@techreport{burkett_challenge-led_2023, address = {Logan}, title = {Challenge-led {Innovation} {Workbook}. {Organising} for {Systems} {Innovation} at {Scale}}, url = {https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/1881573/GCSI-Challenge-Led-Innovation-Workbook.pdf}, abstract = {Organising for Systems Innovation at Scale Our team at Griffith Centre for Systems Innovation have been experimenting with and evolving a Challenge-led Innovation Approach (based on Mission-oriented approaches developed by Mariana Mazzucato at UCL IIPP and others internationally). We are using this approach to guide the way we work internally and engage with our systems innovation partners. We’ve facilitated intensive Re:Treats, worked with government bodies, businesses and civic organisations, and engaged deeply with others exploring this work. We have a bias for developing and testing HOW such approaches could be applied to respond to both local and global challenges rather than getting too caught up in the what and why of such approaches. We decided to openly share our learnings and thinking to date in this workbook, to spark conversations and innovation in both practice and thinking amongst those exploring how we work, and to learn together to address complex systems and challenges. We see this booklet as a first step in a longer learning journey. In it we share an overview of: the principles and processes that sparked our evolution to a Challenge-led Innovation framework (from Mission-oriented). examples of our learnings from other system innovators who are experimenting. an adaptable process to help guide the learning journey. learning tools and canvases to catalyse thinking, practice, and further adaptations. Part One sets out some foundations we’ve identified as important to Challenge-led Innovation. If you want to jump straight into the mapping process, we suggest you skip to Part Two. The final section, Part Three, focuses on what we have learnt about the conditions needed and how to get started on a Challenge-led initiative.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-29}, institution = {Griffith Centre for Systems Innovation}, author = {Burkett, Ingrid}, month = nov, year = {2023}, } @techreport{roe_when_2023, address = {Brighton}, title = {When {Complex} is as {Simple} as it {Gets}: {Guide} for {Recasting} {Policy} and {Management} in the {Anthropocene}}, copyright = {This is an Open Access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited and any modifications or adaptations are indicated.}, shorttitle = {When {Complex} is as {Simple} as it {Gets}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/18008}, abstract = {Many readers recognise and understand that complex is about as simple as it gets for major policy and management. This guide is for those unwilling in the Anthropocene to shrink back into the older platitudes about ‘keep it simple’ and ‘not to worry, we’ll scale up the analysis later on’. This guide offers key concepts, methods, counternarratives, and analogies that recast major policy and management issues in ways that do not deny their complexity but help render them more tractable for action.}, language = {en}, number = {589}, urldate = {2023-06-09}, institution = {Institute for Development Studies}, author = {Roe, Emery}, month = jun, year = {2023}, doi = {10.19088/IDS.2023.025}, note = {Accepted: 2023-06-06T09:51:20Z ISSN: 2040-0209}, } @techreport{gokhale_adaptive_2023, address = {Boston}, title = {Adaptive {Evaluation}: {A} {Complexity}-based approach to {Systematic} {Learning} for {Innovation} and {Scaling} in {Development}}, abstract = {Nearly all challenges in international development tend to be complex because they depend on constantly evolving human behaviour, systems, and contexts, involving multiple actors, entities, and processes. As a result, both the discovery and scaling of innovations to address challenges in development often involve changes in system behaviour or even system-level transformation. This is rarely a linear process over time and can result in unexpected outcomes. Existing evaluation techniques commonly used in international development, including Randomized Control Trials (RCT) and quasi-experimental methods, are good at assessing specific effects of interventions but are not designed for the change processes inherent to innovation and scaling within a system. There is a need to reconstruct how we use existing measurement tools, techniques, and methodologies so that they capture the complexity of the environment in which an intervention or change occurs. We introduce Adaptive Evaluation, designed to learn at various levels of complexity while supporting the transformation needed to foster sustainable change. An Adaptive Evaluation uses three main approaches to work with complex questions—systems diagnosis, theorybased assessment of change processes, and iterative designs. An Adaptive Evaluation typically builds hypotheses from field-based interactions, emphasizes learning over testing, advocates open-mindedness with techniques, and appreciates the value of dialogue and participation in navigating complex processes. It can use RCT or similar techniques to analyse specific processes within a system or a development cycle, but these are embedded in a broader approach to assessment and interpretation. It is designed to be flexible and adjust to shifting contexts. Finally, an Adaptive Evaluation can be applied at any stage in a complex intervention's lifecycle, from the interpretation of the system and change processes to rapid experimentation, prototyping, and testing of select interventions, and then adaptation to different settings for impact at scale. This paper provides the theoretical basis for an Adaptive Evaluation—the main approaches, core ideology, process, and applications.}, language = {en}, number = {428}, institution = {Center for International Development, Harvard University}, author = {Gokhale, Siddhant and Walton, Michael}, month = mar, year = {2023}, } @incollection{jarke_co-creating_2021, address = {Cham}, series = {Public {Administration} and {Information} {Technology}}, title = {Co-{Creating} {Digital} {Public} {Services}}, isbn = {978-3-030-52873-7}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52873-7_3}, abstract = {This chapter reviews key literature and concepts relating to the co-creation of digital public services. For this task, it is firstly important to consider what kind of digital public services may be suitable for co-creation. In order to do so, the first section of this chapter defines what a digital public service is (e.g. with respect to different types of service providers, different types of services and service delivery) and considers what kind of digital public services allow for meaningful citizen participation. To better conceptualise different degrees of participation, the subsequent section reviews Arnstein’s (1969) “ladder of citizen participation” and related work. This allows distinguishing between different degrees of non-participation, (consultative) participation and beyond. Thirdly, the chapter reviews traditional participatory approaches that provide the basis to co-creating of digital public services: (1) co-production of public services, (2) co-design and (3) civic open data use. The chapter summarises and compares the different rationales for participation in these approaches, and reviews how they understand the sharing of control, the sharing of knowledge and the enabling of change.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-09-23}, booktitle = {Co-creating {Digital} {Public} {Services} for an {Ageing} {Society}: {Evidence} for {User}-centric {Design}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Jarke, Juliane}, editor = {Jarke, Juliane}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52873-7_3}, keywords = {Civic Tech, Co-creation, Co-design, Co-production, Digital public services, Open data, Open government, Participation, Participatory design, User-centric services, e-services}, pages = {15--52}, } @book{jarke_co-creating_2021, series = {Public {Administration} and {Information} {Technology}}, title = {Co-creating {Digital} {Public} {Services} for an {Ageing} {Society}: {Evidence} for {User}-centric {Design}}, isbn = {978-3-030-52872-0}, shorttitle = {Co-creating {Digital} {Public} {Services} for an {Ageing} {Society}}, url = {https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030528720}, abstract = {This open access book attends to the co-creation of digital public services for ageing societies. Increasingly public services are provided in digital form; their uptake however remains well below expectations. In particular, amongst older adults the need for public services is high, while at the same time the uptake of digital services is lower than the population average. One of the reasons is that many digital public services (or e-services) do not respond well to the life worlds, use contexts and use practices of its target audiences. This book argues that when older adults are involved in the process of identifying, conceptualising, and designing digital public services, these services become more relevant and meaningful.The book describes and compares three co-creation projects that were conducted in two European cities, Bremen and Zaragoza, as part of a larger EU-funded innovation project. The first part of the book traces the origins of co-creation to three distinct domains, in which co-creation has become an equally important approach with different understandings of what it is and entails: (1) the co-production of public services, (2) the co-design of information systems and (3) the civic use of open data. The second part of the book analyses how decisions about a co-creation project’s governance structure, its scope of action, its choice of methods, its alignment with strategic policies and its embedding in existing public information infrastructures impact on the process and its results. The final part of the book identifies key challenges to co-creation and provides a more general assessment of what co-creation may achieve, where the most promising areas of application may be and where it probably does not match with the contingent requirements of digital public services. Contributing to current discourses on digital citizenship in ageing societies and user-centric design, this book is useful for researchers and practitioners interested in co-creation, public sector innovation, open government, ageing and digital technologies, citizen engagement and civic participation in socio-technical innovation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-09-23}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Jarke, Juliane}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52873-7}, } @misc{olivan_cortes_modelo_2021, title = {Modelo {HIP} - {Hexágono} de la innovación pública}, url = {https://modelohip.net/}, language = {es}, urldate = {2021-05-07}, author = {Oliván Cortés, Raúl}, year = {2021}, } @phdthesis{bon_intervention_2020, title = {Intervention or {Collaboration}? {Redesigning} {Information} and {Communication} {Technologies} for {Development}.}, shorttitle = {Intervention or {Collaboration}?}, abstract = {How can we design and build digital technologies to support people in poor and low resource environments to achieve their objectives? And how can we do this inclusively and ethically, while considering the complexity of their living and working environments? This is the central question in my research. One of the grand challenges of international development cooperation is to make digital technologies available for social and economic development of poor regions of the world. To achieve this goal – often referred to as ICT4D – knowledge and technologies are transferred from wealthy countries to poor regions. Nevertheless, these efforts have often turned out unsuccessful and unsustainable, despite large budgets and numerous projects in prestigious international development programs. Mismatch between the transferred technologies and the target environment is a recurrent problem of ICT4D projects. Improvement can be achieved, for example, by involving end-users in the design process. International development organizations are aware of this, and terms like "co-creation", "participation" and "user-oriented design" have nowadays become part of the international development discourse. However, real co-creation and user-centered design are incompatible with unidirectional transfer of technologies and knowledge (this is how ICT4D is commonly organized, in conventional international development). Moreover, the term participation becomes meaningless, in the light of externally formulated development goals. One key question to ask is: what do the envisaged users want? Remarkably, many ICT4D projects, programs and policies do not really ask and (field) investigate this question, which can only be answered by extensive research on-the-ground. This thesis describes the search for and the design of an alternative approach to ICT4D. Ten years of field and action research with partners in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana have led to a collaborative, iterative and adaptive approach, dubbed "ICT4D 3.0". What is novel of this alternative approach and how does it answer the central question? First of all, ICT4D 3.0 is a practical approach for critical investigation and action. It consists of a reconfigurable framework that guides the design and development of information systems, bridging the knowledge gap between developers and users to unlock and integrate different domains of (global, local, indigenous, academic, nonacademic) knowledge. It targets complex, resource-constrained environments where many (for the ICT developers and researchers) unfamiliar conditions or obstacles may exist. It fosters innovative capacity and learning in action, bringing together people with different backgrounds and perspectives in trans-disciplinary and multicultural teams. It is socio-technical, result-oriented, focused on the objectives of the stakeholders and the requirements of their livelihoods. This approach has been validated in various different contexts, by users, ICT developers, practitioners and students. Second, ICT4D 3.0 contributes to a theoretical understanding of ICT4D as a process of networked innovation in complex (adaptive) systems. The underlying idea is that knowledge sharing and diffusion of innovations are complex (non-linear) dynamic processes that evolve and propagate through social networks in rather unpredictable ways, whereby innovation works out differently, depending on context, and whereby contextual (e.g. social, cultural, environmental, political) factors play an important role, and have to be considered. This theoretical framework explains the effectiveness of a collaborative, iterative, adaptive approach in ICT4D. Third, ICT4D 3.0 is built on ethical principles. When reflecting on the meaning and purpose of digital development, it is clear that digital development is not only a question of technology and practice, and collaboration is more than a prerequisite for successful technological innovation and long-term sustainability: collaboration is a fundamental human, ethical value. Therefore, as a reflective practitioner, one has to ask oneself whose interests one is actually looking after, which goals one is trying to achieve, where they come from, how power and political issues play a role and which core values are at stake. This makes ICT4D 3.0 into a democratic process of dialogue and deliberation, in which all voices are heard, in which the local context and complexity are central and in which development goals are determined by the users themselves and not imposed from outside. In this light, the approach proposed in this thesis takes a value position and can be considered a decolonial approach, striving for democracy, emancipation, autonomy and social and economic betterment. Field experience shows that ICT4D can be a meaningful, collaborative, networked process of knowledge sharing, driven by local initiatives, realizing change for the better, in a complex world.}, author = {Bon, Anna}, month = dec, year = {2020}, doi = {10.26481/dis.20201215ab}, } @techreport{olivan_cortes_instituciones_2020, address = {Andorra}, title = {Instituciones que aprenden - {Informe} para la {XXVII} {Cumbre} {Iberoamericana} de {Jefes} y {Jefas} de {Estado} y de {Gobierno}}, url = {https://modelohip.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SEGIB-Instituciones-que-aprenden_ES.pdf}, abstract = {La pandemia de la Covid-19 ha brotado súbitamente en un momento de transición para las instituciones y organizaciones sociales de medio mundo. Cuando aún no se había superado la crisis de confianza de la última década entre los ciudadanos y los gobiernos, en un momento de gran impulso de las iniciativas de gobierno abierto, planes de innovación y transformación digital, para hacer más democráticas y eficientes las administraciones a través de programas políticos encaminados a configurar un nuevo contrato social, verde y digital en el marco de la Agenda 2030; el coronavirus ha provocado un shock histórico alterando el decurso del siglo XXI y exigiendo una aceleración de todos los procesos en marcha. La complejidad y dimensión de la pandemia ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de arquitecturas institucionales más flexibles, ágiles y resilientes, que sean capaces de incorporar toda la energía civil para aprender de su talento y creatividad, dándole mayor protagonismo a la ciudadanía (activistas, emprendedores, tejido asociativo, academia, makers…) no solo en la toma de decisiones sino también en el diseño e implementación de las estrategias. Conforme se centrifugaba a millones de empleados a teletrabajar desde sus casas, se hacía más poderosa la idea de pensar las organizaciones como flujos más allá de los organigramas estáticos de lugares y personas. Transformar las jerarquías en redes, concebirlas como cuerpos sociales dinámicos, no solo amplía su radio de acción y su conectividad exterior, también reactiva sus fortalezas internas, aflora los liderazgos ocultos, multiplica el valor social producido y maximiza el uso eficiente de los recursos en una época de limitaciones. Los laboratorios de innovación pública, social o ciudadana, o laboratorios de gobierno, junto a otras formas de innovación abierta y diseño social, se reivindican como proyectos inspiradores de un cambio de paradigma: de las instituciones que ordenan a las instituciones que aprenden. Pensar las organizaciones bajo el prisma de la ciencia de redes y la ética de los rizomas –nodos, enlaces, hubs, comunidades…– nos debería permitir una aproximación a la compleja y escurridiza tarea de configurar los ecosistemas de innovación y creatividad en el ámbito de lo público y lo social. Este informe propone un modelo denominado Hexágono de la Innovación Pública (HIP) que promueve un cambio sistémico a través de seis vectores (OPEN\_ abierto, TRANS\_ transversal, FAST\_ ágil, PROTO\_ modelado, CO\_ colaborativo y TEC\_ tecnológico) basados en las propiedades de las redes y en el análisis de 105 metodologías que usan las agencias más innovadoras del mundo. Se incluyen una herramienta de autodiagnóstico y el HIP-SIM, una primera aproximación a un software abierto para visualizar, modelar y simular la creación de ecosistemas innovadores con el que queremos propiciar una comunidad y un debate internacional.}, urldate = {2021-05-07}, institution = {XXVII Cumbre Iberoamericana}, author = {Oliván Cortés, Raúl}, month = dec, year = {2020}, } @techreport{olivan_cortes_instituicoes_2020, address = {Andorra}, title = {Instituições que aprendem - {Relatório} para a {XXVII} {Cimeira} {Ibero}-{Americana} de {Chefes} de {Estado} e de {Governo}}, url = {https://modelohip.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SEGIB-Institui_oes-que-aprendem_PT.pdf}, abstract = {A pandemia da Covid-19 surgiu de súbito num momento de transição para as instituições e organizações sociais de meio mundo. Antes ainda de se ter ultrapassado a crise de confiança da última década entre os cidadãos e os governos, num momento de grande impulso das iniciativas de governo aberto e de planos de inovação e transformação digital para tornar mais democráticas e eficientes as administrações através de programas políticos encaminhados para configurar um novo contrato social, verde e digital no quadro da Agenda 2030, o coronavírus provocou um choque histórico alterando o curso do século XXI e exigindo uma aceleração de todos os processos em andamento. A complexidade e dimensão da pandemia revelou a necessidade de arquiteturas institucionais mais flexíveis, ágeis e resilientes, capazes de incorporar toda a energia civil para aprenderem com o seu talento e criatividade, dando maior protagonismo à cidadania (ativistas, empreendedores, tecido associativo, academia, makers…) não só na tomada de decisões mas também na configuração e implementação das estratégias. À medida que se afastava do centro a milhões de empregados para teletrabalhar a partir de casa, tornou-se mais poderosa a ideia de pensar nas organizações como fluxos que excedem os organigramas estáticos de lugares e pessoas. Transformar as hierarquias em redes, concebê-las como corpos sociais dinâmicos, não só alarga o seu raio de ação e conectividade externa, mas também reativa as suas forças internas, aflora as lideranças ocultas, multiplica o valor social produzido e maximiza o uso eficiente dos recursos numa época de limitações. Os laboratórios de inovação pública, social ou cidadã, ou laboratórios de governo, a par de outras formas de inovação aberta e configuração social, reivindicam-se como projetos inspiradores de uma mudança de paradigma: de instituições que ordenam para instituições que aprendem. Pensar nas organizações sob a ótica da ciência das redes e da ética dos rizomas – nós, ligações, hubs, comunidades… – deverá permitir-nos uma aproximação à complexa e subtil tarefa de configurar os ecossistemas de inovação e criatividade no âmbito público e social. Este relatório propõe um modelo denominado Hexágono da Inovação Pública (HIP) que promove uma transformação sistémica através de seis vetores (OPEN\_ aberto, TRANS\_ transversal, FAST\_ rápido, PROTO\_ modelado, CO\_ colaborativo e TEC\_ tecnológico) baseados nas propriedades das redes e na análise de 105 metodologias usadas pelas agências mais inovadoras do mundo. Incluem-se uma ferramenta de autodiagnóstico e o HIP-SIM, uma primeira aproximação a um software aberto para visualizar, modelar e simular a criação de ecossistemas inovadores com o qual queremos favorecer a comunidade e o debate internacional.}, urldate = {2021-05-07}, institution = {XXVII Cimeira Ibero-Americana}, author = {Oliván Cortés, Raúl}, month = dec, year = {2020}, } @techreport{pett_navigating_2020, address = {London}, title = {Navigating adaptive approaches for development programmes}, url = {https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/202009_learnadapt_navigating_adaptive_approaches_wp_3.pdf}, abstract = {This working paper compares six of the most prominent adaptive approaches to emerge over the past two decades. Three come from the world of innovation, largely in the private sector (agile, lean startup and human-centred design), and three from the global development sector (thinking and working politically, forms of adaptive management and problem-driven iterative adaptation). While all of these approaches are valuable when used in the right context, practitioners may be perplexed by the multiplicity of methods and jargon. This paper aims to address some of this confusion by mapping where these approaches have come from and showing how they can be applied across the adaptive programme cycle. Armed with this knowledge, practitioners might experiment with different combinations and sequences of adaptive approaches according to the kind of problem and context faced. In turn, this may help us move beyond a siloed view of approaches linked to innovation, adaptive management or more politically smart ways of working. Key messages: • Adaptive approaches have emerged in several sectors, including software development, product and service design, technology startups and international development. • Adaptive approaches can help practitioners counteract misplaced certainty. By talking to potential users, understanding institutions, interests and ideas and investigating the root causes of a problem, practitioners applying these approaches can illuminate the underlying nature of the problem and context. • Rather than building a whole solution straight away, these approaches commonly encourage practitioners to start small and use structured cycles of testing and learning. There is scope to further consider how different approaches can be better brought together and combined. • Adaptive approaches in development provide a wider range of options for what to create and facilitate – not only products or services, but also forms of collective action. There are also alternative ways to think about scale – considering how others might take up an idea and looking for leverage, rather than quantity.}, language = {en}, number = {589}, institution = {ODI}, author = {Pett, Jamie}, month = sep, year = {2020}, pages = {31}, } @misc{cone_whats_2019, title = {What’s {Next} for {Design} {Thinking}}, url = {https://modus.medium.com/whats-next-for-design-thinking-d44bebbb7649}, abstract = {Thoughts on the future of creative problem-solving from across the industry}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-08-12}, journal = {Medium}, author = {Cone, Taylor}, month = jul, year = {2019}, } @book{mclean_scaling_2019, title = {Scaling {Impact}: {Innovation} for the {Public} {Good}}, isbn = {978-0-429-88638-6}, shorttitle = {Scaling {Impact}}, url = {https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/scaling-impact-innovation-public-good}, abstract = {Scaling Impact introduces a new and practical approach to scaling the positive impacts of research and innovation. Inspired by leading scientific and entrepreneurial innovators from across Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Middle East, this book presents a synthesis of unrivalled diversity and grounded ingenuity. The result is a different perspective on how to achieve impact that matters, and an important challenge to the predominant more-is-better paradigm of scaling. For organisations and individuals working to change the world for the better, scaling impact is a common goal and a well-founded aim. The world is changing rapidly, and seemingly intractable problems like environmental degradation or accelerating inequality press us to do better for each other and our environment as a global community. Challenges like these appear to demand a significant scale of action, and here the authors argue that a more creative and critical approach to scaling is both possible and essential. To encourage uptake and co-development, the authors present actionable principles that can help organisations and innovators design, manage, and evaluate scaling strategies. Scaling Impact is essential reading for development and innovation practitioners and professionals, but also for researchers, students, evaluators, and policymakers with a desire to spark meaningful change.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {McLean, Robert and Gargani, John}, month = may, year = {2019}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 9X6YDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Developing \& Emerging Countries}, } @article{cooley_scale_2019, title = {Scale {Up} {Sourcebook}}, url = {https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/scaleup/sourcebook/book/1}, abstract = {The Scale Up Sourcebook is informed and inspired by the September 2018 conference, Innovations in Agriculture: Scaling Up to Reach Millions, organized by Purdue University, in partnership with the African Development Bank. The Sourcebook consolidates, extends, and disseminates some of the scaling insights presented at the Purdue conference. It is intended as an easy-to-use guidebook targeted to a broad and diverse audience of stakeholders associated with scaling agricultural technologies and innovations to meet the needs of the world’s poor. The Sourcebook has nine chapters: designing with scale in mind; assessing scalability; using commercial markets to drive scaling; financing the transition to scale; creating an enabling environment for scale; tailoring metrics, monitoring, and evaluation to support sustainable outcomes at scale; and the critical role of intermediary and donor organizations. The Sourcebook provides guidance, tips, and examples, along with links and references to additional resources on scale up.}, journal = {Scale Up Conference}, author = {Cooley, Larry and Howard, Julie}, month = apr, year = {2019}, } @inproceedings{bon_digital_2019, series = {{IFIP} {Advances} in {Information} and {Communication} {Technology}}, title = {Digital {Development}: {Elements} of a {Critical} {ICT4D} {Theory} and {Praxis}}, isbn = {978-3-030-19115-3}, shorttitle = {Digital {Development}}, abstract = {In recent years, critical research literature in ICT4D has grown. It is widely accepted that theory is to inform practice. However, the inverse directionality, practice informs theory, is much less present in ICT4D, including in critical research. In this paper, we discuss ways how ICT4D research and theory may be better informed by practice—in terms of (i) recognizing praxis-oriented research paradigms and integrating their results, (ii) development of foundational theories, (iii) critical analysis of ICT4D emerging policies, and (iv) positioning ICT4D in the wider development debate. This suggests several elements or directions in which critical research has the potential to push current boundaries of ICT4D in terms of content as well as relevance.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Information and {Communication} {Technologies} for {Development}. {Strengthening} {Southern}-{Driven} {Cooperation} as a {Catalyst} for {ICT4D}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Bon, Anna and Akkermans, Hans}, editor = {Nielsen, Petter and Kimaro, Honest Christopher}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Action research paradigm, Critical research, Network complexity theory, Principles for Digital Development}, pages = {26--38}, } @article{carter_scaling_2018, title = {Scaling {Up} {Inclusive} {Approaches} for {Marginalised} and {Vulnerable} {People}}, copyright = {This report was prepared for the UK Government’s Department for International Development (DFID). It is licensed for non-commercial purposes only. © DFID – Crown copyright 2018.}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13964}, abstract = {This rapid review summarises the evidence on how to scale up inclusive approaches to complex social change. It looks at how to design scalable inclusive change interventions, as well as how to plan and manage the scale-up process. Focusing on interventions with the aim of reaching the most marginalised and transform social norms, it covers programmes aiming to deliver inclusive outcomes for women and girls (with a particular focus on preventing violence against women and girls) and persons with disabilities. To date, many interventions seeking to change harmful gender and disability norms have been implemented as small-scale projects. There are limited experiences of scale-up and fewer evaluations of these experiences. However, there are some documented case studies as well as emerging analysis that draw out lessons learned. From this evidence base, this rapid desk review identifies eight critical issues commonly highlighted as important considerations when scaling up inclusive change interventions: 1. Opportunities for systemic approach, including integrating political and community-level scale-up, and coordinating across multiple sectors and stakeholders 2. Political support for scale-up 3. Strategic choices: balancing reach, speed, cost, quality, equity, and sustainability 4. Catalysing change: tipping points, diffusion effects, and local champions 5. Locally grounded, participatory, and adaptive approaches 6. Long-term approaches with funding models to match 7. Cost-effective and financially feasible scale-up strategies 8. Measuring impact and sustainability.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-02-15}, author = {Carter, Becky and Joshi, Anu and Remme, Michelle}, month = jul, year = {2018}, } @misc{elhra_humanitarian_2018, title = {Humanitarian {Innovation} {Guide}}, url = {https://higuide.elrha.org/}, abstract = {The Humanitarian Innovation Guide is a growing online resource to help individuals and organisations define humanitarian problems and successfully develop innovative solutions. ABOUT THE GUIDE The humanitarian sector is investing in exciting innovations, but it is not yet producing a steady pipeline of well-designed solutions that effectively address problems, evidence their impact, and have the potential to be scaled. As stated in a recent independent evaluation of the Humanitarian Innovation Fund (Triple Line, 2017), a review of the innovation ecosystem in 2015 found significant gaps in resources for innovation, including a shortage of guidance on the skills needed to manage successful innovation projects. These findings were echoed in the research carried out to inform this resource. As part of a grant agreement with the European Commission to provide financial and technical support to emerging humanitarian innovations, and in line with our strategic aim to develop the sector’s skills and capabilities in humanitarian innovation, this resource aims to translate our own learning, along with learning from across the sector, into a practical, grounded guide for innovators working in humanitarian contexts. Building on our unique position in the sector, the Humanitarian Innovation Guide is designed to provide targeted support to individuals and organisations attempting to develop innovative solutions to the challenges facing humanitarian assistance, resulting in a more effective humanitarian response. The Guide is written with two audiences in mind: humanitarian practitioners who are seeking to develop a new approach to their work and want to apply an innovation lens to solving problems; and social entrepreneurs from outside the sector who have identified an opportunity to engage with the sector and need a humanitarian framework to contextualise their innovation plans. We also hope that it will be a useful resource for innovation managers who are tasked with supporting innovation in their agencies, labs or networks. As the first step-by-step guide to managing innovation in the humanitarian sector, we hope that its continued development will better enable individuals, organisations and the wider sector to: Plan the activities involved in an innovation process and systematise the management of innovation. Manage a successful innovation project and generate evidence for innovation. Ensure that innovations are developed in an ethical way, with full consideration of risks and responsibilities.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2022-06-10}, author = {ELHRA}, month = jul, year = {2018}, } @techreport{hdif_digital_2018, address = {Dar es Salaam}, title = {Digital {Principles} into practice}, url = {http://www.hdif-tz.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/11/HDIF_PDD_Web7.pdf}, urldate = {2018-08-09}, institution = {HDIF}, author = {HDIF}, month = apr, year = {2018}, } @article{both_human-centered_2018, title = {Human-{Centered}, {Systems}-{Minded} {Design}}, url = {https://ssir.org/articles/entry/human_centered_systems_minded_design}, abstract = {Both human-centered and systems-thinking methods fit within an effective design approach, and can work in conjunction to address social challenges.}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2019-08-09}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author = {Both, Thomas}, month = mar, year = {2018}, } @incollection{gray_innovation_2018, title = {Innovation lifecycle and the missing middle}, url = {https://practicalactionpublishing.com/book/1325/managing-humanitarian-innovation}, urldate = {2018-04-26}, booktitle = {Managing {Humanitarian} {Innovation} - {The} cutting edge of aid}, publisher = {Practical Action Publishing}, author = {Gray, Ian and McClure, Dan}, editor = {James, Eric and Taylor, Abigail}, month = jan, year = {2018}, doi = {10.3362/9781780449531.006}, pages = {51--60}, } @techreport{allen_introduction_2018, address = {Wellington}, title = {An introduction to systems thinking and tools for systems thinking}, url = {https://learningforsustainability.net/systems-thinking/}, abstract = {Systems thinking is an approach to integration that is based on the belief that the component parts of a system will act differently when isolated from the system’s environment or other parts of the system. THIS PAGE PROVIDES PLENTY OF RESOURCES ON SYSTEM THINKING}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2020-10-15}, institution = {Learning fro Sustainability}, author = {Allen, Will and Kilvington, Margaret}, year = {2018}, } @misc{digitalprinciples.org_principles_2018, title = {Principles for {Digital} {Development}}, url = {https://digitalprinciples.org/}, author = {{digitalprinciples.org}}, year = {2018}, } @techreport{leurs_landscape_2018, type = {text/html}, title = {The landscape of innovation approaches}, copyright = {Copyright ©2021 States of Change.}, url = {https://states-of-change.org/resources/landscape-of-innovation-approaches}, abstract = {An overview of innovation methods and approaches we’ve come across in government innovation practice.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-05-07}, institution = {States of Change}, author = {Leurs, Bas}, year = {2018}, } @techreport{nesta_states_2018, address = {London}, title = {States of {Change} - {Learning} programme}, url = {https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/states_of_change_-_scoping_workshop_-_day_2.pdf}, urldate = {2018-10-03}, institution = {Nesta}, author = {Nesta}, year = {2018}, } @techreport{prieto_martin_doing_2017, address = {Brighton}, title = {Doing {Digital} {Development} {Differently}: {Lessons} in adaptive management from technology for governance initiatives in {Kenya}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/13285}, abstract = {Development projects don’t always work as planned. This has long been acknowledged by those in the sector, and has led to several approaches that seek to solve complex development problems through enabling and encouraging greater adaptiveness and learning within projects (e.g. Doing Development Differently and Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation). Digital development projects experience many of these issues. Using technology for transparency and accountability (Tech4T\&A) projects in Kenya as case studies, our research analysed the many different theoretical approaches to learning and adaptation, and then tested how these play out in reality. Firstly, we conducted an extensive review of the literature on the spectrum of approaches to adaptive learning. The findings were used to develop a framework through which to analyse adaptiveness at the different layers of complexity in projects (e.g. software design and development, programme design and management). The second part of the research consisted of interviews and focus group discussions with participants in Tech4T\&A projects in Kenya. Respondents helped us identify the main characteristics of adaptiveness in their projects (e.g. who needs to adapt, and how and when) and the challenges and issues that inhibit projects’ abilities to be adaptive. This process also revealed how accountability interplays with adaptiveness, and considered how better collaboration flows can enable adaptiveness. From our literature review and empirical study, we draw several conclusions for increasing adaptiveness in digital development projects. These include simplifying the many adaptive theories that abound, increasing responsiveness to project beneficiaries and stakeholders, and for stakeholders to keep on experimenting, networking and advocating.}, urldate = {2019-12-04}, institution = {IDS}, author = {Prieto Martin, Pedro and Hernandez, Kevin and Faith, Becky and Ramalingam, Ben}, month = oct, year = {2017}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @techreport{conway_design_2017, address = {London}, title = {From {Design} {Thinking} to {Systems} {Change}}, url = {https://www.thersa.org/blog/2017/07/from-design-thinking-to-system-change}, abstract = {This report takes the Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI), a twophase pre-procurement innovation programme that aims to match social challenges with new ideas, as its primary case study. It suggests augmenting the excellent design thinking deployed through SBRI with a think like a system, act like an entrepreneur lens in order to drive better social outcomes from SBRI-originating innovations. Programmes like SBRI have great potential to drive change and address pressing challenges, but must be guided by a more developed understanding of how change happens. The stakes are too high to not raise our game when it comes to social innovation. Wicked problems can be overcome but will require sophisticated theories of change able to account for the complexity and unpredictability of modern life. We offer think like a system, act like an entrepreneur as a contribution to this effort. This report is based on the following research: •• Desk based review of relevant literature; •• A series of structured interviews with participants in SBRI competitions; and •• An expert round table that brought together policymakers, commissioners, procurement experts and entrepreneurs to consider and develop initial findings.}, language = {en}, institution = {RSA}, author = {Conway, Rowan and Masters, Jeff and Thorold, Jake}, month = jul, year = {2017}, keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, pages = {33}, } @article{poveda_critical_2017, title = {Critical agency and development: applying {Freire} and {Sen} to {ICT4D} in {Zambia} and {Brazil}}, issn = {10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656}, shorttitle = {Critical agency and development}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656}, abstract = {(2017). Critical agency and development: applying Freire and Sen to ICT4D in Zambia and Brazil. Information Technology for Development. Ahead of Print. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-05-28}, journal = {Information Technology for Development}, author = {Poveda, Sammia and Roberts, Tony}, month = may, year = {2017}, } @techreport{undp_project_2017, title = {Project {Cycle} {Hacker}'s {Toolkit} - changing the conversation around your projects}, url = {http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/library/innovation/hackers-toolkit.html}, abstract = {The Istanbul Regional Hub partnered with Nesta and 4 country offices (fYR Macedonia, Moldova, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan) to develop a program that can help us bring innovation closer to the center of the organization by embedding it in the key project management business processes - The Project Cycle Hackers Toolkit.}, urldate = {2017-06-15}, institution = {UNDP}, author = {UNDP}, month = mar, year = {2017}, } @article{haikin_development_2017, title = {Development is {Going} {Digital}: {What} is the role of {INGOs}? {ICT} for {Development} programmes in the {Horn}, {East} and {Central} {Africa}}, shorttitle = {Development is {Going} {Digital}}, url = {http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/development-is-going-digital-what-is-the-role-of-ingos-ict-for-development-prog-620193}, abstract = {Development is going digital and INGOs like Oxfam have a vital convening role to play. This paper draws on ICT for Development in Oxfam’s programmes in the Horn, East and Central Africa to consider what this role is.  In order to realise the opportunities}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Policy \& Practice}, author = {Haikin, Matt and Flatters, George}, month = feb, year = {2017}, } @misc{18f-gsa_18f_2017, title = {{18F} {Method} {Cards} - {A} collection of tools to bring human-centered design into your project}, url = {https://methods.18f.gov}, abstract = {18F’s method cards describe how our organization puts human-centered design into practice.}, urldate = {2017-06-08}, journal = {18F-GSA, US Governement}, author = {18F-GSA}, year = {2017}, } @techreport{fox_scaling_2016, address = {Brighton}, title = {Scaling accountability through vertically integrated civil society policy monitoring and advocacy}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/12683}, abstract = {This working paper argues that the growing field of transparency, participation and accountability (TPA) needs a conceptual reboot, to address the limited traction gained so far on the path to accountability. To inform more strategic approaches and to identify the drivers of more sustainable institutional change, fresh analytical work is needed. This paper makes the case for one among several possible strategic approaches by distinguishing between “scaling up” and “taking scale into account”. This proposition grounds an explanation of the vertical integration strategy, which involves multi-level coordination by civil society organisations of policy monitoring and advocacy, grounded in broad pro-accountability constituencies. To spell out how this strategy can empower pro-accountability actors, the paper contrasts varied terms of engagement between state and society, proposing a focus on collaborative coalitions as an alternative to the conventional dichotomy between confrontation and constructive engagement. The paper grounds this discussion by reviewing the rich empirical terrain of existing multi-level approaches, summarizing nine cases – three each in three countries – to demonstrate what can be revealed when TPA initiatives are seen through the lens of scale. It concludes with a set of broad analytical questions for discussion, followed by testable hypotheses proposed to inform future research agendas}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-02-17}, institution = {IDS}, author = {Fox, Jonathan}, month = dec, year = {2016}, } @misc{mcclure_scaling_2016, title = {Scaling {Assessment} {Map}: {An} {Evolving} {Tool} {Supporting} {Innovation} {Scale} {Up}}, shorttitle = {Scaling {Assessment} {Map}}, url = {https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/scaling-assessment-map-evolving-tool-supporting-innovation-scale}, abstract = {Nearly three years ago we wrote about the “Missing Middle” in the innovation lifecycle[i], a gap that kept successful pilot programs from reaching the goal of replication and optimization in multiple contexts. Since then, scaling humanitarian innovation has received a great deal of attention from the sector, with a number of new initiatives specifically focused on the scaling challenge.}, urldate = {2017-02-15}, journal = {ThoughtWorks}, author = {McClure, Dan and Gray, Ian}, month = nov, year = {2016}, } @misc{dfid_design_2016, title = {Design {Thinking} is not enough – {Innovate} {DFID}}, url = {https://medium.com/@InnovateDFID/design-thinking-is-not-enough-526c4c56182}, abstract = {By Tamara Giltsoff}, urldate = {2016-11-14}, journal = {Medium}, author = {DFID, Innovate}, month = oct, year = {2016}, } @techreport{perez_castro_grow_2016, address = {Bonn}, title = {Grow - {Scale} - {Impact}: {How} to help inclusive business achieve scale}, url = {http://www.gsen.global/scaling-handbook}, urldate = {2016-10-10}, institution = {GIZ}, author = {Pérez Castro, Andrea A. and Tora, Krisztina}, month = oct, year = {2016}, } @article{dearden_moving_2016, title = {Moving {ICTD} research beyond bungee jumping: practical case studies and recommendations}, volume = {35}, issn = {0278-0097}, shorttitle = {Moving {ICTD} research beyond bungee jumping}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7563950/}, doi = {10.1109/MTS.2016.2593267}, abstract = {The global spread of Internet and mobile communications has been accompanied by a growing interest in how information and communication technologies (ICTs) can contribute to social and economic development. There are a considerable number of such examples in developing countries. For example, M-Pesa in Kenya allows workers in the cities to send money back to families living in the countryside using SMS messages on basic mobile phones. In Ghana, the Motech project allows community health workers to use feature phones and network services to track ante-natal (and post-natal) care with the objective of improving outcomes for both mothers and babies. Other examples include Gram Vaani's (GRINS) open-source software for community radio stations, or Ushahidi's initiatives, which began with tracking post-electoral violence in Kenya in 2008 using mobile phones and Google maps. These examples illustrate different ways of leveraging ICT to improve lives and livelihoods worldwide. Such stories are inspiring many young (and not so young) researchers and innovators alike to explore how technology might support social and economic development and inclusion in global knowledge exchange}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-09-06}, journal = {IEEE Technology and Society Magazine}, author = {Dearden, Andy and Tucker, William}, month = sep, year = {2016}, pages = {36--43}, } @article{bon_developing_2016, title = {Developing {ICT} {Services} in a {Low}-{Resource} {Development} {Context}}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308174287_Developing_ICT_Services_in_a_Low-Resource_Development_Context}, urldate = {2016-09-18}, journal = {Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly}, author = {Bon, Anna and Akkermans, Hans and Gordijn, Jaap}, month = sep, year = {2016}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, pages = {84--109}, } @inproceedings{bon_low-resource_2016, address = {Ljubljana, Slovenia}, title = {A {Low}-resource {Aware} {Framework} for {ICT} {Service} {Development} in {Rural} {Africa}}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304008990_A_Low-resource_Aware_Framework_for_ICT_Service_Development_in_Rural_Africa}, abstract = {Technological innovation and information \& communication technologies (ICTs) are considered enabling factors for social and economic development, even in very poor parts of the world. However,...}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {CAiSE}'16 {Forum}}, author = {Bon, Anna and Gordijn, Jaap and Akkermans, Hans}, editor = {España, S. and Ivanovic, M. and Savic, M.}, month = jun, year = {2016}, } @article{thapa_participation_2016, title = {Participation in {ICT} {Development} {Interventions}: {Who} and {How}?}, volume = {75}, issn = {16814835}, shorttitle = {Participation in {ICT} {Development} {Interventions}}, url = {http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1699}, abstract = {The aim of participatory development (PD) in the context of using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for development (ICT4D) is to empower underprivileged communities and disadvantaged segments of the stakeholders. The literature on ICT4D is replete with empirical evidence showing that ICT interventions often fail since they are often externally initiated, with very limited involvement from the affected (Heeks, 2002). Clearly, the principles and concepts of PD are relevant to ICT4D. However, we should not consider PD a panacea but need to understand the caveats and processes by which PD happens. Questions to ask include: What are the various challenges in PD? Who are the relevant stakeholders? Why and how do actors enrol in the project? How do we create sustainable ICT4D projects through PD? To understand these research questions, we present a case analysis of a project in Nepal called the Nepal Wireless Networking Project (NWNP). Investigating the specific initiatives that they enabled, telemedicine, education and jobs, we propose that the key participants in the NWNP were activist actors and the affected and that activists drew upon existing Social Capital to enrol the affected through a process explained by Actor Network Theory (ANT). In the process, they built other forms of Social Capital, which in turn extended the benefits of PD to several mountain villages.}, language = {en}, number = {0}, urldate = {2016-07-27}, journal = {The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries}, author = {Thapa, Devinder and Sæbø, Øystein}, month = jun, year = {2016}, } @article{steyn_critique_2016, title = {A {Critique} of the {Claims} {About} {Mobile} {Phones} and {Kerala} {Fisherman}. {The} {Importance} of the {Context} of {Complex} {Social} {Systems}}, volume = {74}, copyright = {An author submitting a paper agrees to license EJISDC to publish the paper if and when the manuscript is accepted. Papers published in EJISDC are protected by copyright, which is retained by the authors. Authors control translation and reproduction rights to their works published in EJISDC. Permission of the author must be secured if a paper originally published in EJISDC is being considered for reprinting or translation. Authors are expected to ensure that any reprinting or translation contains a reference or pointer to the original paper published in EJISDC. Authors submitting papers to EJISDC do so with the understanding that with Internet publishing authors and publishers do not always have the means to prevent unauthorized copying or editing of copyrighted works. Downloads of papers in EJISDC are permitted for personal and educational use only. Commercial use requires explicit permission from the Editor in Chief. EJISDC has made arrangements with Proquest and Scopus to have published articles available for indexing.}, issn = {16814835}, url = {http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1687}, abstract = {This paper challenges some fundamental aspects of research and conclusions relating to the use of technology for community development. Views of technology, in this case the mobile phone, as a tool for increased economic welfare are often skewed due to extreme reductionism, ambiguous interview questions and poor data sources. Research of complex social systems or sub-systems give the wrong answers when reductionist methodologies are used. To demonstrate such shortcomings, the 2007 paper of Robert Jensen serves as an example. His conclusion that mobile phones enable Kerala fishermen to increase their economic welfare is the most cited paper on ICT4D topics, but there are fundamental methodological and logical problems with the claim, while other research came to contradictory conclusions. This critique is presented on many levels: ideological, paradigmatic, methodology, logical, statistical and semantic.}, language = {en}, number = {0}, urldate = {2016-07-27}, journal = {The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries}, author = {Steyn, Jacques}, month = apr, year = {2016}, } @techreport{waugaman_principle_2016, title = {From principle to practice: {Implementing} the {Principles} for {Digital} {Development}}, url = {http://digitalprinciples.org/from-principle-to-practice}, abstract = {The Principles for Digital Development (download PDF here) find their roots in the efforts of individuals, development organizations, and donors alike who have called for a more concerted effort by donors and implementing partners to institutionalize lessons learned in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in development projects.}, urldate = {2016-05-11}, author = {Waugaman, Adele}, month = feb, year = {2016}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @article{harris_how_2016, title = {How {ICT4D} {Research} {Fails} the {Poor}}, volume = {22}, issn = {0268-1102}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2015.1018115}, doi = {10.1080/02681102.2015.1018115}, abstract = {Research can improve development policies and practices and funders increasingly require evidence of such socioeconomic impact from their investments. This article questions whether information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) research conforms to the requirements for achieving socioeconomic impact. We report on a literature review of the impact of research in international development and a survey of ICT4D researchers who assessed the extent to which they follow practices for achieving socioeconomic impact. The findings suggest that while ICT4D researchers are interested in influencing both practice and policy, they are less inclined toward the activities that would make this happen, especially engaging with users of their research and communicating their findings to a wider audience. Their institutions do not provide incentives for researchers to adopt these practices. ICT4D researchers and their institutions should engage more closely with the users of their research through more and better communications with the public, especially through the use of information and communication technologies.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2016-11-03}, journal = {Information Technology for Development}, author = {Harris, Roger W.}, month = jan, year = {2016}, keywords = {ICT4D, Policy making, Practice, Research, impact}, pages = {177--192}, } @article{berstein_leading_2016, title = {Leading {Change} {Through} {Adaptive} {Design}}, volume = {14}, url = {https://ssir.org/articles/entry/leading_change_through_adaptive_design}, abstract = {By integrating two practices\&\#8212;design thinking and adaptive leadership\&\#8212;social innovators can manage projects in a way that\&\#8217;s both creatively confident and relentlessly realistic.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-19}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author = {Berstein, Maya and Linsky, Marty}, year = {2016}, } @techreport{cooley_scaling_2016, address = {Washington DC}, title = {Scaling up - {From} {Vision} to {Large}-{Scale} {Change} - {A} {Management} {Framework} for {Practitioners}}, url = {https://www.msiworldwide.com/additional-resources/msi-scaling-framework}, abstract = {This document was originally published in 2006 and re-issued in a substantially revised Second Edition in 2012.}, urldate = {2022-06-10}, institution = {MSI}, author = {Cooley, Larry and Kohl, Richard and Ved, Rajani R.}, year = {2016}, } @article{fernando_gomez_measuring_2016, title = {Measuring the {Barriers} to {Big} {Data} for {Development}: design-reality gap analysis}, volume = {62}, url = {http://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/gdi/publications/workingpapers/di/di_wp62.pdf}, journal = {Manchester University Development Informatics Working Paper Series}, author = {Fernando Gomez, L. and Heeks, R.}, year = {2016}, } @misc{gov.uk_open_2016, title = {Open {Policy} {Making} toolkit}, url = {https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-policy-making-toolkit}, abstract = {This manual includes information about Open Policy Making as well as the tools and techniques policy makers can use to create more open and user led policy.}, urldate = {2016-05-11}, author = {gov.uk}, year = {2016}, } @techreport{pon_winners_2016, title = {Winners and {Losers} in the {Global} {App} {Economy}}, url = {http://cariboudigital.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Caribou-Digital-Winners-and-Losers-in-the-Global-App-Economy-2016.pdf}, urldate = {2016-04-20}, author = {Pon, Bryan}, year = {2016}, } @incollection{dearden_ethical_2015, address = {Dublin, Eire}, title = {The ethical limits of bungee research in {ICTD}}, isbn = {978-1-4799-8283-7}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=7439430}, abstract = {Research in ICTD is difficult because engineers with technical expertise are separated from the challenges that they are trying to address by large physical distances and significant social differences. To overcome these challenges, much research involves occasional short visits by external researchers to developing regions to investigate problems and generate ideas which are then developed back at the engineers' home base before further return visits for deployment and evaluation. This paper highlights the ethical limitations of this `bungee research', and reflects on our experiences in evolving more fruitful research practices. We argue that relying on bungee research as a primary model of research engagement is unethical, and we suggest some minimal conditions that are necessary, but not sufficient, for such visits to be ethically defensible in ICTD research.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-09-06}, booktitle = {2015 {IEEE} {International} {Symposium} on {Technology} and {Society}}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Dearden, Andrew and Tucker, William D.}, month = nov, year = {2015}, pages = {1--6}, } @techreport{reboot_design_implementing_2015, title = {Implementing {Innovation}: {A} {User}'s {Manual} for {Open} {Government} {Programs}}, shorttitle = {Introducing “{Implementing} {Innovation}}, url = {http://reboot.org/2015/10/27/introducing-implementing-innovation-users-manual-open-government-programs/}, abstract = {This guide draws from our experience around the world helping government reformers achieve real change. It is a practical resource for anyone working to implement an open government initiative.}, urldate = {2016-03-23}, author = {Reboot Design}, month = oct, year = {2015}, } @article{meyer_design_2015, title = {Design for {Sustainability}: {Countering} the {Drivers} of {Unsustainability} in {Development} {Projects}}, volume = {11}, copyright = {All material submitted to the Journal of Community Informatics is protected by and subject to the Creative Commons Public License "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5". Subject to the following conditions, all material submitted to the Journal of Community Informatics may be freely copied, distributed, or displayed, or modified: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. See the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License for complete details. --{\textgreater}}, issn = {1712-4441}, shorttitle = {Design for {Sustainability}}, url = {http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1169}, doi = {10.15353/joci.v11i3.2768}, abstract = {Development projects aim to make a difference in communities. Funders often require that the intervention needs to last, or that it needs to effect change that will last, over an extended period of time. In short, a sustainable difference needs to be made and this is an important measure of success.  However, there are inherent drivers in the combined system of donors and beneficiaries that counter sustainability. This article explores these drivers, and identifies project design elements that need to be in place in order to promote sustainability by countering the drivers. This approach is applied to an education project, and implications for ICT4D projects are developed.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, journal = {The Journal of Community Informatics}, author = {Meyer, Isabel and Marais, Mario Alphonso}, month = sep, year = {2015}, keywords = {Development, Project design, Systems Approaches, sustainability}, } @techreport{mcclure_engineering_2015, title = {Engineering {Complex} {Scaled} {Up} {Innovations} in the {Humanitarian} and {Development} {Sector}}, url = {https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/engineering-complex-scaled-innovations}, urldate = {2016-09-08}, institution = {ThoughtWorks}, author = {McClure, Dan and Gray, Ian}, month = aug, year = {2015}, } @techreport{reboot_using_2015, address = {New York}, title = {Using {Data} to {Influence} {Government} {Decisions}. {Opportunities} and {Challenges} for {User}-{Centered} {Design} to {Improve} {Governance} {Data} {Impact}}, url = {https://reboot.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Reboot_Using-Data-to-Influence-Government-Decisions_2015.pdf}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, institution = {Reboot \& OSF}, author = {Reboot}, month = jul, year = {2015}, } @techreport{mcclure_managing_2015, title = {Managing the {Journey} to {Scale} {Up} {Innovation} in the {Humanitarian} and {Development} {Sector}}, url = {https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/managing-journey-scale-innovation}, urldate = {2016-09-08}, institution = {ThoughtWorks}, author = {McClure, Dan and Gray, Ian}, month = jun, year = {2015}, } @techreport{mcclure_scaling:_2015, title = {Scaling: {Innovations} {Missing} {Middle}}, url = {https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/scaling-innovations-missing-middle}, urldate = {2016-09-08}, institution = {ThoughtWorks}, author = {McClure, Dan and Gray, Ian}, month = mar, year = {2015}, } @article{gettleman_meant_2015, address = {BANGWEULU WETLANDS, Zambia}, chapter = {AFRICA}, title = {Meant to {Keep} {Malaria} {Out}, {Mosquito} {Nets} {Are} {Used} to {Haul} {Fish} {In}}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/africa/mosquito-nets-for-malaria-spawn-new-epidemic-overfishing.html?_r=1}, abstract = {Nets like his are widely considered a magic bullet against malaria — one of the cheapest and most effective ways to stop a disease that kills at least half a million Africans each year. But Mr. Ndefi and countless others are not using their mosquito nets as global health experts have intended. Nobody in his hut, including his seven children, sleeps under a net at night. Instead, Mr. Ndefi has taken his family’s supply of anti-malaria nets and sewn them together into a gigantic sieve that he uses to drag the bottom of the swamp ponds, sweeping up all sorts of life: baby catfish, banded tilapia, tiny mouthbrooders, orange fish eggs, water bugs and the occasional green frog}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Gettleman, Jeffrey}, month = jan, year = {2015}, } @book{ideo_field_2015, address = {San Francisco}, title = {The field guide to human-centered design: design kit}, isbn = {978-0-9914063-1-9}, shorttitle = {The field guide to human-centered design}, language = {eng}, publisher = {IDEO}, author = {{IDEO}}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Design, IMPORTANT, Methode}, } @article{lee_before_2015, title = {Before the {Backlash}, {Let}’s {Redefine} {User}-{Centered} {Design}}, volume = {13}, url = {https://ssir.org/articles/entry/before_the_backlash_lets_redefine_user_centered_design}, abstract = {We must better understand user-centered design\&\#8217;s limitations\&\#8212;not just its strengths\&\#8212;in the context of international development. And we must adapt it from its original uses designing commercial products to solving for social good.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-19}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author = {Lee, Panthea}, year = {2015}, } @incollection{mansell_ict4d_2015, title = {{ICT4D} and {Sustainability}}, isbn = {978-1-118-76777-1}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118767771}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, booktitle = {The {International} {Encyclopedia} of {Digital} {Communication} and {Society}}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell}, author = {Marais, Mario}, editor = {Mansell, Robin and Ang, Peng Hwa}, year = {2015}, } @article{murray_promise_2015, title = {The {Promise} of {Lean} {Experimentation}}, volume = {13}, url = {https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_promise_of_lean_experimentation}, abstract = {By adopting a model from business, nonprofit organizations can launch, test, and implement new programs and services more efficiently. Includes magazine extras.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2016-09-26}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author = {Murray, Peter and Ma, Steve}, year = {2015}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @incollection{meyer_sustainability_2014, title = {Sustainability and {Value} through {Improved} {Decision}-making}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269522606_Sustainability_and_Value_through_Improved_Decision-making}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, booktitle = {Designing and implementing an {Information} and {Communication} {Technology} for {Rural} {Education} {Development} ({ICT4RED}) initiative in a resource-constrained environment: {Nciba} school district, {Eastern} {Cape}, {South} {Africa}}, publisher = {CSIR}, author = {Meyer, Isabel and Marais, Mario}, editor = {Herselman, M.E. and Botha, A.}, month = dec, year = {2014}, pages = {205--236}, } @article{hobbes_stop_2014, title = {Stop {Trying} to {Save} the {World}: {Big} ideas are destroying international development}, url = {https://newrepublic.com/article/120178/problem-international-development-and-plan-fix-it}, abstract = {Gives some examples of poorly designed interventions (e.g. The play pump)}, journal = {New Republic}, author = {Hobbes, Michael}, month = nov, year = {2014}, } @article{janzer_social_2014, title = {Social {Design} and {Neocolonialism}}, volume = {6}, issn = {1754-7075}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175613114X14105155617429}, doi = {10.2752/175613114X14105155617429}, abstract = {This article examines the current field of social design: its claims, practices, and methodologies. Findings discovered through qualitative research illuminate the current application of social design practices and offer critique around their use in the social sphere. This article argues that designers must be sensitive to a variety of complex social and cultural cues and structures or they risk contributing to, or practicing, design neocolonialism. The article offers two key theoretical suggestions to further the emerging field's progress. First, social design must shift its focus from one that is human-centered to one that is situation-centered. Second, it is imperative that social design develops a shared framework for understanding, executing, and evaluating its initiatives and interventions. Additionally, this article introduces a matrix to serve as an early iteration of a shared framework.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-19}, journal = {Design and Culture}, author = {Janzer, Cinnamon L. and Weinstein, Lauren S.}, month = nov, year = {2014}, keywords = {Design Methodology, Design Thinking, Framework, Human-centered design, IMPORTANT, social design}, pages = {327--343}, } @inproceedings{adler_can_2014, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Can policy-makers think like designers?}, url = {https://bsc.cid.harvard.edu/files/bsc/files/harvard_odi_poster_-_adler2.pdf}, abstract = {This is the poster used by Natalia Adler, from Unicef, at the Doing Development Differently workshop in 2014. Can policy-makers think like designers? Since 2012, UNICEF has been supporting two autonomous governments in Nicaragua to develop empathy-driven policies for children. While policies are the final product, the goal of the Designing for Children Initiative is to make government officials think like designers. A good policy or service is nothing without active and engaged frontline workers. From the onset, our objective was to transform public employees into ‘public entrepreneurs.’ In doing so, we have disrupted the traditional assumptions about participatory governance, where it normally suffices to hold a meeting and have people talk about their needs and aspirations. For participation to work, government officials have to relearn how to listen. They have to let go of pre-determined assumptions and their expert status, and put themselves in the shoes of the people they are trying to reach. This is the process of empathy-driven policy-making. For the past two years, we have used a Human Centered Design (HCD) approach to make this happen. While HCD is often seen as an innovation in itself, for us, it’s just a means to an end: common-sense development.}, urldate = {2022-07-18}, author = {Adler, Natalia}, month = oct, year = {2014}, } @incollection{dearden_scaling_2014, address = {New York}, title = {Scaling up co-design}, copyright = {cc\_by\_nc\_nd}, isbn = {978-1-4503-2256-0}, url = {http://dl.acm.org.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/citation.cfm?id=2662155.2662182}, abstract = {In this paper we reflect on our experiences in a project where academic researchers and social change organizations are working together to explore how participatory and co-design practices can be disseminated and spread within the 'third sector'. The research project is itself co-designed and co-produced, but within various constraints arising from research funding models. We explore both our immediate outputs and our learning about successful co-research models for this challenge.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-09-06}, booktitle = {{PDC} 2014 : {Reflecting} connectedness : proceedings of the 13th {Participatory} {Design} {Conference}}, publisher = {ACM Press}, author = {Dearden, Andrew and Light, Ann and Zamenopoulos, Theodore and Graham, Paula and Plouviez, Emma and de Sousa, Sophia}, editor = {Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike and D'Andrea, Vincenzo and Iversen, Ole Sejer}, month = oct, year = {2014}, pages = {67--70}, } @techreport{cooley_taking_2014, address = {Washington DC}, title = {Taking {Innovations} to {Scale}: {Methods}, {Applications} and {Lessons}}, abstract = {The international development community increasingly recognizes the need to go beyond fragmented, one-of projects. In response, there is now much talk and some action on scaling up successful innovations and pilot projects with an explicit goal of achieving sustainable impact at scale. However, many questions remain about the practical implications of pursuing a systematic scaling up approach and about how the approaches being pursued by diferent institutions and practitioners relate to each other.}, language = {en}, institution = {R4D}, author = {Cooley, Larry and Linn, Johannes F.}, month = sep, year = {2014}, pages = {24}, } @misc{kiwanja.net_time_2014, title = {Time for a {Donor} {Funding} {Charter}?}, url = {http://www.donorscharter.org/}, urldate = {2017-06-27}, journal = {Donor's Chapter}, author = {kiwanja.net}, month = aug, year = {2014}, } @inproceedings{buisson_beyond_2014, address = {Lausanne, Switzerland}, title = {Beyond '{Technology} for {Development}' and '{Sustainability}' towards {Systemic} and {Holistic} {Rural} {Innovation}: {Success} {Factors} from the {Southern} {African} {Experience} over 20 years}, shorttitle = {Beyond " {Technology} for {Development} " and " {Sustainability} " towards {Systemic} and {Holistic} {Rural} {Innovation}}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280010659_Beyond_Technology_for_Development_and_Sustainability_towards_Systemic_and_Holistic_Rural_Innovation_Success_Factors_from_the_Southern_African_Experience_over_20_years}, abstract = {Abstract: This paper describes essential, real-world activities and processes needed to develop and deploy people-centred networks enabled with innovative technologies that in turn produce "...}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, author = {Buisson, Uys Du and Cronje, Braam and Marais, Mario and Haruperi, Emmanuel and Rensburg, Johann}, month = jun, year = {2014}, } @techreport{koh_beyond_2014, title = {Beyond the {Pioneer}: {Getting} inclusive industries to scale}, url = {http://www.beyondthepioneer.org/wp-content/themes/monitor/Beyond-the-Pioneer-Report.pdf}, urldate = {2016-10-10}, institution = {Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private Ltd (DTTIPL)}, author = {Koh, Harvey and Hedge, Nidhi and Karamchandani, Ashish}, month = apr, year = {2014}, } @book{nesta_diy_2014, edition = {1st edition}, title = {{DIY} - {Development} {Impact} and {You}: {Practical} {Tools} to {Trigger} and {Support} {Social} {Innovation}}, isbn = {978-1-84875-150-7}, shorttitle = {{DIY} - {Development} {Impact} and {You}}, publisher = {NESTA}, editor = {Nesta}, month = mar, year = {2014}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @article{sanders_probes_2014, title = {Probes, toolkits and prototypes: three approaches to making in codesigning}, volume = {10}, issn = {1571-0882}, shorttitle = {Probes, toolkits and prototypes}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2014.888183}, doi = {10.1080/15710882.2014.888183}, abstract = {The role of making in the design process has been growing, taking on new forms and involving new players over the past 10 years. Where we once primarily saw designers using making to give shape to the future, today we can see designers and non-designers working together, using making as a way to make sense of the future. In this paper, we describe the landscape of design research and practice at the end of 2013 with special attention to the role of making across these perspectives: approach (cultural probes, generative toolkits and design prototypes), mindset (designing for people and designing with people), focus in time (the world as it is, the near future and the speculative future) as well as variations in design intent (provoking, engaging and serving).}, number = {1}, urldate = {2016-09-16}, journal = {CoDesign}, author = {Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N. and Stappers, Pieter Jan}, month = jan, year = {2014}, pages = {5--14}, } @techreport{the_engine_room_assessing_2014, title = {Assessing the use of technological tools and strategies by {Oxfam} {Novib} partners in {Angola}, {Burundi}, {Egypt}, {Niger}, {Pakistan}, {Rwanda} and {Uganda}}, url = {https://www.theengineroom.org/piloting-civil-society-and-technology-assessments-new-techscape-report/}, abstract = {This report presents findings and insights from the Oxfam Novib pilot module of TechScape, which assessed how Oxfam Novib partners in seven countries related to the use of technology in their work. This report does not aim to draw conclusions about the nature of technology use by Oxfam Novib partners per se, or even the partners included in this assessment. The dramatic difference in organizational activities, contexts and objectives are too great for that. Detailed analysis of how partners are relating to technology in their work, and specific recommendations for greater efficiency and impact are presented in the TechScape Country Briefs. This report aims instead: • to describe the context in which the assessments took place, • to propose insights gained from the cumulative process about measurement, learning and capacity development, and • to identify opportunities for Oxfam Novib to pursue capacity development and knowledge sharing between countries and across the network, through mechanisms that minimize resource demands and directly target documented needs.}, urldate = {2016-04-05}, author = {The Engine Room}, month = jan, year = {2014}, } @incollection{sodhi_steering_2014, title = {Steering {E}-{Government} {Projects} from {Failure} to {Success}: {Using} {Design}-{Reality} {Gap} {Analysis} as a {Mid}-{Implementation} {Assessment} {Tool}}, isbn = {978-1-4666-6296-4 978-1-4666-6297-1}, url = {http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-6296-4}, abstract = {There are many e-government failures in developing countries. Most studies look at these after the event (post hoc), but this chapter takes an original approach to look mid-implementation (durante hoc) in order to provide recommendations for improvement. The authors chose a partial failure/partial success land management information system being implemented in one Ethiopian city. The project has made retrieval of land information quicker and simpler but is only partly implemented, and is still—on occasion—circumvented by public servants for personal gain. They used design-reality gap framework to understand why the project had partly failed. The authors used the design-reality gap analysis to propose an action plan that would help institutionalise the system, steering it from partial failure to success. They demonstrate the value of this framework as a tool for mid-implementation analysis of e-government projects. The authors recommend its usage on other ongoing e-government projects in developing countries.}, urldate = {2016-09-27}, booktitle = {Emerging {Issues} and {Prospects} in {African} {E}-{Government}:}, publisher = {IGI Global}, author = {Lessa, Lemma and Negash, Solomon and Belachew, Mesfin}, editor = {Sodhi, Inderjeet Singh}, year = {2014}, } @techreport{rasmussen_adapting_2014, address = {Toronto}, title = {Adapting lean thinking to market systems development: {Principles} and practices for donors/funders}, url = {http://www.seepnetwork.org/adapting-lean-thinking-to-market-systems-development--principles-and-practices-for-donors-funders-resources-1315.php}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to provide funders and implementers of market systems development (MSD) projects with principles, practices, and structures that enables these projects to thrive. It is based on a book that has sold millions of copies worldwide, and a school of thought taught at institutions such as Harvard Business School and practiced in companies ranging from giants such as Toyota to the most successful tech start-ups in Silicon Valley. Published in 2011, Eric Ries wrote the Lean Startup as a remedy to the countless start-ups that create their own demises by getting started with the wrong goals, the wrong structures, and the wrong processes. He outlines an approach that enables the startup to navigate ambiguity and risk while using resources effectively. The conditions a MSD project faces are remarkably similar to those which a startup business faces; it needs structures and processes that are matched to the unpredictable, complex environment which it is attempting to influence. MSD projects can thus benefit from private-sector thought leadership on how start-ups can situate themselves for success. This paper starts with an overview of lean thinking, a concept that derives from lean manufacturing which is widely accepted as the leading approach to modern manufacturing. It explains how Ries’s Lean Startup adapts these principles, and then it in turn adapts these ideas for market systems development. The following three sections provide an overview of Lean Startup concepts, applying them to the development sector as appropriate. The final section summarizes and makes suggestions on next steps for funders who wish to set MSD projects up for success using a lean approach. Overall, the paper builds a case for how the Lean Startup’s approach can enable MSD projects to work successfully in ambiguity and increase their potential for achieving robust and sustainable results, all while using donor resources more efficiently.}, urldate = {2017-02-18}, institution = {Engineers without borders}, author = {Rasmussen, Leanne}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Adaptive Development, Lean}, } @techreport{bickerstaffe_building_2013, address = {London}, title = {Building tech-powered public services}, url = {http://www.ippr.org/publications/building-tech-powered-public-services}, abstract = {Given the rapid pace of technological change and take up by the public it is a question of when not if public services become tech powered This new paper asks how we can ensure that innovations are successfully introduced and deployed}, urldate = {2017-02-20}, institution = {Institute for Public Policy Research}, author = {Bickerstaffe, Sarah}, month = dec, year = {2013}, } @article{musiyandaka_analysis_2013, title = {An analysis of factors influencing success of {ICT4D} projects: a case study of the {Schools} {Computerisation} {Programme} in {Mashonaland} {West} {Province}, {Zimbabwe}.}, volume = {9}, copyright = {All material submitted to the Journal of Community Informatics is protected by and subject to the Creative Commons Public License "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5". Subject to the following conditions, all material submitted to the Journal of Community Informatics may be freely copied, distributed, or displayed, or modified: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. See the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License for complete details. --{\textgreater}}, issn = {1712-4441}, shorttitle = {An analysis of factors influencing success of {ICT4D} projects}, url = {http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1016}, doi = {10.15353/joci.v9i4.3144}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, journal = {The Journal of Community Informatics}, author = {Musiyandaka, Donna and Ranga, Gideon and Kiwa, Jacqueline Fungai}, month = may, year = {2013}, keywords = {ICT4D programmes, success factors}, } @incollection{doerr_use_2013, address = {Heidelberg}, title = {Use {Case} and {Requirements} {Analysis} in a {Remote} {Rural} {Context} in {Mali}}, isbn = {978-3-642-37421-0 978-3-642-37422-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-37422-7_24}, abstract = {[Context \& motivation] Few studies have reported on a systematic use case and requirements analysis of low-tech, low-resource contexts such as rural Africa. This, despite the widespread agreement on the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for social and rural development, and despite the large number of ICT projects targeting underprivileged communities. [Question/problem] Unfamiliarity with the local context and differences in cultural and educational backgrounds between end-users and software engineers are the challenges for requirements engineering (RE) we encountered. [Principal ideas/results] We describe a systematic approach to RE in developing areas, based on the Living Lab methodology. Our approach is supported by extensive field research and based on co-creation within a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural team of developers and users. This approach creates a shared understanding of the problem and its local context, and optimizes communication. [Contribution] We illustrate the approach using a case study of web- and voice-based communication services, that we developed for a rural context in Mali.}, urldate = {2016-05-10}, booktitle = {Requirements {Engineering}: {Foundation} for {Software} {Quality}}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Bon, Anna and de Boer, Victor and Gyan, Nana Baah and van Aart, Chris and De Leenheer, Pieter and Tuyp, Wendelien and Boyera, Stephane and Froumentin, Max and Grewal, Aman and Allen, Mary and Tangara, Amadou and Akkermans, Hans}, editor = {Doerr, Joerg and Opdahl, Andreas L.}, year = {2013}, } @inproceedings{kanya_design_2013, address = {Cape Town}, title = {Design reality gap issues within an {ICT4D} project: an assessment of {Jigawa} {State} {Community} {Computer} {Center}}, shorttitle = {Design reality gap issues within an {ICT4D} project}, url = {http://eprints.port.ac.uk/15321/}, abstract = {This paper evaluates the Jigawa State Government Community Computer centre project using the design reality gap framework. The purpose of this was to analyse the shortfall between design expectations and implementation realities, in order to find out the current situation of the project. Furthermore to analyse whether it would meet the key stakeholder’s expectation. The Majority of Government ICT Projects is classified as either failure or partial failure. Our research will underpin a case study of Jigawa State Community Computer centre project. To support our argument we conducted a qualitative case study in which we conducted two interviews, and a survey to find out the current status of the project. Our findings indicated that the project can be classified as a partial failure because few of the centres, operating in some areas of the community, offered socio-economic advancement. Our results also indicated that the project design reality gap is quite significant. This gap occurred due to poor planning and implementation of the project. Our research reveals several challenges that could impact upon the successfulness of the project provide a foundation for further research and add to existing literature. The challenges associated with the project we identify include poor state of power supply, lack of community engagement during the project planning and implementation, lack of commitment from the Local Government Administration. Our research has potential in adding ICT4D literature, reveals how ICT4D project evaluation can be carried out using design reality gap framework and provides guideline for policy makers.}, urldate = {2016-05-09}, author = {Kanya, Rislana Abdulazeez and Good, Alice}, year = {2013}, } @techreport{omeally_mapping_2013, address = {Washington, DC}, title = {Mapping {Context} for {Social} {Accountability}: {A} resource paper}, url = {blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/it-time-new-paradigm-citizen-engagement-role-context-and-what-evidence-tells-us}, urldate = {2013-08-09}, institution = {The World Bank}, author = {O'Meally, Sion C.}, year = {2013}, } @incollection{mareis_perspectives_2013, address = {Bielefeld}, series = {Design}, title = {Perspectives on {Participation} in {Design}}, isbn = {978-3-8376-2038-2 978-3-8394-2038-6}, language = {ger}, number = {2}, booktitle = {Wer gestaltet die {Gestaltung}? {Praxis}, {Theorie} und {Geschichte} des partizipatorischen {Designs}}, publisher = {transcript}, author = {Sanders, Elizabeth}, editor = {Mareis, Claudia and {Deutsche Gesellschaft für Design-Theorie und -Forschung} and {Hochschule für Gestaltung}}, year = {2013}, note = {OCLC: 930782596}, keywords = {Design}, } @book{simonsen_routledge_2013, address = {New York}, title = {Routledge international handbook of participatory design}, isbn = {978-0-415-69440-7 978-0-203-10854-3 978-1-136-26619-5 978-0-415-72021-2}, abstract = {"Participatory Design is about the direct involvement of people in the co-design of the technologies they use. Its central concern is how collaborative design processes can be driven by the participation of the people affected by the technology designed. Embracing a diverse collection of principles and practices aimed at making technologies, tools, environments, businesses, and social institutions more responsive to human needs, the International Handbook of Participatory Design is a state-of-the-art reference handbook for the subject. The Handbook brings together a multidisciplinary and international group of highly recognized and experienced experts to present an authoritative overview of the field and its history and discuss contributions and challenges of the pivotal issues in Participatory Design, including heritage, ethics, ethnography, methods, tools and techniques and community involvement. The book also highlights three large-scale case studies which show how Participatory Design has been used to bring about outstanding changes in different organisations. The book shows why Participatory Design is an important, highly relevant and rewarding area for research and practice. It will be an invaluable resource for students, researchers, scholars and professionals in Participatory Design"--}, language = {English}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Simonsen, Jesper and Robertson, Toni}, year = {2013}, note = {OCLC: 754734489}, } @article{hussain_participatory_2012, title = {Participatory design with marginalized people in developing countries: {Challenges} and opportunities experienced in a field study in {Cambodia}}, volume = {6}, shorttitle = {Participatory design with marginalized people in developing countries}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/00023536653de469c50068f340e7c1b8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar}, number = {2}, urldate = {2016-09-16}, journal = {International Journal of Design}, author = {Hussain, Sofia and Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N. and Steinert, Martin}, year = {2012}, } @inproceedings{marais_analysis_2011, title = {Analysis of the factors affecting the sustainability of {ICT4D} initiatives}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228442343_Analysis_of_the_factors_affecting_the_sustainability_of_ICT4D_initiatives}, urldate = {2016-06-23}, booktitle = {{IDIA2011} {Conference} {Proceedings}}, author = {Marais, Mario}, year = {2011}, } @book{plattner_design_2011, address = {Berlin}, series = {Understanding innovation}, title = {Design thinking: understand - improve - apply}, isbn = {978-3-642-13756-3 978-3-642-13757-0}, shorttitle = {Design thinking}, abstract = {"In this book, the researchers take a system's view that begins with a demand for deep, evidence-based understanding of design thinking phenomena. They continue with an exploration of tools which can help improve the adaptive expertise needed for design thinking. The final part of the book concerns design thinking in information technology and its relevance for business process modeling and agile software development, i.e. real world creation and deployment of products, services, and enterprise systems"--Cover}, language = {eng}, publisher = {Springer}, editor = {Plattner, Hasso and Meinel, Christoph and Leifer, Larry}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Creative ability in business, Creative thinking, Designer, Industrial management, Innovation, Organizational change, Product development, System design, Technological innovations}, } @article{brown_design_2010, title = {Design {Thinking} for {Social} {Innovation}}, url = {https://ssir.org/articles/entry/design_thinking_for_social_innovation}, abstract = {Designers have traditionally focused on enhancing the look and functionality of products. Recently, they have begun using design techniques to tackle more complex problems, such as finding ways to provide low-cost healthcare throughout the world. Businesses were the first to embrace this new approach—called design thinking—and nonprofits are beginning to adopt it too.}, number = {Winter}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author = {Brown, Tim and Wyatt, Jocelyn}, year = {2010}, } @book{d.school_bootcamp_2010, address = {Stanford}, title = {Bootcamp {Bootleg} {Design} {Thinking} {Toolkit}}, url = {https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57c6b79629687fde090a0fdd/t/58890239db29d6cc6c3338f7/1485374014340/METHODCARDS-v3-slim.pdf}, urldate = {2016-09-21}, publisher = {Institute of Design, Stanford University}, author = {d.school}, year = {2010}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @techreport{muller_grounded_2010, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Grounded {Theory} {Method} in {HCI} and {CSCW}}, url = {http://www.watson.ibm.com/cambridge/Technical_Reports/2010/TR2010.09%20Grounded%20Theory%20Method%20in%20HCI%20and%20CSCW.pdf}, urldate = {2016-05-09}, institution = {IBM Center for Social Software}, author = {Muller, Michael J and Kogan, Sandra}, year = {2010}, } @book{murray_open_2010, title = {The open book of social innovation}, publisher = {Young Foundation \& NESTA}, author = {Murray, Robin and Caulier-Grice, Julie and Mulgan, Geoff}, year = {2010}, } @book{steps_centre_innovation_2010, title = {Innovation, {Sustainability}, {Development}: {A} {New} {Manifesto}}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/}, shorttitle = {Innovation, {Sustainability}, {Development}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/2446}, abstract = {Our Manifesto project publication is available in print, on CD or to view online. Innovation, Sustainability, Development: A New Manifesto recommends new ways of linking science and innovation to development for a more sustainable, equitable and resilient future. The multimedia version, with added audio, video and background documents, is available on CD and online.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2018-05-14}, publisher = {STEPS Centre}, author = {STEPS Centre}, year = {2010}, } @book{brown_change_2009, address = {New York}, title = {Change by {Design}: {How} {Design} {Thinking} {Transforms} {Organizations} and {Inspires} {Innovation}}, isbn = {978-0-06-176608-4}, shorttitle = {Change by {Design}}, abstract = {The myth of innovation is that brilliant ideas leap fully formed from the minds of geniuses. The reality is that most innovations come from a process of rigorous examination through which great ideas are identified and developed before being realized as new offerings and capabilities. This book introduces the idea of design thinking‚ the collaborative process by which the designer′s sensibilities and methods are employed to match people′s needs not only with what is technically feasible and a viable business strategy. In short‚ design thinking converts need into demand. It′s a human−centered approach to problem solving that helps people and organizations become more innovative and more creative. Design thinking is not just applicable to so−called creative industries or people who work in the design field. It′s a methodology that has been used by organizations such as Kaiser Permanente to increase the quality of patient care by re−examining the ways that their nurses manage shift change‚ or Kraft to rethink supply chain management. This is not a book by designers for designers; this is a book for creative leaders seeking to infuse design thinking into every level of an organization‚ product‚ or service to drive new alternatives for business and society.}, language = {English}, publisher = {HarperBusiness}, author = {Brown, Tim}, month = sep, year = {2009}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @article{reijswoud_appropriate_2009, title = {Appropriate {ICT} as a {Tool} to {Increase} {Effectiveness} in {ICT4D}: {Theoretical} considerations and illustrating cases}, volume = {38}, issn = {16814835}, shorttitle = {Appropriate {ICT} as a {Tool} to {Increase} {Effectiveness} in {ICT4D}}, abstract = {The need to bridge the digital divide is no longer a point of discussion and therefore focus has shifted to the design and implementation of programs that have the potential to close the information and knowledge gap between the developing and developed nations. Unfortunately, the majority of these programs are small and mimic what has been successful in the developed world. It has become increasingly clear that these successes do not necessarily translate well in the context of developing nations. This paper develops the hypothesis that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects in developing countries will become successful only when they are adapted to local conditions. The general concept of Appropriate Technology (AT) will be explored for the field of ICT. AT has already been embraced by fields like architecture, building technology and agriculture, but has not yet been rooted in ICT. The paper proposes a preliminary theory of Appropriate ICT along the lines of existing theories in AT and System development. The theory identifies Appropriate Technology principles at three levels: hardware, software and ICT change management. By means of real life mini cases in the ICT for Development context in Africa, the guiding principles for Appropriate ICT are illustrated. The paper will conclude with an agenda for further research in the three identified levels. The research agenda targets academia, governments, NGO's and industry.}, language = {en}, journal = {The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries}, author = {Reijswoud, Victor van}, month = jul, year = {2009}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @article{junginger_design_2009, title = {Design in the {Organization}: {Parts} and {Wholes}}, issn = {2000-639X}, shorttitle = {Design in the {Organization}}, abstract = {Inroduces the stages of adoption of Design in organizations, with a visual tool.}, journal = {Research Design Journal}, author = {Junginger, Sabine}, month = feb, year = {2009}, pages = {23--29}, } @book{heeks_impact_2009, address = {Manchester}, title = {Impact assessment of {ICT}-for-development projects a compendium of approaches}, isbn = {978-1-905469-03-1}, language = {English}, publisher = {University of Manchester. Institute for development policy and management (IDPM)}, author = {Heeks, Richard and Molla, Alemayehu}, year = {2009}, note = {OCLC: 686761171}, } @incollection{ramalingam_innovations_2009, address = {London}, title = {Innovations in international humanitarian action}, url = {https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-rha-2009.pdf}, urldate = {2021-03-04}, booktitle = {8th review of humanitarian action}, publisher = {ALNAP}, author = {Ramalingam, Ben and Scriven, Kim and Foley, Conor}, year = {2009}, } @article{donaldson_why_2008, title = {Why to be {Wary} of "{Design} for {Developing} {Countries}"}, url = {http://ambidextrousmag.org/issues/09/articles/i9p35_37.pdf}, number = {Spring}, journal = {Ambidextrous}, author = {Donaldson, Krista}, year = {2008}, pages = {35--37}, } @techreport{heeks_success_2008, address = {Manchester}, title = {Success and {Failure} in {eGovernment} {Projects}}, url = {http://www.egov4dev.org/success/}, institution = {Institute for Development Policy and Management}, author = {Heeks, Richard}, year = {2008}, } @inproceedings{tongia_information_2006, title = {Information and {Communications} {Technology} for {Development} ({ICT4D})-{A} design challenge?}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4085538}, doi = {10.1109/ICTD.2006.301862}, urldate = {2016-09-08}, booktitle = {2006 {International} {Conference} on {Information} and {Communication} {Technologies} and {Development}}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Tongia, Rahul and Subrahmanian, Eswaran}, year = {2006}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, pages = {243--255}, } @techreport{heeks_most_2003, address = {Manchester}, title = {Most egovernment-for-development projects fail: how can risks be reduced?}, url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.125.2441&rep=rep1&type=pdf}, abstract = {Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development}, urldate = {2016-05-09}, institution = {Institute for Development Policy and Management}, author = {Heeks, Richard}, year = {2003}, } @article{heeks_information_2002, title = {Information {Systems} and {Developing} {Countries}: {Failure}, {Success}, and {Local} {Improvisations}}, volume = {18}, issn = {0197-2243}, shorttitle = {Information {Systems} and {Developing} {Countries}}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240290075039}, doi = {10.1080/01972240290075039}, abstract = {This article presents evidence that–alongside the successes– many information systems in developing countries can be categorized as failing either totally or partially. It then develops a new model that seeks to explain the high rates of failure. The model draws on contingency theory in order to advance the notion of design-actuality gaps: the match or mismatch between IS designs and local user actuality. This helps identify two high-risk archetypes that affect IS in developing countries: country context gaps and hard-soft gaps. The model is also of value in explaining the constraints that exist to local IS improvisations in developing countries. Overall, the article shows how model and theory help understand IS cases in developing countries, and equally, how those cases provide valuable data to help develop IS models and theories.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-02-13}, journal = {The Information Society}, author = {Heeks, Richard}, month = mar, year = {2002}, keywords = {Developing Country, Evaluation, Failure, Information System, implementation}, pages = {101--112}, } @techreport{heeks_failure_2002, address = {Manchester}, title = {Failure, {Success} and {Improvisation} of {Information} {Systems} {Projects} in {Developing} {Countries}}, url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.125.2441&rep=rep1&type=pdf}, abstract = {Research on the Information Society, the Digital Divide and Information and Communication Technologies for development}, urldate = {2016-05-09}, institution = {Institute for Development Policy and Management}, author = {Heeks, Richard}, year = {2002}, } @book{blankenbey_approprite_1991, address = {New Delhi}, title = {Approprite {Technologies} for {Rural} {Development} in {India}}, isbn = {978-81-7022-371-9}, language = {English}, publisher = {Concept Publishing Co}, author = {Blankenbey, Floris P.}, month = may, year = {1991}, } @article{haverkort_strengthening_1988, title = {Strengthening {Farmers}’ {Capacity} for {Technology} {Development}}, volume = {4}, url = {www.metafro.be/leisa/1988/4-3-3.pdf}, abstract = {First Reference to Participatory Technology Development}, number = {3}, journal = {ILEIA Newsletter}, author = {Haverkort, Bertus and Hiemstra, Wim and Reijntjes, Coen and Essers, Sander}, year = {1988}, pages = {3--7}, } @book{rowe_design_1987, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Design thinking}, isbn = {978-0-262-68067-7}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, author = {Rowe, Peter G.}, year = {1987}, } @book{darrow_appropriate_1986, address = {Fort Collins}, title = {Appropriate {Technology} {Sourcebook}}, shorttitle = {Appropriate {Technology} {Sourcebook}}, url = {http://www.villageearth.org/appropriate-technology/appropriate-technology-sourcebook}, urldate = {2017-02-22}, publisher = {Village Earth}, author = {Darrow, Ken and Saxenian, Mike}, year = {1986}, keywords = {IMPORTANT}, } @book{schumacher_small_1973, address = {London}, title = {Small is beautiful: economics as if people mattered}, shorttitle = {Small is beautiful}, publisher = {Blond \& Briggs}, author = {Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich}, year = {1973}, }