hivos and comprising of staff of the Centre for Development Innovation (CDI) of Wageningen University and Research Centre and of experts Iñigo Retolaza Eguren, Isabel Vogel and Irene Guijt. For current thinking and work on the use of Theory of Change thinking in complex change processes, see http://www.theoryofchange.nl DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 LA - English UR - https://www.hivos.org/theory-change-thinking-practice Y2 - 2016/04/20/14:29:25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Balancing Inclusiveness, Rigour and Feasibility: Insights from Participatory Impact Evaluations in Ghana and Vietnam AU - van Hemelrijck, Adinda AU - Guijt, Irene T2 - Practice Paper AB - This paper by Adinda Van Hemelrijck and Irene Guijt explores how impact evaluation can live up to standards broader than statistical rigour in ways that address challenges of complexity and enable stakeholders to engage meaningfully. A Participatory Impact Assessment and Learning Approach (PIALA) was piloted to assess and debate the impacts on rural poverty of two government programmes in Vietnam and Ghana funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). We discuss the trade-offs between rigour, inclusiveness and feasibility encountered in these two pilots. Trade-offs occur in every impact evaluation aiming for more than reductionist rigour, but the pilots suggest that they can be reduced by building sufficient research and learning capacity. CY - Brighton DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 PB - CDI UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8888/CDI_PracticePaper_14.pdf?sequence=1 Y2 - 2019/03/12/16:52:38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding and governing learning in sustainability transitions: A review AU - van Mierlo, Barbara AU - Beers, Pieter J. T2 - Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions AB - Many transitions scholars underscore the importance of learning in sustainability transitions, but the associated learning processes have hardly been conceptualised. The diverse, well-established research fields related to learning are broadly ignored or loosely applied. In this paper, we systematically explore four interesting learning traditions in terms of their value for gaining an in-depth understanding of learning in sustainability transitions and their relevance for fostering learning, by connecting them to key features of transitions. The selected learning traditions from different disciplinary backgrounds provide valuable insights. None of them sufficiently addresses the complexity of transitions. They include, however, a diversity of relevant learning contexts. We conclude that they have value for investigating new areas such as learning in socio-technological regimes and in later phases of a transition, while enlightening forms of learning that have not yet been fully recognised in transition studies, such as superficial learning, unlearning, and learning to resist change. DA - 2018/10/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.eist.2018.08.002 DP - ScienceDirect J2 - Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions SN - 2210-4224 ST - Understanding and governing learning in sustainability transitions UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210422417301983 Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:18:16 KW - Collaborative learning KW - Interactive learning KW - Organizational learning KW - Social learning KW - Sustainability transition ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning to adapt & adapting to learn - Using elements of outcome mapping in the ‘Resilient Adolescents in the Syria Crisis’ programme AU - van Ongevalle, Jan AU - Kvintradze, Ana AU - Rennesson, Gaël AU - Miller, David AB - This learning paper highlights how elements of outcome mapping were used by Save the Children Sweden in a project (2018-2020) that supports adolescents, affected by the Syria crisis, to become more resilient. The paper first outlines how the spheres of influence framework has been applied to develop an actor focused theory of change. It then describes how progress markers, as an alternative to SMART indicators, were formulated to monitor the programme’s results. The paper also outlines how long lists of progress markers were categorised in a more realistic and practical results framework. The paper then continues to elaborate how outcome journals, qualitative data analysis techniques and regular review meetings and reflection workshops were utilised for data collection, for collective learning among programme stakeholders and for informing planning and programme adjustment. Various practical guidelines and tips on how to implement elements of outcome mapping are provided. The final part of the paper explores to what extent outcome mapping was able to foster several key enablers of adaptive programme management and highlights some of the challenges that programme stakeholders faced. Practical recommendations towards the use of outcome mapping in future programmes are also proposed. DA - 2021/06// PY - 2021 PB - Save the Children UR - https://www.outcomemapping.ca/download/Outcome%20Mapping%20Learning%20Paper_SAP_02062021.pdf Y2 - 2022/09/30/08:38:35 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Critical System Heuristics : a very, very short introduction AU - van 't Hof, Sjon T2 - CSL4D/SystemicAgency DA - 2021/03/12/ PY - 2021 UR - https://csl4d.wordpress.com/2012/03/12/critical-system-heuristics-a-very-very-short-introduction/ Y2 - 2018/10/13/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Re-Perceiving Results: Aid Programs and Change in Fragile Societies AU - van Veen, Erwin AU - Rijper, Alies T2 - Policy Brief AB - Aid programmes need to be able to adapt their objectives and operations to changes in their political environment, since development processes are subject to political contestation. Change takes time and is often a matter of seizing the opportunity. CY - The Hague DA - 2017/03/09/T15:50:29+01:00 PY - 2017 PB - Knowledge Platform Security & Rule of Law UR - https://www.clingendael.nl/publication/re-perceiving-aid-results Y2 - 2017/04/03/09:10:38 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - Innovative M&E from the Sandbox and beyond AU - Vester, Søren AU - Tran, Samuel T2 - Medium AB - In this blog we are sharing a digest of some of the many useful and innovative monitoring, evaluation and learning resources and efforts that have come through the M&E Sandbox in 2022. A lot of these resources have been shared by our community in response to the overwhelmingly positive feedback from the launch of the Sandbox (please keep them coming!). We hope you find it useful. We have grouped these efforts and resources under six broad questions: - How do we measure systems transformation? - How do we know if we are on track? - How do we rethink complexity and independence in evaluation? - Why, how and for whom do we measure? - How do we generate insights and learn? - How do we make decisions and adapt? DA - 2023/01/20/T14:03:18.824Z PY - 2023 LA - en UR - https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/innovative-m-e-from-the-sandbox-and-beyond-9234d0977796 Y2 - 2023/01/24/09:29:34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What exactly do we mean by systems? AU - Vexler, Dan T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - Everyone is talking about systems. Or at least, that's how it seems in my wonkish corner of the philanthropic world. You can't attend a conference or even have a meeting without hearing about systems, whether it's people trying to disrupt them, map them, learn from them, or catalyze them. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 IS - Fall ST - What Exactly Do We Mean by Systems? UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/what_exactly_do_we_mean_by_systems Y2 - 2017/06/27/11:19:59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Impact Evaluation: Taking stock and looking ahead - Conference report AU - Visser, Irene AU - Guijt, Irene AU - Kusters, Cecile AB - This report summarises the presentations and discussions of the Conference ‘Impact evaluation. Taking stock and looking ahead’, which took place in Wageningen on March 25 and 26, 2013. The Conference was organised and funded by the Centre for CY - Wageningen DA - 2013/01/01/ PY - 2013 DP - www.academia.edu LA - en PB - Centre for Development Innovation ST - Impact Evaluation UR - https://www.academia.edu/111110248/Impact_Evaluation_Taking_stock_and_looking_ahead Y2 - 2023/12/11/09:28:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovating in Development Learning Event - Challenge brief AU - Vogel, Isabel DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 PB - Ideas to Impact / iMC UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/59d66228e5274a5becce36b0/challenge_brief_v8a.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Review of the use of ‘Theory of Change’ in International development AU - Vogel, Isabel AB - A new report on Theory of Change (ToC) and its use in International development has just been produced. DA - 2012/04// PY - 2012 PB - DFID ST - DFID research UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dfid-research-review-of-the-use-of-theory-of-change-in-international-development Y2 - 2016/03/24/16:58:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laying the Foundations for Impact: Lessons from the GCRF Evaluation AU - Vogel, Isabel AU - Barnett, Chris T2 - The European Journal of Development Research AB - Research for development (R4D) aims to make a tangible difference to development challenges, but these effects typically take years to emerge. Evaluation (especially impact evaluation) often takes place before there is evidence of development impact. In this paper, we focus on opportunities for assessing the potential for impact at earlier stages in the research and innovation process. We argue that such a focus can help research programme managers and evaluators learn about the pre-conditions for impact and adjust accordingly. Using the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) as a large-scale case of R4D evaluation, we identify and explore some of the building blocks that can increase impact potential. Guided by GCRF’s theory of change, we explore emerging evidence that highlights the importance of ways of working that supports positioning for impact. We conclude by drawing out a unifying construct around standards of development excellence; to sit alongside notions of scientific excellence for research intended to have an impact. Standards can help programme managers, researchers and evaluators learn and adapt to increase the likelihood of impact. DA - 2023/04/01/ PY - 2023 DO - 10.1057/s41287-023-00579-9 DP - Springer Link VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 281 EP - 297 J2 - Eur J Dev Res LA - en SN - 1743-9728 ST - Laying the Foundations for Impact UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00579-9 Y2 - 2023/04/13/11:46:51 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovation in development: Sharing learning, improving impact AU - Vogel, Isabel AU - Minkley, Gabrielle AU - Chowdhury, Sajid DA - 2017/02// PY - 2017 M3 - Workshop report PB - Ideas to Impact / IMC Worldwide UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f022002d3bf7f7691f44c3b/Innovation_in_development_Learning_Event_workshop_report.pdf Y2 - 2023/01/11/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Appendix 3. ToC Examples AU - Vogel, Isabel AU - Stephenson, Zoe DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - DFID ST - DFID UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a66ed915d622c000703/Appendix_3_ToC_Examples.pdf Y2 - 2020/10/15/10:19:46 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Applying Rigorous Impact Evaluation in GIZ Governance Programmes: Results of a GIZ Initiative on Impacts in Governance AU - von Schiller, Armin AB - Pressure is mounting on international development cooperation agencies to prove the impact of their work. Private and public commissioners as well as the general public are increasingly asking for robust evidence of impact. In this context, rigorous impact evaluation (RIE) methods are increasingly receiving attention within the broader German development system and in GIZ. Compared to other implementing agencies such as DFID or USAid, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH has so far relatively little experience in systematically applying rigorous methods of impact evaluation. This is particularly true in the governance sector. In order to gain more experience and to understand which methods and formats are best suited for GIZ governance programmes, the Governance and Conflict division and the Africa department launched the ‘Impact Initiative Africa’ in 2016, a cooperative effort with several programmes in Africa. The Initiative set out to apply the experiences from GIZ governance programmes to design and conduct RIEs, and to use the results to steer programme implementation. Initially, the Initiative included three countries: Benin (Programme for Decentralisation and Local Development), Malawi (Support to Public Financial and Economic Management) and Mozambique (Good Financial Governance in Mozambique). During its implementation, the Initiative also benefitted from the experience of two additional governance programmes which had already undertaken RIEs, namely Peru (Citizen-oriented State Reform Programme) and Pakistan (Support to Local Governance Programme II). This report summarizes the insights gained from these experiences and discusses opportunities and limitations regarding the use and usability of RIEs in GIZ governance programmes as well as proposals on how to organise RIEs to maximise learning potential and benefits for the specific programmes and the GIZ Governance sector at large. CY - Bonn DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - GIZ GmbH UR - https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/giz2021-0020en-rigorous-impact-evaluation-giz-governance-programmes-results.pdf Y2 - 2023/03/28/09:50:39 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rigorous Impact Evaluation in GIZ Governance Programmes AU - von Schiller, Armin T2 - How-To-Note AB - Why should I integrate an impact assessment in my programme? How will the programme benefit from it? Are the benefits worth the effort and expenses? How do I design and implement it in detail? Who is addressable for support? What should I pay attention to in order to get the most out of it? This note is meant to answer these questions. It addresses leaders and project staff of governance programmes who are interested in using this tool within their specific governance programme or project. This note provides a guideline and good practice recommendations on how to design and conduct an impact assessment and on how to fully utilise the benefits of the results for the programme and for communication with commissioners, partners and other donors. Additionally, this note will point to indirect benefits that can arise and that should not be ignored. Results of impact assessments are highly relevant for the GIZ as an institution. However, in this note we stress the benefits for the programme or project itself. In particular this note addresses the following aspects: • What are rigorous impact assessments and why should GIZ Governance programmes conduct them more often within their programmes? • Which phases does an impact assessment include? How do I set one up and which aspects deserve special attention in each phase to maximise the benefits for my programme? • What are the benefits I can expect from implementing and impact assessment? • Whom to ask at headquarters in case I need support? This note complements the policy brief “Strategic use of Rigorous Impact Evaluation” and the corporate strategic review on “Rigorous Impact Evaluation” written by the GIZ evaluation unit which focuses on the strategic use of rigorous impact evaluations (RIE) at GIZ. Based on the review findings, the policy brief presents recommendations for strategic planning and implementation of purpose-sensitive RIE using a number of key levers. By adopting central coordination and needs-based support mechanisms, the evaluation unit intends to promote the strategic use of RIE for evidence-based learning and decision-making within the organisation. CY - GIZ DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Bonn UR - https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/giz2021-0019en-rigorous-impact-evaluation-giz-governance-programmes_01.pdf Y2 - 2023/03/28/09:48:27 ER - TY - BLOG TI - What Are the Next Steps in Innovation for Good Governance? AU - von Sturmer, Lucy T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - What are the next steps in innovation for good governance? Lucy von Sturmer reflects on lessons learned at Buntwani 2015. DA - 2015/08/28/ PY - 2015 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/what-are-the-next-steps-in-innovation-for-good-governance/ Y2 - 2016/04/26/21:21:57 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive development: great progress and some niggles AU - Vowles, Pete T2 - Medium AB - After 3 years in DFID headquarters, championing adaptive approaches to the delivery of aid and development programmes, I am back in an… DA - 2016/07/26/ PY - 2016 ST - Adaptive development UR - https://medium.com/@PeteVowles/are-log-frames-stifling-globaldev-24c5dd737b32#.20a00s8xw Y2 - 2016/08/05/16:18:38 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Adaptive programming AU - Vowles, Pete T2 - DFID Bloggers AB - Staff blogs from the UK Department for International Development. Get real-life perspectives from those on the ground to fight poverty and join in the debate. DA - 2013/10/21/ PY - 2013 UR - https://dfid.blog.gov.uk/2013/10/21/adaptive-programming Y2 - 2017/07/04/09:34:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Participatory approaches: a facilitator's guide AU - VSO AB - This book provides a set of guidelines for people who will be involved in participatory processes and projects with specific design focus on VSO (Voluntary Services Overseas) volunteers. It looks at appropriate levels of participation; pitfalls of participatory approaches (PA); best practice in facilitation; and tools for participation. The guide is organised into three parts (I) Principles, (II) Methods and (III) Toolkit. Part I gives a background to PA with a comparative analysis of PA in relation to top-down approaches, and within the range of PAs; looks at the role PA in VSO; discusses how to facilitate participatory processes with multiple stakeholders; presents a framework for PA on different levels of participation; and examines key facilitation skills needed to support participatory activities. Part II collates a range of participatory methods that have been used successfully in the field by VSO volunteers. Methods are categorised according to this suitability for use at different stages of a project process. Examples are also given of methods that can be used for specific purposes, such as participatory organisational appraisal and gender/diversity analysis. Part III gives tips on how to choose the most appropriate tool and how to organise participatory workshops and small group activities. It also systematically records a range of tools used by development workers all over the world with reference to what tool is appropriate in what situation. A profile of each tool includes guidelines on its purpose, potential applications and variations, as well as possible pitfalls. Illustrative case studies taken form real experiences of development workers in the field are also included. CY - London DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 PB - VSO UR - https://www.participatorymethods.org/resource/participatory-approaches-facilitators-guide Y2 - 2023/10/17/13:38:26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing an effective adaptive monitoring network to support integrated coastal management in a multiuser nature reserve AU - Vugteveen, Pim AU - van Katwijk, Marieke M. AU - Rouwette, Etiënne AU - Lenders, H. J. Rob AU - Hanssen, Lucien T2 - Ecology and Society AB - ABSTRACT. We elaborate the necessary conceptual and strategic elements for developing an effective adaptive monitoring network to support Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) in a multiuser nature reserve in the Dutch Wadden Sea Region. We discuss quality criteria and enabling actions essential to accomplish and sustain monitoring excellence to support ICM. The Wadden Sea Long-Term Ecosystem Research project (WaLTER) was initiated to develop an adaptive monitoring network and online data portal to better understand and support ICM in the Dutch Wadden Sea Region. Our comprehensive approach integrates ecological and socioeconomic data and links research-driven and policy-driven monitoring for system analysis using indicators of pressures, state, benefits, and responses. The approach and concepts we elaborated are transferable to other coastal regions to accomplish ICM in complex social-ecological systems in which scientists, multisectoral stakeholders, resource managers, and governmental representatives seek to balance long-term ecological, economic, and social objectives within natural limits. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.5751/ES-07228-200159 DP - JSTOR VL - 20 IS - 1 SN - 1708-3087 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269760 DB - JSTOR Y2 - 2019/07/19/20:37:51 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - MANSCPT TI - Process Tracing as a Practical Evaluation Method: Comparative Learning from Six Evaluations AU - Wadeson, Alix AU - Monzani, Bernardo AU - Aston, Tom DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero LA - en UR - https://mande.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Process-Tracing-as-a-Practical-Evaluation-Method_23March-Final-1.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Peer reviews - Guidance for facilitators and participants AU - Wadley, Ian T2 - Mediation Practice Series AB - Essential points for practitioners and donors • Mediation offers a cost-effective and proven method for resolving armed conflict. Between 1985 and 2015, 75 per cent of armed conflicts in the world were resolved through agreement rather than by force. In most cases these processes will have involved third party facilitation or support. • Professional mediators understand the high stakes involved in their work to prevent, mitigate and resolve armed conflict. In addition, they and their financial supporters are increasingly required to demonstrate ‘value-for-money’ to ensure continued funding. • However, traditional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) methods are not well suited to this task, typically imposing artificially linear project models on a dynamic conflict situation, as well as compliance reporting that moves attention away from real value. • Traditional M&E methods tend to focus on documenting the past and generating vast amounts of data, rather than enabling timely adaptation of the project in the present. • Traditional M&E approaches rely heavily on external evaluation consultants. Even in the best of cases this may interfere with the mediation process and impose a heavy time burden on the project team, leading to low acceptance of traditional M&E approaches by mediation practitioners. • In contrast, an ideal M&E approach for mediation should deliver useful insights in even the most dynamic and sensitive mediation environments, impose a light reporting burden, and be readily accepted by mediation teams. It should protect discretion and trust, enable rapid adaptation, and also provide some assurance that donor funds are being well spent. CY - Geneve DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 PB - Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue UR - https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/HDC_MPS7_EN-REV2-WEB.pdf Y2 - 2023/08/15/07:40:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Valuing peace: delivering and demonstrating mediation results - Dilemmas & options for mediators AU - Wadley, Ian T2 - Mediation Practice Series AB - Essential points for practitioners and donors • Mediation offers a cost-effective and proven method for resolving armed conflict. Between 1985 and 2015, 75 per cent of armed conflicts in the world were resolved through agreement rather than by force. In most cases these processes will have involved third party facilitation or support. • Professional mediators understand the high stakes involved in their work to prevent, mitigate and resolve armed conflict. In addition, they and their financial supporters are increasingly required to demonstrate ‘value-for-money’ to ensure continued funding. • However, traditional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) methods are not well suited to this task, typically imposing artificially linear project models on a dynamic conflict situation, as well as compliance reporting that moves attention away from real value. • Traditional M&E methods tend to focus on documenting the past and generating vast amounts of data, rather than enabling timely adaptation of the project in the present. • Traditional M&E approaches rely heavily on external evaluation consultants. Even in the best of cases this may interfere with the mediation process and impose a heavy time burden on the project team, leading to low acceptance of traditional M&E approaches by mediation practitioners. • In contrast, an ideal M&E approach for mediation should deliver useful insights in even the most dynamic and sensitive mediation environments, impose a light reporting burden, and be readily accepted by mediation teams. It should protect discretion and trust, enable rapid adaptation, and also provide some assurance that donor funds are being well spent. CY - Geneve DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017 PB - Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue UR - https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/HDC_MPS7_EN-REV2-WEB.pdf Y2 - 2023/08/15/07:40:00 ER - TY - ELEC TI - MSP Guide AU - Wageningen University T2 - MSP Guide AB - The MSP Guide Designing and facilitating effective multi-stakeholder partnerships Get started Download now The MSP Guide(EN, FR, ES) Explore the rationale, principles and process of designing and facilitating effective MSPs Get it now The MSP Tool Guide Detailed descriptions of 60 tried-and-tested tools to facilitate multi-stakeholder partnerships Get it now Reflection Methods: Practical Guide Proven… DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 LA - en-GB UR - https://mspguide.org/ Y2 - 2023/02/09/11:55:11 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Designing Regenerative Cultures AU - Wahl, Daniel Christian AB - This is a 'Whole Earth Catalog' for the 21st century: an impressive and wide-ranging analysis of what's wrong with our societies, organizations, ideologies, worldviews and cultures - and how to put them right. The book covers the finance system, agriculture, design, ecology, economy, sustainability, organizations and society at large. In this remarkable book, Daniel Wahl explores ways in which we can reframe and understand the crises that we currently face, and he explores how we can live our way into the future. Moving from patterns of thinking and believing to our practice of education, design and community living, he systematically shows how we can stop chasing the mirage of certainty and control in a complex and unpredictable world. The book asks how can we collaborate in the creation of diverse regenerative cultures adapted to the unique biocultural conditions of place? How can we create conditions conducive to life? *** "This book is a valuable contribution to the important discussion of the worldview and value system we need to redesign our businesses, economies, and technologies - in fact, our entire culture - so as to make them regenerative rather than destructive." --Fritjof Capra, author of The Web of Life, co-author of The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision *** "This is an excellent addition to the literature on ecological design and it will certainly form a keystone in the foundations of the new MA in Ecological Design Thinking at Schumacher College, Devon. It not only contains a wealth of ideas on what Dr Wahl has termed 'Designing Regenerative Cultures' but what is probably more important, it provides some stimulating new ways of looking at persistent problems in our contemporary culture and hence opens up new ways of thinking and acting in the future." -- Seaton Baxter OBE, Prof. in Ecological Design Thinking, Schumacher College, UK [Subject: Systems Thinking, Education, Social Anthropology, Environmentalism, Ecology, Regenerative Culture, Sociology] CY - Axminster DA - 2016/05/31/ PY - 2016 DP - Amazon SP - 288 LA - English PB - Triarchy Press Ltd SN - 978-1-909470-77-4 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos AU - Waldrop, Mitchell M. AB - In a rented convent in Santa Fe, a revolution has been brewing. The activists are not anarchists, but rather Nobel Laureates in physics and economics such as Murray Gell-Mann and Kenneth Arrow, and pony-tailed graduate students, mathematicians, and computer scientists down from Los Alamos. They've formed an iconoclastic think tank called the Santa Fe Institute, and their radical idea is to create a new science called complexity. These mavericks from academe share a deep impatience with the kind of linear, reductionist thinking that has dominated science since the time of Newton. Instead, they are gathering novel ideas about interconnectedness, coevolution, chaos, structure, and order - and they're forging them into an entirely new, unified way of thinking about nature, human social behavior, life, and the universe itself. They want to know how a primordial soup of simple molecules managed to turn itself into the first living cell - and what the origin of life some four billion years ago can tell us about the process of technological innovation today. They want to know why ancient ecosystems often remained stable for millions of years, only to vanish in a geological instant - and what such events have to do with the sudden collapse of Soviet communism in the late 1980s. They want to know why the economy can behave in unpredictable ways that economists can't explain - and how the random process of Darwinian natural selection managed to produce such wonderfully intricate structures as the eye and the kidney. Above all, they want to know how the universe manages to bring forth complex structures such as galaxies, stars, planets, bacteria, plants, animals, and brains. There are commonthreads in all of these queries, and these Santa Fe scientists seek to understand them. Complexity is their story: the messy, funny, human story of how science really happens. Here is the tale of Brian Arthur, the Belfast-born economist who stubbornly pushed his theories of economic ch CY - New York DA - 1993/09/01/de de PY - 1993 DP - Amazon SP - 384 LA - Inglés PB - Touchstone Press SN - 978-0-671-87234-2 ST - Complexity ER - TY - BOOK TI - Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World AU - Walker, Brian AU - Salt, David AU - Reid, Walter V. AB - Increasingly, cracks are appearing in the capacity of communities, ecosystems, and landscapes to provide the goods and services that sustain our planet's well-being. The response from most quarters has been for "more of the same" that created the situation in the first place: more control, more intensification, and greater efficiency. "Resilience thinking" offers a different way of understanding the world and a new approach to managing resources. It embraces human and natural systems as complex entities continually adapting through cycles of change and seeks to understand the qualities of a system that must be maintained or enhanced in order to achieve sustainability. It explains why greater efficiency by itself cannot solve resource problems and offers a constructive alternative that opens up options rather than closing them down. In "Resilience Thinking", scientist Brian Walker and science writer David Salt present an accessible introduction to the emerging paradigm of resilience. The book arose out of appeals from colleagues in science and industry for a plainly written account of what resilience is all about and how a resilience approach differs from current practices. Rather than complicated theory, the book offers a conceptual overview along with five case studies of resilience thinking in the real world. It is an engaging and important work for anyone interested in managing risk in a complex world. CY - Washington, DC DA - 2006/08/22/ PY - 2006 DP - Amazon ET - None ed. edition SP - 192 LA - English PB - Island Press SN - 978-1-59726-093-0 ST - Resilience Thinking ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Connecting the Dots: Systems Practice & Political Economy Analysis T2 - Local Systems Community A2 - Walker, Tjip A2 - Jacobstein, David AB - This slide deck, from a presentation to the Local Systems Community by Tjip Walker and David Jacobstein, shows various ways in which assessing the political economy of a context and understanding that context through the lens of systems thinking can reinforce each other. Effective systems practice should be grounded in the incentives and power dynamics of a particular local system; thinking and working politically requires understanding the systems dynamics of an issue or sector. DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 LA - en UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/library/connecting-dots-systems-practice-and-political-economy Y2 - 2021/01/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Using what we know: How to ensure tech projects meet the brief AU - Walker, Tom T2 - Making All Voices Count AB - Making tech effective - building on what we already know DA - 2017/10/24/ PY - 2017 ST - Using what we know UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/blog/using-know-ensure-tech-projects-meet-brief/ Y2 - 2017/10/24/12:28:49 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Aid Chain: Coercion and Commitment in Development NGOs AU - Wallace, Tina AU - Bornstein, Lisa AU - Chapman, Jennifer AB - Significant proportions of aid already flow through the non-governmental sector, but questions are increasingly being asked about the role of NGOs and whether they can deliver on their ambitious claims. This study examines conditionality and mutual commitment between international aid donors and recipient NGOs, North and South. Fieldwork and case study material from Uganda and South Africa are used to support the authors’ contention that the fast changing aid sector has--in the context of a dynamic policy environment--encouraged the mainstreaming of a managerial approach that does not admit of any analysis of power relations or cultural diversity. This increasing--essentially technical-- definition of the roles of NGOs has worked to limit the extent of the very development that the organizations were initially established to promote. CY - Rugby DA - 2007/09/18/ PY - 2007 DP - Amazon SP - 256 LA - English PB - Practical Action SN - 978-1-85339-626-7 ST - The Aid Chain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic knowledge management strategy development in international non-governmental organisations AU - Walsh, John N. AU - Lannon, John T2 - Knowledge Management Research & Practice AB - Knowledge management strategies are important for firms’ competitive positioning. This paper examines how knowledge management codification and personalisation strategies are developed in response to environmental and organisational dynamics in an international non-governmental organisation. A longitudinal case study of the organisation’s strategic reformulation of its KM strategy over a 2.5 period is drawn upon. The research examines how pressures in the firm’s operating environment led to the organisation identifying the need to leverage the value of local contextual knowledge. Subsequent reformulation required the organisation to change its strategic mix of codification and personalisation over time. Although efforts were focused on increasing personalisation, developments were supported through codification demonstrating a symbiotic, mutually supporting relationship between the strategies. The strategic reformulation involved processes of reflection, repackaging and support activities. DA - 2020/06/30/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1080/14778238.2020.1785348 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 0 IS - 0 SP - 1 EP - 12 SN - 1477-8238 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2020.1785348 Y2 - 2021/07/30/11:44:31 KW - Knowledge management strategy KW - case study KW - international development KW - knowledge dynamics KW - non-governmental organisation ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources AU - Walters, C. J. AB - The author challenges the traditional approach to dealing with uncertainty in the management of such renewable resources as fish and wildlife. He argues that scientific understanding will come from the experience of management as an ongoing, adaptive, and experimental process, rather than through basic research or the development of ecological theory. The opening chapters review approaches to formulating management objectives as well as models for understanding how policy choices affect the attainment of these objectives. Subsequent chapters present various statistical methods for understanding the dynamics of uncertainty in managed fish and wildlife populations and for seeking optimum harvest policies in the face of uncertainty. The book concludes with a look at prospects for adaptive management of complex systems, emphasizing such human factors involved in decision making as risk aversion and conflicting objectives as well as biophysical factors. Throughout the text dynamic models and Bayesian statistical theory are used as tools for understanding the behavior of managed systems. These tools are illustrated with simple graphs and plots of data from representative cases. This text/reference will serve researchers, graduate students, and resource managers who formulate harvest policies and study the dynamics of harvest populations, as well as analysts (modelers, statisticians, and stock assessment experts) who are concerned with the practice of policy design. CY - Basingstoke DA - 1986/// PY - 1986 DP - pure.iiasa.ac.at SP - 384 LA - en PB - Macmillan Publishers Ltd SN - 978-0-02-947970-4 UR - https://iiasa.dev.local/ Y2 - 2023/11/07/14:19:37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bridging & Bonding: Improving Links between Transparency & Accountability Actors AU - Wanjiku Kelbert, Alexandra DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014 UR - http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/publication/bridging-and-bonding-improving-the-links-between-transparency-and-accountability-actors/ Y2 - 2016/04/22/09:57:22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding ‘the users’ in Technology for Transparency and Accountability Initiatives AU - Wanjiku Kelbert, Alexandra AU - McGee, Rosemary AU - Carlitz, Ruth DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - Google Scholar UR - http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3133 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monitoring Humanitarian Innovation AU - Warner, Alexandra AU - Obrecht, Alice T2 - HIF-ALNAP working paper CY - London DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - en PB - ALNAP ER - TY - JOUR TI - VANUATU GOVERNANCE FOR GROWTH PROGRAM – REVIEW AU - Warner, Robert AU - Gouy, Jonathan AU - Samson, Anthony DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 DP - Zotero SP - 92 LA - en ER - TY - ELEC TI - Thinking Tools Studio AU - Waters Center T2 - Waters Center for Systems Thinking AB - Tools to help you Think DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 LA - en UR - https://thinkingtoolsstudio.waterscenterst.org/ Y2 - 2021/07/30/09:36:55 ER - TY - ART TI - Calvin and Hobbes on Learning AU - Wattersho, Bill DA - 1995/12/17/ PY - 1995 UR - https://www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/1995/12/17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - From principle to practice: Implementing the Principles for Digital Development AU - Waugaman, Adele AB - The Principles for Digital Development (download PDF here) find their roots in the efforts of individuals, development organizations, and donors alike who have called for a more concerted effort by donors and implementing partners to institutionalize lessons learned in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in development projects. DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 UR - http://digitalprinciples.org/from-principle-to-practice Y2 - 2016/05/11/11:07:17 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Soul in the Computer: The Story of a Corporate Revolutionary AU - Waugh, Barbara AB - When Barbara Waugh joined the Hewlett-Packard Corporation in the mid-80's, this 60's radical encountered a company with a benign but topdown leadership. As she progressed from recruiting manager to world change manager, she used a set of radical tools to transform its corporate culture and to help realize the true potential of The HP Way. CY - Makawao DA - 2001/10/25/ PY - 2001 DP - Amazon SP - 272 LA - English PB - Inner Ocean Publishing SN - 978-1-930722-03-3 ST - The Soul in the Computer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy-driven monitoring and evaluation: Does it support adaptive management of socio-ecological systems? AU - Waylen, Kerry A. AU - Blackstock, Kirsty L. AU - van Hulst, Freddy J. AU - Damian, Carmen AU - Horváth, Ferenc AU - Johnson, Richard K. AU - Kanka, Robert AU - Külvik, Mart AU - Macleod, Christopher J. A. AU - Meissner, Kristian AU - Oprina-Pavelescu, Mihaela M. AU - Pino, Joan AU - Primmer, Eeva AU - Rîșnoveanu, Geta AU - Šatalová, Barbora AU - Silander, Jari AU - Špulerová, Jana AU - Suškevičs, Monika AU - Van Uytvanck, Jan T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Inadequate Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is often thought to hinder adaptive management of socio-ecological systems. A key influence on environmental management practices are environmental policies: however, their consequences for M&E practices have not been well-examined. We examine three policy areas - the Water Framework Directive, the Natura 2000 Directives, and the Agri-Environment Schemes of the Common Agricultural Policy - whose statutory requirements influence how the environment is managed and monitored across Europe. We use a comparative approach to examine what is monitored, how monitoring is carried out, and how results are used to update management, based on publicly available documentation across nine regional and national cases. The requirements and guidelines of these policies have provided significant impetus for monitoring: however, we find this policy-driven M&E usually does not match the ideals of what is needed to inform adaptive management. There is a tendency to focus on understanding state and trends rather than tracking the effect of interventions; a focus on specific biotic and abiotic indicators at the expense of understanding system functions and processes, especially social components; and limited attention to how context affects systems, though this is sometimes considered via secondary data. The resulting data are sometimes publicly-accessible, but it is rarely clear if and how these influence decisions at any level, whether this be in the original policy itself or at the level of measures such as site management plans. Adjustments to policy-driven M&E could better enable learning for adaptive management, by reconsidering what supports a balanced understanding of socio-ecological systems and decision-making. Useful strategies include making more use of secondary data, and more transparency in data-sharing and decision-making. Several countries and policy areas already offer useful examples. Such changes are essential given the influence of policy, and the urgency of enabling adaptive management to safeguard socio-ecological systems. DA - 2019/04/20/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.462 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 662 SP - 373 EP - 384 J2 - Science of The Total Environment SN - 0048-9697 ST - Policy-driven monitoring and evaluation UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718353580 Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:36:10 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Environmental governance KW - Monitoring and Evaluation KW - Policy making KW - Socio-ecological systems KW - Sustainability ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Global Wildlife Program - Knowledge Platform - 2016-2018 AU - WB CY - Washington DC DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - The World Bank UR - http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/361891539980496685/36654-Wildlife-Annual-Report-2018-Oct4-FINAL-digital.pdf Y2 - 2019/02/25/15:36:33 ER - TY - MAP TI - Habits of a system thinker AU - WCST AB - From the Waters Center For Systems Thinking. See: https://thinkingtoolsstudio.waterscenterst.org/courses/habits https://thinkingtoolsstudio.waterscenterst.org/cards CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Waters Center For Systems Thinking UR - https://ttsfilestore.blob.core.windows.net/ttsfiles/habits-single-page-2020.pdf Y2 - 2021/07/30/09:24:59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Science and Complexity AU - Weaver, Warren T2 - American Scientist DA - 1948/// PY - 1948 DP - JSTOR VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 536 EP - 544 SN - 0003-0996 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826254 Y2 - 2021/05/18/06:55:03 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Principles for Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adaptive Management of Environmental Water Regimes AU - Webb, J. Angus AU - Watts, Robyn J. AU - Allan, Catherine AU - Warner, Andrew T. T2 - Water for the Environment A2 - Horne, Avril C. A2 - Webb, J. Angus A2 - Stewardson, Michael J. A2 - Richter, Brian A2 - Acreman, Mike AB - Environmental water is often a contentious investment in the environment that must be delivered under uncertainty regarding the ecological and social benefits they deliver. Adaptive management can be used to facilitate decision making under uncertainty, and use new knowledge and understanding to improve management decisions and outcomes over time. However, there is a perception that adaptive management has failed to deliver improvements in decision making and learning. Monitoring and evaluation are an essential feature of adaptive management. However, past monitoring for river protection and restoration has too often been of insufficient quality to facilitate adaptive learning. Moreover, environmental water represents a class of protection and restoration that is inherently difficult to monitor, and some of the learnings are not evident in part because fragmented assessment, documentation, and reporting of adaptive management can obscure successes. We outline a set of general principles for improving monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management of environmental water regimes, and provide several examples from Australia and North America. Successful adaptive management depends upon the formation and maintenance of strong partnerships and an appreciation of the importance of individuals in teams. Through such partnerships, it is possible to coordinate monitoring programs over large scales, create programs of requisite simplicity, and use innovative approaches to evaluation. Finally, we note that although adaptive management has occurred in the past, too often it has been poorly documented and reported. The inclusion of reflectors in monitoring and evaluation teams will better capture the lessons learned by individual programs, improving adaptive management into the future. DA - 2017/01/01/ PY - 2017 DP - ScienceDirect SP - 649 EP - 673 PB - Academic Press SN - 978-0-12-803907-6 ST - Chapter 27 - Moving Forward UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128039076000279 Y2 - 2019/02/25/11:21:59 KW - Environmental water management KW - Knowledge exchange KW - Legitimacy KW - implementation challenge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timely evaluation in international development AU - Webster, Jayne AU - Exley, Josephine AU - Copestake, James AU - Davies, Rick AU - Hargreaves, James T2 - Journal of Development Effectiveness AB - Impact and process evaluations are increasingly used in international development; however they are generally retrospective in outlook. A more timely approach to evaluation aims to identify necessary, feasible and effective changes during a programme or intervention’s lifetime. This paper aims to identify, categorise, describe and critically appraise methods to support more timely evaluation in international development. Potential methods were identified through scoping seminar, public symposium, targeted review of the literature, and the authors’ own experiences and opinions. Findings from the different data sources were reviewed collectively by the author group and triangulated to develop an analytical framework. We identified four purposes of timely evaluation for international development, and critiqued the use of approaches against four dimensions of timeliness and flexibility. Whilst we found significant interest in more timely approaches to evaluation in international development, there was a dearth of published empirical evidence upon which to base strong recommendations. There is significant potential for timely evaluation to improve international development outcomes. New approaches to mixing and adapting existing methods, together with new technologies offer increased potential. Research is needed to provide an empirical evidence base upon which to further develop the application, across sectors and contexts, of timely evaluation in international development. DA - 2018/10/02/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/19439342.2018.1543345 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 482 EP - 508 SN - 1943-9342 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2018.1543345 Y2 - 2019/03/12/16:55:49 KW - Adaptive learning KW - Outcome evaluation KW - Programme improvement KW - impact evaluation ER - TY - RPRT TI - Testing the Waters: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the Factors Affecting Success in Rendering Water Services Sustainable Based on ICT Reporting AU - Welle, Katharina AU - Williams, Jennifer AU - Pearce, Joseph AU - Befani, Barbara AB - This research conducted by WaterAid, Itad and IRC aims to understand the factors that facilitate and inhibit the success of ICT-based reporting to improve rural water supply sustainability. DA - 2015//16/ PY - 2015 PB - MAVC ST - Testing the Waters UR - http://itad.com/reports/testing-the-waters-a-qualitative-comparative-analysis-of-the-factors-affecting-success-in-rendering-water-services-sustainable-based-on-ict-reporting/ Y2 - 2016/05/12/10:24:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - System Change: A Guidebook for Adopting Portfolio Approaches AU - Wellsch, Brent AB - This guidebook codifies the principles and methods of applying systems change and portfolio approaches to complex development challenges with practical tools and examples. It is based on the empirical learning generated from the collaborative initiatives in UNDP Country Offices in Bhutan, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Viet Nam with support from Regional Innovation Centre for Asia and the Pacific. CY - Bangkok DA - 2022/03/28/ PY - 2022 LA - en PB - UNDP ST - System Change UR - https://www.undp.org/publications/system-change-guidebook-adopting-portfolio-approaches Y2 - 2023/11/07/10:27:13 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge AU - Wenger, Etienne AU - McDermott, Richard Arnold AU - Snyder, William AB - Today's marketplace is fueled by knowledge. Yet organizing systematically to leverage knowledge remains a challenge. Leading companies have discovered that technology is not enough, and that cultivating communities of practice is the keystone of an effective knowledge strategy.Communities of practice come together around common interests and expertise- whether they consist of first-line managers or customer service representatives, neurosurgeons or software programmers, city managers or home-improvement amateurs. They create, share, and apply knowledge within and across the boundaries of teams, business units, and even entire companies-providing a concrete path toward creating a true knowledge organization.In Cultivating Communities of Practice, Etienne Wenger, Richard McDermott, and William M. Snyder argue that while communities form naturally, organizations need to become more proactive and systematic about developing and integrating them into their strategy. This book provides practical models and methods for stewarding these communities to reach their full potential-without squelching the inner drive that makes them so valuable.Through in-depth cases from firms such as DaimlerChrysler, McKinsey & Company, Shell, and the World Bank, the authors demonstrate how communities of practice can be leveraged to drive overall company strategy, generate new business opportunities, tie personal development to corporate goals, transfer best practices, and recruit and retain top talent. They define the unique features of these communities and outline principles for nurturing their essential elements. They provide guidelines to support communities of practice through their major stages of development, address the potential downsides of communities, and discuss the specific challenges of distributed communities. And they show how to recognize the value created by communities of practice and how to build a corporate knowledge strategy around them.Essential reading for any leader in today's knowledge economy, this is the definitive guide to developing communities of practice for the benefit-and long-term success-of organizations and the individuals who work in them.Etienne Wenger is a renowned expert and consultant on knowledge management and communities of practice in San Juan, California. Richard McDermott is a leading expert of organization and community development in Boulder, Colorado. William M. Snyder is a founding partner of Social Capital Group, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Google Books SP - 306 LA - en PB - Harvard Business Press SN - 978-1-57851-330-7 ST - Cultivating Communities of Practice ER - TY - BOOK TI - Digital habitats: stewarding technology for communities AU - Wenger, Etienne AU - White, Nancy AU - Smith, John D. CY - Portland DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 227 LA - eng PB - CPsquare SN - 978-0-9825036-0-7 ST - Digital habitats ER - TY - BOOK TI - Digital habitats: stewarding technology for communities. Chapter 10 - Action Book AU - Wenger, Etienne AU - White, Nancy AU - Smith, John D. CY - Portland, OR DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 227 LA - en PB - Cpsquare SN - 978-0-9825036-0-7 ST - Digital habitats UR - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ClBH0hRifzfT7PWe2SonqBAodCNWuSKGiBUMtnfziMk/edit?hl=en_US&pli=1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Realist Impact Evaluation: An introduction AU - Westhorp, Gill AB - • Realist evaluation is a member of a family of theory-based evaluation approaches which begin by clarifying the ‘programme theory’: the mechanisms that are likely to operate, the contexts in which they might operate and the outcomes that will be observed if they operate as expected. • Realist approaches assume that nothing works everywhere for everyone: context makes a big difference to programme outcomes. A realist evaluation asks not ‘what works?’ but ‘how or why does this work, for whom, in what circumstances?’ • Realist impact evaluation is most appropriate for evaluating new initiatives or programmes that seem to work but where ‘how and for whom’ is not yet understood; programmes that have previously demonstrated mixed patterns of outcomes; and those that will be scaled up, to understand how to adapt the intervention to new contexts. DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 SP - 12 PB - Methods Lab UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9138.pdf Y2 - 2018/11/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Governance and Service Delivery: Practical Applications of Social Accountability Across Sectors A3 - Wetterberg, Anna A3 - Brinkerhoff, Derick W. A3 - Hertz, Jana C. AB - The six case studies in Governance and Service Delivery: Practical Applications of Social Accountability Across Sectors illustrate the multiple ways citizen participation in accountability – called social accountability – can lead to positive effects on governance, citizen empowerment, and service delivery. Drawing on their extensive experience implementing international donor-funded programs and projects, the authors examine six recent RTI International projects in Africa and Asia. The analysis focuses on both intended and actual effects, and it unpacks the influence of context on implementation and outcomes achieved, as well as on prospects for sustainability. Donors, academics, policy makers, practitioners and others interested in sustainable development and governance will find this systematic review invaluable. CY - Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 2016/09/23/ PY - 2016 DP - Amazon SP - 196 LA - English PB - RTI Press SN - 978-1-934831-18-2 ST - Governance and Service Delivery ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Beginner’s Guide to Political Economy Analysis (PEA) AU - Whaites, Alan AB - Over the last two decades aid agencies and academics have been on a journey of lesson learning and adaptation in relation to `politics.’ This journey has been driven by a determination to improve impact in all areas of development, but for some time it was particularly associated with work on public sector reform. Now, however, there is an increasing expectation that Political Economy Analysis (PEA) should be part and parcel of designing and implementing any programme or activity (and a brief history of the meandering journey of development actors on PEA can be found in The Policy Practice’s Briefing Paper 11 – see below). DFID in the UK is fairly typical among large development organisations in running an excellent course on political economy analysis, complete with 200 pages of resources and various online videos and case studies (and this type of course is recommended for those who want to take their exploration of PEA further). Even so, PEA is not just for those who have `done the course and bought the T-shirt,’ it is something that can be absorbed and implemented quickly by everybody. Indeed, the growth of interest in PEA is a reminder that this can look like a complex and daunting field and so this guide aims to offer an entry-point for all those who want to use PEA in their own work. In doing so, this guide borrows from the best materials that are available while also adapting some approaches by incorporating wider ideas on politics and institutions. This guide affirms that there should never be an official `orthodoxy’ for PEA and so the emphasis here is on questions, prompts and ideas to help thinking and practice. There is also an attempt to clarify jargon wherever needed, while recognising that The Policy Practice (TPP) and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) have produced a more complete glossary of PEA terminology. The note will instead focus on `the essentials’ of PEA as they relate to the following questions:  Why do we do political economy analysis, and what is it?  What kinds of issues and ingredients are often included in a PEA?  How do we make sense of the different varieties of PEA?  What tools are out there to help us conduct a PEA?  What is thinking and working politically? CY - London DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 PB - National School of Government International UR - https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/766478/The_Beginner_s_Guide_to_PEA.pdf Y2 - 2021/01/04/11:56:54 ER - TY - BOOK TI - A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook: Alternative Ideas and Approaches A3 - Whaites, Alan A3 - Gonzalez, Eduardo A3 - Fyson, Sara A3 - Teskey, Graham AB - The Governance Practitioner’s Notebook takes an unusual approach for the OECD-DAC Network on Governance (GovNet). It brings together a collection of specially written notes aimed at those who work as governance practitioners within development agencies. It does so, however, without attempting to offer definitive guidance – instead aiming to stimulate thinking and debate. To aid this process the book is centred on a fictional Governance Adviser. The Notebook’s format provides space for experts to speak on today’s governance issues: politics, public sector reform and stakeholder engagement. It encourages debate, charts the evolution of donor thinking, and highlights future challenges in the age of the Sustainable Development Goals. Each section introduces both technical issues and major areas of debate, providing ideas for future development support to institutional reform. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 PB - OECD UR - http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/governance/governance-practitioners-notebook.htm Y2 - 2016/08/11/10:01:26 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding Political Economy Analysis and Thinking and Working Politically AU - Whaites, Alan AU - Piron, Laure-Hélène AU - Menocal, Alina Rocha AU - Teskey, Graham AB - This guide is adapted from work by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) with inputs from members of the Thinking and Working Politically Community of Practice (TWP CoP). It outlines how to understand and use a set of analytical tools that are collectively known as Political Economy Analysis (PEA). The guide aims to equip practitioners to act in an informed manner, given that development objectives are invariably politically complex, and entail engaging with counterparts’ political incentives and preferences. The guide summarises different types of tools – from very light-touch to more in-depth approaches – and provides advice on how development professionals can decide what is most appropriate in a given context, with illustrations based on the experiences of teams working on these issues. This guide will help development professionals and others to make use of PEA and to apply it to their own specific needs. The first part of the guide offers a general picture of the approach. The second part provides more specific guidance for those who are tasked with deploying a PEA. Contents --> Main audience What is PEA, its role and purpose (Section 2) --> General information for all readers The main elements of PEA (Section 3) Thinking and Working Politically (Section 4) --> Core information for teams planning and using PEA How to ensure quality (Section 5) --> Essential reading for those directly responsible for a PEA Important concepts and terminology (Annex) --> General information for all readers CY - London DA - 2023/02// PY - 2023 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - FCDO and TWP CoP UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-political-economy-analysis-and-thinking-and-working-politically Y2 - 2023/10/04/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Supporting Pioneering Leaders as Communities of Practice - How to Rapidly Develop New Leaders in Great Numbers AU - Wheatley, Margaret J AB - Do you ever stand back and try to see the big picture, the view from 50,000 feet of what's going on in organizations, communities, the world? From up there, how would you describe these times? Is it a time of increasing economic and political instability, of growing divisiveness and fear, of failing systems and dying dreams? Is it a time of new possibilities, of great examples of hope, of positive human evolution, of transformation? Are we succeeding in solving major problems, are we creating more? Is it any of these things, is it all of these things? It's important to think about how we answer this question, because that answer affects our choice of actions. If we think that, generally, things are working, that at present we're going through a difficult but temporary downturn, then we don't question current systems or their operating assumptions. Instead, we work hard to revive and improve them. We support initiatives and programs focused on process improvements, developing present systems to work more effectively and more efficiently. If we believe that the old system cannot be repaired, if we expect to see only more system failures, then the work is not to fix. Instead, support needs to be given to radically different processes and methods, new systems based on new assumptions. The work becomes not process improvement but process revolution. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - The Berkana Institute ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using Emergence to Take Social Innovation to Scale AU - Wheatley, Margaret AU - Frieze, Deborah T2 - Fieldnotes AB - In spite of current ads and slogans, the world doesn’t change one person at a time. It changes as networks of relationships form among people who discover they share a common cause and vision of what’s possible. This is good news for those of us intent on changing the world and creating a positive future. Rather than worry about critical mass, our work is to foster critical connections. We don’t need to convince large numbers of people to change; instead, we need to connect with kindred spirits. Through these relationships, we will develop the new knowledge, practices, courage, and commitment that lead to broad-based change. But networks aren’t the whole story. As networks grow and transform into active, working communities of practice, we discover how Life truly changes, which is through emergence. When separate, local efforts connect with each other as networks, then strengthen as communities of practice, suddenly and surprisingly a new system emerges at a greater level of scale. This system of influence possesses qualities and capacities that were unknown in the individuals. It isn’t that they were hidden; they simply don’t exist until the system emerges. They are properties of the system, not the individual, but once there, individuals possess them. And the system that emerges always possesses greater power and influence than is possible through planned, incremental change. Emergence is how Life creates radical change and takes things to scale. Emergence has a life-cycle. It begins with networks, shifts to intentional communities of practice and evolves into powerful systems capable of global influence. Since its inception in 1992, The Berkana Institute has striven to learn how living systems work, how they emerge from networks to communities to systems of influence. In our global work—primarily with economically poor communities in many different nations—we have experimented actively with emergence in many different contexts. We have demonstrated what’s possible when we connect people across difference and distance. By applying the lessons of living systems and working intentionally with emergence and its life-cycle, we have become confident that local social innovations can be taken to scale and provide solutions to many of the world’s most intractable issues. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - The Shambhala Institute ER - TY - BOOK TI - Impact Evaluation of Development Interventions: A Practical Guide AU - White, Howard AU - Raitzer, David AB - This book offers guidance on the principles, methods, and practice of impact evaluation. It contains material for a range of audiences, from those who may use or manage impact evaluations to applied researchers. DA - 2017/12/26/ PY - 2017 DP - www.adb.org LA - en PB - Asian Development Bank SN - 978-92-9261-058-6 978-92-9261-059-3 ST - Impact Evaluation of Development Interventions UR - https://www.adb.org/publications/impact-evaluation-development-interventions-practical-guide Y2 - 2022/01/28/12:12:16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Guide to Digital Feedback Loops. An approach to strengthening program outcomes through data for decision making AU - Whittle, Dennis AU - Campbell, Megan AB - Feedback is information about what happens as a result of what you do. Using that information to adapt what you do or how you do it creates what is called a feedback loop. A digital feedback loop uses digital technology at some stage of the feedback loop. Digital feedback loops help USAID missions improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their activities and can support partner countries on their journey to self-reliance through increased information sharing and improved government and civil society capacity. USAID missions and their partners have used digital feedback loops to improve HIV treatment targeting in Zimbabwe, engage three million young people in Nigeria in policy, and reduce field reporting times from one month to one day. Digital feedback loops provide access to information faster and more cheaply than ever before. As part of an adaptive management approach, digital feedback loops increase our ability to act on opportunities and respond to challenges. That in turn can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of waste and failure. This guide outlines the case for integrating digital feedback loops into your work, and provides tools, resources and guiding questions to support you as you get started. The guide includes examples of how USAID missions are using digital feedback loops to improve their programs in various sectors and provides worksheets to help you apply digital feedback loops to your own context. DA - 2019/05// PY - 2019 PB - USAID UR - https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/15396/A_Guide_to_Digital_Feedback_Loops.pdf Y2 - 2019/05/31/11:14:13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How We Model Matters: A Manifesto for the Next Generation of Program Theorizing AU - Whynot, Jane AU - Lemire, Sebastian AU - Montague, Steve T2 - Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation AB - In this concluding article, grounded on the exemplary contributions contained in the preceding pages, the guest editors scale the proverbial soapbox and present a manifesto to guide the pursuit and advancement of the next generation of program theorizing. Formulating ten declarations for program theory development and examination, the modest hope of the authors is to motivate and inspire reflective evaluation practitioners to broaden their views, approaches, and techniques for future program theorizing. DA - 2019/03/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.3138/cjpe.53070 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 33 IS - 3 J2 - CJPE LA - en SN - 1496-7308, 0834-1516 ST - How We Model Matters UR - https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cjpe/article/view/53070 Y2 - 2019/08/12/21:34:54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wildlife laws monitoring as an adaptive management tool in protected area management in Ghana: a case of Kakum Conservation Area AU - Wiafe, Edward Debrah T2 - SpringerPlus AB - INTRODUCTION: The wildlife laws of Ghana alienated the rural communities from forests and material well-being depended upon for their livelihood and this manifests itself in the progressive conflict between the park patrol staff and poachers from the fringes of the protected areas. CASE DESCRIPTION: The main aim of this study was to determine the impact of quantification of patrol efforts on indicators of illegal hunting activities that occur in rainforest protected areas, as a result of monitoring patrol operations and modifying the original plan. The specific objectives were to determine the optimal patrol efforts necessary to reduce illegal wildlife use to minimal; and the influence of the rainfall and seasonal activities on illegal wildlife use. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: The results indicated that as the patrol efforts increased the encounter with illegal wildlife use also increased until a certain point that the encounter rates started decreasing. Neither rainfall nor seasonal activities influenced the illegal activities and the patrol efforts. The protection staff of rainforest protected areas would work effectively to bring down illegal wildlife off-take to the barest minimum if monitored, quantified and provide feed-back. CONCLUSIONS: Illegal wildlife off-take can also be reduced by the protection staff if the original plans are made flexible to be adjusted. Recommendations for further studies have been made. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1186/s40064-016-3129-x DP - PubMed VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 1440 J2 - Springerplus LA - eng SN - 2193-1801 ST - Wildlife laws monitoring as an adaptive management tool in protected area management in Ghana ER - TY - RPRT TI - Capacity Development in a Participatory Adaptive Programme: the Case of the Clarissa Consortium AU - Widmer, Mireille AU - Apgar, Marina AU - Afroze, Jiniya AU - Malla, Sudhir AU - Healey, Jill AU - Constant, Sendrine T2 - CLARISSA Research and Evidence Paper AB - Doing development differently rests on deliberate efforts to reflect and learn, not just about what programmes are doing and achieving, but about how they are working. This is particularly important for an action research programme like Child Labour: Action- Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA), which is implemented by a consortium of organisations from across the research and development spectrum, during a rapidly changing global pandemic. Harnessing the potential of diverse skills and complementary strengths across partners in responding to the complex challenge of the worst forms of child labour, requires capacity to work together in novel ways. This Research and Evidence Paper documents how CLARISSA approached capacity development, and what we learnt from our challenges and successes. From the start, the programme incorporated a capacity development strategy resting on self-assessment of a wide range of behavioural and technical competencies that were deemed important for programme implementation, formal training activities, and periodic review of progress through an after-action review (AAR) process. An inventory of capacity development activities that took place during the first year of implementation reveals a wide range of additional, unplanned activities, enabled by the programme’s flexibility and adaptive management strategy. These are organised into eight modalities, according to the individual or collective nature of the activity, and its sequencing – namely, whether capacity development happens prior to, during, or after (from) implementation. We conclude with some reflections on the emergent nature of capacity development. Planning capacity development in an adaptive programme provides a scaffolding in terms of time, resources, and legitimacy that sustains adaptiveness. We also recognise the gaps that remain to be addressed, particularly on scaling up individual learning to collective capabilities, and widening the focus from implementation teams to individuals working at consortium level. CY - Brighton DA - 2022/04/25/ PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - IDS SN - 1 ST - Capacity Development in a Participatory Adaptive Programme UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17351 Y2 - 2022/07/04/11:51:12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainty, Precaution, and Adaptive Management in Wildlife Trade AU - Wiersema, Annecoos T2 - Michigan Journal of International Law DA - 2015/10/08/ PY - 2015 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 375 EP - 424 SN - 1052-2867 UR - https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol36/iss3/1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Doing Development Differently AU - Wild, Leni T2 - Stanford Social Innovation Review AB - International aid must use different approaches to address the massive systemic problems it seeks to solve. DA - 2021/03// PY - 2021 IS - Spring 2021 LA - en-us UR - https://ssir.org/articles/entry/doing_development_differently Y2 - 2021/03/23/08:56:23 KW - ⛔ No DOI found ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adapting development: improving services to the poor AU - Wild, Leni AU - Booth, David AU - Cummings, Clare AU - Foresti, Marta AU - Wales, Joseph AB - On current trends, it will take decades or longer to bring basic services to the world’s most disadvantaged people. Meeting this challenge means recognising the political conditions that enable or obstruct development progress - a radical departure from the approach of the Millennium Development Goals. CY - London DA - 2015/02// PY - 2015 PB - ODI ST - Adapting development UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/8125-adapting-development-service-delivery-sdgs Y2 - 2016/05/11/12:37:16 KW - Practice ER - TY - RPRT TI - Putting theory into practice: how DFID is doing development differently AU - Wild, Leni AU - Booth, David AU - Valters, Craig CY - London DA - 2017/02// PY - 2017 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/10729-putting-theory-practice-how-dfid-doing-development-differently Y2 - 2017/03/16/00:00:00 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building a global learning alliance on adaptive management AU - Wild, Leni AU - Ramalingam, Ben CY - London DA - 2018/09// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero LA - en PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12327.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/21/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Management in Habitat Conservation Plans AU - Wilhere, George F. T2 - Conservation Biology AB - Habitat conservation plans (HCPs) allow incidental take of threatened or endangered species in exchange for conservation measures that minimize and mitigate such taking. Habitat conservation plans entail a compromise between regulatory certainty and scientific uncertainty. This compromise is controversial because many HCPs are thought to inadequately address scientific uncertainty. Adaptive management is the systematic acquisition and application of reliable information to improve natural resource management over time. Ideally, under adaptive management, conservation strategies are implemented as a deliberate experiment. This approach can establish cause-and-effect relationships and point the way toward optimal strategies. Adaptive management has been promoted as essential to management under uncertainty, but few HCPs incorporate genuine adaptive management. Habitat conservation plans will continue to lack adaptive management until certain conditions are met, such as acknowledgment that an HCP is a management hypothesis, landowner interest in improving biological outcomes, and sufficient financial resources. Economic incentives would encourage adaptive management in HCPs. Habitat conservation plan permittees might receive direct payments or tax deductions for reliable information that benefits a species. “Mitigation credits” could be awarded for information produced through adaptive management. In effect, habitat would be exchanged for information that benefits a species. Successful use of mitigation credits would depend on correctly valuing information and enforcement of the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Under a “precautionary polluter pays principle,” an HCP permittee would put up an environmental assurance bond. Portions of the bond are returned with interest as adaptive management demonstrates that environmental damages are unlikely to occur. Funds spent on adaptive management are funds unavailable for habitat protection, so limited financial resources may force a compromise between protecting habitat and acquiring knowledge. DA - 2002/02// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00350.x DP - Crossref VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 20 EP - 29 LA - en SN - 0888-8892, 1523-1739 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00350.x Y2 - 2019/02/25/11:52:29 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rewards and Risks Associated with Community Engagement in Anti-Poaching and Anti-Trafficking AU - Wilkie, David AU - Painter, Michael AU - Jacob, Anila T2 - Measuring Impact AB - This Biodiversity Technical Brief summarizes research on the roles communities do and should play in countering wildlife crime, motivations, and benefits for individuals and communities to engage in anti-poaching and anti-trafficking efforts, and risks and mitigation of risks associated with involvement. Peer-reviewed and grey literature, structured interviews, and case studies informed the research, with highlights from six case studies in Peru, Madagascar, Namibia, Philippines, Kenya, and Indonesia. CY - Washington DC DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 5 LA - en M3 - Technical Brief PB - USAID ER - TY - JOUR TI - Passive and active adaptive management: Approaches and an example AU - Williams, Byron T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Adaptive management is a framework for resource conservation that promotes iterative learning-based decision making. Yet there remains considerable confusion about what adaptive management entails, and how to actually make resource decisions adaptively. A key but somewhat ambiguous distinction in adaptive management is between active and passive forms of adaptive decision making. The objective of this paper is to illustrate some approaches to active and passive adaptive management with a simple example involving the drawdown of water impoundments on a wildlife refuge. The approaches are illustrated for the drawdown example, and contrasted in terms of objectives, costs, and potential learning rates. Some key challenges to the actual practice of AM are discussed, and tradeoffs between implementation costs and long-term benefits are highlighted. DA - 2010/11/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.039 VL - 92 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive management of natural resources—framework and issues AU - Williams, Byron K. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Adaptive management, an approach for simultaneously managing and learning about natural resources, has been around for several decades. Interest in adaptive decision making has grown steadily over that time, and by now many in natural resources conservation claim that adaptive management is the approach they use in meeting their resource management responsibilities. Yet there remains considerable ambiguity about what adaptive management actually is, and how it is to be implemented by practitioners. The objective of this paper is to present a framework and conditions for adaptive decision making, and discuss some important challenges in its application. Adaptive management is described as a two-phase process of deliberative and iterative phases, which are implemented sequentially over the timeframe of an application. Key elements, processes, and issues in adaptive decision making are highlighted in terms of this framework. Special emphasis is given to the question of geographic scale, the difficulties presented by non-stationarity, and organizational challenges in implementing adaptive management. DA - 2011/05// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.041 DP - Crossref VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 1346 EP - 1353 LA - en SN - 03014797 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479710003737 Y2 - 2019/02/25/12:18:13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive Management: From More Talk to Real Action AU - Williams, Byron K. AU - Brown, Eleanor D. T2 - Environmental Management AB - The challenges currently facing resource managers are large-scale and complex, and demand new approaches to balance development and conservation goals. One approach that shows considerable promise for addressing these challenges is adaptive management, which by now is broadly seen as a natural, intuitive, and potentially effective way to address decision-making in the face of uncertainties. Yet the concept of adaptive management continues to evolve, and its record of success remains limited. In this article, we present an operational framework for adaptive decision-making, and describe the challenges and opportunities in applying it to real-world problems. We discuss the key elements required for adaptive decision-making, and their integration into an iterative process that highlights and distinguishes technical and social learning. We illustrate the elements and processes of the framework with some successful on-the-ground examples of natural resource management. Finally, we address some of the difficulties in applying learning-based management, and finish with a discussion of future directions and strategic challenges. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s00267-013-0205-7 DP - PubMed Central VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 465 EP - 479 J2 - Environ Manage SN - 0364-152X ST - Adaptive Management UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544568/ Y2 - 2017/01/09/16:12:56 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technical challenges in the application of adaptive management AU - Williams, Byron K. AU - Brown, Eleanor D. T2 - Biological Conservation AB - Adaptive management is an approach for simultaneously managing and learning about natural resources, by acknowledging uncertainty and seeking to reduce it through the process of management itself. Adaptive decision making can be applied to pressing issues in conservation biology such as species reintroduction, disease and invasive species control, and habitat restoration, as well as to management of natural resources in general. After briefly outlining a framework and process for adaptive management, we focus on an overview of the key technical issues related to problem framing and the ability of resource managers to learn from their experience. These technical issues include the treatment of uncertainty and its propagation over time; nonstationarity in long-term environmental trends; the applicability of adaptive management across scales; requirements for models and management alternatives that promote learning; the value of the information produced with adaptive management; the challenge to management of uncertainty and surprise; and institutional (social) learning. To accommodate these and other challenges that are now coming into focus, the learning-based approach of adaptive management will need to be adjusted and expanded in the future. DA - 2016/03/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.012 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 195 SP - 255 EP - 263 J2 - Biological Conservation SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716300143 Y2 - 2019/02/25/11:29:30 KW - Adaptive Management KW - Learning KW - Nonstationarity KW - Resilience KW - Uncertainty KW - Value of information ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thinking and Working Politically on Health Systems Resilience: Learning from the experience of Cameroon, Nepal and South Africa during COVID-19 AU - Williams, Gareth CY - London DA - 2022/06// PY - 2022 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 6 EP - 16 LA - en PB - TWP Community of Practice ST - Health System Resilience UR - http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3665.html Y2 - 2022/07/26/13:42:58 ER - TY - RPRT TI - External validity and policy adaptation. From impact evaluation to policy design AU - Williams, Martin J. T2 - BSG Working Paper Series AB - With the growing number of rigorous impact evaluations worldwide, the question of how best to apply this evidence to policymaking processes has arguably become the main challenge for evidence-based policymaking. How can policymakers predict whether a policy will have the same impact in their context as it did elsewhere, and how should this influence the design and implementation of policy? This paper introduces a simple and flexible framework to address these questions of external validity and policy adaptation. I show that failures of external validity arise from an interaction between a policy’s theory of change and a dimension of the context in which it is being implemented, and develop a method of “mechanism mapping” that maps a policy’s theory of change against salient contextual assumptions to identify external validity problems and suggest appropriate policy adaptations. In deciding whether and how to adapt a policy in a new context, I show there is a fundamental informational trade-o↵ between the strength and relevance of evidence on the policy from other contexts and the policymaker’s knowledge of the local context. This trade-o↵ can guide policymakers’ judgments about whether policies should be copied exactly from elsewhere, adapted, or invented anew. CY - Oxford DA - 2017/07// PY - 2017 PB - Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford SN - BSG-WP-2017/019 UR - https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/files/documents/BSG-WP-2017-019_0.pdf Y2 - 2017/10/11/15:09:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Change in challenging contexts AU - Williamson, Tim AB - This report explores how genuine institutional change takes place in fragile and conflict-affected states reforms can be supported. CY - London DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - en PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/publications/9877-change-challenging-contexts-how-does-it-happen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guidelines and good practices for evidence-informed policy-making in a government department AU - Wills, Alf AU - Tshangela, Mapula AU - Shaxson, Louise AU - Datta, Ajoy AU - Matomela, Bongani DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 19 LA - en UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11011.pdf Y2 - 2019/07/03/00:00:00 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Outcome Harvesting AU - Wilson-Grau, R. T2 - Better Evaluation AB - Outcome Harvesting collects (“harvests”) evidence of what has changed (“outcomes”) and, then, working backwards, determines whether and how an intervention has contributed to these changes. Outcome Harvesting has proven to be especially useful in complex situations when it is not possible to define concretely most of what an intervention aims to achieve, or even, what specific actions will be taken over a multi-year period. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/plan/approach/outcome_harvesting Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - VIDEO TI - What is Outcome Harvesting? AU - Wilson-Grau, Ricardo AB - Ricardo Wilson-Grau, former Chair of the Board of Stewards of the Outcome Mapping Learning Community, introduces Outcome Harvesting, an approach for retrospective identification of outcomes based on the principles of Outcome Mapping. More details here: http://www.outcomemapping.ca/nuggets/outcome-harvesting C5 - Vimeo Video DA - 2014/09// PY - 2014 UR - https://vimeo.com/116856982 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Outcome Harvesting AU - Wilson-Grau, Ricardo AU - Britt, Heather AB - Outcome Harvesting was developed by Ricardo Wilson-Grau with colleagues Barbara Klugman, Claudia Fontes, David Wilson-Sánchez, Fe Briones Garcia, Gabriela Sánchez, Goele Scheers, Heather Britt, Jennifer Vincent, Julie Lafreniere, Juliette Majot, Marcie Mersky, Martha Nuñez, Mary Jane Real, Natalia Ortiz, and Wolfgang Richert. Over the past 8 years, Outcome Harvesting and has been used to monitor and evaluate the achievements of hundreds of networks, non-governmental organizations, research centers, think tanks, and communitybased organizations around the world. This brief is intended to introduce the concepts and approach used in Outcome Harvesting to grant makers, managers, and evaluators, with the hope that it may inspire them to learn more about the method and apply it to appropriate contexts. Thus, it is not a comprehensive guide to or explanation of the method, but an introduction to allow evaluators and decision makers to determine if the method is appropriate for their evaluation needs. Where possible, we have included examples to illustrate how Outcome Harvesting is applied to real situations. For each case story, organizations were asked to provide a description of the outcome and a summary of the role played by the organization. Sometimes they added other information such as the outcome’s significance. Some details and identifiers were redacted for confidentiality purposes. A draft of this brief was graciously commented on by Bob Williams, Fred Carden, Sarah Earl, Richard Hummelbrunner and Terry Smutylo. The final text is, of course, the sole responsibility of the authors and editor. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Ford Foundation UR - https://usaidlearninglab.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/outome_harvesting_brief_final_2012-05-2-1.pdf Y2 - 2018/09/22/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Test It and They Might Come: Improving the Uptake of Digital Tools in Transparency and Accountability Initiatives AU - Wilson, Christopher AU - de Lanerolle, Indra T2 - IDS Bulletin DA - 2016/01/14/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.19088/1968-2016.110 DP - CrossRef VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 113 EP - 126 SN - 02655012 ST - Test It and They Might Come UR - http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/40 Y2 - 2016/07/14/10:51:27 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BLOG TI - What is adaptive management? AU - Wilson, Gregory T2 - ΔNTYLLES AB - Recently there has been growing recognition that most development challenges are in actual fact ‘wicked’ problem that requires development actors to recognize that the optimal management approaches… DA - 2016/10/17/T16:15:57+00:00 PY - 2016 UR - https://antylles.com/2016/10/17/adaptive-management/ Y2 - 2016/11/07/08:55:51 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Building Better Systems - An introduction to System Innovation AU - Winhall, Jennie AU - Leadbeater, Charles AB - This paper lays out a series of steps people can take to create the new systems we need to meet shared, public challenges. Systems are ubiquitous and powerful. We rely on them to support our daily lives: every time we turn on a tap, flick a switch for electricity, drop our child at school, jump on a bus or visit a doctor we rely on a wider system. There is a widespread sense, among decision makers and citizens that in the coming decades society will need not just new products, software and services, but new systems for living sustainably in a socially inclusive society. The need for better, different systems will be heightened by the impact and lessons of the Covid-19 pandemic. Systems are productive precisely because they are more than standalone products. A system pulls together all the different ingredients needed to meet a need or to produce an outcome: the shipping container is a product, containerisation is a system; a contactless payment card is a product which only works as part of a payments system; an operation in a hospital can only take place because it is part of a wider health system. To understand how a system works it has to be seen as a whole, from the macro policy frameworks of social security systems right down to how a citizen goes about finding a job. Many of the systems we rely on for care and work, energy and transport, education and health are under pressure to change. Society faces both deeply entrenched and growing challenges that are outpacing the systems we have. We also have opportunities to create new, alternative systems as new knowledge, values and technologies emerge, from artificial intelligence and bitcoin, to circular and renewable systems of production. Rising to the challenge of fixing an existing system and exploring the possibility of creating a new system are different undertakings. The first is about optimising what exists, the second is about creating something different and better. We want this project to yield practical insights for those who want to respond to the systemic challenges of today by stepping into the possibilities of the future. Acting to change systems depends on new ways of seeing both challenge and opportunity: why systems come under strain and what unlocks the potential for alternatives. It depends on better understanding how new systems form, and what and who is part of initiating and driving the transition to them. In putting together this paper and the ones that will follow from it we want to clarify how to assess the need for, invest in and act on the process of deliberate system change. CY - København K DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020 LA - en-GB PB - The Rockwool Foundation UR - https://www.systeminnovation.org/article-building-better-systems Y2 - 2022/06/17/12:02:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Patterns of Possibility - How to Recast Relationships to Create Healthier Systems and Better Outcomes AU - Winhall, Jennie AU - Leadbeater, Charles AB - In Building Better Systems, we introduced four keys to unlock system innovation: purpose and power, relationships and resource flows. These four keys make up a set. Systems are often hard to change because power, relationships, and resource flows are locked together in a reinforcing pattern to serve the system’s current purpose. Systems start to change fundamentally when this pattern is disrupted and opened up so that a new configuration can emerge, serving a new purpose. In this article series we delve deeper into these four keys and provide practical advice on how they can be put to use. This article is about relationships. Systems are defined by the patterns of interactions between their parts: their relationships. Those interactions generate the outcomes of the system as a whole. Transforming the outcomes of a system requires remaking its relationships and then unlocking the other keys to system innovation: purpose, power and resources. This shift in relationships allows all those in the system to learn faster, to be more creative. System innovators redesign the relationships in the system to allow dramatically enhanced learning across the system, and thereby generate far better outcomes. CY - København K DA - 2022/02// PY - 2022 LA - en-GB PB - The Rockwool Foundation UR - https://www.systeminnovation.org/article-the-patterns-of-possibility Y2 - 2022/06/17/12:02:20 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Agile Metrics: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly AU - Wolpers, Stefan T2 - dzone.com AB - Suitable agile metrics reflect either a team’s progress in becoming agile or your organization’s progress in becoming a learning organization. DA - 2017/01/05/ PY - 2017 ST - Agile Metrics UR - https://dzone.com/articles/agile-metricsthe-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly Y2 - 2017/01/10/12:21:16 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The machine that changed the World: the story of Lean Production AU - Womack, James P. AU - Jones, Daniel T. AU - Roos, Daniel CY - New York DA - 1990/// PY - 1990 DP - Amazon PB - Simon & Schuster ER - TY - BLOG TI - Reacting or adapting? Purposeful adaptation and response to contextual change. AU - Wood, Nik T2 - Rebel with Causation AB - Adaptive management is increasingly on the ticket for development programming, and has been crucial in the wake of covid-19. I’ve been working with adaptive programmes for most of my career, … DA - 2020/08/28/T11:01:19+00:00 PY - 2020 LA - en-GB ST - Reacting or adapting? UR - https://rebelwithcausation.com/2020/08/28/reacting-or-adapting-purposeful-adaptation-and-response-to-contextual-change/ Y2 - 2023/10/16/13:22:45 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Systems Thinking and Practice: A Guide to Concepts, Principles and Tools for FCDO and Partners AU - Woodhill, Jim AU - Millican, Juliet T2 - K4D AB - This guide is a basic reference on systems thinking and practice tailored to the context and needs of the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). It is an output of the FCDO Knowledge for Development Programme (K4D), which facilitated a Learning Journey on Systems Thinking and Practice with FCDO staff during 2021 and 2022. The guide offers a common language and shared framing of systems thinking for FCDO and its partners. It explores what this implies for working practices, business processes and leadership. It also offers links to additional resources and tools on systems thinking. We hope it can support systems thinking to become more commonplace within the culture and practices of FCDO and working relations with partner organisations. CY - Brighton DA - 2022/02/03/ PY - 2022 DP - opendocs.ids.ac.uk LA - en PB - Institute of Development Studies ST - Systems Thinking and Practice UR - https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17862 Y2 - 2023/02/08/15:50:53 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Fast Forwarding to Systems Maps of Corruption: Getting to Usable Analysis More Quickly AU - Woodrow, Peter T2 - CJL AB - For AC practitioners, systems mapping is essential but also difficult. To lessen obstacles, Peter Woodrow proposes a scaffolded approach. An Experiment in “Fast Forwarding” Drawing upon our near-decade work on corruption, we recently decided to try an experiment: we would present “common patterns” of corruption as tentative models to adapt and add to—rather than try to teach people to do systems mapping from scratch. In this teaching experiment, each common pattern would function as a kind of “scaffolding” or framework that participants can build on to generate a cogent systems map as the basis for identifying possible points of intervention and subsequent program planning. DA - 2023/07/09/T23:09:19.358Z PY - 2023 LA - en ST - Fast Forwarding to Systems Maps of Corruption UR - https://www.corruptionjusticeandlegitimacy.org/post/fast-forwarding-to-systems-maps-of-corruption-getting-to-usable-analysis-more-quickly Y2 - 2023/10/02/09:57:50 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Scrambling after Moving Targets: Monitoring & Evaluation Applied to Adaptive Management Approaches in Peacebuilding AU - Woodrow, Peter AU - Jean, Isabella T2 - New Directions in Peacebuilding Evaluation A2 - d’Estrée, Tamra Pearson AB - In this landmark collection, the voices of pathMakers and innovators in peacebuilding evaluation are assembled to provide new direction for the field. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019 DP - rowman.com LA - en-us PB - Rowman & Littlefield UR - https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781786612458/New-Directions-in-Peacebuilding-Evaluation Y2 - 2022/06/17/13:22:25 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - BOOK TI - A Practical Guide to Distributed Scrum AU - Woodward, Elizabeth AU - Surdek, Steffan AU - Ganis, Matthew AB - Succeed with Scrum in Even the Largest, Most Complex Distributed Development Projects Forewords by Ken Schwaber, Scott Ambler, Roman Pichler, and Matthew Wang This is the first comprehensive, practical guide for Scrum practitioners working in large-scale distributed environments. Written by three of IBM’s leading Scrum practitioners--in close collaboration with the IBM QSE Scrum Community of more than 1000 members worldwide--this book offers specific, actionable guidance for everyone who wants to succeed with Scrum in the enterprise. Readers will follow a journey through the lifecycle of a distributed Scrum project, from envisioning products and setting up teams to preparing for Sprint planning and running retrospectives. Each chapter presents a baseline drawn from “conventional” Scrum, then discusses additional issues faced by distributed teams, and presents specific best-practice solutions, alternatives, and tips the authors have identified through hard, empirical experience. Using real-world examples, the book demonstrates how to apply key Scrum practices, such as look-ahead planning in geographically distributed environments. Readers will also gain valuable new insights into the agile management of complex problem and technical domains. Coverage includes•  Developing user stories and working with Product Owners as a distributed team•  Recognizing and fixing the flaws Scrum may reveal in existing processes•  Engaging in more efficient Release and Sprint planning•  Conducting intense, brief daily Scrum meetings in distributed environments•  Managing cultural and language differences•  Resolving dependencies, performing frequent integration, and maintaining transparency in geographically distributed environments•  Successfully running remote software reviews and demos•  Brainstorming what worked and what didn’t, to improve future Sprints This book will be an indispensable resource for every team leader, member, product owner, or manager working with Scrum or other agile methods in any distributed software development organization. CY - Upper Saddle River, NJ DA - 2010/06/21/ PY - 2010 DP - Amazon SP - 240 LA - English PB - IBM Press SN - 978-0-13-704113-8 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Guide to Assessing the Political Economy of Domestic Climate Change Governance AU - Worker, Jesse AU - Palmer, Niki AB - This paper discusses how understanding the domestic political economy of climate governance is critical for developing informed strategies to build and sustain political ambition. It provides guidance and a methodology for domestic stakeholders to determine the types of institutional reforms, incentives, coalitions, and policy design that can entrench long-term political support for climate ambition. The assessment can also help users identify political barriers to more equitable climate action and identify reforms that may strengthen inclusion and accountability. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Highlights ▪ There is overwhelming evidence of the social, economic, and environmental case to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and rapidly scale up adaptation. Yet, despite a proliferation of climate laws and policies over the last 10–15 years, emissions are still rising, and adaptation needs remain urgent. ▪ This calls for a more sophisticated assessment of the political economy factors that may enable or constrain implementation of policies and actions and sustain political commitment at the country level. ▪ This guide offers an assessment methodology to understand how structural factors, rules and norms, stakeholders and interests, and ideas and narratives influence the political economy of climate action in a given country context. ▪ The methodology was developed on the basis of climate policy, governance, and political economy literature with contributions from subject matter experts. ▪ We intend the assessment to support civil society coalitions, reform-minded civil servants and politicians, international organizations, and other stakeholders. ▪ The resulting analysis should deepen the understanding of context while informing the advocacy, policy design, coalition building, capacity building, and communications of domestic stakeholders. CY - Washington DC DA - 2021/03/23/ PY - 2021 DP - www.wri.org LA - en M3 - Working Paper PB - World Resources Institute UR - https://www.wri.org/publication/guide-assessing-political-economy-domestic-climate-change-governance Y2 - 2021/03/23/15:11:21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forward Look - A vision for the World Bank Group in 2030 AU - World Bank CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2016/09/20/ PY - 2016 PB - World Bank UR - http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVCOMMINT/Documentation/23732171/DC2016-0008.pdf Y2 - 2017/10/10/07:33:43 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Learning and Results in World Bank Operations: Toward a New Learning Strategy AU - World Bank AB - This report is the second in a program of evaluations that the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) is conducting on the learning that takes place through World Bank projects. Learning and knowledge are treated as parts of a whole and are presumed to be mutually reinforcing. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - IEG , The World Bank ST - Learning and Results in World Bank Operations UR - http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/learning-results-wb-operations2 Y2 - 2017/06/09/13:56:18 KW - IMPORTANT ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategic Framework for mainstreaming citizen engagemente in World Bank Group operations AU - World Bank CY - Washington DC DA - 2014/12/05/ PY - 2014 PB - The World Bank UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/266371468124780089/pdf/929570WP0Box380ategicFrameworkforCE.pdf Y2 - 2017/10/10/07:47:18 ER - TY - BOOK TI - World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior AU - World Bank AB - Development economics and policy are due for a redesign. In the past few decades, research from across the natural and social sciences has provided stunning insight into the way people think and make decisions. Whereas the first generation of development policy was based on the assumption that humans make decisions deliberatively and independently, and on the basis of consistent and self-interested preferences, recent research shows that decision making rarely proceeds this way. People think automatically: when deciding, they usually draw on what comes to mind effortlessly. People also think socially: social norms guide much of behavior, and many people prefer to cooperate as long as others are doing their share. And people think with mental models: what they perceive and how they interpret it depend on concepts and worldviews drawn from their societies and from shared histories.The World Development Report 2015 offers a concrete look at how these insights apply to development policy. It shows how a richer view of human behavior can help achieve development goals in many areas, including early childhood development, household finance, productivity, health, and climate change. It also shows how a more subtle view of human behavior provides new tools for interventions. Making even minor adjustments to a decision-making context, designing interventions based on an understanding of social preferences, and exposing individuals to new experiences and ways of thinking may enable people to improve their lives.The Report opens exciting new avenues for development work. It shows that poverty is not simply a state of material deprivation, but also a “tax” on cognitive resources that affects the quality of decision making. It emphasizes that all humans, including experts and policy makers, are subject to psychological and social influences on thinking, and that development organizations could benefit from procedures to improve their own deliberations and decision making. It demonstrates the need for more discovery, learning, and adaptation in policy design and implementation. The new approach to development economics has immense promise. Its scope of application is vast. This Report introduces an important new agenda for the development community. CY - Washington DC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 234 LA - English PB - The World Bank SN - 978-1-4648-0342-0 ST - World Development Report 2015 UR - http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2015 ER - TY - BOOK TI - World Development Report 2017: Governance and the Law AU - World Bank CY - Washington DC DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - The World Bank UR - http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2017 Y2 - 2016/08/05/15:40:59 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The precautionary principle: protecting public health, the environment and the future of our children AU - World Health Organization A3 - Martuzzi, Marco A3 - Tickner, Joel A CY - Copenhagen DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe SN - 978-92-890-1098-6 ST - The precautionary principle ER - TY - RPRT TI - Using beneficiary feedback to improve development programmes: findings from a multi-country pilot AU - World Vision AB - This briefing summarises the findings from Beneficiary Feedback Mechanisms pilots and is intended to inform organisations and their funders about the development and implementation of feedback mechanisms. DA - 2016/07/08/ PY - 2016 PB - World Vision ST - Using beneficiary feedback to improve development programmes UR - https://www.intrac.org/resources/using-beneficiary-feedback-improve-development-programmes-findings-multi-country-pilot/ Y2 - 2017/06/27/11:35:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The five trademarks of agile organizations AU - Wouter Aghina AU - Karin Ahlbäck AU - Aaron De Smet AU - Clemens Fahrbach AU - Christopher Handscomb AU - Gerald Lackey AU - Michael Lurie AU - Monica Murarka AU - Olli Salo AU - Elizabeth Seem AU - Jannik Woxholth AB - Our experience and research demonstrate that successful agile organizations consistently exhibit the five trademarks described in this article. The trademarks include a network of teams within a people-centered culture that operates in rapid learning and fast decision cycles which are enabled by technology, and a common purpose that co-creates value for all stakeholders. These trademarks complement the findings from The McKinsey Global Survey Results: How to create an agile organization. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 PB - McKinsey anc Company UR - https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/the-five-trademarks-of-agile-organizations# Y2 - 2022/01/17/10:32:38 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Learning to Learn Collectively AU - Wrigley, Rebecca T2 - Capacity AB - CABUNGO, a Malawian NGO, recently evaluated its own performance using the Most Significant Change approach. Rebecca Wrigley describes how, with the support of stakeholders,CABUNGO learned to improve its services. DA - 2008/04// PY - 2008 VL - 33 SP - 13 EP - 13 UR - http://gsbblogs.uct.ac.za/walterbaets/files/2009/09/CapacityandOL2.pdf Y2 - 2018/10/18/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future oriented conservation: knowledge governance, uncertainty and learning AU - Wyborn, Carina AU - van Kerkhoff, Lorrae AU - Dunlop, Michael AU - Dudley, Nigel AU - Guevara, Oscar T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation AB - Despite significant progress in understanding climate risks, adaptation efforts in biodiversity conservation remain limited. Adaptation requires addressing immediate conservation threats while also attending to long term, highly uncertain and potentially transformative future changes. To date, conservation research has focused more on projecting climate impacts and identifying possible strategies, rather than understanding how governance enables or constrains adaptation actions. We outline an approach to futureoriented conservation that combines the capacities to anticipate future ecological change; to understand the implications of that change for social, political and ecological values; and the ability to engage with the governance (and politics) of adaptation. Our approach builds on the adaptive management and governance literature, however we explicitly address the (often contested) rules, knowledge and values that enable or constrain adaptation. We call for a broader focus that extends beyond technical approaches to acknowledge the sociopolitical challenges inherent to adaptation. More importantly, we suggest that conservation policy makers and practitioners can use this approach to facilitate learning and adaptation in the context of complexity, transformational change and uncertainty. DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10531-016-1130-x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - 1401 EP - 1408 LA - en SN - 0960-3115, 1572-9710 ST - Future oriented conservation UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-016-1130-x Y2 - 2019/05/02/17:39:57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation and learning in complex, rapidly changing health systems: China’s management of health sector reform AU - Xiao, Yue AU - Husain, Lewis AU - Bloom, Gerald T2 - Globalization and Health AB - Healthcare systems are increasingly recognised as complex, in which a range of non-linear and emergent behaviours occur. China’s healthcare system is no exception. The hugeness of China, and the variation in conditions in different jurisdictions present very substantial challenges to reformers, and militate against adopting one-size-fits-all policy solutions. As a consequence, approaches to change management in China have frequently emphasised the importance of sub-national experimentation, innovation, and learning. Multiple mechanisms exist within the government structure to allow and encourage flexible implementation of policies, and tailoring of reforms to context. These limit the risk of large-scale policy failures and play a role in exploring new reform directions and potentially systemically-useful practices. They have helped in managing the huge transition that China has undergone from the 1970s onwards. China has historically made use of a number of mechanisms to encourage learning from innovative and emergent policy practices. Policy evaluation is increasingly becoming a tool used to probe emergent practices and inform iterative policy making/refining. This paper examines the case of a central policy research institute whose mandate includes evaluating reforms and providing feedback to the health ministry. Evaluation approaches being used are evolving as Chinese research agencies become increasingly professionalised, and in response to the increasing complexity of reforms. The paper argues that learning from widespread innovation and experimentation is challenging, but necessary for stewardship of large, and rapidly-changing systems. DA - 2018/11/20/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1186/s12992-018-0429-7 DP - BioMed Central VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 112 J2 - Globalization and Health SN - 1744-8603 ST - Evaluation and learning in complex, rapidly changing health systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0429-7 Y2 - 2019/03/15/10:31:43 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Future Democracies - Laboratory of Collective Intelligence for Participatory Democracy A3 - Yago Bermejo AB - The Laboratory of Collective Intelligence for Participatory Democracy (2016-2019) is a project that arose out of Medialab Prado in coordination with the Government Area of Citizen Participation, Transparency and Open Government of the city of Madrid. Its work has been very connected with the analysis, reflection and innovation found on the digital participation platform Decide Madrid. The project has also organised many workshops and conferences that have brought together hundreds of people from the world of participatory democracy. This publication summarises the project’s core working principles as well as the open activities it has hosted over the course of these three years. These pilot experiences offer a possible vision of the future of democratic governance. CY - Madrid DA - 2019/05/31/ PY - 2019 DP - Internet Archive LA - eng PB - MediaLab Prado UR - http://archive.org/details/FutureDemocraciesLCPD Y2 - 2020/11/17/11:34:57 KW - Democracy ER - TY - THES TI - Evaluating development projects: exploring a synthesis model of the logical framework approach and outcome mapping AU - Yang, Ting AB - Under the current results-driven development agenda, sound evaluation, and a corresponding evaluation toolkit, need to be in place to examine whether and to what extent development interventions have achieved their targeted objectives and results, and to generate lessons for further development learning and improvement. My review of the literature shows that innovative and appropriate evaluation approaches are needed to address key challenges in evaluation such as the tension between learning and accountability objectives, the need to unpack the mechanisms linking outputs and outcomes or goal, and to add an actor perspective. Irrespective of project type, the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is often a standard requirement of major official donor agencies on projects they fund, so as to fulfil bureaucratic imperatives. However, it is often considered inadequate in addressing key challenges in development evaluation. Given the dominant status of the LFA with such strong support from donors, it is helpful to seek a ‘middle way’: a combination of the LFA with other approaches in order to address some of its inadequacies, while satisfying donor agencies’ requirements. A synthesis of the LFA and Outcome Mapping (OM) is one such option. This thesis explores the practical value and usefulness of a synthesis model empirically. Applying the model in two case study aid projects, I found that it serves well as a theory-based evaluation tool with a double-stranded (actor strand and results chain) theory of change. The model helps reconcile learning and accountability and add explanatory power and an explicit actor perspective. It also helps establish causation and enable attribution claims at various results levels with its different elements. The model has some limitations but my results suggest it can be usefully adopted. The choice of its application depends on project evaluation context and purpose in specific cases. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - sussex.primo.exlibrisgroup.com LA - eng ST - Evaluating development projects UR - http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79800/1/Yang%2C%20Ting.pdf Y2 - 2022/12/05/00:00:00 ER - TY - RPRT TI - What have we learned about learning? Unpacking the relationship between knowledge and organisational change in development agencies AU - Yanguas, Pablo AB - Development cooperation has spent decades wrangling over the merits, evidence, and implications of what we may term “the learning hypothesis”: the idea that increased knowledge by development organisations must logically lead to increased effectiveness in the performance of their development activities. Organisations of all stripes have built research and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) departments, adopted a multitude of knowledge management systems and tools, and tinkered with different ways to structure their organograms to stimulate knowledge sharing and learning. The topic of organisational learning is particularly significant as the global development community grapples with increasingly complex problems and the aspiration of evidence-based policymaking. This paper presents an analytical framework for interrogating “the learning hypothesis”, breaking it down into causal steps: knowledge causes learning, learning causes organisational change, change causes effectiveness. The framework focuses on the first two sub-hypotheses, mapping out the conceptual space around them by outlining potential relationships between different types of knowledge – tacit and explicit, internal and external – and between different types of learning – operational and strategic. This map provides a foundation for three key research questions: What impact has the rising knowledge agenda had on development organisations? Which factors appear to enable or inhibit organisational learning? What is the relationship between operational and strategic learning and organisational change? A review of available evaluations and studies, including two cases from former UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the World Bank, reveals that there is insufficient evidence to support the causal claim that knowledge leads to learning and thereby to organisational change in development agencies. Sources point to tacit learning prevailing while explicit knowledge management systems flounder, and external advocacy agendas appear more compelling than internal research and evaluation products. It is not entirely clear how, or indeed, whether operational and strategic learning intersect, with delivery-level lessons hardly aggregating into structural or policy shifts. Organisational change – even that aimed at enhancing learning – is rarely based on lessons learned from practice. More research is necessary to fully unpack the learning hypothesis, but what limited evidence is available disproves rather than confirms its central claim. This has significant implications for the future of learning in development agencies as advocated by thought leaders, researchers, and reformers. In particular, the latter should consider an evidence-based reassessment of the function and value-for-money of research and M&E in development practice, and a more critical examination of the politics of external advocacy efforts around innovative aid approaches like thinking and working politically, adaptive management, or results-based management. CY - Bonn DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - DOI.org (Datacite) LA - en M3 - Discussion Paper PB - DIE - Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik SN - 9/2021 ST - What have we learned about learning? UR - https://www.die-gdi.de/discussion-paper/article/what-have-we-learned-about-learning-unpacking-the-relationship-between-knowledge-and-organisational-change-in-development-agencies/ Y2 - 2021/07/30/11:53:32 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Why We Lie About Aid: Development and the Messy Politics of Change AU - Yanguas, Pablo AB - Foreign aid is about charity. International development is about technical fixes. At least that is what we, as donor publics, are constantly told. The result is a highly dysfunctional aid system which mistakes short-term results for long-term transformation and gets attacked across the political spectrum, with the right claiming we spend too much, and the left that we don't spend enough. The reality, as Yanguas argues in this highly provocative book, is that aid isn't – or at least shouldn't be – about levels of spending, nor interventions shackled to vague notions of ‘accountability’ and ‘ownership’. Instead, a different approach is possible, one that acknowledges aid as being about struggle, about taking sides, about politics. It is an approach that has been quietly applied by innovative development practitioners around the world, providing political coverage for local reformers to open up spaces for change. Drawing on a variety of convention-defying stories from a variety of countries – from Britain to the US, Sierra Leone to Honduras – Yanguas provides an eye-opening account of what we really mean when we talk about aid. DA - 2018/02/15/ PY - 2018 DP - Amazon SP - 275 LA - English PB - Zed Books SN - 978-1-78360-933-8 ST - Why We Lie About Aid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Barriers to Political Analysis in Aid Bureaucracies: From Principle to Practice in DFID and the World Bank AU - Yanguas, Pablo AU - Hulme, David T2 - World Development AB - Politics has become a central concern in development discourse, and yet the use of political analysis as a means for greater aid effectiveness remains limited and contested within development agencies. This article uses qualitative data from two governance “leaders” – the United Kingdom Department for International Development and the World Bank – to analyze the administrative hurdles facing the institutionalization of political analysis in aid bureaucracies. We find that programing, management, and training practices across headquarters and country offices remain largely untouched by a political analysis agenda which suffers from its identification with a small cross-national network of governance professionals. DA - 2015/10/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.009 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 74 SP - 209 EP - 219 J2 - World Development LA - en SN - 0305-750X ST - Barriers to Political Analysis in Aid Bureaucracies UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15001187 Y2 - 2020/10/15/12:21:26 KW - DFID KW - United Kingdom KW - World Bank KW - aid effectiveness KW - foreign aid KW - political economy analysis ER - TY - BOOK TI - Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods AU - Yin, Dr Robert K. AB - Winner of the 2019 McGuffey Longevity Award from the Textbook & Academic Authors Association (TAA) Recognized as one of the most cited methodology books in the social sciences, the Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin′s bestselling text provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. With the integration of 11 applications in this edition, the book gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic and applied fields. Ultimately, Case Study Research and Applications will guide students in the successful use and application ofthe case study research method. CY - Los Angeles DA - 2018/02/02/ PY - 2018 ET - Sixth edition SP - 352 LA - English PB - SAGE Publications, Inc SN - 978-1-5063-3616-9 ST - Case Study Research and Applications UR - https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/case-study-research-and-applications/book250150 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rapid outcome mapping approach: a guide to policy engagement and influence AU - Young, John AU - Shaxson, Louise AU - Jones, harry AU - Hearn, Simon AU - Datta, Ajoy AU - Cassidy, Caroline DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 84 PB - ODI UR - https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9011.pdf Y2 - 2018/12/10/00:00:00 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Engaging Stakeholders in Planning for Sea Level Rise and Resilience AU - Yusuf, Juita-Elena (Wie) AU - John, Burton St AU - Covi, Michelle AU - Nicula, J. Gail T2 - Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education AB - This case study describes a region-wide, multi-sectoral, and whole-of-community stakeholder engagement approach for addressing sea level rise (SLR) and flooding. This approach was implemented through a university-led community engagement event, the Hampton Roads Resilient Region Reality Check (H4RC), which allowed an examination of its effectiveness as a mechanism for capturing community-wide perceptions regarding SLR, flooding, and associated risks; engaging stakeholders in discussion within and across different groups; and assessing community willingness to address flooding and SLR. The results show that the event helped participants broaden their perspectives and understanding of flooding and SLR. In an approach that called for participants to engage in social learning across social networks, the event had some effect on individual efficacy. However, there was little impact on participants' already-established perception that the region does not possess significant willingness to take action. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2018.03287.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 164 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 123 LA - en SN - 1936-704X UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2018.03287.x Y2 - 2019/05/02/19:30:38 KW - Social learning KW - flooding KW - resilience KW - social capital KW - stakeholder engagement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data and monitoring needs for a more ecological agriculture AU - Zaks, David P. M. AU - Kucharik, Christopher J. T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Information on the life-cycle environmental impacts of agricultural production is often limited. As demands grow for increasing agricultural output while reducing its negative environmental impacts, both existing and novel data sources can be leveraged to provide more information to producers, consumers, scientists and policy makers. We review the components and organization of an agroecological sensor web that integrates remote sensing technologies and in situ sensors with models in order to provide decision makers with effective management options at useful spatial and temporal scales for making more informed decisions about agricultural productivity while reducing environmental burdens. Several components of the system are already in place, but by increasing the extent and accessibility of information, decision makers will have the opportunity to enhance food security and environmental quality. Potential roadblocks to implementation include farmer acceptance, data transparency and technology deployment. DA - 2011/01// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014017 DP - Institute of Physics VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 014017 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014017/pdf Y2 - 2019/05/03/22:07:44 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Inclusive participatory approaches: A facilitator’s guide AU - Zaremba, Haley AU - Elias, Marlène AU - Devi, J. Tulasi AU - Priyadarshini, Pratiti AB - In community engagement and participatory processes, facilitators must make intentional efforts and adopt inclusive strategies to include marginalized and frequently overlooked groups. Yet, there is a lack of guidance on how to inclusively facilitate participatory processes. Facilitators are therefore often poorly prepared to engage with the power relations that underlie these processes, including those between the facilitator and participants and among participants themselves. This guide addresses this shortcoming by presenting strategies that have been shown to enhance the meaningful participation of women and marginalized groups in participatory processes. The aim is to equip facilitators with tools to create inclusive participatory spaces and community engagement. Although it refers to processes related to natural resource management, the guide is also applicable to the facilitation of participatory processes focusing on other issues or fields of significance to communities. DA - 2021/12// PY - 2021 DP - cgspace.cgiar.org LA - en SN - 978-92-9255-234-3 ST - Inclusive participatory approaches UR - https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/117461 Y2 - 2023/10/17/13:45:26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - USAID Wildlife Asia as a case study in adaptive rigour AU - Ziegler, Jessica T2 - Briefing Paper AB - This briefing note looks at how the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Wildlife Asia programme has operationalised the concepts of adaptive rigour and adaptive management as part of its approach to collaborating, learning and adapting. As described by the Global Learning for Adaptive Management (GLAM) initiative, adaptive rigour is about ensuring that the data, information, methods, processes and systems that underpin adaptive management are robust, systematic and high‑quality. Key messages When faced with programmatic complexity, it is important to take an adaptive approach driven by continuous and iterative monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL). USAID Wildlife Asia, which works to advance regional action towards ending illegal wildlife trafficking in Southeast Asia and China, has embraced this approach as a way of operationalising adaptive rigour. Throughout programming, MEL approaches should reflect the characteristics of adaptive rigour: comprehensiveness, usefulness, practicality, timeliness and support. Utilising performance monitoring and research in order to test and revise technical approaches and employing mixed methods to collect both qualitative and quantitative data, as well as looking for relevant lessons generated by others, can ensure access to the most useful information for decision-making throughout implementation. For adaptive management, it is not enough to monitor, evaluate and learn; it is also essential to pause and reflect in order to analyse and process evidence gained through MEL with colleagues and stakeholders to reach the right conclusions and make good decisions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 13 LA - en PB - ODI/GLAM ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adapting data collection and utilisation to a Covid-19 reality: Monitoring, evaluation and learning approaches for adaptive management AU - Ziegler, Jessica AU - Mason, Paige T2 - Briefing Paper AB - This briefing note focuses on the remote collection and use of data for adaptive management during the Covid-19 pandemic, setting out key considerations to help practitioners think through a transition from more ‘traditional’ monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) to MEL for adaptive management (MEL4AM) that reflects the unique data collection challenges presented by Covid-19. The brief provides an overview of some key considerations in remote data collection, when this is required, and identifies other sources that address these issues in more detail. It concludes with a discussion of how to bring the information resulting from remote monitoring into decision-making to enable adaptive management. Key messages - When planning for remote data collection during the Covid-19 pandemic, first determine what information is still necessary, because data needs may have changed, e.g. if programming has pivoted or needs to pivot due to Covid-19. Then identify how the programme’s information needs align with existing data sources and what gaps remain, which will guide the need for remote data collection. - Also consider what data is ‘good enough’ for current decision-making needs in order to provide sufficient information to the right people at the right time to an acceptable standard of rigour. - There may be pragmatic reasons to reduce the number or scope of MEL activities, such as logistical constraints or ethical considerations introduced by the pandemic. - MEL activities should be accompanied by frequent feedback loops and pause points to reflect on emergent needs and challenges, information needs that have been met, and contextual changes that may affect MEL. - Be clear with decision-makers about the assumptions and gaps in the data, including proxies used and their limitations, sampling changes, and how these changes and assumptions may affect the decisions/options being discussed. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 11 LA - en PB - ODI/GLAM ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluability Checklist for Post Project Evaluation AU - Zivetz, Laurie AU - Cekan, Jindra AB - Considerations for planning a post project evaluation during the project, at the end, or after it has closed. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Valuing Voices UR - https://valuingvoices.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Valuing-Voices-Checklists.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/18/13:20:22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory evaluation. What is it? Why do it? What are the challenges? AU - Zukoski, A. AU - Luluquisen, Mia T2 - Community-based public health policy & practice AB - Yogi Berra was right when he remarked, “If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll wind up somewhere else.” When we collectively apply our hopes and energies to improving our communities, how do we know if we’re making the right choices along the way? How will we notice when we are spinning our wheels and what changes to make? How will we know that we are making a difference? And how will we know what success looks like to everyone in the group? By taking a community-based public health approach to our work, we create an opportunity to engage in a particular type of evaluation—participatory evaluation – that can help answer those questions. For those groups that are interested in this approach, this policy brief discusses the key concepts of participatory evaluation and some tips for applying it. We also present some real-life examples from two evaluators who work with grantees of the Partnership for the Public’s Health Initiative. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Semantic Scholar ST - Participatory evaluation. What is it? ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strengthening the results chain: Synthesis of case studies of results-based management by providers AU - Zwart, Rosie AB - This paper presents an analysis of evidence from seven case studies of results-based management by development co-operation providers. Analysis of themes from the case studies reveal six interrelated challenges which providers face in their efforts to manage for the results of development co-operation. The six challenges are: linking results to development goals, ensuring the purpose of results systems is well-defined, weighing up the benefits of aggregating and attributing results from standard indicators, enabling country ownership, using performance information alongside results information, and building and embedding a results culture. Providers continue to adopt a range of approaches to pursue a focus on results and there are many examples of good practice. The case studies suggest that in a complex development landscape some providers are prioritising the use of aggregated results information for domestic accountability, communication, and performance management over their use for learning and policy direction. In this context, the paper argues that in agency-wide results frameworks development co-operation results are often detached (or de-contextualised) from development results and discusses the implications of this, including the use of standard indicators to measure aggregated outputs. The paper uses case study evidence to discuss and suggest practical ways providers can build and maintain a strong results focus which enables analysis, insights and learning, and has achievement of development outcomes as its objective. DA - 2017/08/17/ PY - 2017 DP - Crossref LA - en M3 - OECD Development Policy Papers PB - OECD SN - 7 ST - Strengthening the results chain UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/strengthening-the-results-chain_544032a1-en Y2 - 2019/03/08/09:37:10 ER -